Article 1 - Subject matter

1. The purpose of this Regulation is to improve the functioning of the internal market and promote the uptake of
human-centric and trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI), while ensuring a high level of protection of health, safety,
fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter, including democracy, the rule of law and environmental protection, against
the harmful effects of AI systems in the Union and supporting innovation.
2. This Regulation lays down:
(a) harmonised rules for the placing on the market, the putting into service, and the use of AI systems in the Union;
(b) prohibitions of certain AI practices;
(c) specific requirements for high-risk AI systems and obligations for operators of such systems;
(d) harmonised transparency rules for certain AI systems;
(e) harmonised rules for the placing on the market of general-purpose AI models;
(f) rules on market monitoring, market surveillance, governance and enforcement;
(g) measures to support innovation, with a particular focus on SMEs, including start-ups.

Article 1 - Subject matter


Article 2 - Scope

1. This Regulation applies to:
(a) providers placing on the market or putting into service AI systems or placing on the market general-purpose AI models
in the Union, irrespective of whether those providers are established or located within the Union or in a third country;
(b) deployers of AI systems that have their place of establishment or are located within the Union;
(c) providers and deployers of AI systems that have their place of establishment or are located in a third country, where the
output produced by the AI system is used in the Union;
(d) importers and distributors of AI systems;
(e) product manufacturers placing on the market or putting into service an AI system together with their product and
under their own name or trademark;
(f) authorised representatives of providers, which are not established in the Union;
(g) affected persons that are located in the Union.
2. For AI systems classified as high-risk AI systems in accordance with Article 6(1) related to products covered by the
Union harmonisation legislation listed in Section B of Annex I, only Article 6(1), Articles 102 to 109 and Article 112 apply.
Article 57 applies only in so far as the requirements for high-risk AI systems under this Regulation have been integrated in
that Union harmonisation legislation.
3. This Regulation does not apply to areas outside the scope of Union law, and shall not, in any event, affect the
competences of the Member States concerning national security, regardless of the type

Article 2 - Scope


. This Regulation does not apply to areas outside the scope of Union law, and shall not, in any event, affect the
competences of the Member States concerning national security, regardless of the type of entity entrusted by the Member
States with carrying out tasks in relation to those competences.
This Regulation does not apply to AI systems where and in so far they are placed on the market, put into service, or used
with or without modification exclusively for military, defence or national security purposes, regardless of the type of entity
carrying out those activities.
This Regulation does not apply to AI systems which are not placed on the market or put into service in the Union, where
the output is used in the Union exclusively for military, defence or national security purposes, regardless of the type of
entity carrying out those activities.
4. This Regulation applies neither to public authorities in a third country nor to international organisations falling
within the scope of this Regulation pursuant to paragraph 1, where those authorities or organisations use AI systems in the
framework of international cooperation or agreements for law enforcement and judicial cooperation with the Union or
with one or more Member States, provided that such a third country or international organisation provides adequate
safeguards with respect to the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.
5. This Regulation shall not affect the application of the provisions on

Article 2 - Scope


al organisation provides adequate
safeguards with respect to the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.
5. This Regulation shall not affect the application of the provisions on the liability of providers of intermediary services
as set out in Chapter II of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065.
6. This Regulation does not apply to AI systems or AI models, including their output, specifically developed and put into
service for the sole purpose of scientific research and development.
7. Union law on the protection of personal data, privacy and the confidentiality of communications applies to personal
data processed in connection with the rights and obligations laid down in this Regulation. This Regulation shall not affect
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 or (EU) 2018/1725, or Directive 2002/58/EC or (EU) 2016/680, without prejudice to Article
10(5) and Article 59 of this Regulation.
8. This Regulation does not apply to any research, testing or development activity regarding AI systems or AI models
prior to their being placed on the market or put into service. Such activities shall be conducted in accordance with
applicable Union law. Testing in real world conditions shall not be covered by that exclusion.
9. This Regulation is without prejudice to the rules laid down by other Union legal acts related to consumer protection
and product safety.
10. This Regulation does not apply to obligations of deployers who are natural persons using AI systems in the course of
a purely pers

Article 2 - Scope


ion legal acts related to consumer protection
and product safety.
10. This Regulation does not apply to obligations of deployers who are natural persons using AI systems in the course of
a purely personal non-professional activity.
11. This Regulation does not preclude the Union or Member States from maintaining or introducing laws, regulations or
administrative provisions which are more favourable to workers in terms of protecting their rights in respect of the use of
AI systems by employers, or from encouraging or allowing the application of collective agreements which are more
favourable to workers.
12. This Regulation does not apply to AI systems released under free and open-source licences, unless they are placed on
the market or put into service as high-risk AI systems or as an AI system that falls under Article 5 or 50.

Article 2 - Scope


Article 3 - Definitions

For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions apply:
(1) ‘AI system’ means a machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that may
exhibit adaptiveness after deployment, and that, for explicit or implicit objectives, infers, from the input it receives,
how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations, or decisions that can influence physical or
virtual environments;
(2) ‘risk’ means the combination of the probability of an occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm;
(3) ‘provider’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that develops an AI system or
a general-purpose AI model or that has an AI system or a general-purpose AI model developed and places it on the
market or puts the AI system into service under its own name or trademark, whether for payment or free of charge;
(4) ‘deployer’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body using an AI system under its
authority except where the AI system is used in the course of a personal non-professional activity;
(5) ‘authorised representative’ means a natural or legal person located or established in the Union who has received and
accepted a written mandate from a provider of an AI system or a general-purpose AI model to, respectively, perform
and carry out on its behalf the obligations and procedures established by this Regulation;
(6) ‘importer’ means a natural or legal person located or

Article 3 - Definitions


general-purpose AI model to, respectively, perform
and carry out on its behalf the obligations and procedures established by this Regulation;
(6) ‘importer’ means a natural or legal person located or established in the Union that places on the market an AI system
that bears the name or trademark of a natural or legal person established in a third country;
(7) ‘distributor’ means a natural or legal person in the supply chain, other than the provider or the importer, that makes
an AI system available on the Union market;
(8) ‘operator’ means a provider, product manufacturer, deployer, authorised representative, importer or distributor;
(9) ‘placing on the market’ means the first making available of an AI system or a general-purpose AI model on the Union
market;
(10) ‘making available on the market’ means the supply of an AI system or a general-purpose AI model for distribution or
use on the Union market in the course of a commercial activity, whether in return for payment or free of charge;
(11) ‘putting into service’ means the supply of an AI system for first use directly to the deployer or for own use in the Union
for its intended purpose;
(12) ‘intended purpose’ means the use for which an AI system is intended by the provider, including the specific context
and conditions of use, as specified in the information supplied by the provider in the instructions for use, promotional
or sales materials and statements, as well as in the technical documentation;
(13) ‘reasonably fores

Article 3 - Definitions


, as specified in the information supplied by the provider in the instructions for use, promotional
or sales materials and statements, as well as in the technical documentation;
(13) ‘reasonably foreseeable misuse’ means the use of an AI system in a way that is not in accordance with its intended
purpose, but which may result from reasonably foreseeable human behaviour or interaction with other systems,
including other AI systems;
(14) ‘safety component’ means a component of a product or of an AI system which fulfils a safety function for that product
or AI system, or the failure or malfunctioning of which endangers the health and safety of persons or property;
(15) ‘instructions for use’ means the information provided by the provider to inform the deployer of, in particular, an AI
system’s intended purpose and proper use;
(16) ‘recall of an AI system’ means any measure aiming to achieve the return to the provider or taking out of service or
disabling the use of an AI system made available to deployers;
(17) ‘withdrawal of an AI system’ means any measure aiming to prevent an AI system in the supply chain being made
available on the market;
(18) ‘performance of an AI system’ means the ability of an AI system to achieve its intended purpose;
(19) ‘notifying authority’ means the national authority responsible for setting up and carrying out the necessary procedures
for the assessment, designation and notification of conformity assessment bodies and for their monitoring;
(20) ‘co

Article 3 - Definitions


ional authority responsible for setting up and carrying out the necessary procedures
for the assessment, designation and notification of conformity assessment bodies and for their monitoring;
(20) ‘conformity assessment’ means the process of demonstrating whether the requirements set out in Chapter III, Section 2
relating to a high-risk AI system have been fulfilled;
(21) ‘conformity assessment body’ means a body that performs third-party conformity assessment activities, including
testing, certification and inspection;
(22) ‘notified body’ means a conformity assessment body notified in accordance with this Regulation and other relevant
Union harmonisation legislation;
(23) ‘substantial modification’ means a change to an AI system after its placing on the market or putting into service which
is not foreseen or planned in the initial conformity assessment carried out by the provider and as a result of which the
compliance of the AI system with the requirements set out in Chapter III, Section 2 is affected or results in
a modification to the intended purpose for which the AI system has been assessed;
(24) ‘CE marking’ means a marking by which a provider indicates that an AI system is in conformity with the requirements
set out in Chapter III, Section 2 and other applicable Union harmonisation legislation providing for its affixing;
(25) ‘post-market monitoring system’ means all activities carried out by providers of AI systems to collect and review
experience gained from the us

