# OSXPhotos

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OSXPhotos provides the ability to interact with and query Apple's Photos.app library on macOS and Linux. You can query the Photos library database — for example, file name, file path, and metadata such as keywords/tags, persons/faces, albums, etc. You can also easily export both the original and edited photos. OSXPhotos also works with iPhoto libraries though some features are available only for Photos.

# Table of Contents

* [Supported operating systems](#supported-operating-systems)
* [Installation](#installation)
* [Documentation](#documentation)
* [Getting Help](#getting-help)
* [Command Line Usage](#command-line-usage)
  * [Command Line Examples](#command-line-examples)
  * [Tutorial](#tutorial)
  * [Command Line Reference: export](#command-line-reference-export)
  * [Files Created By OSXPhotos](#files-created-by-osxphotos)
* [Python API](#python-api)
* [Template System](#template-system)
* [Related Projects](#related-projects)
* [Contributing](#contributing)
* [Known Bugs and Limitations](#known-bugs-and-limitations)
* [Implementation Notes](#implementation-notes)
* [Acknowledgements](#acknowledgements)

## Supported operating systems

Tested on Ubuntu Linux and macOS. Many features are only available on macOS.

On Linux, macOS-specific features of the CLI will not be available (these will not be shown in the help output).
The export and query CLI commands as well as the Python API will work on Linux which enables you to export photos
from a Photos library on a Linux machine.

Tested on macOS Sierra (10.12.6) through macOS Sonoma (14.1). Tested on both x86 and Apple silicon (M1).

| macOS Version     | macOS name | Photos.app version  |
| ----------------- |------------|:--------------------|
| 15.0 dev preview  | Sequoia    | 10.0 (alpha support)|
| 14.0 - 14.3       | Sonoma     | 9.0 ✅              |
| 13.0 - 13.6       | Ventura    | 8.0 ✅              |
| 12.0 - 12.7       | Monterey   | 7.0 ✅              |
| 10.16, 11.0-11.7  | Big Sur    | 6.0 ✅              |
| 10.15.1 - 10.15.7 | Catalina   | 5.0 ✅              |
| 10.14.5, 10.14.6  | Mojave     | 4.0 ✅              |
| 10.13.6           | High Sierra| 3.0 ✅              |
| 10.12.6           | Sierra     | 2.0 ✅              |

Limited support is also provided for exporting photos and metadata from iPhoto libraries. Only iPhoto 9.6.1 (the final release) has been tested.

This package will read Photos databases for any supported version on any supported macOS version.  E.g. you can read a database created with Photos 5.0 on MacOS 10.15 on a machine running macOS 10.12 and vice versa.

Requires python >= `3.9`, <= `3.12`. Reading iPhoto libraries requires python >= `3.10`.

For macOS 15.0 / Sequoia developer preview, alpha support is provided (very preliminary, not guaranteed to work). Not all features of osxphotos have been tested and some features may not work. If you encounter issues, please open an issue on GitHub.

## Installation

If you are new to python, I recommend you install osxphotos using pipx. See other options below.

### Installation using pipx

If you aren't familiar with installing python applications, I recommend you install `osxphotos` with [pipx](https://github.com/pipxproject/pipx). The easiest way to do this on a Mac is to use [homebrew](https://brew.sh/):

* Open `Terminal` (search for `Terminal` in Spotlight or look in `Applications/Utilities`)
* Install `homebrew` according to instructions at [https://brew.sh/](https://brew.sh/)
* Type the following into Terminal: `brew install pipx`
* Ensure that pipx installed packages are accessible in your PATH by typing: `pipx ensurepath`
* Then type this: `pipx install osxphotos`
* Now you should be able to run `osxphotos` by typing: `osxphotos`

Once you've installed osxphotos with pipx, to upgrade to the latest version:

    pipx upgrade osxphotos

> [!NOTE]
> When installing other packages with homebrew, homebrew may update the version of Python installed which would then cause any app (including osxphotos) installed with `pipx` to fail. If this happens, the easiest fix is to reinstall osxphotos with:
>
>     pipx reinstall osxphotos
>
> Alternatively, you can reinstall all apps installed with `pipx` with:
>
>     pipx reinstall-all

### Installation using pip

You can also install directly from [pypi](https://pypi.org/project/osxphotos/):

    python3 -m pip install osxphotos

Once you've installed osxphotos with pip, to upgrade to the latest version:

    python3 -m pip install --upgrade osxphotos

### Installation via MacPorts

If you use the [MacPorts](https://www.macports.org) package manager on a Mac:

    sudo port install osxphotos

### Installation from git repository

If you want to work on osxphotos code or contribute to the project, you can install from the git repository:

    git clone https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos.git
    cd osxphotos

> [!NOTE]
> The git repo for this project is very large (> 3GB) because it contains multiple Photos libraries used for testing on different versions of macOS.
>
> If you just want to use the osxphotos package in your own code, I recommend you install the latest version from [PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/osxphotos/) which does not include all the test libraries. If you just want to use the command line utility, you can download a pre-built executable of the latest [release](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/releases) or you can install via `pip` which also installs the command line app.  If you aren't comfortable with running python on your Mac, start with the pre-built executable or `pipx` as described above.
>
> Alternatively, to clone the repository without the test data:
>
>     git clone --filter=blob:none --no-checkout --sparse https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos.git
>     cd osxphotos
>     git sparse-checkout set --no-cone '/*' '!tests'
>     git checkout
>

Next, install the required dependencies, and `osxphotos` itself. I recommend you create a
[virtual environment](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/venv.html) before installing osxphotos.

    python3 -m pip install -r dev_requirements.txt
    python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
    python3 -m pip install -e .

Once you've installed osxphotos via the git repository, to upgrade to the latest version:

    cd osxphotos
    git pull
    python3 -m pip install -e .

See also the developer notes in [README_DEV.md](README_DEV.md).

### Installing pre-built executable

You can also download a stand-alone pre-built executable--that doesn't require installing python--from the [releases](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/releases) page. Look for the file with a name similar to `osxphotos_MacOS_exe_darwin_x86_64_v0.63.5.zip`. In this case `v0.63.5` specifies version 0.63.5 and `x86_64` specifies Intel x86 platform; you should download the latest version available. For Apple Silicon, there is an equivalent `arm64` version of the executable. Unzip the file and put the included `osxphotos` binary in your system path.  Currently, the binary is not notarized so you'll have to authorize the app to run in the System Preferences | Security & Privacy settings. If you don't know how to do this, I recommend using `pipx` as described above.

## Documentation

See the [documentation](https://rhettbull.github.io/osxphotos/) for more information on using osxphotos.

## Getting Help

OSXPhotos is well documented.  See the [tutorial](#tutorial) for a description of key features.  The tutorial can be accessed using the command `osxphotos tutorial` via the command line.  If you are interested in using OSXPhotos in your own code, see [API_README.md](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/API_README.md) for a description of the API as well as the [example](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/tree/master/examples) programs. The full documentation is [available online](https://rhettbull.github.io/osxphotos/) and can also be accessed using the command `osxphotos docs` via the command line. Running `osxphotos help` will show help in the terminal. You can use `osxphotos help COMMAND` to get help on a command. For example, `osxphotos help export`. To search within the help of a specific command, use `osxphotos help COMMAND TOPIC`, for example, `osxphotos help export sidecar`.

If you have questions, would like to show off projects created with OSXPhotos, or if you just want to say hello, please use the [GitHub discussions forum](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/discussions) or the [osxphotos subreddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/osxphotos/) on Reddit.

## Command Line Usage

This package will install a command line utility called `osxphotos` that allows you to query the Photos database.  Alternatively, you can also run the command line utility like this: `python3 -m osxphotos`

```
Usage: osxphotos [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...

  OSXPhotos: the multi-tool for your Photos library.

  To get help on a specific command, use "osxphotos COMMAND --help" or
  "osxphotos help COMMAND"; for example, "osxphotos help export".

  To search help for a specific topic within a command, run "osxphotos help
  COMMAND TOPIC"; for example, "osxphotos help export keyword" to get help
  related to keywords when using the export command.

  To see the full documentation in your browser, run "osxphotos docs".

  Some advanced commands are hidden by default. To see all commands, run
  "OSXPHOTOS_SHOW_HIDDEN=1 osxphotos help". Some commands also have hidden
  options. These can be seen by running "OSXPHOTOS_SHOW_HIDDEN=1 osxphotos help
  COMMAND".

Options:
  -v, --version  Show the version and exit.
  -h, --help     Show this message and exit.

Commands:
  about          Print information about osxphotos including license.
  add-locations  Add missing location data to photos in Photos.app using...
  albums         Print out albums found in the Photos library.
  batch-edit     Batch edit photo metadata such as title, description,...
  compare        Compare two Photos libraries to find differences
  docs           Open osxphotos documentation in your browser.
  dump           Print list of all photos & associated info from the Photos...
  exiftool       Run exiftool on previously exported files to update metadata.
  export         Export photos from the Photos database.
  exportdb       Utilities for working with the osxphotos export database
  help           Print help; for help on commands: help <command>.
  import         Import photos and videos into Photos.
  info           Print out descriptive info of the Photos library database.
  inspect        Interactively inspect photos selected in Photos.
  install        Install Python packages into the same environment as...
  keywords       Print out keywords found in the Photos library.
  labels         Print out image classification labels found in the Photos...
  list           Print list of Photos libraries found on the system.
  orphans        Find orphaned photos in a Photos library
  persons        Print out persons (faces) found in the Photos library.
  places         Print out places found in the Photos library.
  push-exif      Write photo metadata to original files in the Photos library
  query          Query the Photos database using 1 or more search options;...
  repl           Run interactive osxphotos REPL shell (useful for...
  run            Run a python file using same environment as osxphotos.
  show           Show photo, album, or folder in Photos from UUID_OR_NAME
  sync           Sync metadata and albums between Photos libraries.
  template       Interactively render templates for selected photo.
  theme          Manage osxphotos color themes.
  timewarp       Adjust date/time/timezone of photos in Apple Photos.
  tutorial       Display osxphotos tutorial.
  uninstall      Uninstall Python packages from the osxphotos environment
  uuid           Print out unique IDs (UUID) of photos selected in Photos
  version        Check for new version of osxphotos.

```

To get help on a specific command, use `osxphotos help COMMAND`, for example, `osxphotos help export` to get help on the `export` command.