Article 3 - Definitions


rmonisation legislation providing for its affixing;
(25) ‘post-market monitoring system’ means all activities carried out by providers of AI systems to collect and review
experience gained from the use of AI systems they place on the market or put into service for the purpose of
identifying any need to immediately apply any necessary corrective or preventive actions;
(26) ‘market surveillance authority’ means the national authority carrying out the activities and taking the measures
pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/1020;
(27) ‘harmonised standard’ means a harmonised standard as defined in Article 2(1), point (c), of Regulation (EU)
No 1025/2012;
(28) ‘common specification’ means a set of technical specifications as defined in Article 2, point (4) of Regulation (EU)
No 1025/2012, providing means to comply with certain requirements established under this Regulation;
(29) ‘training data’ means data used for training an AI system through fitting its learnable parameters;
(30) ‘validation data’ means data used for providing an evaluation of the trained AI system and for tuning its non-learnable
parameters and its learning process in order, inter alia, to prevent underfitting or overfitting;
(31) ‘validation data set’ means a separate data set or part of the training data set, either as a fixed or variable split;
(32) ‘testing data’ means data used for providing an independent evaluation of the AI system in order to confirm the
expected performance of that system before its placing

Article 3 - Definitions


s a fixed or variable split;
(32) ‘testing data’ means data used for providing an independent evaluation of the AI system in order to confirm the
expected performance of that system before its placing on the market or putting into service;
(33) ‘input data’ means data provided to or directly acquired by an AI system on the basis of which the system produces an
output;
(34) ‘biometric data’ means personal data resulting from specific technical processing relating to the physical, physiological
or behavioural characteristics of a natural person, such as facial images or dactyloscopic data;
(35) ‘biometric identification’ means the automated recognition of physical, physiological, behavioural, or psychological
human features for the purpose of establishing the identity of a natural person by comparing biometric data of that
individual to biometric data of individuals stored in a database;
(36) ‘biometric verification’ means the automated, one-to-one verification, including authentication, of the identity of
natural persons by comparing their biometric data to previously provided biometric data;
(37) ‘special categories of personal data’ means the categories of personal data referred to in Article 9(1) of Regulation (EU)
2016/679, Article 10 of Directive (EU) 2016/680 and Article 10(1) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725;
(38) ‘sensitive operational data’ means operational data related to activities of prevention, detection, investigation or
prosecution of criminal offences, the disclos

Article 3 - Definitions


1) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725;
(38) ‘sensitive operational data’ means operational data related to activities of prevention, detection, investigation or
prosecution of criminal offences, the disclosure of which could jeopardise the integrity of criminal proceedings;
(39) ‘emotion recognition system’ means an AI system for the purpose of identifying or inferring emotions or intentions of
natural persons on the basis of their biometric data;
(40) ‘biometric categorisation system’ means an AI system for the purpose of assigning natural persons to specific
categories on the basis of their biometric data, unless it is ancillary to another commercial service and strictly
necessary for objective technical reasons;
(41) ‘remote biometric identification system’ means an AI system for the purpose of identifying natural persons, without
their active involvement, typically at a distance through the comparison of a person’s biometric data with the
biometric data contained in a reference database;
(42) ‘real-time remote biometric identification system’ means a remote biometric identification system, whereby the
capturing of biometric data, the comparison and the identification all occur without a significant delay, comprising
not only instant identification, but also limited short delays in order to avoid circumvention;
(43) ‘post-remote biometric identification system’ means a remote biometric identification system other than a real-time
remote biometric identification system;
(44) ‘pub

Article 3 - Definitions


order to avoid circumvention;
(43) ‘post-remote biometric identification system’ means a remote biometric identification system other than a real-time
remote biometric identification system;
(44) ‘publicly accessible space’ means any publicly or privately owned physical place accessible to an undetermined number
of natural persons, regardless of whether certain conditions for access may apply, and regardless of the potential
capacity restrictions;
(45) ‘law enforcement authority’ means:
(a) any public authority competent for the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or
the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public
security; or
(b) any other body or entity entrusted by Member State law to exercise public authority and public powers for the
purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of
criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security;
(46) ‘law enforcement’ means activities carried out by law enforcement authorities or on their behalf for the prevention,
investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, including
safeguarding against and preventing threats to public security;
(47) ‘AI Office’ means the Commission’s function of contributing to the implementation, monitoring and supervision of AI
systems and genera

Article 3 - Definitions


eguarding against and preventing threats to public security;
(47) ‘AI Office’ means the Commission’s function of contributing to the implementation, monitoring and supervision of AI
systems and general-purpose AI models, and AI governance, provided for in Commission Decision of 24 January
2024; references in this Regulation to the AI Office shall be construed as references to the Commission;
(48) ‘national competent authority’ means a notifying authority or a market surveillance authority; as regards AI systems
put into service or used by Union institutions, agencies, offices and bodies, references to national competent
authorities or market surveillance authorities in this Regulation shall be construed as references to the European Data
Protection Supervisor;
(49) ‘serious incident’ means an incident or malfunctioning of an AI system that directly or indirectly leads to any of the
following:
(a) the death of a person, or serious harm to a person’s health;
(b) a serious and irreversible disruption of the management or operation of critical infrastructure;
(c) the infringement of obligations under Union law intended to protect fundamental rights;
(d) serious harm to property or the environment;
(50) ‘personal data’ means personal data as defined in Article 4, point (1), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679;
(51) ‘non-personal data’ means data other than personal data as defined in Article 4, point (1), of Regulation (EU)
2016/679;
(52) ‘profiling’ means profiling as defined in Article

Article 3 - Definitions


ion (EU) 2016/679;
(51) ‘non-personal data’ means data other than personal data as defined in Article 4, point (1), of Regulation (EU)
2016/679;
(52) ‘profiling’ means profiling as defined in Article 4, point (4), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679;
(53) ‘real-world testing plan’ means a document that describes the objectives, methodology, geographical, population and
temporal scope, monitoring, organisation and conduct of testing in real-world conditions;
(54) ‘sandbox plan’ means a document agreed between the participating provider and the competent authority describing
the objectives, conditions, timeframe, methodology and requirements for the activities carried out within the sandbox;
(55) ‘AI regulatory sandbox’ means a controlled framework set up by a competent authority which offers providers or
prospective providers of AI systems the possibility to develop, train, validate and test, where appropriate in real-world
conditions, an innovative AI system, pursuant to a sandbox plan for a limited time under regulatory supervision;
(56) ‘AI literacy’ means skills, knowledge and understanding that allow providers, deployers and affected persons, taking
into account their respective rights and obligations in the context of this Regulation, to make an informed deployment
of AI systems, as well as to gain awareness about the opportunities and risks of AI and possible harm it can cause;
(57) ‘testing in real-world conditions’ means the temporary testing of an AI system for its intended

Article 3 - Definitions


well as to gain awareness about the opportunities and risks of AI and possible harm it can cause;
(57) ‘testing in real-world conditions’ means the temporary testing of an AI system for its intended purpose in real-world
conditions outside a laboratory or otherwise simulated environment, with a view to gathering reliable and robust data
and to assessing and verifying the conformity of the AI system with the requirements of this Regulation and it does
not qualify as placing the AI system on the market or putting it into service within the meaning of this Regulation,
provided that all the conditions laid down in Article 57 or 60 are fulfilled;
(58) ‘subject’, for the purpose of real-world testing, means a natural person who participates in testing in real-world
conditions;
(59) ‘informed consent’ means a subject’s freely given, specific, unambiguous and voluntary expression of his or her
willingness to participate in a particular testing in real-world conditions, after having been informed of all aspects of
the testing that are relevant to the subject’s decision to participate;
(60) ‘deep fake’ means AI-generated or manipulated image, audio or video content that resembles existing persons, objects,
places, entities or events and would falsely appear to a person to be authentic or truthful;
(61) ‘widespread infringement’ means any act or omission contrary to Union law protecting the interest of individuals,
which:
(a) has harmed or is likely to harm the collective interests of

Article 3 - Definitions


truthful;
(61) ‘widespread infringement’ means any act or omission contrary to Union law protecting the interest of individuals,
which:
(a) has harmed or is likely to harm the collective interests of individuals residing in at least two Member States other
than the Member State in which:
(i) the act or omission originated or took place;
(ii) the provider concerned, or, where applicable, its authorised representative is located or established; or
(iii) the deployer is established, when the infringement is committed by the deployer;
(b) has caused, causes or is likely to cause harm to the collective interests of individuals and has common features,
including the same unlawful practice or the same interest being infringed, and is occurring concurrently,
committed by the same operator, in at least three Member States;
(62) ‘critical infrastructure’ means critical infrastructure as defined in Article 2, point (4), of Directive (EU) 2022/2557;
(63) ‘general-purpose AI model’ means an AI model, including where such an AI model is trained with a large amount of
data using self-supervision at scale, that displays significant generality and is capable of competently performing
a wide range of distinct tasks regardless of the way the model is placed on the market and that can be integrated into
a variety of downstream systems or applications, except AI models that are used for research, development or
prototyping activities before they are placed on the market;
(64) ‘high-impact capabil

Article 3 - Definitions


into
a variety of downstream systems or applications, except AI models that are used for research, development or
prototyping activities before they are placed on the market;
(64) ‘high-impact capabilities’ means capabilities that match or exceed the capabilities recorded in the most advanced
general-purpose AI models;
(65) ‘systemic risk’ means a risk that is specific to the high-impact capabilities of general-purpose AI models, having
a significant impact on the Union market due to their reach, or due to actual or reasonably foreseeable negative effects
on public health, safety, public security, fundamental rights, or the society as a whole, that can be propagated at scale
across the value chain;
(66) ‘general-purpose AI system’ means an AI system which is based on a general-purpose AI model and which has the
capability to serve a variety of purposes, both for direct use as well as for integration in other AI systems;
(67) ‘floating-point operation’ means any mathematical operation or assignment involving floating-point numbers, which
are a subset of the real numbers typically represented on computers by an integer of fixed precision scaled by an
integer exponent of a fixed base;
(68) ‘downstream provider’ means a provider of an AI system, including a general-purpose AI system, which integrates an
AI model, regardless of whether the AI model is provided by themselves and vertically integrated or provided by
another entity based on contractual relations.

Article 3 - Definitions


which integrates an
AI model, regardless of whether the AI model is provided by themselves and vertically integrated or provided by
another entity based on contractual relations.

Article 3 - Definitions


Article 4 - AI literacy

Providers and deployers of AI systems shall take measures to ensure, to their best extent, a sufficient level of AI literacy of
their staff and other persons dealing with the operation and use of AI systems on their behalf, taking into account their
technical knowledge, experience, education and training and the context the AI systems are to be used in, and considering
the persons or groups of persons on whom the AI systems are to be used.

Article 4 - AI literacy


Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices

1. The following AI practices shall be prohibited:
(a) the placing on the market, the putting into service or the use of an AI system that deploys subliminal techniques beyond
a person’s consciousness or purposefully manipulative or deceptive techniques, with the objective, or the effect of
materially distorting the behaviour of a person or a group of persons by appreciably impairing their ability to make an
informed decision, thereby causing them to take a decision that they would not have otherwise taken in a manner that
causes or is reasonably likely to cause that person, another person or group of persons significant harm;
(b) the placing on the market, the putting into service or the use of an AI system that exploits any of the vulnerabilities of
a natural person or a specific group of persons due to their age, disability or a specific social or economic situation, with
the objective, or the effect, of materially distorting the behaviour of that person or a person belonging to that group in
a manner that causes or is reasonably likely to cause that person or another person significant harm;
(c) the placing on the market, the putting into service or the use of AI systems for the evaluation or classification of natural
persons or groups of persons over a certain period of time based on their social behaviour or known, inferred or
predicted personal or personality characteristics, with the social score leading to either or both of the following:
(i) detrimental or unfavoura

Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices


based on their social behaviour or known, inferred or
predicted personal or personality characteristics, with the social score leading to either or both of the following:
(i) detrimental or unfavourable treatment of certain natural persons or groups of persons in social contexts that are
unrelated to the contexts in which the data was originally generated or collected;
(ii) detrimental or unfavourable treatment of certain natural persons or groups of persons that is unjustified or
disproportionate to their social behaviour or its gravity;
(d) the placing on the market, the putting into service for this specific purpose, or the use of an AI system for making risk
assessments of natural persons in order to assess or predict the risk of a natural person committing a criminal offence,
based solely on the profiling of a natural person or on assessing their personality traits and characteristics; this
prohibition shall not apply to AI systems used to support the human assessment of the involvement of a person in
a criminal activity, which is already based on objective and verifiable facts directly linked to a criminal activity;
(e) the placing on the market, the putting into service for this specific purpose, or the use of AI systems that create or
expand facial recognition databases through the untargeted scraping of facial images from the internet or CCTV footage;
(f) the placing on the market, the putting into service for this specific purpose, or the use of AI systems to infer

Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices


through the untargeted scraping of facial images from the internet or CCTV footage;
(f) the placing on the market, the putting into service for this specific purpose, or the use of AI systems to infer emotions
of a natural person in the areas of workplace and education institutions, except where the use of the AI system is
intended to be put in place or into the market for medical or safety reasons;
(g) the placing on the market, the putting into service for this specific purpose, or the use of biometric categorisation
systems that categorise individually natural persons based on their biometric data to deduce or infer their race, political
opinions, trade union membership, religious or philosophical beliefs, sex life or sexual orientation; this prohibition does
not cover any labelling or filtering of lawfully acquired biometric datasets, such as images, based on biometric data or
categorizing of biometric data in the area of law enforcement;
(h) the use of ‘real-time’ remote biometric identification systems in publicly accessible spaces for the purposes of law
enforcement, unless and in so far as such use is strictly necessary for one of the following objectives:
(i) the targeted search for specific victims of abduction, trafficking in human beings or sexual exploitation of human
beings, as well as the search for missing persons;
(ii) the prevention of a specific, substantial and imminent threat to the life or physical safety of natural persons or
a genuine and present or ge

Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices


n
beings, as well as the search for missing persons;
(ii) the prevention of a specific, substantial and imminent threat to the life or physical safety of natural persons or
a genuine and present or genuine and foreseeable threat of a terrorist attack;
(iii) the localisation or identification of a person suspected of having committed a criminal offence, for the purpose of
conducting a criminal investigation or prosecution or executing a criminal penalty for offences referred to in
Annex II and punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order for
a maximum period of at least four years.
Point (h) of the first subparagraph is without prejudice to Article 9 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 for the processing of
biometric data for purposes other than law enforcement.
2. The use of ‘real-time’ remote biometric identification systems in publicly accessible spaces for the purposes of law
enforcement for any of the objectives referred to in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (h), shall be deployed for the
purposes set out in that point only to confirm the identity of the specifically targeted individual, and it shall take into
account the following elements:
(a) the nature of the situation giving rise to the possible use, in particular the seriousness, probability and scale of the harm
that would be caused if the system were not used;
(b) the consequences of the use of the system for the rights and freedoms of all persons concerned, in particular th

Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices


probability and scale of the harm
that would be caused if the system were not used;
(b) the consequences of the use of the system for the rights and freedoms of all persons concerned, in particular the
seriousness, probability and scale of those consequences.
In addition, the use of ‘real-time’ remote biometric identification systems in publicly accessible spaces for the purposes of
law enforcement for any of the objectives referred to in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (h), of this Article shall
comply with necessary and proportionate safeguards and conditions in relation to the use in accordance with the national
law authorising the use thereof, in particular as regards the temporal, geographic and personal limitations. The use of the
‘real-time’ remote biometric identification system in publicly accessible spaces shall be authorised only if the law
enforcement authority has completed a fundamental rights impact assessment as provided for in Article 27 and has
registered the system in the EU database according to Article 49. However, in duly justified cases of urgency, the use of such
systems may be commenced without the registration in the EU database, provided that such registration is completed
without undue delay.
3. For the purposes of paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (h) and paragraph 2, each use for the purposes of law
enforcement of a ‘real-time’ remote biometric identification system in publicly accessible spaces shall be subject to a prior
authorisati

Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices


h, point (h) and paragraph 2, each use for the purposes of law
enforcement of a ‘real-time’ remote biometric identification system in publicly accessible spaces shall be subject to a prior
authorisation granted by a judicial authority or an independent administrative authority whose decision is binding of the
Member State in which the use is to take place, issued upon a reasoned request and in accordance with the detailed rules of
national law referred to in paragraph 5. However, in a duly justified situation of urgency, the use of such system may be
commenced without an authorisation provided that such authorisation is requested without undue delay, at the latest
within 24 hours. If such authorisation is rejected, the use shall be stopped with immediate effect and all the data, as well as
the results and outputs of that use shall be immediately discarded and deleted.
The competent judicial authority or an independent administrative authority whose decision is binding shall grant the
authorisation only where it is satisfied, on the basis of objective evidence or clear indications presented to it, that the use of
the ‘real-time’ remote biometric identification system concerned is necessary for, and proportionate to, achieving one of the
objectives specified in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (h), as identified in the request and, in particular, remains
limited to what is strictly necessary concerning the period of time as well as the geographic and personal scope. In de

Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices


ubparagraph, point (h), as identified in the request and, in particular, remains
limited to what is strictly necessary concerning the period of time as well as the geographic and personal scope. In deciding
on the request, that authority shall take into account the elements referred to in paragraph 2. No decision that produces an
adverse legal effect on a person may be taken based solely on the output of the ‘real-time’ remote biometric identification
system.
4. Without prejudice to paragraph 3, each use of a ‘real-time’ remote biometric identification system in publicly
accessible spaces for law enforcement purposes shall be notified to the relevant market surveillance authority and the
national data protection authority in accordance with the national rules referred to in paragraph 5. The notification shall, as
a minimum, contain the information specified under paragraph 6 and shall not include sensitive operational data.
5. A Member State may decide to provide for the possibility to fully or partially authorise the use of ‘real-time’ remote
biometric identification systems in publicly accessible spaces for the purposes of law enforcement within the limits and
under the conditions listed in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (h), and paragraphs 2 and 3. Member States concerned
shall lay down in their national law the necessary detailed rules for the request, issuance and exercise of, as well as
supervision and reporting relating to, the authorisations referred to in par

Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices


ned
shall lay down in their national law the necessary detailed rules for the request, issuance and exercise of, as well as
supervision and reporting relating to, the authorisations referred to in paragraph 3. Those rules shall also specify in respect
of which of the objectives listed in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (h), including which of the criminal offences
referred to in point (h)(iii) thereof, the competent authorities may be authorised to use those systems for the purposes of
law enforcement. Member States shall notify those rules to the Commission at the latest 30 days following the adoption
thereof. Member States may introduce, in accordance with Union law, more restrictive laws on the use of remote biometric
identification systems.
6. National market surveillance authorities and the national data protection authorities of Member States that have been
notified of the use of ‘real-time’ remote biometric identification systems in publicly accessible spaces for law enforcement
purposes pursuant to paragraph 4 shall submit to the Commission annual reports on such use. For that purpose, the
Commission shall provide Member States and national market surveillance and data protection authorities with a template,
including information on the number of the decisions taken by competent judicial authorities or an independent
administrative authority whose decision is binding upon requests for authorisations in accordance with paragraph 3 and
their result.
7. The Commis

Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices


n by competent judicial authorities or an independent
administrative authority whose decision is binding upon requests for authorisations in accordance with paragraph 3 and
their result.
7. The Commission shall publish annual reports on the use of real-time remote biometric identification systems in
publicly accessible spaces for law enforcement purposes, based on aggregated data in Member States on the basis of the
annual reports referred to in paragraph 6. Those annual reports shall not include sensitive operational data of the related
law enforcement activities.
8. This Article shall not affect the prohibitions that apply where an AI practice infringes other Union law.

Article 5 - Prohibited AI practices


Article 6 - Classification rules for high-risk AI systems

1. Irrespective of whether an AI system is placed on the market or put into service independently of the products
referred to in points (a) and (b), that AI system shall be considered to be high-risk where both of the following conditions
are fulfilled:
(a) the AI system is intended to be used as a safety component of a product, or the AI system is itself a product, covered by
the Union harmonisation legislation listed in Annex I;
(b) the product whose safety component pursuant to point (a) is the AI system, or the AI system itself as a product, is
required to undergo a third-party conformity assessment, with a view to the placing on the market or the putting into
service of that product pursuant to the Union harmonisation legislation listed in Annex I.
2. In addition to the high-risk AI systems referred to in paragraph 1, AI systems referred to in Annex III shall be
considered to be high-risk.
3. By derogation from paragraph 2, an AI system referred to in Annex III shall not be considered to be high-risk where it
does not pose a significant risk of harm to the health, safety or fundamental rights of natural persons, including by not
materially influencing the outcome of decision making.
The first subparagraph shall apply where any of the following conditions is fulfilled:
(a) the AI system is intended to perform a narrow procedural task;
(b) the AI system is intended to improve the result of a previously completed human activity;
(c) the AI system is intended to detect decis


e AI system is intended to perform a narrow procedural task;
(b) the AI system is intended to improve the result of a previously completed human activity;
(c) the AI system is intended to detect decision-making patterns or deviations from prior decision-making patterns and is
not meant to replace or influence the previously completed human assessment, without proper human review; or
(d) the AI system is intended to perform a preparatory task to an assessment relevant for the purposes of the use cases
listed in Annex III.
Notwithstanding the first subparagraph, an AI system referred to in Annex III shall always be considered to be high-risk
where the AI system performs profiling of natural persons.
4. A provider who considers that an AI system referred to in Annex III is not high-risk shall document its assessment
before that system is placed on the market or put into service. Such provider shall be subject to the registration obligation
set out in Article 49(2). Upon request of national competent authorities, the provider shall provide the documentation of
the assessment.
5. The Commission shall, after consulting the European Artificial Intelligence Board (the ‘Board’), and no later than
2 February 2026, provide guidelines specifying the practical implementation of this Article in line with Article 96 together
with a comprehensive list of practical examples of use cases of AI systems that are high-risk and not high-risk.
6. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts


n line with Article 96 together
with a comprehensive list of practical examples of use cases of AI systems that are high-risk and not high-risk.
6. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 97 in order to amend paragraph 3,
second subparagraph, of this Article by adding new conditions to those laid down therein, or by modifying them, where
there is concrete and reliable evidence of the existence of AI systems that fall under the scope of Annex III, but do not pose
a significant risk of harm to the health, safety or fundamental rights of natural persons.
7. The Commission shall adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 97 in order to amend paragraph 3, second
subparagraph, of this Article by deleting any of the conditions laid down therein, where there is concrete and reliable
evidence that this is necessary to maintain the level of protection of health, safety and fundamental rights provided for by
this Regulation.
8. Any amendment to the conditions laid down in paragraph 3, second subparagraph, adopted in accordance with
paragraphs 6 and 7 of this Article shall not decrease the overall level of protection of health, safety and fundamental rights
provided for by this Regulation and shall ensure consistency with the delegated acts adopted pursuant to Article 7(1), and
take account of market and technological developments.


pursuant to Article 7(1), and
take account of market and technological developments.


Article 7 - Amendments to Annex III

1. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 97 to amend Annex III by adding
or modifying use-cases of high-risk AI systems where both of the following conditions are fulfilled:
(a) the AI systems are intended to be used in any of the areas listed in Annex III;
(b) the AI systems pose a risk of harm to health and safety, or an adverse impact on fundamental rights, and that risk is
equivalent to, or greater than, the risk of harm or of adverse impact posed by the high-risk AI systems already referred
to in Annex III.
2. When assessing the condition under paragraph 1, point (b), the Commission shall take into account the following
criteria:
(a) the intended purpose of the AI system;
(b) the extent to which an AI system has been used or is likely to be used;
(c) the nature and amount of the data processed and used by the AI system, in particular whether special categories of
personal data are processed;
(d) the extent to which the AI system acts autonomously and the possibility for a human to override a decision or
recommendations that may lead to potential harm;
(e) the extent to which the use of an AI system has already caused harm to health and safety, has had an adverse impact on
fundamental rights or has given rise to significant concerns in relation to the likelihood of such harm or adverse impact,
as demonstrated, for example, by reports or documented allegations submitted to national competent authorities or by
other reports, as appro

Article 7 - Amendments to Annex III


relation to the likelihood of such harm or adverse impact,
as demonstrated, for example, by reports or documented allegations submitted to national competent authorities or by
other reports, as appropriate;
(f) the potential extent of such harm or such adverse impact, in particular in terms of its intensity and its ability to affect
multiple persons or to disproportionately affect a particular group of persons;
(g) the extent to which persons who are potentially harmed or suffer an adverse impact are dependent on the outcome
produced with an AI system, in particular because for practical or legal reasons it is not reasonably possible to opt-out
from that outcome;
(h) the extent to which there is an imbalance of power, or the persons who are potentially harmed or suffer an adverse
impact are in a vulnerable position in relation to the deployer of an AI system, in particular due to status, authority,
knowledge, economic or social circumstances, or age;
(i) the extent to which the outcome produced involving an AI system is easily corrigible or reversible, taking into account
the technical solutions available to correct or reverse it, whereby outcomes having an adverse impact on health, safety or
fundamental rights, shall not be considered to be easily corrigible or reversible;
(j) the magnitude and likelihood of benefit of the deployment of the AI system for individuals, groups, or society at large,
including possible improvements in product safety;
(k) the extent to which exis

Article 7 - Amendments to Annex III


the magnitude and likelihood of benefit of the deployment of the AI system for individuals, groups, or society at large,
including possible improvements in product safety;
(k) the extent to which existing Union law provides for:
(i) effective measures of redress in relation to the risks posed by an AI system, with the exclusion of claims for
damages;
(ii) effective measures to prevent or substantially minimise those risks.
3. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 97 to amend the list in Annex III
by removing high-risk AI systems where both of the following conditions are fulfilled:
(a) the high-risk AI system concerned no longer poses any significant risks to fundamental rights, health or safety, taking
into account the criteria listed in paragraph 2;
(b) the deletion does not decrease the overall level of protection of health, safety and fundamental rights under Union law.

Article 7 - Amendments to Annex III


Article 8 - Compliance with the requirements

1. High-risk AI systems shall comply with the requirements laid down in this Section, taking into account their intended
purpose as well as the generally acknowledged state of the art on AI and AI-related technologies. The risk management
system referred to in Article 9 shall be taken into account when ensuring compliance with those requirements.
2. Where a product contains an AI system, to which the requirements of this Regulation as well as requirements of the
Union harmonisation legislation listed in Section A of Annex I apply, providers shall be responsible for ensuring that their
product is fully compliant with all applicable requirements under applicable Union harmonisation legislation. In ensuring
the compliance of high-risk AI systems referred to in paragraph 1 with the requirements set out in this Section, and in order
to ensure consistency, avoid duplication and minimise additional burdens, providers shall have a choice of integrating, as
appropriate, the necessary testing and reporting processes, information and documentation they provide with regard to
their product into documentation and procedures that already exist and are required under the Union harmonisation
legislation listed in Section A of Annex I.