Some of the commands such as `export` and `query` have a large number of options.  To search for options related to a specific topic, you can use `osxphotos help COMMAND TOPIC`.  For example, `osxphotos help export raw` finds the options related to RAW files (search is case-insensitive):

```
Usage: osxphotos export [OPTIONS] ... DEST

  Export photos from the Photos database. Export path DEST is required.
  Optionally, query the Photos database using 1 or more search options; if
  more than one option is provided, they are treated as "AND" (e.g. search for
  photos matching all options). If no query options are provided, all photos
  will be exported. By default, all versions of all photos will be exported
  including edited versions, live photo movies, burst photos, and associated
  raw images. See --skip-edited, --skip-live, --skip-bursts, and --skip-raw
  options to modify this behavior.

Options that match 'raw':

--has-raw                    Search for photos with both a jpeg and
                             raw version
--skip-raw                   Do not export associated RAW image of a
                             RAW+JPEG pair.  Note: this does not skip RAW
                             photos if the RAW photo does not have an
                             associated JPEG image (e.g. the RAW file was
                             imported to Photos without a JPEG preview).
--convert-to-jpeg            Convert all non-JPEG images (e.g. RAW, HEIC,
                             PNG, etc) to JPEG upon export. Note: does not
                             convert the RAW component of a RAW+JPEG pair as
                             the associated JPEG image will be exported. You
                             can use --skip-raw to skip
                             exporting the associated RAW image of a
                             RAW+JPEG pair. See also --jpeg-quality and
                             --jpeg-ext. Only works if your Mac has a GPU
                             (thus may not work on virtual machines).
```

### Command line examples

#### export all photos to ~/Desktop/export group in folders by date created

`osxphotos export --export-by-date --library ~/Pictures/Photos\ Library.photoslibrary ~/Desktop/export`

#### find all photos with keyword "Kids" and output results to json file named results.json

`osxphotos query --keyword Kids --json --library ~/Pictures/Photos\ Library.photoslibrary >results.json`

#### Find all videos larger than 200MB and add them to an album named "Big Videos" in Photos, creating the album if necessary. Use the last opened library (do not explicitely specify a library)

`osxphotos query --only-movies --min-size 200MB --add-to-album "Big Videos"`

### Tutorial

The design philosophy for osxphotos is "make the easy things easy and make the hard things possible".  To "make the hard things possible", osxphotos is very flexible and has many, many configuration options -- the `export` command for example, has over 100 command line options.  Thus, osxphotos may seem daunting at first.  The purpose of this tutorial is to explain a number of common use cases with examples and, hopefully, make osxphotos less daunting to use.  osxphotos includes several commands for retrieving information from your Photos library but the one most users are interested in is the `export` command which exports photos from the library so that's the focus of this tutorial.

#### Export your photos

`osxphotos export /path/to/export`

This command exports all your photos to the `/path/to/export` directory.

**Note**: osxphotos uses the term 'photo' to refer to a generic media asset in your Photos Library.  A photo may be an image, a video file, a combination of still image and video file (e.g. an Apple "Live Photo" which is an image and an associated "live preview" video file), a JPEG image with an associated RAW image, etc.

#### Export by date

While the previous command will export all your photos (and videos--see note above), it probably doesn't do exactly what you want.  In the previous example, all the photos will be exported to a single folder: `/path/to/export`.  If you have a large library with thousands of images and videos, this likely isn't very useful.  You can use the `--export-by-date` option to export photos to a folder structure organized by year, month, day, e.g. `2021/04/21`:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --export-by-date`

With this command, a photo that was created on 31 May 2015 would be exported to: `/path/to/export/2015/05/31`

#### Specify directory structure

If you prefer a different directory structure for your exported images, osxphotos provides a very flexible [Template System](#template-system) that allows you to specify the directory structure using the `--directory` option.  For example, this command exported to a directory structure that looks like: `2015/May` (4-digit year / month name):

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --directory "{created.year}/{created.month}"`

The string following `--directory` is an `osxphotos template string`.  Template strings are widely used throughout osxphotos and it's worth your time to learn more about them.  In a template string, the values between the curly braces, e.g. `{created.year}` are replaced with metadata from the photo being exported.  In this case, `{created.year}` is the 4-digit year of the photo's creation date and `{created.month}` is the full month name in the user's locale (e.g. `May`, `mai`, etc.).  In the osxphotos template system these are referred to as template fields. The text not included between `{}` pairs is interpreted literally, in this case `/`, is a directory separator.

osxphotos provides access to almost all the metadata known to Photos about your images.  For example, Photos performs reverse geolocation lookup on photos that contain GPS coordinates to assign place names to the photo.  Using the `--directory` template, you could thus export photos organized by country name:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --directory "{created.year}/{place.name.country}"`

Of course, some photos might not have an associated place name so the template system allows you specify a default value to use if a template field is null (has no value).

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --directory "{created.year}/{place.name.country,No-Country}"`

The value after the ',' in the template string is the default value, in this case 'No-Country'.  **Note**: If you don't specify a default value and a template field is null, osxphotos will use "_" (underscore character) as the default.

Some template fields, such as `{keyword}`, may expand to more than one value.  For example, if a photo has keywords of "Travel" and "Vacation", `{keyword}` would expand to "Travel", "Vacation".  When used with `--directory`, this would result in the photo being exported to more than one directory (thus more than one copy of the photo would be exported).  For example, if `IMG_1234.JPG` has keywords `Travel`, and `Vacation` and you run the following command:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --directory "{keyword}"`

the exported files would be:

    /path/to/export/Travel/IMG_1234.JPG
    /path/to/export/Vacation/IMG_1234.JPG

If your photos are organized in folders and albums in Photos you can preserve this structure on export by using the `{folder_album}` template field with the `--directory` option.  For example, if you have a photo in the album `Vacation` which is in the `Travel` folder, the following command would export the photo to the `Travel/Vacation` directory:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --directory "{folder_album}"`

Photos can belong to more than one album.  In this case, the template field `{folder_album}` will expand to all the album names that the photo belongs to.  For example, if a photo belongs to the albums `Vacation` and `Travel`, the template field `{folder_album}` would expand to `Vacation`, `Travel`.  If the photo belongs to no albums, the template field `{folder_album}` would expand to "_" (the default value).

All template fields including `{folder_album}` can be further filtered using a number of different filters.  To convert all directory names to lower case for example, use the `lower` filter:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --directory "{folder_album|lower}"`

If all your photos were organized into various albums under a folder named `Events` but some where also included in other top-level albums and you wanted to export only the `Events` folder, you could use the `filter` option to filter out the other top-level albums by selecting only those folder/album paths that start with `Events`:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --directory "{folder_album|filter(startswith Events)}"`

You can learn more about the other filters using `osxphotos help export`.

#### Specify exported filename

By default, osxphotos will use the original filename of the photo when exporting.  That is, the filename the photo had when it was taken or imported into Photos.  This is often something like `IMG_1234.JPG` or `DSC05678.dng`.  osxphotos allows you to specify a custom filename template using the `--filename` option in the same way as `--directory` allows you to specify a custom directory name.  For example, Photos allows you specify a title or caption for a photo and you can use this in place of the original filename:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --filename "{title}"`

The above command will export photos using the title.  Note that you don't need to specify the extension as part of the `--filename` template as osxphotos will automatically add the correct file extension.  Some photos might not have a title so in this case, you could use the default value feature to specify a different name for these photos.  For example, to use the title as the filename, but if no title is specified, use the original filename instead:

    osxphotos export /path/to/export --filename "{title,{original_name}}"
                                                  │    ││  │
                                                  │    ││  │
         Use photo's title as the filename <──────┘    ││  │
                                                       ││  │
                Value after comma will be used <───────┘│  │
                if title is blank                       │  │
                                                        │  │
                          The default value can be <────┘  │
                          another template field           │
                                                           │
              Use photo's original name if no title <──────┘

The osxphotos template system also allows for limited conditional logic of the type "If a condition is true then do one thing, otherwise, do a different thing". For example, you can use the `--filename` option to name files that are marked as "Favorites" in Photos differently than other files. For example, to add a "#" to the name of every photo that's a favorite:

    osxphotos export /path/to/export --filename "{original_name}{favorite?#,}"
                                                  │              │       │││
                                                  │              │       │││
         Use photo's original name as filename <──┘              │       │││
                                                                 │       │││
              'favorite' is True if photo is a Favorite, <───────┘       │││
              otherwise, False                                           │││
                                                                         │││
                               '?' specifies a conditional <─────────────┘││
                                                                          ││
                     Value immediately following ? will be used if <──────┘│
                     preceding template field is True or non-blank         │
                                                                           │
                  Value immediately following comma will be used if <──────┘
                  template field is False or blank (null); in this case
                  no value is specified so a blank string "" will be used

Like with `--directory`, using a multi-valued template field such as `{keyword}` may result in more than one copy of a photo being exported.  For example, if `IMG_1234.JPG` has keywords `Travel`, and `Vacation` and you run the following command:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --filename "{keyword}-{original_name}"`

the exported files would be:

    /path/to/export/Travel-IMG_1234.JPG
    /path/to/export/Vacation-IMG_1234.JPG

#### Edited photos

If a photo has been edited in Photos (e.g. cropped, adjusted, etc.) there will be both an original image and an edited image in the Photos Library.  By default, osxphotos will export both the original and the edited image.  To distinguish between them, osxphotos will append "_edited" to the edited image.  For example, if the original image was named `IMG_1234.JPG`, osxphotos will export the original as `IMG_1234.JPG` and the edited version as `IMG_1234_edited.jpeg`.  **Note:** Photos changes the extension of edited images to ".jpeg" even if the original was named ".JPG".  You can change the suffix appended to edited images using the `--edited-suffix` option:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --edited-suffix "_EDIT"`

In this example, the edited image would be named `IMG_1234_EDIT.jpeg`.  Like many options in osxphotos, the `--edited-suffix` option can evaluate an osxphotos template string so you could append the modification date (the date the photo was edited) to all edited photos using this command:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --edited-suffix "_{modified.year}-{modified.mm}-{modified.dd}"`

In this example, if the photo was edited on 21 April 2021, the name of the exported file would be: `IMG_1234_2021-04-21.jpeg`.

You can tell osxphotos to not export edited photos (that is, only export the original unedited photos) using `--skip-edited`:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --skip-edited`

You can also tell osxphotos to export either the original photo (if the photo has not been edited) or the edited photo (if it has been edited), but not both, using the `--skip-original-if-edited` option:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --skip-original-if-edited`

As mentioned above, Photos renames JPEG images that have been edited with the ".jpeg" extension.  Some applications use ".JPG" and others use ".jpg" or ".JPEG".  You can use the `--jpeg-ext` option to have osxphotos rename all JPEG files with the same extension.  Valid values are jpeg, jpg, JPEG, JPG; e.g. `--jpeg-ext jpg` to use '.jpg' for all JPEGs.

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --jpeg-ext jpg`

#### Specifying the Photos library

All the above commands operate on the default Photos library.  Most users only use a single Photos library which is also known as the System Photo Library.  It is possible to use Photos with more than one library.  For example, if you hold down the "Option" key while opening Photos, you can select an alternate Photos library.  If you don't specify which library to use, osxphotos will try find the last opened library.  Occasionally it can't determine this and in that case, it will use the System Photos Library.  If you use more than one Photos library and want to explicitly specify which library to use, you can do so with the `--library` option.

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --library ~/Pictures/MyAlternateLibrary.photoslibrary`

#### Missing photos

osxphotos works by copying photos out of the Photos library folder to export them.  You may see osxphotos report that one or more photos are missing and thus could not be exported.  One possible reason for this is that you are using iCloud to synch your Photos library and Photos either hasn't yet synched the cloud library to the local Mac or you have Photos configured to "Optimize Mac Storage" in Photos Preferences. Another reason is that even if you have Photos configured to download originals to the Mac, Photos does not always download photos from shared albums or original screenshots to the Mac.

If you encounter missing photos you can tell osxphotos to download the missing photos from iCloud using the `--download-missing` option.  `--download-missing` uses AppleScript to communicate with Photos and tell it to download the missing photos.  Photos' AppleScript interface is somewhat buggy and you may find that Photos crashes.  In this case, osxphotos will attempt to restart Photos to resume the download process.  There's also an experimental `--use-photokit` option that will communicate with Photos using a different "PhotoKit" interface.  This option must be used together with `--download-missing`:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --download-missing`

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --download-missing --use-photokit`

#### Exporting to external disks

If you are exporting to an external network attached storage (NAS) device, you may encounter errors if the network connection is unreliable.  In this case, you can use the `--retry` option so that osxphotos will automatically retry the export.  Use `--retry` with a number that specifies the number of times to retry the export:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --retry 3`

In this example, osxphotos will attempt to export a photo up to 3 times if it encounters an error.

In addition to `--retry`, the `--exportdb` and `--ramdb` may improve performance when exporting to an external disk or a NAS. When osxphotos exports photos, it creates an export database file named `.osxphotos_export.db` in the export folder which osxphotos uses to keep track of which photos have been exported.  This allows you to restart and export and to use `--update` to update an existing export. If the connection to the export location is slow or flaky, having the export database located on the export disk may decrease performance.  In this case, you can use `--exportdb DBPATH` to instruct osxphotos to store the export database at DBPATH. If using this option, I recommend putting the export database on your Mac system disk (for example, in your home directory). If you intend to use `--update` to update the export in the future, you must remember where the export database is and use the `--exportdb` option every time you update the export.

Another alternative to using `--exportdb` is to use `--ramdb`.  This option instructs osxphotos to use a RAM database instead of a file on disk.  The RAM database is much faster than the file on disk and doesn't require osxphotos to access the network drive to query or write to the database.  When osxphotos completes the export it will write the RAM database to the export location. This can offer a significant performance boost but you will lose state information if osxphotos crashes or is interrupted during export.

#### Exporting metadata with exported photos

Photos tracks a tremendous amount of metadata associated with photos in the library such as keywords, faces and persons, reverse geolocation data, and image classification labels.  Photos' native export capability does not preserve most of this metadata.  osxphotos can, however, access and preserve almost all the metadata associated with photos.  Using the free [`exiftool`](https://exiftool.org/) app, osxphotos can write metadata to exported photos.  Follow the instructions on the exiftool website to install exiftool then you can use the `--exiftool` option to write metadata to exported photos:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --exiftool`

This will write basic metadata such as keywords, persons, and GPS location to the exported files.  osxphotos includes several additional options that can be used in conjunction with `--exiftool` to modify the metadata that is written by `exiftool`. For example, you can use the `--keyword-template` option to specify custom keywords (again, via the osxphotos template system).  For example, to use the folder and album a photo is in to create hierarchical keywords in the format used by Lightroom Classic:

    osxphotos export /path/to/export --exiftool --keyword-template "{folder_album(>)}"
                                                                     │            │
                                                                     │            │
                           folder_album results in the folder(s)  <──┘            │
                           and album a photo is contained in                      │
                                                                                │
                           The value in () is used as the path separator  <───────┘
                           for joining the folders and albums.  For example,
                           if photo is in Folder1/Folder2/Album, (>) produces
                           "Folder1>Folder2>Album" which some programs, such as
                           Lightroom Classic, treat as hierarchical keywords

The above command will write all the regular metadata that `--exiftool` normally writes to the file upon export but will also add an additional keyword in the exported metadata in the form "Folder1>Folder2>Album".  If you did not include the `(>)` in the template string (e.g. `{folder_album}`), folder_album would render in form "Folder1/Folder2/Album".

A powerful feature of Photos is that it uses machine learning algorithms to automatically classify or label photos.  These labels are used when you search for images in Photos but are not otherwise available to the user.  osxphotos is able to read all the labels associated with a photo and makes those available through the template system via the `{label}`.  Think of these as automatic keywords as opposed to the keywords you assign manually in Photos.  One common use case is to use the automatic labels to create new keywords when exporting images so that these labels are embedded in the image's metadata:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --exiftool --keyword-template "{label}"`

#### Removing a keyword during export

If some of your photos contain a keyword you do not want to be added to the exported file with `--exiftool`, you can use the template system to remove the keyword from the exported file. For example, if you want to remove the keyword "MyKeyword" from all your photos:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --exiftool --keyword-template "{keyword|remove(MyKeyword)}" --replace-keywords`

In this example, `|remove(MyKeyword)` is a filter which removes `MyKeyword` from the keyword list of every photo being processed.  The `--replace-keywords` option instructs osxphotos to replace the keywords in the exported file with the filtered keywords from `--keyword-template`.

**Note**: When evaluating templates for `--directory` and `--filename`, osxphotos inserts the automatic default value "_" for any template field which is null (empty or blank).  This is to ensure that there's never a null directory or filename created.  For metadata templates such as `--keyword-template`, osxphotos does not provide an automatic default value thus if the template field is null, no keyword would be created.  Of course, you can provide a default value if desired and osxphotos will use this.  For example, to add "nolabel" as a keyword for any photo that doesn't have labels:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --exiftool --keyword-template "{label,nolabel}"`

#### Sidecar files

Another way to export metadata about your photos is through the use of sidecar files.  These are files that have the same name as your photo (but with a different extension) and carry the metadata.  Many digital asset management applications (for example, PhotoPrism, Lightroom, Digikam, etc.) can read or write sidecar files.  osxphotos can export metadata in exiftool compatible JSON and XMP formats using the `--sidecar` option.  For example, to output metadata to XMP sidecars:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --sidecar XMP`

Unlike `--exiftool`, you do not need to install exiftool to use the `--sidecar` feature.  Many of the same configuration options that apply to `--exiftool` to modify metadata, for example, `--keyword-template` can also be used with `--sidecar`.

Sidecar files are named "photoname.ext.sidecar_ext".  For example, if the photo is named `IMG_1234.JPG` and the sidecar format is XMP, the sidecar would be named `IMG_1234.JPG.XMP`.  Some applications expect the sidecar in this case to be named `IMG_1234.XMP`.  You can use the `-sidecar-drop-ext` option to force osxphotos to name the sidecar files in this manner:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --sidecar XMP -sidecar-drop-ext`

#### Updating a previous export

If you want to use osxphotos to perform periodic backups of your Photos library rather than a one-time export, use the `--update` option.  When `osxphotos export` is run, it creates a database file named `.osxphotos_export.db` in the export folder.  (**Note** Because the filename starts with a ".", you won't see it in Finder which treats "dot-files" like this as hidden.  You will see the file in the Terminal.) . If you run osxphotos with the `--update` option, it will look for this database file and, if found, use it to retrieve state information from the last time it was run to only export new or changed files.  For example:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --update`

will read the export database located in `/path/to/export/.osxphotos_export.db` and only export photos that have been added or changed since the last time osxphotos was run.  You can run osxphotos with the `--update` option even if it's never been run before.  If the database isn't found, osxphotos will create it.  If you run `osxphotos export` without `--update` in a folder where you had previously exported photos, it will re-export all the photos.  If your intent is to keep a periodic backup of your Photos Library up to date with osxphotos, you should always use `--update`.

If your workflow involves moving files out of the export directory (for example, you move them into a digital asset management app) but you want to use the features of `--update`, you can use the `--only-new` with `--update` to force osxphotos to only export photos that are new (added to the library) since the last update.  In this case, osxphotos will ignore the previously exported files that are now missing.  Without `--only-new`, osxphotos would see that previously exported files are missing and re-export them.

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --update --only-new`

If your workflow involves editing the images you exported from Photos but you still want to maintain a backup with `--update`, you should use the `--ignore-signature` option.  `--ignore-signature` instructs osxphotos to ignore the file's signature (for example, size and date modified) when deciding which files should be updated with `--update`.  If you edit a file in the export directory and then run `--update` without `--ignore-signature`, osxphotos will see that the file is different than the one in the Photos library and re-export it.

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --update --ignore-signature`

#### Dry Run

You can use the `--dry-run` option to have osxphotos "dry run" or test an export without actually exporting any files.  When combined with the `--verbose` option, which causes osxphotos to print out details of every file being exported, this can be a useful tool for testing your export options before actually running a full export.  For example, if you are learning the template system and want to verify that your `--directory` and `--filename` templates are correct, `--dry-run --verbose` will print out the name of each file being exported.

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --dry-run --verbose`

#### Creating a report of all exported files

You can use the `--report` option to create a report, in comma-separated values (CSV) format that will list the details of all files that were exported, skipped, missing, etc. This file format is compatible with programs such as Microsoft Excel.  Provide the name of the report after the `--report` option:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --report export.csv`

You can also create reports in JSON or SQLite format by changing the extension of the report filename.  For example, to create a JSON report:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --report export.json`

And to create a SQLite report:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --report export.sqlite`

#### Exporting only certain photos

By default, osxphotos will export your entire Photos library.  If you want to export only certain photos, osxphotos provides a rich set of "query options" that allow you to query the Photos database to filter out only certain photos that match your query criteria.  The tutorial does not cover all the query options as there are over 50 of them--read the help text (`osxphotos help export`) to better understand the available query options.  No matter which subset of photos you would like to export, there is almost certainly a way for osxphotos to filter these.  For example, you can filter for only images that contain certain keywords or images without a title, images from a specific time of day or specific date range, images contained in specific albums, etc.

For example, to export only photos with keyword `Travel`:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --keyword "Travel"`

Like many options in osxphotos, `--keyword` (and most other query options) can be repeated to search for more than one term.  For example, to find photos with keyword `Travel` *or* keyword `Vacation`:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --keyword "Travel" --keyword "Vacation"`

To export only photos contained in the album "Summer Vacation":

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --album "Summer Vacation"`

In Photos, it's possible to have multiple albums with the same name. In this case, osxphotos would export photos from all albums matching the value passed to `--album`.  If you wanted to export only one of the albums and this album is in a folder, the `--regex` option (short for "regular expression"), which does pattern matching, could be used with the `{folder_album}` template to match the specific album.  For example, if you had a "Summer Vacation" album inside the folder "2018" and also one with the same name inside the folder "2019", you could export just the album "2018/Summer Vacation" using this command:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --regex "2018/Summer Vacation" "{folder_album}"`

This command matches the pattern "2018/Summer Vacation" against the full folder/album path for every photo.