Article 9 - Risk management system

1. A risk management system shall be established, implemented, documented and maintained in relation to high-risk AI
systems.
2. The risk management system shall be understood as a continuous iterative process planned and run throughout the
entire lifecycle of a high-risk AI system, requiring regular systematic review and updating. It shall comprise the following
steps:
(a) the identification and analysis of the known and the reasonably foreseeable risks that the high-risk AI system can pose
to health, safety or fundamental rights when the high-risk AI system is used in accordance with its intended purpose;
(b) the estimation and evaluation of the risks that may emerge when the high-risk AI system is used in accordance with its
intended purpose, and under conditions of reasonably foreseeable misuse;
(c) the evaluation of other risks possibly arising, based on the analysis of data gathered from the post-market monitoring
system referred to in Article 72;
(d) the adoption of appropriate and targeted risk management measures designed to address the risks identified pursuant to
point (a).
3. The risks referred to in this Article shall concern only those which may be reasonably mitigated or eliminated through
the development or design of the high-risk AI system, or the provision of adequate technical information.
4. The risk management measures referred to in paragraph 2, point (d), shall give due consideration to the effects and
possible interaction resulting from the combined ap

Article 9 - Risk management system


equate technical information.
4. The risk management measures referred to in paragraph 2, point (d), shall give due consideration to the effects and
possible interaction resulting from the combined application of the requirements set out in this Section, with a view to
minimising risks more effectively while achieving an appropriate balance in implementing the measures to fulfil those
requirements.
5. The risk management measures referred to in paragraph 2, point (d), shall be such that the relevant residual risk
associated with each hazard, as well as the overall residual risk of the high-risk AI systems is judged to be acceptable.
In identifying the most appropriate risk management measures, the following shall be ensured:
(a) elimination or reduction of risks identified and evaluated pursuant to paragraph 2 in as far as technically feasible
through adequate design and development of the high-risk AI system;
(b) where appropriate, implementation of adequate mitigation and control measures addressing risks that cannot be
eliminated;
(c) provision of information required pursuant to Article 13 and, where appropriate, training to deployers.
With a view to eliminating or reducing risks related to the use of the high-risk AI system, due consideration shall be given
to the technical knowledge, experience, education, the training to be expected by the deployer, and the presumable context
in which the system is intended to be used.
6. High-risk AI systems shall be tested for the pu

Article 9 - Risk management system


knowledge, experience, education, the training to be expected by the deployer, and the presumable context
in which the system is intended to be used.
6. High-risk AI systems shall be tested for the purpose of identifying the most appropriate and targeted risk management
measures. Testing shall ensure that high-risk AI systems perform consistently for their intended purpose and that they are in
compliance with the requirements set out in this Section.
7. Testing procedures may include testing in real-world conditions in accordance with Article 60.
8. The testing of high-risk AI systems shall be performed, as appropriate, at any time throughout the development
process, and, in any event, prior to their being placed on the market or put into service. Testing shall be carried out against
prior defined metrics and probabilistic thresholds that are appropriate to the intended purpose of the high-risk AI system.
9. When implementing the risk management system as provided for in paragraphs 1 to 7, providers shall give
consideration to whether in view of its intended purpose the high-risk AI system is likely to have an adverse impact on
persons under the age of 18 and, as appropriate, other vulnerable groups.
10. For providers of high-risk AI systems that are subject to requirements regarding internal risk management processes
under other relevant provisions of Union law, the aspects provided in paragraphs 1 to 9 may be part of, or combined with,
the risk management procedures establi

Article 9 - Risk management system


ding internal risk management processes
under other relevant provisions of Union law, the aspects provided in paragraphs 1 to 9 may be part of, or combined with,
the risk management procedures established pursuant to that law.

Article 9 - Risk management system


Article 10 - Data and data governance

1. High-risk AI systems which make use of techniques involving the training of AI models with data shall be developed
on the basis of training, validation and testing data sets that meet the quality criteria referred to in paragraphs 2 to 5
whenever such data sets are used.
2. Training, validation and testing data sets shall be subject to data governance and management practices appropriate
for the intended purpose of the high-risk AI system. Those practices shall concern in particular:
(a) the relevant design choices;
(b) data collection processes and the origin of data, and in the case of personal data, the original purpose of the data
collection;
(c) relevant data-preparation processing operations, such as annotation, labelling, cleaning, updating, enrichment and
aggregation;
(d) the formulation of assumptions, in particular with respect to the information that the data are supposed to measure and
represent;
(e) an assessment of the availability, quantity and suitability of the data sets that are needed;
(f) examination in view of possible biases that are likely to affect the health and safety of persons, have a negative impact
on fundamental rights or lead to discrimination prohibited under Union law, especially where data outputs influence
inputs for future operations;
(g) appropriate measures to detect, prevent and mitigate possible biases identified according to point (f);
(h) the identification of relevant data gaps or shortcomings that prevent compliance with this Re

Article 10 - Data and data governance


ppropriate measures to detect, prevent and mitigate possible biases identified according to point (f);
(h) the identification of relevant data gaps or shortcomings that prevent compliance with this Regulation, and how those
gaps and shortcomings can be addressed.
3. Training, validation and testing data sets shall be relevant, sufficiently representative, and to the best extent possible,
free of errors and complete in view of the intended purpose. They shall have the appropriate statistical properties, including,
where applicable, as regards the persons or groups of persons in relation to whom the high-risk AI system is intended to be
used. Those characteristics of the data sets may be met at the level of individual data sets or at the level of a combination
thereof.
4. Data sets shall take into account, to the extent required by the intended purpose, the characteristics or elements that
are particular to the specific geographical, contextual, behavioural or functional setting within which the high-risk AI
system is intended to be used.
5. To the extent that it is strictly necessary for the purpose of ensuring bias detection and correction in relation to the
high-risk AI systems in accordance with paragraph (2), points (f) and (g) of this Article, the providers of such systems may
exceptionally process special categories of personal data, subject to appropriate safeguards for the fundamental rights and
freedoms of natural persons. In addition to the provisions set out in Regu

Article 10 - Data and data governance


y
exceptionally process special categories of personal data, subject to appropriate safeguards for the fundamental rights and
freedoms of natural persons. In addition to the provisions set out in Regulations (EU) 2016/679 and (EU) 2018/1725 and
Directive (EU) 2016/680, all the following conditions must be met in order for such processing to occur:
(a) the bias detection and correction cannot be effectively fulfilled by processing other data, including synthetic or
anonymised data;
(b) the special categories of personal data are subject to technical limitations on the re-use of the personal data, and
state-of-the-art security and privacy-preserving measures, including pseudonymisation;
(c) the special categories of personal data are subject to measures to ensure that the personal data processed are secured,
protected, subject to suitable safeguards, including strict controls and documentation of the access, to avoid misuse and
ensure that only authorised persons have access to those personal data with appropriate confidentiality obligations;
(d) the special categories of personal data are not to be transmitted, transferred or otherwise accessed by other parties;
(e) the special categories of personal data are deleted once the bias has been corrected or the personal data has reached the
end of its retention period, whichever comes first;
(f) the records of processing activities pursuant to Regulations (EU) 2016/679 and (EU) 2018/1725 and Directive (EU)
2016/680 include the reas

Article 10 - Data and data governance


d the
end of its retention period, whichever comes first;
(f) the records of processing activities pursuant to Regulations (EU) 2016/679 and (EU) 2018/1725 and Directive (EU)
2016/680 include the reasons why the processing of special categories of personal data was strictly necessary to detect
and correct biases, and why that objective could not be achieved by processing other data.
6. For the development of high-risk AI systems not using techniques involving the training of AI models, paragraphs 2
to 5 apply only to the testing data sets.

Article 10 - Data and data governance


Article 11 - Technical documentation

1. The technical documentation of a high-risk AI system shall be drawn up before that system is placed on the market or
put into service and shall be kept up-to date.
The technical documentation shall be drawn up in such a way as to demonstrate that the high-risk AI system complies with
the requirements set out in this Section and to provide national competent authorities and notified bodies with the
necessary information in a clear and comprehensive form to assess the compliance of the AI system with those
requirements. It shall contain, at a minimum, the elements set out in Annex IV. SMEs, including start-ups, may provide the
elements of the technical documentation specified in Annex IV in a simplified manner. To that end, the Commission shall
establish a simplified technical documentation form targeted at the needs of small and microenterprises. Where an SME,
including a start-up, opts to provide the information required in Annex IV in a simplified manner, it shall use the form
referred to in this paragraph. Notified bodies shall accept the form for the purposes of the conformity assessment.
2. Where a high-risk AI system related to a product covered by the Union harmonisation legislation listed in Section
A of Annex I is placed on the market or put into service, a single set of technical documentation shall be drawn up
containing all the information set out in paragraph 1, as well as the information required under those legal acts.
3. The Commission is empowered to adopt

Article 11 - Technical documentation


of technical documentation shall be drawn up
containing all the information set out in paragraph 1, as well as the information required under those legal acts.
3. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 97 in order to amend Annex IV,
where necessary, to ensure that, in light of technical progress, the technical documentation provides all the information
necessary to assess the compliance of the system with the requirements set out in this Section.