There are also a number of query options to export only certain types of photos.  For example, to export only photos taken with iPhone "Portrait Mode":

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --portrait`

You can also export photos in a certain date range:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --from-date "2020-01-01" --to-date "2020-02-28"`

or photos added to the library in the last week:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --added-in-last "1 week"`

#### Converting images to JPEG on export

Photos can store images in many different formats.  osxphotos can convert non-JPEG images (for example, RAW photos) to JPEG on export using the `--convert-to-jpeg` option.  You can specify the JPEG quality (0: worst, 1.0: best) using `--jpeg-quality`.  For example:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --convert-to-jpeg --jpeg-quality 0.9`

#### Finder attributes

In addition to using `exiftool` to write metadata directly to the image metadata, osxphotos can write certain metadata that is available to the Finder and Spotlight but does not modify the actual image file.  This is done through something called extended attributes which are stored in the filesystem with a file but do not actually modify the file itself. Finder tags and Finder comments are common examples of these.

osxphotos can, for example, write any keywords in the image to Finder tags so that you can search for images in Spotlight or the Finder using the `tag:tagname` syntax:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --finder-tag-keywords`

`--finder-tag-keywords` also works with `--keyword-template` as described above in the section on `exiftool`:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --finder-tag-keywords --keyword-template "{label}"`

The `--xattr-template` option allows you to set a variety of other extended attributes.  It is used in the format `--xattr-template ATTRIBUTE TEMPLATE` where ATTRIBUTE is one of 'authors','comment', 'copyright', 'description', 'findercomment', 'headline', 'keywords'.

For example, to set Finder comment to the photo's title and description:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --xattr-template findercomment "{title}{newline}{descr}"`

In the template string above, `{newline}` instructs osxphotos to insert a new line character ("\n") between the title and description. In this example, if `{title}` or `{descr}` is empty, you'll get "title\n" or "\ndescription" which may not be desired so you can use more advanced features of the template system to handle these cases:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --xattr-template findercomment "{title,}{title?{descr?{newline},},}{descr,}"`

Explanation of the template string:

    {title,}{title?{descr?{newline},},}{descr,}
     │           │      │ │       │ │  │
     │           │      │ │       │ │  │
     └──> insert title (or nothing if no title)
                 │      │ │       │ │  │
                 └───> is there a title?
                        │ │       │ │  │
                        └───> if so, is there a description?
                          │       │ │  │
                          └───> if so, insert new line
                                  │ │  │
                                  └───> if descr is blank, insert nothing
                                    │  │
                                    └───> if title is blank, insert nothing
                                       │
                                       └───> finally, insert description
                                             (or nothing if no description)

In this example, `title?` demonstrates use of the boolean (True/False) feature of the template system.  `title?` is read as "Is the title True (or not blank/empty)?  If so, then the value immediately following the `?` is used in place of `title`.  If `title` is blank, then the value immediately following the comma is used instead.  The format for boolean fields is `field?value if true,value if false`.  Either `value if true` or `value if false` may be blank, in which case a blank string ("") is used for the value and both may also be an entirely new template string as seen in the above example.  Using this format, template strings may be nested inside each other to form complex `if-then-else` statements.

The above example, while complex to read, shows how flexible the osxphotos template system is.  If you invest a little time learning how to use the template system you can easily handle almost any use case you have.

See Extended Attributes section in the help for `osxphotos export` for additional information about this feature.

#### Saving and loading options

If you repeatedly run a complex osxphotos export command (for example, to regularly back-up your Photos library), you can save all the options to a configuration file for future use (`--save-config FILE`) and then load them (`--load-config FILE`) instead of repeating each option on the command line.

To save the configuration:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export <all your options here> --update --save-config osxphotos.toml`

Then the next to you run osxphotos, you can simply do this:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --load-config osxphotos.toml`

The configuration file is a plain text file in [TOML](https://toml.io/en/) format so the `.toml` extension is standard but you can name the file anything you like.

#### Run commands on exported photos for post-processing

You can use the `--post-command` option to run one or more commands against exported files. The `--post-command` option takes two arguments: CATEGORY and COMMAND.  CATEGORY is a string that describes which category of file to run the command against.  The available categories are described in the help text available via: `osxphotos help export`. For example, the `exported` category includes all exported photos and the `skipped` category includes all photos that were skipped when running export with `--update`.  COMMAND is an osxphotos template string which will be rendered then passed to the shell for execution.

For example, the following command generates a log of all exported files and their associated keywords:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --post-command exported "echo {shell_quote,{filepath}{comma}{,+keyword,}} >> {shell_quote,{export_dir}/exported.txt}"`

The special template field `{shell_quote}` ensures a string is properly quoted for execution in the shell.  For example, it's possible that a file path or keyword in this example has a space in the value and if not properly quoted, this would cause an error in the execution of the command. When running commands, the template `{filepath}` is set to the full path of the exported file and `{export_dir}` is set to the full path of the base export directory.

Explanation of the template string:

    {shell_quote,{filepath}{comma}{,+keyword,}}
     │            │         │      │        │
     │            │         │      |        │
     └──> quote everything after comma for proper execution in the shell
                  │         │      │        │
                  └───> filepath of the exported file
                           │       │        │
                           └───> insert a comma
                                   │        │
                                   └───> join the list of keywords together with a ","
                                            │
                                            └───> if no keywords, insert nothing (empty string: "")

Another example: if you had `exiftool` installed and wanted to wipe all metadata from all exported files, you could use the following:

`osxphotos export /path/to/export --post-command exported "/usr/local/bin/exiftool -all= {filepath|shell_quote}"`

This command uses the `|shell_quote` template filter instead of the `{shell_quote}` template because the only thing that needs to be quoted is the path to the exported file. Template filters filter the value of the rendered template field.  A number of other filters are available and are described in the help text.

#### An example from an actual osxphotos user

Here's a comprehensive use case from an actual osxphotos user that integrates many of the concepts discussed in this tutorial (thank-you Philippe for contributing this!):

    I usually import my iPhone’s photo roll on a more or less regular basis, and it
    includes photos and videos. As a result, the size ot my Photos library may rise
    very quickly. Nevertheless, I will tag and geolocate everything as Photos has a
    quite good keyword management system.

    After a while, I want to take most of the videos out of the library and move them
    to a separate "videos" folder on a different folder / volume. As I might want to
    use them in Final Cut Pro, and since Final Cut is able to import Finder tags into
    its internal library tagging system, I will use osxphotos to do just this.

    Picking the videos can be left to Photos, using a smart folder for instance. Then
    just add a keyword to all videos to be processed. Here I chose "Quik" as I wanted
    to spot all videos created on my iPhone using the Quik application (now part of
    GoPro).

    I want to retrieve my keywords only and make sure they populate the Finder tags, as
    well as export all the persons identified in the videos by Photos.  I also want to
    merge any keywords or persons already in the video metadata with the exported
    metadata.

    Keeping Photo’s edited titles and descriptions and putting both in the Finder
    comments field in a readable manner is also enabled.

    And I want to keep the file’s creation date (using `--touch-file`).

    Finally, use `--strip` to remove any leading or trailing whitespace from processed
    template fields.

`osxphotos export ~/Desktop/folder for exported videos/ --keyword Quik --only-movies --library /path to my.photoslibrary --touch-file --finder-tag-keywords --person-keyword --xattr-template findercomment "{title}{title?{descr?{newline},},}{descr}" --exiftool-merge-keywords --exiftool-merge-persons --exiftool --strip`

#### Color Themes

Some osxphotos commands such as export use color themes to colorize the output to make it more legible. The theme may be specified with the `--theme` option. For example: `osxphotos export /path/to/export --verbose --theme dark` uses a theme suited for dark terminals. If you don't specify the color theme, osxphotos will select a default theme based on the current terminal settings. You can also specify your own default theme. See `osxphotos help theme` for more information on themes and for commands to help manage themes.  Themes are defined in `.theme` files in the `~/.osxphotos/themes` directory and use style specifications compatible with the [rich](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/stable/style.html) library.

#### Conclusion

osxphotos is very flexible.  If you merely want to backup your Photos library, then spending a few minutes to understand the `--directory` option is likely all you need and you can be up and running in minutes.  However, if you have a more complex workflow, osxphotos likely provides options to implement your workflow.  This tutorial does not attempt to cover every option offered by osxphotos but hopefully it provides a good understanding of what kinds of things are possible and where to explore if you want to learn more.

### Command line reference: export

`osxphotos help export`

```
Usage: osxphotos export [OPTIONS] DEST

  Export photos from the Photos database. Export path DEST is required.

  Optionally, query the Photos database using 1 or more search options; if more
  than one different option is provided, they are treated as "AND" (e.g. search
  for photos matching all options). If the same query option is provided
  multiple times, they are treated as "OR" (e.g. search for photos matching any
  of the options). If no query options are provided, all photos will be
  exported.

  For example, adding the query options:

  --person "John Doe" --person "Jane Doe" --keyword "vacation"

  will export all photos with either person of ("John Doe" OR "Jane Doe") AND
  keyword of "vacation"

  By default, all versions of all photos will be exported including edited
  versions, live photo movies, burst photos, and associated raw images. See
  --skip-edited, --skip-live, --skip-bursts, and --skip-raw options to modify
  this behavior.

Options:
  --library, --db PHOTOS_LIBRARY_PATH
                                  Specify path to Photos library. If not
                                  provided, will attempt to find the library to
                                  use in the following order: 1. last opened
                                  library, 2. system library, 3.
                                  ~/Pictures/Photos Library.photoslibrary
  -V, --verbose                   Print verbose output; may be specified
                                  multiple times for more verbose output.
  --timestamp                     Add time stamp to verbose output
  --no-progress                   Do not display progress bar during export.
  --keyword KEYWORD               Search for photos with keyword KEYWORD. If
                                  more than one keyword, treated as "OR", e.g.
                                  find photos matching any keyword
  --no-keyword                    Search for photos with no keyword.
  --person PERSON                 Search for photos with person PERSON. If more
                                  than one person, treated as "OR", e.g. find
                                  photos matching any person
  --album ALBUM                   Search for photos in album ALBUM. If more than
                                  one album, treated as "OR", e.g. find photos
                                  matching any album
  --folder FOLDER                 Search for photos in an album in folder
                                  FOLDER. If more than one folder, treated as
                                  "OR", e.g. find photos in any FOLDER.  Only
                                  searches top level folders (e.g. does not look
                                  at subfolders)
  --name FILENAME                 Search for photos with filename matching
                                  FILENAME. If more than one --name options is
                                  specified, they are treated as "OR", e.g. find
                                  photos matching any FILENAME.
  --uuid UUID                     Search for photos with UUID(s). May be
                                  repeated to include multiple UUIDs.
  --uuid-from-file FILE           Search for photos with UUID(s) loaded from
                                  FILE. Format is a single UUID per line. Lines
                                  preceded with # are ignored. If FILE is '-',
                                  read UUIDs from stdin.
  --title TITLE                   Search for TITLE in title of photo.
  --no-title                      Search for photos with no title.
  --description DESC              Search for DESC in description of photo.
  --no-description                Search for photos with no description.
  --place PLACE                   Search for PLACE in photo's reverse
                                  geolocation info
  --no-place                      Search for photos with no associated place
                                  name info (no reverse geolocation info)
  --location                      Search for photos with associated location
                                  info (e.g. GPS coordinates)
  --no-location                   Search for photos with no associated location
                                  info (e.g. no GPS coordinates)
  --label LABEL                   Search for photos with image classification
                                  label LABEL (Photos 5+ only). If more than one
                                  label, treated as "OR", e.g. find photos
                                  matching any label
  --uti UTI                       Search for photos whose uniform type
                                  identifier (UTI) matches UTI
  -i, --ignore-case               Case insensitive search for title,
                                  description, place, keyword, person, or album.
  --edited                        Search for photos that have been edited.
  --not-edited                    Search for photos that have not been edited.
  --external-edit                 Search for photos edited in external editor.
  --favorite                      Search for photos marked favorite.
  --not-favorite                  Search for photos not marked favorite.
  --hidden                        Search for photos marked hidden.
  --not-hidden                    Search for photos not marked hidden.
  --shared                        Search for photos in shared iCloud album
                                  (Photos 5+ only).
  --not-shared                    Search for photos not in shared iCloud album
                                  (Photos 5+ only).
  --burst                         Search for photos that were taken in a burst.
  --not-burst                     Search for photos that are not part of a
                                  burst.
  --live                          Search for Apple live photos
  --not-live                      Search for photos that are not Apple live
                                  photos.
  --portrait                      Search for Apple portrait mode photos.
  --not-portrait                  Search for photos that are not Apple portrait
                                  mode photos.
  --screenshot                    Search for screenshot photos.
  --not-screenshot                Search for photos that are not screenshot
                                  photos.
  --screen-recording              Search for screen-recording videos.
  --not-screen-recording          Search for photos that are not screen
                                  recording videos.
  --slow-mo                       Search for slow motion videos.
  --not-slow-mo                   Search for photos that are not slow motion
                                  videos.
  --time-lapse                    Search for time lapse videos.
  --not-time-lapse                Search for photos that are not time lapse
                                  videos.
  --hdr                           Search for high dynamic range (HDR) photos.
  --not-hdr                       Search for photos that are not HDR photos.
  --selfie                        Search for selfies (photos taken with front-
                                  facing cameras).
  --not-selfie                    Search for photos that are not selfies.
  --panorama                      Search for panorama photos.
  --not-panorama                  Search for photos that are not panoramas.
  --has-raw                       Search for photos with both a jpeg and raw
                                  version
  --only-movies                   Search only for movies (default searches both
                                  images and movies).
  --only-photos                   Search only for photos/images (default
                                  searches both images and movies).
  --from-date DATE                Search for items created on or after DATE,
                                  e.g. 2000-01-12T12:00:00,
                                  2001-01-12T12:00:00-07:00, or 2000-12-31 (ISO
                                  8601 with/without timezone).
  --to-date DATE                  Search for items created before DATE, e.g.
                                  2000-01-12T12:00:00,
                                  2001-01-12T12:00:00-07:00, or 2000-12-31 (ISO
                                  8601 with/without timezone).
  --from-time TIME                Search for items created on or after TIME of
                                  day, e.g. 12:00, or 12:00:00.
  --to-time TIME                  Search for items created before TIME of day,
                                  e.g. 12:00 or 12:00:00.
  --year YEAR                     Search for items from a specific year, e.g.
                                  --year 2022 to find all photos from the year
                                  2022. May be repeated to search multiple
                                  years.
  --added-before DATE             Search for items added to the library before a
                                  specific date/time, e.g. --added-before e.g.
                                  2000-01-12T12:00:00,
                                  2001-01-12T12:00:00-07:00, or 2000-12-31 (ISO
                                  8601 with/without timezone).
  --added-after DATE              Search for items added to the library on or
                                  after a specific date/time, e.g. --added-after
                                  e.g. 2000-01-12T12:00:00,
                                  2001-01-12T12:00:00-07:00, or 2000-12-31 (ISO
                                  8601 with/without timezone).
  --added-in-last TIME_DELTA      Search for items added to the library in the
                                  last TIME_DELTA, where TIME_DELTA is a string
                                  like '12 hrs', '1 day', '1d', '1 week',
                                  '2weeks', '1 month', '1 year'. for example,
                                  `--added-in-last 7d` and `--added-in-last '1
                                  week'` are equivalent. months are assumed to
                                  be 30 days and years are assumed to be 365
                                  days. Common English abbreviations are
                                  accepted, e.g. d, day, days or m, min,
                                  minutes.
  --has-comment                   Search for photos that have comments.
  --no-comment                    Search for photos with no comments.
  --has-likes                     Search for photos that have likes.
  --no-likes                      Search for photos with no likes.
  --is-reference                  Search for photos that were imported as
                                  referenced files (not copied into Photos
                                  library).
  --not-reference                 Search for photos that are not references,
                                  that is, they were copied into the Photos
                                  library and are managed by Photos.
  --in-album                      Search for photos that are in one or more
                                  albums.
  --not-in-album                  Search for photos that are not in any albums.
  --duplicate                     Search for photos with possible duplicates.
                                  osxphotos will compare signatures of photos,
                                  evaluating date created, size, height, width,
                                  and edited status to find *possible*
                                  duplicates. This does not compare images byte-
                                  for-byte nor compare hashes but should find
                                  photos imported multiple times or duplicated
                                  within Photos.
  --min-size SIZE                 Search for photos with size >= SIZE bytes. The
                                  size evaluated is the photo's original size
                                  (when imported to Photos). Size may be
                                  specified as integer bytes or using SI or NIST
                                  units. For example, the following are all
                                  valid and equivalent sizes: '1048576'
                                  '1.048576MB', '1 MiB'.
  --max-size SIZE                 Search for photos with size <= SIZE bytes. The
                                  size evaluated is the photo's original size
                                  (when imported to Photos). Size may be
                                  specified as integer bytes or using SI or NIST
                                  units. For example, the following are all
                                  valid and equivalent sizes: '1048576'
                                  '1.048576MB', '1 MiB'.
  --missing                       Search for photos missing from disk.
  --not-missing                   Search for photos present on disk (e.g. not
                                  missing).
  --cloudasset                    Search for photos that are part of an iCloud
                                  library
  --not-cloudasset                Search for photos that are not part of an
                                  iCloud library
  --incloud                       Search for photos that are in iCloud (have
                                  been synched)
  --not-incloud                   Search for photos that are not in iCloud (have
                                  not been synched)
  --syndicated                    Search for photos that have been shared via
                                  syndication ('Shared with You' album via
                                  Messages, etc.)
  --not-syndicated                Search for photos that have not been shared
                                  via syndication ('Shared with You' album via
                                  Messages, etc.)
  --saved-to-library              Search for syndicated photos that have saved
                                  to the library
  --not-saved-to-library          Search for syndicated photos that have not
                                  saved to the library
  --shared-moment                 Search for photos that are part of a shared
                                  moment
  --not-shared-moment             Search for photos that are not part of a
                                  shared moment
  --shared-library                Search for photos that are part of a shared
                                  library
  --not-shared-library            Search for photos that are not part of a
                                  shared library
  --regex REGEX TEMPLATE          Search for photos where TEMPLATE matches
                                  regular expression REGEX. For example, to find
                                  photos in an album that begins with 'Beach': '
                                  --regex "^Beach" "{album}"'. You may specify
                                  more than one regular expression match by
                                  repeating '--regex' with different arguments.
  --selected                      Filter for photos that are currently selected
                                  in Photos.
  --exif EXIF_TAG VALUE           Search for photos where EXIF_TAG exists in
                                  photo's EXIF data and contains VALUE. For
                                  example, to find photos created by Adobe
                                  Photoshop: `--exif Software 'Adobe Photoshop'
                                  `or to find all photos shot on a Canon camera:
                                  `--exif Make Canon`. EXIF_TAG can be any valid
                                  exiftool tag, with or without group name, e.g.
                                  `EXIF:Make` or `Make`. To use --exif, exiftool
                                  must be installed and in the path.
  --query-eval CRITERIA           Evaluate CRITERIA to filter photos. CRITERIA
                                  will be evaluated in context of the following
                                  python list comprehension: `photos = [photo
                                  for photo in photos if CRITERIA]` where photo
                                  represents a PhotoInfo object. For example:
                                  `--query-eval photo.favorite` returns all
                                  photos that have been favorited and is
                                  equivalent to --favorite. You may specify more
                                  than one CRITERIA by using --query-eval
                                  multiple times. CRITERIA must be a valid
                                  python expression. See
                                  https://rhettbull.github.io/osxphotos/ for
                                  additional documentation on the PhotoInfo
                                  class.
  --query-function filename.py::function
                                  Run function to filter photos. Use this in
                                  format: --query-function filename.py::function
                                  where filename.py is a python file you've
                                  created and function is the name of the
                                  function in the python file you want to call.
                                  Your function will be passed a list of
                                  PhotoInfo objects and is expected to return a
                                  filtered list of PhotoInfo objects. You may
                                  use more than one function by repeating the
                                  --query-function option with a different
                                  value. Your query function will be called
                                  after all other query options have been
                                  evaluated. You may also specify a URL to a
                                  python file in the format: --query-function
                                  https://path/to/module.py::function See https:
                                  //github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/e