Article 11 - Technical documentation


Article 12 - Record-keeping

1. High-risk AI systems shall technically allow for the automatic recording of events (logs) over the lifetime of the
system.
2. In order to ensure a level of traceability of the functioning of a high-risk AI system that is appropriate to the intended
purpose of the system, logging capabilities shall enable the recording of events relevant for:
(a) identifying situations that may result in the high-risk AI system presenting a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1) or
in a substantial modification;
(b) facilitating the post-market monitoring referred to in Article 72; and
(c) monitoring the operation of high-risk AI systems referred to in Article 26(5).
3. For high-risk AI systems referred to in point 1 (a), of Annex III, the logging capabilities shall provide, at a minimum:
(a) recording of the period of each use of the system (start date and time and end date and time of each use);
(b) the reference database against which input data has been checked by the system;
(c) the input data for which the search has led to a match;
(d) the identification of the natural persons involved in the verification of the results, as referred to in Article 14(5).

Article 12 - Record-keeping


Article 13 - Transparency and provision of information to deployers

1. High-risk AI systems shall be designed and developed in such a way as to ensure that their operation is sufficiently
transparent to enable deployers to interpret a system’s output and use it appropriately. An appropriate type and degree of
transparency shall be ensured with a view to achieving compliance with the relevant obligations of the provider and
deployer set out in Section 3.
2. High-risk AI systems shall be accompanied by instructions for use in an appropriate digital format or otherwise that
include concise, complete, correct and clear information that is relevant, accessible and comprehensible to deployers.
3. The instructions for use shall contain at least the following information:
(a) the identity and the contact details of the provider and, where applicable, of its authorised representative;
(b) the characteristics, capabilities and limitations of performance of the high-risk AI system, including:
(i) its intended purpose;
(ii) the level of accuracy, including its metrics, robustness and cybersecurity referred to in Article 15 against which the
high-risk AI system has been tested and validated and which can be expected, and any known and foreseeable
circumstances that may have an impact on that expected level of accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity;
(iii) any known or foreseeable circumstance, related to the use of the high-risk AI system in accordance with its
intended purpose or under conditions of reasonably foreseeable misuse, which may lead to risks t


known or foreseeable circumstance, related to the use of the high-risk AI system in accordance with its
intended purpose or under conditions of reasonably foreseeable misuse, which may lead to risks to the health and
safety or fundamental rights referred to in Article 9(2);
(iv) where applicable, the technical capabilities and characteristics of the high-risk AI system to provide information
that is relevant to explain its output;
(v) when appropriate, its performance regarding specific persons or groups of persons on which the system is
intended to be used;
(vi) when appropriate, specifications for the input data, or any other relevant information in terms of the training,
validation and testing data sets used, taking into account the intended purpose of the high-risk AI system;
(vii) where applicable, information to enable deployers to interpret the output of the high-risk AI system and use it
appropriately;
(c) the changes to the high-risk AI system and its performance which have been pre-determined by the provider at the
moment of the initial conformity assessment, if any;
(d) the human oversight measures referred to in Article 14, including the technical measures put in place to facilitate the
interpretation of the outputs of the high-risk AI systems by the deployers;
(e) the computational and hardware resources needed, the expected lifetime of the high-risk AI system and any necessary
maintenance and care measures, including their frequency, to ensure the proper functio


e computational and hardware resources needed, the expected lifetime of the high-risk AI system and any necessary
maintenance and care measures, including their frequency, to ensure the proper functioning of that AI system, including
as regards software updates;
(f) where relevant, a description of the mechanisms included within the high-risk AI system that allows deployers to
properly collect, store and interpret the logs in accordance with Article 12.


Article 14 - Human oversight

1. High-risk AI systems shall be designed and developed in such a way, including with appropriate human-machine
interface tools, that they can be effectively overseen by natural persons during the period in which they are in use.
2. Human oversight shall aim to prevent or minimise the risks to health, safety or fundamental rights that may emerge
when a high-risk AI system is used in accordance with its intended purpose or under conditions of reasonably foreseeable
misuse, in particular where such risks persist despite the application of other requirements set out in this Section.
3. The oversight measures shall be commensurate with the risks, level of autonomy and context of use of the high-risk
AI system, and shall be ensured through either one or both of the following types of measures:
(a) measures identified and built, when technically feasible, into the high-risk AI system by the provider before it is placed
on the market or put into service;
(b) measures identified by the provider before placing the high-risk AI system on the market or putting it into service and
that are appropriate to be implemented by the deployer.
4. For the purpose of implementing paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, the high-risk AI system shall be provided to the deployer in
such a way that natural persons to whom human oversight is assigned are enabled, as appropriate and proportionate:
(a) to properly understand the relevant capacities and limitations of the high-risk AI system and be able to duly monitor it

Article 14 - Human oversight


human oversight is assigned are enabled, as appropriate and proportionate:
(a) to properly understand the relevant capacities and limitations of the high-risk AI system and be able to duly monitor its
operation, including in view of detecting and addressing anomalies, dysfunctions and unexpected performance;
(b) to remain aware of the possible tendency of automatically relying or over-relying on the output produced by a high-risk
AI system (automation bias), in particular for high-risk AI systems used to provide information or recommendations for
decisions to be taken by natural persons;
(c) to correctly interpret the high-risk AI system’s output, taking into account, for example, the interpretation tools and
methods available;
(d) to decide, in any particular situation, not to use the high-risk AI system or to otherwise disregard, override or reverse
the output of the high-risk AI system;
(e) to intervene in the operation of the high-risk AI system or interrupt the system through a ‘stop’ button or a similar
procedure that allows the system to come to a halt in a safe state.
5. For high-risk AI systems referred to in point 1(a) of Annex III, the measures referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article
shall be such as to ensure that, in addition, no action or decision is taken by the deployer on the basis of the identification
resulting from the system unless that identification has been separately verified and confirmed by at least two natural
persons with the necessary compete

Article 14 - Human oversight


e deployer on the basis of the identification
resulting from the system unless that identification has been separately verified and confirmed by at least two natural
persons with the necessary competence, training and authority.
The requirement for a separate verification by at least two natural persons shall not apply to high-risk AI systems used for
the purposes of law enforcement, migration, border control or asylum, where Union or national law considers the
application of this requirement to be disproportionate.

Article 14 - Human oversight


Article 15 - Accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity

1. High-risk AI systems shall be designed and developed in such a way that they achieve an appropriate level of accuracy,
robustness, and cybersecurity, and that they perform consistently in those respects throughout their lifecycle.
2. To address the technical aspects of how to measure the appropriate levels of accuracy and robustness set out in
paragraph 1 and any other relevant performance metrics, the Commission shall, in cooperation with relevant stakeholders
and organisations such as metrology and benchmarking authorities, encourage, as appropriate, the development of
benchmarks and measurement methodologies.
3. The levels of accuracy and the relevant accuracy metrics of high-risk AI systems shall be declared in the accompanying
instructions of use.
4. High-risk AI systems shall be as resilient as possible regarding errors, faults or inconsistencies that may occur within
the system or the environment in which the system operates, in particular due to their interaction with natural persons or
other systems. Technical and organisational measures shall be taken in this regard.
The robustness of high-risk AI systems may be achieved through technical redundancy solutions, which may include
backup or fail-safe plans.
High-risk AI systems that continue to learn after being placed on the market or put into service shall be developed in such
a way as to eliminate or reduce as far as possible the risk of possibly biased outputs influencing input for future operations
(feedback lo


on the market or put into service shall be developed in such
a way as to eliminate or reduce as far as possible the risk of possibly biased outputs influencing input for future operations
(feedback loops), and as to ensure that any such feedback loops are duly addressed with appropriate mitigation measures.
5. High-risk AI systems shall be resilient against attempts by unauthorised third parties to alter their use, outputs or
performance by exploiting system vulnerabilities.
The technical solutions aiming to ensure the cybersecurity of high-risk AI systems shall be appropriate to the relevant
circumstances and the risks.
The technical solutions to address AI specific vulnerabilities shall include, where appropriate, measures to prevent, detect,
respond to, resolve and control for attacks trying to manipulate the training data set (data poisoning), or pre-trained
components used in training (model poisoning), inputs designed to cause the AI model to make a mistake (adversarial
examples or model evasion), confidentiality attacks or model flaws.