                                  xamples/query_function.py for example of a
                                  query function.
  --deleted-only                  Include only photos from the 'Recently
                                  Deleted' folder.
  --deleted                       Include photos from the 'Recently Deleted'
                                  folder.
  --update                        Only export new or updated files. See also
                                  --force-update and notes below on export and
                                  --update.
  --force-update                  Only export new or updated files. Unlike
                                  --update, --force-update will re-export photos
                                  if their metadata has changed even if this
                                  would not otherwise trigger an export. See
                                  also --update and notes below on export and
                                  --update.
  --update-errors                 Update files that were previously exported but
                                  produced errors during export. For example, if
                                  a file produced an error with --exiftool due
                                  to bad metadata, this option will re-export
                                  the file and attempt to write the metadata
                                  again when used with --exiftool and --update.
                                  Without --update-errors, photos that were
                                  successfully exported but generated an error
                                  or warning during export will not be re-
                                  attempted if metadata has not changed. Must be
                                  used with --update.
  --ignore-signature              When used with '--update', ignores file
                                  signature when updating files. This is useful
                                  if you have processed or edited exported
                                  photos changing the file signature (size &
                                  modification date). In this case, '--update'
                                  would normally re-export the processed files
                                  but with '--ignore-signature', files which
                                  exist in the export directory will not be re-
                                  exported. If used with '--sidecar', '--ignore-
                                  signature' has the following behavior: 1) if
                                  the metadata (in Photos) that went into the
                                  sidecar did not change, the sidecar will not
                                  be updated; 2) if the metadata (in Photos)
                                  that went into the sidecar did change, a new
                                  sidecar is written but a new image file is
                                  not; 3) if a sidecar does not exist for the
                                  photo, a sidecar will be written whether or
                                  not the photo file was written or updated.
  --only-new                      If used with --update, ignores any previously
                                  exported files, even if missing from the
                                  export folder and only exports new files that
                                  haven't previously been exported.
  --limit LIMIT                   Export at most LIMIT photos. Useful for
                                  testing. May be used with --update to export
                                  incrementally.
  --dry-run                       Dry run (test) the export but don't actually
                                  export any files; most useful with --verbose.
  --export-as-hardlink            Hardlink files instead of copying them. Cannot
                                  be used with --exiftool which creates copies
                                  of the files with embedded EXIF data. Note: on
                                  APFS volumes, files are cloned when exporting
                                  giving many of the same advantages as
                                  hardlinks without having to use --export-as-
                                  hardlink.
  --touch-file                    Sets the file's modification time to match
                                  photo date.
  --overwrite                     Overwrite existing files. Default behavior is
                                  to add (1), (2), etc to filename if file
                                  already exists. Use this with caution as it
                                  may create name collisions on export. (e.g. if
                                  two files happen to have the same name)
  --retry RETRY                   Automatically retry export up to RETRY times
                                  if an error occurs during export.  This may be
                                  useful with network drives that experience
                                  intermittent errors.
  --export-by-date                Automatically create output folders to
                                  organize photos by date created (e.g.
                                  DEST/2019/12/20/photoname.jpg).
  --skip-edited                   Do not export edited version of photo if an
                                  edited version exists.
  --skip-original-if-edited       Do not export original if there is an edited
                                  version (exports only the edited version).
  --skip-bursts                   Do not export all associated burst images in
                                  the library if a photo is a burst photo.
  --skip-live                     Do not export the associated live video
                                  component of a live photo.
  --skip-raw                      Do not export associated RAW image of a
                                  RAW+JPEG pair.  Note: this does not skip RAW
                                  photos if the RAW photo does not have an
                                  associated JPEG image (e.g. the RAW file was
                                  imported to Photos without a JPEG preview).
  --skip-uuid UUID                Skip photos with UUID(s) during export. May be
                                  repeated to include multiple UUIDs.
  --skip-uuid-from-file FILE      Skip photos with UUID(s) loaded from FILE.
                                  Format is a single UUID per line.  Lines
                                  preceded with # are ignored.
  --current-name                  Use photo's current filename instead of
                                  original filename for export.  Note: Starting
                                  with Photos 5, all photos are renamed upon
                                  import.  By default, photos are exported with
                                  the the original name they had before import.
  --convert-to-jpeg               Convert all non-JPEG images (e.g. RAW, HEIC,
                                  PNG, etc) to JPEG upon export. Note: does not
                                  convert the RAW component of a RAW+JPEG pair
                                  as the associated JPEG image will be exported.
                                  You can use --skip-raw to skip exporting the
                                  associated RAW image of a RAW+JPEG pair. See
                                  also --jpeg-quality and --jpeg-ext. Only works
                                  if your Mac has a GPU (thus may not work on
                                  virtual machines).
  --jpeg-quality FLOAT RANGE      Value in range 0.0 to 1.0 to use with
                                  --convert-to-jpeg. A value of 1.0 specifies
                                  best quality, a value of 0.0 specifies maximum
                                  compression. Defaults to 1.0  [0.0<=x<=1.0]
  --fix-orientation               Automatically fix image orientation in
                                  exported photos to match orientation in Photos
                                  database. Requires exiftool be installed and
                                  in the path. This is useful mainly for iPhoto
                                  libraries. When an image is rotated in iPhoto,
                                  the image orientation is not actually changed,
                                  instead the image is tagged with an
                                  orientation value in the iPhoto database. This
                                  means that when the image is exported, the
                                  orientation may not be correct. This option
                                  will read the EXIF orientation data and fix
                                  the image's orientation if necessary. If used
                                  with Photos libraries, this option will result
                                  in the original image also being adjusted upon
                                  export.
  --preview                       Export preview image generated by Photos. This
                                  is a lower-resolution image used by Photos to
                                  quickly preview the image. See also --preview-
                                  suffix and --preview-if-missing.
  --preview-if-missing            Export preview image generated by Photos if
                                  the actual photo file is missing from the
                                  library. This may be helpful if photos were
                                  not copied to the Photos library and the
                                  original photo is missing. See also --preview-
                                  suffix and --preview.
  --preview-suffix SUFFIX         Optional suffix template for naming preview
                                  photos.  Default name for preview photos is in
                                  form 'photoname_preview.ext'. For example,
                                  with '--preview-suffix _low_res', the preview
                                  photo would be named 'photoname_low_res.ext'.
                                  The default suffix is '_preview'. Multi-value
                                  templates (see Templating System) are not
                                  permitted with --preview-suffix. See also
                                  --preview and --preview-if-missing.
  --download-missing              Attempt to download missing photos from
                                  iCloud. The current implementation uses
                                  Applescript to interact with Photos to export
                                  the photo which will force Photos to download
                                  from iCloud if the photo does not exist on
                                  disk.  This will be slow and will require
                                  internet connection. This obviously only works
                                  if the Photos library is synched to iCloud.
                                  Note: --download-missing does not currently
                                  export all burst images; only the primary
                                  photo will be exported--associated burst
                                  images will be skipped.
  --export-aae                    Also export an adjustments file detailing
                                  edits made to the original. The resulting file
                                  is named photoname.AAE. Note that to import
                                  these files back to Photos succesfully, you
                                  also need to export the edited photo and match
                                  the filename format Photos.app expects:
                                  --filename 'IMG_{edited_version?E,}{id:04d}'
                                  --edited-suffix ''
  --sidecar FORMAT                Create sidecar for each photo exported; valid
                                  FORMAT values: xmp, json, exiftool; --sidecar
                                  xmp: create XMP sidecar used by Digikam, Adobe
                                  Lightroom, etc. The sidecar file is named in
                                  format photoname.ext.xmp The XMP sidecar
                                  exports the following tags: Description,
                                  Title, Keywords/Tags, Subject (set to Keywords
                                  + PersonInImage), PersonInImage, CreateDate,
                                  ModifyDate, GPSLongitude, Face Regions
                                  (Metadata Working Group and Microsoft Photo).
                                  --sidecar json: create JSON sidecar useable by
                                  exiftool (https://exiftool.org/) The sidecar
                                  file can be used to apply metadata to the file
                                  with exiftool, for example: "exiftool
                                  -j=photoname.jpg.json photoname.jpg" The
                                  sidecar file is named in format
                                  photoname.ext.json; format includes tag groups
                                  (equivalent to running 'exiftool -G -j').
                                  --sidecar exiftool: create JSON sidecar
                                  compatible with output of 'exiftool -j'.
                                  Unlike '--sidecar json', '--sidecar exiftool'
                                  does not export tag groups. Sidecar filename
                                  is in format photoname.ext.json; For a list of
                                  tags exported in the JSON and exiftool
                                  sidecar, see '--exiftool'. See also '--ignore-
                                  signature'.
  --sidecar-drop-ext              Drop the photo's extension when naming sidecar
                                  files. By default, sidecar files are named in
                                  format 'photo_filename.photo_ext.sidecar_ext',
                                  e.g. 'IMG_1234.JPG.xmp'. Use '--sidecar-drop-
                                  ext' to ignore the photo extension. Resulting
                                  sidecar files will have name in format
                                  'IMG_1234.xmp'. Warning: this may result in
                                  sidecar filename collisions if there are files
                                  of different types but the same name in the
                                  output directory, e.g. 'IMG_1234.JPG' and
                                  'IMG_1234.MOV'.
  --sidecar-template MAKO_TEMPLATE_FILE SIDECAR_FILENAME_TEMPLATE OPTIONS
                                  Create a custom sidecar file for each photo
                                  exported with user provided Mako template
                                  (MAKO_TEMPLATE_FILE). MAKO_TEMPLATE_FILE must
                                  be a valid Mako template (see
                                  https://www.makotemplates.org/). The template
                                  will passed the following variables: photo
                                  (PhotoInfo object for the photo being
                                  exported), sidecar_path (pathlib.Path object
                                  for the path to the sidecar being written),
                                  and photo_path (pathlib.Path object for the
                                  path to the exported photo.
                                  SIDECAR_FILENAME_TEMPLATE must be a valid
                                  template string (see Templating System in
                                  help) which will be rendered to generate the
                                  filename of the sidecar file. The `{filepath}`
                                  template variable may be used in the
                                  SIDECAR_FILENAME_TEMPLATE to refer to the
                                  filename of the photo being exported. OPTIONS
                                  is a comma-separated list of strings providing
                                  additional options to the template. Valid
                                  options are: write_skipped, strip_whitespace,
                                  strip_lines, skip_zero, catch_errors, none.
                                  write_skipped will cause the sidecar file to
                                  be written even if the photo is skipped during
                                  export. If write_skipped is not passed as an
                                  option, the sidecar file will not be written
                                  if the photo is skipped during export.
                                  strip_whitespace and strip_lines indicate
                                  whether or not to strip whitespace and blank
                                  lines, respectively, from the resulting
                                  sidecar file. skip_zero causes the sidecar
                                  file to be skipped if the rendered template is
                                  zero-length. catch_errors causes errors in the
                                  template to be caught and logged but not
                                  raised. Without catch_errors, osxphotos will
                                  abort the export if an error occurs in the
                                  template. For example, to create a sidecar
                                  file with extension .xmp using a template file
                                  named 'sidecar.mako' and write a sidecar for
                                  skipped photos and strip blank lines but not
                                  whitespace: `--sidecar-template sidecar.mako
                                  '{filepath}.xmp' write_skipped,strip_lines`.
                                  To do the same but to drop the photo extension
                                  from the sidecar filename: `--sidecar-template
                                  sidecar.mako
                                  '{filepath.parent}/{filepath.stem}.xmp'
                                  write_skipped,strip_lines`. If you are not
                                  passing any options, you must pass 'none' as
                                  the last argument to --sidecar-template:
                                  `--sidecar-template sidecar.mako
                                  '{filepath}.xmp' none`. For an example Mako
                                  file see https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Rhe
                                  tTbull/osxphotos/main/examples/custom_sidecar.
                                  mako
  --exiftool                      Use exiftool to write metadata directly to
                                  exported photos. To use this option, exiftool
                                  must be installed and in the path.  exiftool
                                  may be installed from https://exiftool.org/.
                                  Cannot be used with --export-as-hardlink.
                                  Writes the following metadata:
                                  EXIF:ImageDescription, XMP:Description (see
                                  also --description-template); XMP:Title;
                                  XMP:TagsList, IPTC:Keywords, XMP:Subject (see
                                  also --keyword-template, --person-keyword,
                                  --album-keyword); XMP:PersonInImage;
                                  EXIF:GPSLatitudeRef; EXIF:GPSLongitudeRef;
                                  EXIF:GPSLatitude; EXIF:GPSLongitude;
                                  EXIF:GPSPosition; EXIF:DateTimeOriginal;
                                  EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal; EXIF:ModifyDate (see
                                  --ignore-date-modified); IPTC:DateCreated;
                                  IPTC:TimeCreated; (video files only):
                                  QuickTime:CreationDate; QuickTime:CreateDate;
                                  QuickTime:ModifyDate (see also --ignore-date-
                                  modified); QuickTime:GPSCoordinates;
                                  UserData:GPSCoordinates.
  --exiftool-path EXIFTOOL_PATH   Optionally specify path to exiftool; if not
                                  provided, will look for exiftool in $PATH.
  --exiftool-option OPTION        Optional flag/option to pass to exiftool when
                                  using --exiftool. For example, --exiftool-
                                  option '-m' to ignore minor warnings. Specify
                                  these as you would on the exiftool command
                                  line. See exiftool docs at
                                  https://exiftool.org/exiftool_pod.html for
                                  full list of options. More than one option may
                                  be specified by repeating the option, e.g.
                                  --exiftool-option '-m' --exiftool-option '-F'.
  --exiftool-merge-keywords       Merge any keywords found in the original file
                                  with keywords used for '--exiftool' and '--
                                  sidecar'.
  --exiftool-merge-persons        Merge any persons found in the original file
                                  with persons used for '--exiftool' and '--
                                  sidecar'.
  --favorite-rating               When used with --exiftool or --sidecar, set
                                  XMP:Rating=5 for photos marked as Favorite and
                                  XMP:Rating=0 for non-Favorites. If not
                                  specified, XMP:Rating is not set.
  --ignore-date-modified          If used with --exiftool or --sidecar, will
                                  ignore the photo modification date and set
                                  EXIF:ModifyDate to EXIF:DateTimeOriginal; this
                                  is consistent with how Photos handles the
                                  EXIF:ModifyDate tag.
  --person-keyword                Use person in image as keyword/tag when
                                  exporting metadata.
  --album-keyword                 Use album name as keyword/tag when exporting
                                  metadata.
  --keyword-template TEMPLATE     For use with --exiftool, --sidecar; specify a
                                  template string to use as keyword in the form
                                  '{name,DEFAULT}' This is the same format as
                                  --directory.  For example, if you wanted to
                                  add the full path to the folder and album
                                  photo is contained in as a keyword when
                                  exporting you could specify --keyword-template
                                  "{folder_album}" You may specify more than one
                                  template, for example --keyword-template
                                  "{folder_album}" --keyword-template
                                  "{created.year}". See '--replace-keywords' and
                                  Templating System below.
  --replace-keywords              Replace keywords with any values specified
                                  with --keyword-template. By default,
                                  --keyword-template will add keywords to any
                                  keywords already associated with the photo.
                                  If --replace-keywords is specified, values
                                  from --keyword-template will replace any
                                  existing keywords instead of adding additional
                                  keywords.
  --description-template TEMPLATE
                                  For use with --exiftool, --sidecar; specify a
                                  template string to use as description in the
                                  form '{name,DEFAULT}' This is the same format
                                  as --directory.  For example, if you wanted to
                                  append 'exported with osxphotos on [today's
                                  date]' to the description, you could specify
                                  --description-template "{descr} exported with
                                  osxphotos on {today.date}" See Templating
                                  System below.
  --finder-tag-template TEMPLATE  Set MacOS Finder tags to TEMPLATE. These tags
                                  can be searched in the Finder or Spotlight
                                  with 'tag:tagname' format. For example, '--
                                  finder-tag-template "{label}"' to set Finder
                                  tags to photo labels. You may specify multiple
                                  TEMPLATE values by using '--finder-tag-
                                  template' multiple times. See also '--finder-
                                  tag-keywords and Extended Attributes below.'.
  --finder-tag-keywords           Set MacOS Finder tags to keywords; any
                                  keywords specified via '--keyword-template', '
                                  --person-keyword', etc. will also be used as
                                  Finder tags. See also '--finder-tag-template
                                  and Extended Attributes below.'.
  --xattr-template ATTRIBUTE TEMPLATE
                                  Set extended attribute ATTRIBUTE to TEMPLATE
                                  value. Valid attributes are: 'authors',
                                  'comment', 'copyright', 'creator',
                                  'description', 'findercomment', 'headline',
                                  'participants', 'projects', 'starrating',
                                  'subject', 'title', 'version'. For example, to
                                  set Finder comment to the photo's title and
                                  description: '--xattr-template findercomment
                                  "{title}; {descr}" See Extended Attributes
                                  below for additional details on this option.
  --directory DIRECTORY           Optional template for specifying name of
                                  output directory in the form '{name,DEFAULT}'.
                                  See below for additional details on templating
                                  system.
  --filename FILENAME             Optional template for specifying name of
                                  output file in the form '{name,DEFAULT}'. File
                                  extension will be added automatically--do not
                                  include an extension in the FILENAME template.
                                  See below for additional details on templating
                                  system.
  --jpeg-ext EXTENSION            Specify file extension for JPEG files. Photos
                                  uses .jpeg for edited images but many images
                                  are imported with .jpg or .JPG which can
                                  result in multiple different extensions used
                                  for JPEG files upon export.  Use --jpeg-ext to
                                  specify a single extension to use for all
                                  exported JPEG images. Valid values are jpeg,
                                  jpg, JPEG, JPG; e.g. '--jpeg-ext jpg' to use
                                  '.jpg' for all JPEGs.
  --strip                         Optionally strip leading and trailing
                                  whitespace from any rendered templates. For
                                  example, if --filename template is "{title,}
                                  {original_name}" and image has no title,
                                  resulting file would have a leading space but
                                  if used with --strip, this will be removed.
  --edited-suffix SUFFIX          Optional suffix template for naming edited
                                  photos.  Default name for edited photos is in
                                  form 'photoname_edited.ext'. For example, with
                                  '--edited-suffix _bearbeiten', the edited
                                  photo would be named
                                  'photoname_bearbeiten.ext'.  The default
                                  suffix is '_edited'. Multi-value templates
                                  (see Templating System) are not permitted with
                                  --edited-suffix.
  --original-suffix SUFFIX        Optional suffix template for naming original
                                  photos.  Default name for original photos is
                                  in form 'filename.ext'. For example, with '--
                                  original-suffix _original', the original photo
                                  would be named 'filename_original.ext'.  The
                                  default suffix is '' (no suffix). Multi-value
                                  templates (see Templating System) are not
                                  permitted with --original-suffix.
  --use-photos-export             Force the use of AppleScript or PhotoKit to
                                  export even if not missing (see also '--
                                  download-missing' and '--use-photokit').
  --use-photokit                  Use with '--download-missing' or '--use-
                                  photos-export' to use direct Photos interface
                                  instead of AppleScript to export. Highly
                                  experimental alpha feature; does not work with
                                  iTerm2 (use with Terminal.app). This is faster
                                  and more reliable than the default AppleScript
                                  interface.
  --report REPORT_FILE            Write a report of all files that were
                                  exported. The extension of the report filename
                                  will be used to determine the format. Valid
                                  extensions are: .csv (CSV file), .json (JSON),
                                  .db and .sqlite (SQLite database). REPORT_FILE
                                  may be a template string (see Templating
                                  System), for example, --report
                                  'export_{today.date}.csv' will write a CSV
                                  report file named with today's date. See also
                                  --append.
  --append                        If used with --report, add data to existing
                                  report file instead of overwriting it. See
                                  also --report.
  --cleanup                       Cleanup export directory by deleting any files
                                  which were not included in this export set.
                                  For example, photos which had previously been
                                  exported and were subsequently deleted in
                                  Photos. WARNING: --cleanup will delete *any*
                                  files in the export directory that were not
                                  exported by osxphotos, for example, your own
                                  scripts or other files.  Be sure this is what
                                  you intend before using --cleanup.  Use --dry-
                                  run with --cleanup first if you're not
                                  certain. To prevent files not generated by
                                  osxphotos from being deleted, you may specify
                                  one or more rules in a file named
                                  `.osxphotos_keep` in the export directory.
                                  This file uses the same format as a .gitignore
                                  file and should contain one rule per line;
                                  lines starting with a `#` will be ignored.
                                  Reference https://git-
                                  scm.com/docs/gitignore#_pattern_format for
                                  details. In addition to the standard
                                  .gitignore rules, the rules may also be the
                                  absolute path to a file or directory. For
                                  example if export destination is
                                  `/Volumes/Photos` and you want to keep all
                                  `.txt` files, in the top level of the export
                                  directory, you can specify `/*.txt"` in the
                                  .osxphotos_keep file. If you want to keep all
                                  `.txt` files in the export directory and all
                                  subdirectories, you can specify `**/*.txt`. If
                                  present, the .osxphotos_keep file will be read
                                  after the export is completed and any rules
                                  found in the file will be added to the list of
                                  rules to keep. See also --keep.
  --keep KEEP_RULE                When used with --cleanup, prevents file or
                                  directory matching KEEP_RULE from being
                                  deleted when cleanup is run. Use this if there
                                  are files in the export directory that you
                                  don't want to be deleted when --cleanup is
                                  run. KEEP_RULE follows the same format rules a
                                  .gitignore file. Reference https://git-
                                  scm.com/docs/gitignore#_pattern_format for
                                  details. In addition to the standard
                                  .gitignore rules, KEEP_RULE may also be the
                                  absolute path to a file or directory. For
                                  example if export destination is
                                  `/Volumes/Photos` and you want to keep all
                                  `.txt` files, in the top level of the export
                                  directory, you can specify `--keep "/*.txt"`.
                                  If you want to keep all `.txt` files in the
                                  export directory and all subdirectories, you
                                  can specify `--keep "**/*.txt"`. If wild card
                                  is used, KEEP_RULE must be enclosed in quotes
                                  to prevent the shell from expanding the
                                  wildcard. --keep may be repeated to keep
                                  additional files/directories. Rules may also
                                  be included in a file named `.osxphotos_keep`
                                  in the export directory. If present, this file
                                  will be read after the export is completed and
                                  any rules found in the file will be added to
                                  the list of rules to keep. This file uses the
                                  same format as a .gitignore file and should
                                  contain one rule per line; lines starting with
                                  a `#` will be ignored.
  --add-exported-to-album ALBUM   Add all exported photos to album ALBUM in
                                  Photos. Album ALBUM will be created if it