Article 16 - Obligations of providers of high-risk AI systems

Providers of high-risk AI systems shall:
(a) ensure that their high-risk AI systems are compliant with the requirements set out in Section 2;
(b) indicate on the high-risk AI system or, where that is not possible, on its packaging or its accompanying documentation,
as applicable, their name, registered trade name or registered trade mark, the address at which they can be contacted;
(c) have a quality management system in place which complies with Article 17;
(d) keep the documentation referred to in Article 18;
(e) when under their control, keep the logs automatically generated by their high-risk AI systems as referred to in
Article 19;
(f) ensure that the high-risk AI system undergoes the relevant conformity assessment procedure as referred to in Article 43,
prior to its being placed on the market or put into service;
(g) draw up an EU declaration of conformity in accordance with Article 47;
(h) affix the CE marking to the high-risk AI system or, where that is not possible, on its packaging or its accompanying
documentation, to indicate conformity with this Regulation, in accordance with Article 48;
(i) comply with the registration obligations referred to in Article 49(1);
(j) take the necessary corrective actions and provide information as required in Article 20;
(k) upon a reasoned request of a national competent authority, demonstrate the conformity of the high-risk AI system with
the requirements set out in Section 2;
(l) ensure that the high-risk AI system complies with


soned request of a national competent authority, demonstrate the conformity of the high-risk AI system with
the requirements set out in Section 2;
(l) ensure that the high-risk AI system complies with accessibility requirements in accordance with Directives (EU)
2016/2102 and (EU) 2019/882.


Article 17 - Quality management system

1. Providers of high-risk AI systems shall put a quality management system in place that ensures compliance with this
Regulation. That system shall be documented in a systematic and orderly manner in the form of written policies, procedures
and instructions, and shall include at least the following aspects:
(a) a strategy for regulatory compliance, including compliance with conformity assessment procedures and procedures for
the management of modifications to the high-risk AI system;
(b) techniques, procedures and systematic actions to be used for the design, design control and design verification of the
high-risk AI system;
(c) techniques, procedures and systematic actions to be used for the development, quality control and quality assurance of
the high-risk AI system;
(d) examination, test and validation procedures to be carried out before, during and after the development of the high-risk
AI system, and the frequency with which they have to be carried out;
(e) technical specifications, including standards, to be applied and, where the relevant harmonised standards are not
applied in full or do not cover all of the relevant requirements set out in Section 2, the means to be used to ensure that
the high-risk AI system complies with those requirements;
(f) systems and procedures for data management, including data acquisition, data collection, data analysis, data labelling,
data storage, data filtration, data mining, data aggregation, data retention and any other operation re

Article 17 - Quality management system


for data management, including data acquisition, data collection, data analysis, data labelling,
data storage, data filtration, data mining, data aggregation, data retention and any other operation regarding the data
that is performed before and for the purpose of the placing on the market or the putting into service of high-risk AI
systems;
(g) the risk management system referred to in Article 9;
(h) the setting-up, implementation and maintenance of a post-market monitoring system, in accordance with Article 72;
(i) procedures related to the reporting of a serious incident in accordance with Article 73;
(j) the handling of communication with national competent authorities, other relevant authorities, including those
providing or supporting the access to data, notified bodies, other operators, customers or other interested parties;
(k) systems and procedures for record-keeping of all relevant documentation and information;
(l) resource management, including security-of-supply related measures;
(m) an accountability framework setting out the responsibilities of the management and other staff with regard to all the
aspects listed in this paragraph.
2. The implementation of the aspects referred to in paragraph 1 shall be proportionate to the size of the provider’s
organisation. Providers shall, in any event, respect the degree of rigour and the level of protection required to ensure the
compliance of their high-risk AI systems with this Regulation.
3. Providers of high-risk AI s

Article 17 - Quality management system


iders shall, in any event, respect the degree of rigour and the level of protection required to ensure the
compliance of their high-risk AI systems with this Regulation.
3. Providers of high-risk AI systems that are subject to obligations regarding quality management systems or an
equivalent function under relevant sectoral Union law may include the aspects listed in paragraph 1 as part of the quality
management systems pursuant to that law.
4. For providers that are financial institutions subject to requirements regarding their internal governance, arrangements
or processes under Union financial services law, the obligation to put in place a quality management system, with the
exception of paragraph 1, points (g), (h) and (i) of this Article, shall be deemed to be fulfilled by complying with the rules on
internal governance arrangements or processes pursuant to the relevant Union financial services law. To that end, any
harmonised standards referred to in Article 40 shall be taken into account.

Article 17 - Quality management system


Article 18 - Documentation keeping

1. The provider shall, for a period ending 10 years after the high-risk AI system has been placed on the market or put
into service, keep at the disposal of the national competent authorities:
(a) the technical documentation referred to in Article 11;
(b) the documentation concerning the quality management system referred to in Article 17;
(c) the documentation concerning the changes approved by notified bodies, where applicable;
(d) the decisions and other documents issued by the notified bodies, where applicable;
(e) the EU declaration of conformity referred to in Article 47.
2. Each Member State shall determine conditions under which the documentation referred to in paragraph 1 remains at
the disposal of the national competent authorities for the period indicated in that paragraph for the cases when a provider
or its authorised representative established on its territory goes bankrupt or ceases its activity prior to the end of that
period.
3. Providers that are financial institutions subject to requirements regarding their internal governance, arrangements or
processes under Union financial services law shall maintain the technical documentation as part of the documentation kept
under the relevant Union financial services law.

Article 18 - Documentation keeping


Article 19 - Automatically generated logs

1. Providers of high-risk AI systems shall keep the logs referred to in Article 12(1), automatically generated by their
high-risk AI systems, to the extent such logs are under their control. Without prejudice to applicable Union or national law,
the logs shall be kept for a period appropriate to the intended purpose of the high-risk AI system, of at least six months,
unless provided otherwise in the applicable Union or national law, in particular in Union law on the protection of personal
data.
2. Providers that are financial institutions subject to requirements regarding their internal governance, arrangements or
processes under Union financial services law shall maintain the logs automatically generated by their high-risk AI systems
as part of the documentation kept under the relevant financial services law.


Article 20 - Corrective actions and duty of information

1. Providers of high-risk AI systems which consider or have reason to consider that a high-risk AI system that they have
placed on the market or put into service is not in conformity with this Regulation shall immediately take the necessary
corrective actions to bring that system into conformity, to withdraw it, to disable it, or to recall it, as appropriate. They shall
inform the distributors of the high-risk AI system concerned and, where applicable, the deployers, the authorised
representative and importers accordingly.
2. Where the high-risk AI system presents a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1) and the provider becomes aware of
that risk, it shall immediately investigate the causes, in collaboration with the reporting deployer, where applicable, and
inform the market surveillance authorities competent for the high-risk AI system concerned and, where applicable, the
notified body that issued a certificate for that high-risk AI system in accordance with Article 44, in particular, of the nature
of the non-compliance and of any relevant corrective action taken.


Article 21 - Cooperation with competent authorities

1. Providers of high-risk AI systems shall, upon a reasoned request by a competent authority, provide that authority all
the information and documentation necessary to demonstrate the conformity of the high-risk AI system with the
requirements set out in Section 2, in a language which can be easily understood by the authority in one of the official
languages of the institutions of the Union as indicated by the Member State concerned.
2. Upon a reasoned request by a competent authority, providers shall also give the requesting competent authority, as
applicable, access to the automatically generated logs of the high-risk AI system referred to in Article 12(1), to the extent
such logs are under their control.
3. Any information obtained by a competent authority pursuant to this Article shall be treated in accordance with the
confidentiality obligations set out in Article 78.


Article 22 - Authorised representatives of providers of high-risk AI systems

1. Prior to making their high-risk AI systems available on the Union market, providers established in third countries
shall, by written mandate, appoint an authorised representative which is established in the Union.
2. The provider shall enable its authorised representative to perform the tasks specified in the mandate received from the
provider.
3. The authorised representative shall perform the tasks specified in the mandate received from the provider. It shall
provide a copy of the mandate to the market surveillance authorities upon request, in one of the official languages of the
institutions of the Union, as indicated by the competent authority. For the purposes of this Regulation, the mandate shall
empower the authorised representative to carry out the following tasks:
(a) verify that the EU declaration of conformity referred to in Article 47 and the technical documentation referred to in
Article 11 have been drawn up and that an appropriate conformity assessment procedure has been carried out by the
provider;
(b) keep at the disposal of the competent authorities and national authorities or bodies referred to in Article 74(10), for
a period of 10 years after the high-risk AI system has been placed on the market or put into service, the contact details
of the provider that appointed the authorised representative, a copy of the EU declaration of conformity referred to in
Article 47, the technical documentation and, if applicable, the certificate issued by the notified bo


appointed the authorised representative, a copy of the EU declaration of conformity referred to in
Article 47, the technical documentation and, if applicable, the certificate issued by the notified body;
(c) provide a competent authority, upon a reasoned request, with all the information and documentation, including that
referred to in point (b) of this subparagraph, necessary to demonstrate the conformity of a high-risk AI system with the
requirements set out in Section 2, including access to the logs, as referred to in Article 12(1), automatically generated by
the high-risk AI system, to the extent such logs are under the control of the provider;
(d) cooperate with competent authorities, upon a reasoned request, in any action the latter take in relation to the high-risk
AI system, in particular to reduce and mitigate the risks posed by the high-risk AI system;
(e) where applicable, comply with the registration obligations referred to in Article 49(1), or, if the registration is carried
out by the provider itself, ensure that the information referred to in point 3 of Section A of Annex VIII is correct.
The mandate shall empower the authorised representative to be addressed, in addition to or instead of the provider, by the
competent authorities, on all issues related to ensuring compliance with this Regulation.
4. The authorised representative shall terminate the mandate if it considers or has reason to consider the provider to be
acting contrary to its obligations pursuant


compliance with this Regulation.
4. The authorised representative shall terminate the mandate if it considers or has reason to consider the provider to be
acting contrary to its obligations pursuant to this Regulation. In such a case, it shall immediately inform the relevant market
surveillance authority, as well as, where applicable, the relevant notified body, about the termination of the mandate and the
reasons therefor.


Article 23 - Obligations of importers

1. Before placing a high-risk AI system on the market, importers shall ensure that the system is in conformity with this
Regulation by verifying that:
(a) the relevant conformity assessment procedure referred to in Article 43 has been carried out by the provider of the
high-risk AI system;
(b) the provider has drawn up the technical documentation in accordance with Article 11 and Annex IV;
(c) the system bears the required CE marking and is accompanied by the EU declaration of conformity referred to in
Article 47 and instructions for use;
(d) the provider has appointed an authorised representative in accordance with Article 22(1).
2. Where an importer has sufficient reason to consider that a high-risk AI system is not in conformity with this
Regulation, or is falsified, or accompanied by falsified documentation, it shall not place the system on the market until it has
been brought into conformity. Where the high-risk AI system presents a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1), the
importer shall inform the provider of the system, the authorised representative and the market surveillance authorities to
that effect.
3. Importers shall indicate their name, registered trade name or registered trade mark, and the address at which they can
be contacted on the high-risk AI system and on its packaging or its accompanying documentation, where applicable.
4. Importers shall ensure that, while a high-risk AI system is under their responsibility, storage or transport conditions,
where

Article 23 - Obligations of importers


on its packaging or its accompanying documentation, where applicable.
4. Importers shall ensure that, while a high-risk AI system is under their responsibility, storage or transport conditions,
where applicable, do not jeopardise its compliance with the requirements set out in Section 2.
5. Importers shall keep, for a period of 10 years after the high-risk AI system has been placed on the market or put into
service, a copy of the certificate issued by the notified body, where applicable, of the instructions for use, and of the EU
declaration of conformity referred to in Article 47.
6. Importers shall provide the relevant competent authorities, upon a reasoned request, with all the necessary
information and documentation, including that referred to in paragraph 5, to demonstrate the conformity of a high-risk AI
system with the requirements set out in Section 2 in a language which can be easily understood by them. For this purpose,
they shall also ensure that the technical documentation can be made available to those authorities.
7. Importers shall cooperate with the relevant competent authorities in any action those authorities take in relation to
a high-risk AI system placed on the market by the importers, in particular to reduce and mitigate the risks posed by it.

Article 23 - Obligations of importers


Article 24 - Obligations of distributors

1. Before making a high-risk AI system available on the market, distributors shall verify that it bears the required CE
marking, that it is accompanied by a copy of the EU declaration of conformity referred to in Article 47 and instructions for
use, and that the provider and the importer of that system, as applicable, have complied with their respective obligations as
laid down in Article 16, points (b) and (c) and Article 23(3).
2. Where a distributor considers or has reason to consider, on the basis of the information in its possession, that
a high-risk AI system is not in conformity with the requirements set out in Section 2, it shall not make the high-risk AI
system available on the market until the system has been brought into conformity with those requirements. Furthermore,
where the high-risk AI system presents a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1), the distributor shall inform the provider
or the importer of the system, as applicable, to that effect.
3. Distributors shall ensure that, while a high-risk AI system is under their responsibility, storage or transport
conditions, where applicable, do not jeopardise the compliance of the system with the requirements set out in Section 2.
4. A distributor that considers or has reason to consider, on the basis of the information in its possession, a high-risk AI
system which it has made available on the market not to be in conformity with the requirements set out in Section 2, shall
take the corrective actions necessary


tion in its possession, a high-risk AI
system which it has made available on the market not to be in conformity with the requirements set out in Section 2, shall
take the corrective actions necessary to bring that system into conformity with those requirements, to withdraw it or recall
it, or shall ensure that the provider, the importer or any relevant operator, as appropriate, takes those corrective actions.
Where the high-risk AI system presents a risk within the meaning of Article 79(1), the distributor shall immediately inform
the provider or importer of the system and the authorities competent for the high-risk AI system concerned, giving details,
in particular, of the non-compliance and of any corrective actions taken.
5. Upon a reasoned request from a relevant competent authority, distributors of a high-risk AI system shall provide that
authority with all the information and documentation regarding their actions pursuant to paragraphs 1 to 4 necessary to
demonstrate the conformity of that system with the requirements set out in Section 2.
6. Distributors shall cooperate with the relevant competent authorities in any action those authorities take in relation to
a high-risk AI system made available on the market by the distributors, in particular to reduce or mitigate the risk posed by
it.


sk posed by
it.


Article 25 - Responsibilities along the AI value chain

1. Any distributor, importer, deployer or other third-party shall be considered to be a provider of a high-risk AI system
for the purposes of this Regulation and shall be subject to the obligations of the provider under Article 16, in any of the
following circumstances:
(a) they put their name or trademark on a high-risk AI system already placed on the market or put into service, without
prejudice to contractual arrangements stipulating that the obligations are otherwise allocated;
(b) they make a substantial modification to a high-risk AI system that has already been placed on the market or has already
been put into service in such a way that it remains a high-risk AI system pursuant to Article 6;
(c) they modify the intended purpose of an AI system, including a general-purpose AI system, which has not been classified
as high-risk and has already been placed on the market or put into service in such a way that the AI system concerned
becomes a high-risk AI system in accordance with Article 6.
2. Where the circumstances referred to in paragraph 1 occur, the provider that initially placed the AI system on the
market or put it into service shall no longer be considered to be a provider of that specific AI system for the purposes of
this Regulation. That initial provider shall closely cooperate with new providers and shall make available the necessary
information and provide the reasonably expected technical access and other assistance that are required for the fulfilment of
the


ly cooperate with new providers and shall make available the necessary
information and provide the reasonably expected technical access and other assistance that are required for the fulfilment of
the obligations set out in this Regulation, in particular regarding the compliance with the conformity assessment of
high-risk AI systems. This paragraph shall not apply in cases where the initial provider has clearly specified that its AI
system is not to be changed into a high-risk AI system and therefore does not fall under the obligation to hand over the
documentation.
3. In the case of high-risk AI systems that are safety components of products covered by the Union harmonisation
legislation listed in Section A of Annex I, the product manufacturer shall be considered to be the provider of the high-risk
AI system, and shall be subject to the obligations under Article 16 under either of the following circumstances:
(a) the high-risk AI system is placed on the market together with the product under the name or trademark of the product
manufacturer;
(b) the high-risk AI system is put into service under the name or trademark of the product manufacturer after the product
has been placed on the market.
4. The provider of a high-risk AI system and the third party that supplies an AI system, tools, services, components, or
processes that are used or integrated in a high-risk AI system shall, by written agreement, specify the necessary information,
capabilities, technical access and other


tools, services, components, or
processes that are used or integrated in a high-risk AI system shall, by written agreement, specify the necessary information,
capabilities, technical access and other assistance based on the generally acknowledged state of the art, in order to enable
the provider of the high-risk AI system to fully comply with the obligations set out in this Regulation. This paragraph shall
not apply to third parties making accessible to the public tools, services, processes, or components, other than
general-purpose AI models, under a free and open-source licence.
The AI Office may develop and recommend voluntary model terms for contracts between providers of high-risk AI systems
and third parties that supply tools, services, components or processes that are used for or integrated into high-risk AI
systems. When developing those voluntary model terms, the AI Office shall take into account possible contractual
requirements applicable in specific sectors or business cases. The voluntary model terms shall be published and be available
free of charge in an easily usable electronic format.
5. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are without prejudice to the need to observe and protect intellectual property rights, confidential
business information and trade secrets in accordance with Union and national law.


Union and national law.


Article 26 - Obligations of deployers of high-risk AI systems

1. Deployers of high-risk AI systems shall take appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure they use
such systems in accordance with the instructions for use accompanying the systems, pursuant to paragraphs 3 and 6.
2. Deployers shall assign human oversight to natural persons who have the necessary competence, training and
authority, as well as the necessary support.
3. The obligations set out in paragraphs 1 and 2, are without prejudice to other deployer obligations under Union or
national law and to the deployer’s freedom to organise its own resources and activities for the purpose of implementing the
human oversight measures indicated by the provider.
4. Without prejudice to paragraphs 1 and 2, to the extent the deployer exercises control over the input data, that
deployer shall ensure that input data is relevant and sufficiently representative in view of the intended purpose of the
high-risk AI system.
5. Deployers shall monitor the operation of the high-risk AI system on the basis of the instructions for use and, where
relevant, inform providers in accordance with Article 72. Where deployers have reason to consider that the use of the
high-risk AI system in accordance with the instructions may result in that AI system presenting a risk within the meaning of
Article 79(1), they shall, without undue delay, inform the provider or distributor and the relevant market surveillance
authority, and shall suspend the use of that system. Where deployers have identif