                                  doesn't exist.  All exported photos will be
                                  added to this album. This only works if the
                                  Photos library being exported is the last-
                                  opened (default) library in Photos.
  --add-skipped-to-album ALBUM    Add all skipped photos to album ALBUM in
                                  Photos. Album ALBUM will be created if it
                                  doesn't exist.  All skipped photos will be
                                  added to this album. This only works if the
                                  Photos library being exported is the last-
                                  opened (default) library in Photos.
  --add-missing-to-album ALBUM    Add all missing photos to album ALBUM in
                                  Photos. Album ALBUM will be created if it
                                  doesn't exist.  All missing photos will be
                                  added to this album. This only works if the
                                  Photos library being exported is the last-
                                  opened (default) library in Photos.
  --post-command CATEGORY COMMAND
                                  Run COMMAND on exported files of category
                                  CATEGORY.  CATEGORY can be one of: exported,
                                  new, updated, skipped, missing, exif_updated,
                                  touched, converted_to_jpeg,
                                  sidecar_json_written, sidecar_json_skipped,
                                  sidecar_exiftool_written,
                                  sidecar_exiftool_skipped, sidecar_xmp_written,
                                  sidecar_xmp_skipped, error. COMMAND is an
                                  osxphotos template string, for example: '--
                                  post-command exported "echo
                                  {filepath|shell_quote} >>
                                  {export_dir}/exported.txt"', which appends the
                                  full path of all exported files to the file
                                  'exported.txt'. You can run more than one
                                  command by repeating the '--post-command'
                                  option with different arguments. See also
                                  --post-command-error and --post-function.See
                                  Post Command below.
  --post-command-error ACTION     Specify either `continue` or `break` for
                                  ACTION to control behavior when a post-command
                                  fails. If `continue`, osxphotos will log the
                                  error and continue processing. If `break`,
                                  osxphotos will stop processing any additional
                                  --post-command commands for the current photo
                                  but will continue with the export. Without
                                  --post-command-error, osxphotos will abort the
                                  export if a post-command encounters an error.
  --post-function filename.py::function
                                  Run function on exported files. Use this in
                                  format: --post-function filename.py::function
                                  where filename.py is a python file you've
                                  created and function is the name of the
                                  function in the python file you want to call.
                                  The function will be passed information about
                                  the photo that's been exported and a list of
                                  all exported files associated with the photo.
                                  You can run more than one function by
                                  repeating the '--post-function' option with
                                  different arguments. You may also specify a
                                  post function using a URL in format --post-
                                  function 'https://path/to/module.py::function'
                                  See Post Function below.
  --exportdb EXPORTDB_FILE        Specify alternate path for database file which
                                  stores state information for export and
                                  --update. If --exportdb is not specified,
                                  export database will be saved to
                                  '.osxphotos_export.db' in the export
                                  directory.  If --exportdb is specified, it
                                  will be saved to the specified file.
  --ramdb                         Copy export database to memory during export;
                                  will improve performance when exporting over a
                                  network or slow disk. See also --checkpoint.
  --checkpoint NUMBER_OF_PHOTOS   When used with --ramdb, periodically save the
                                  export database back to disk after processing
                                  NUMBER_OF_PHOTOS. When using --ramdb, the
                                  export database will be automatically saved if
                                  there is a crash or interrupt thus you do not
                                  generally need to specify --checkpoint and
                                  doing so may slow down the export if your
                                  export database is large. This is an advanced
                                  feature for those who need to fine-tune the
                                  behavior of osxphotos.  [x>=0]
  -F, --ignore-exportdb           If exporting to a directory that already
                                  contains an export database and --update is
                                  not specified, do not prompt to continue but
                                  instead continue the export. Normally, if you
                                  export to a directory that already contains an
                                  export database and do not specify --update,
                                  osxphotos will prompt you to continue. This is
                                  because you may be inadvertently merging two
                                  export sets. Use --ignore-exportdb to skip
                                  this prompt and continue the export. The
                                  resulting export database will contain the
                                  combined state of both export sets. Short
                                  option is '-F' (mnemonic: force export). See
                                  also --update.
  --no-exportdb                   Do not create an export database. This exports
                                  all photos in the export set but does not save
                                  any state information in the osxphotos export
                                  database. If you use --no-exportdb, you will
                                  not be able to use --update on subsequent
                                  exports. It is recommended that you do not use
                                  this option unless you are certain you
                                  understand the implications.
  --tmpdir DIR                    Specify alternate temporary directory. Default
                                  is system temporary directory. osxphotos needs
                                  to create a number of temporary files during
                                  export. In some cases, particularly if the
                                  Photos library is on an APFS volume that is
                                  not the system volume, osxphotos may run
                                  faster if you specify a temporary directory on
                                  the same volume as the Photos library.
  --alt-copy                      Use alternate copy method that may be more
                                  reliable for some network attached storage
                                  (NAS) devices. Use --alt-copy if you
                                  experience problems exporting to a NAS device
                                  or SMB volume. Unlike the default copy method,
                                  --alt-copy does not support copy-on-write on
                                  APFS volumes nor does it preserve filesystem
                                  metadata.
  --alt-db PATH                   Specify alternate path to Photos library
                                  database. This is an advanced feature you
                                  probably don't need. This may be useful when
                                  exporting from a library on a very slow
                                  external disk. In this case, you could copy
                                  the `/database` folder from the Photos library
                                  to the internal diskand use `--alt-db` to
                                  specify the path to the database file on the
                                  internal disk. then use `--library` to specify
                                  the path to the Photos library root on the
                                  external disk. For example: `--library
                                  /Volumes/ExternalDisk/Photos.photoslibrary
                                  --alt-db /path/to/database/Photos.sqlite`
  --load-config CONFIG_FILE       Load options from file as written with --save-
                                  config. This allows you to save a complex
                                  export command to file for later reuse. For
                                  example: 'osxphotos export <lots of options
                                  here> --save-config osxphotos.toml' then
                                  'osxphotos export /path/to/export --load-
                                  config osxphotos.toml'. If any other command
                                  line options are used in conjunction with
                                  --load-config, they will override the
                                  corresponding values in the config file.
  --save-config CONFIG_FILE       Save options to file for use with --load-
                                  config. File format is TOML. See also
                                  --config-only.
  --config-only                   If specified, saves the config file but does
                                  not export any files; must be used with
                                  --save-config.
  --print TEMPLATE                Render TEMPLATE string for each photo being
                                  exported and print to stdout. TEMPLATE is an
                                  osxphotos template string. This may be useful
                                  for creating custom reports, etc. TEMPLATE
                                  will be printed after the photo is exported or
                                  skipped. May be repeated to print multiple
                                  template strings.
  --theme THEME                   Specify the color theme to use for output.
                                  Valid themes are 'dark', 'light', 'mono', and
                                  'plain'. Defaults to 'dark' or 'light'
                                  depending on system dark mode setting.
  -h, --help                      Show this message and exit.

                                    Export

When exporting photos, osxphotos creates a database in the top-level export
folder called '.osxphotos_export.db'.  This database preserves state
information used for determining which files need to be updated when run with
--update.  It is recommended that if you later move the export folder tree you
also move the database file.

The --update option will only copy new or updated files from the library to
the export folder.  If a file is changed in the export folder (for example,
you edited the exported image), osxphotos will detect this as a difference and
re-export the original image from the library thus overwriting the changes.
If using --update, the exported library should be treated as a backup, not a
working copy where you intend to make changes. If you do edit or process the
exported files and do not want them to be overwritten withsubsequent --update,
use --ignore-signature which will match filename but not file signature when
exporting.

Note: The number of files reported for export and the number actually exported
may differ due to live photos, associated raw images, and edited photos which
are reported in the total photos exported.

Implementation note: To determine which files need to be updated, osxphotos
stores file signature information in the '.osxphotos_export.db' database. The
signature includes size, modification time, and filename.  In order to
minimize run time, --update does not do a full comparison (diff) of the files
nor does it compare hashes of the files.  In normal usage, this is sufficient
for updating the library. You can always run export without the --update
option to re-export the entire library thus rebuilding the
'.osxphotos_export.db' database.

                             Extended Attributes

    Some options (currently '--finder-tag-template', '--finder-tag-keywords',
    '-xattr-template') write     additional metadata accessible by Spotlight
    to facilitate searching.      For example, --finder-tag-keyword writes all
    keywords (including any specified by '--keyword-template'     or other
    options) to Finder tags that are searchable in Spotlight using the syntax:
    'tag:tagname'.     For example, if you have images with keyword "Travel"
    then using '--finder-tag-keywords' you could quickly     find those images
    in the Finder by typing 'tag:Travel' in the Spotlight search bar.
    Finder tags are written to the 'com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags'
    extended attribute.     Unlike EXIF metadata, extended attributes do not
    modify the actual file;     the metadata is written to extended attributes
    associated with the file and the Spotlight metadata database.      Most
    cloud storage services do not synch extended attributes.      Dropbox does
    sync them and any changes to a file's extended attributes     will cause
    Dropbox to re-sync the files.

    The following attributes may be used with '--xattr-template':

Attribute      Description
authors        kMDItemAuthors; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemAuthors; The
               author, or authors, of the contents of the file.; list of
               strings
comment        kMDItemComment; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemComment; A comment
               related to the file. This differs from the Finder comment,
               kMDItemFinderComment.; string
copyright      kMDItemCopyright; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemCopyright; The
               copyright owner of the file contents.; string
creator        kMDItemCreator; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemCreator;
               Application used to create the document content (for example
               "Word", "Pages", and so on).; string
description    kMDItemDescription; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemDescription; A
               description of the content of the resource. The description
               may include an abstract, table of contents, reference to a
               graphical representation of content or a free-text account of
               the content.; string
findercomment  kMDItemFinderComment;
               com.apple.metadata:kMDItemFinderComment; Finder comments for
               this file.; string
headline       kMDItemHeadline; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemHeadline; A
               publishable entry providing a synopsis of the contents of the
               file. For example, "Apple Introduces the iPod Photo".; string
participants   kMDItemParticipants; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemParticipants;
               The list of people who are visible in an image or movie or
               written about in a document.; list of strings
projects       kMDItemProjects; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemProjects; The list
               of projects that this file is part of. For example, if you
               were working on a movie all of the files could be marked as
               belonging to the project "My Movie".; list of strings
starrating     kMDItemStarRating; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemStarRating; User
               rating of this item. For example, the stars rating of an
               iTunes track.; number
subject        kMDItemSubject; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemSubject; Subject of
               the this item.; string
title          kMDItemTitle; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemTitle; The title of
               the file. For example, this could be the title of a document,
               the name of a song, or the subject of an email message.;
               string
version        kMDItemVersion; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemVersion; The
               version number of this file.; string

For additional information on extended attributes see: https://developer.apple
.com/documentation/coreservices/file_metadata/mditem/common_metadata_attribute
_keys

                              Templating System

The templating system converts one or template statements, written in
osxphotos metadata templating language, to one or more rendered values using
information from the photo being processed.

In its simplest form, a template statement has the form: "{template_field}",
for example "{title}" which would resolve to the title of the photo.

Template statements may contain one or more modifiers.  The full syntax is:

"pretext{delim+template_field:subfield(field_arg)|filter[find,replace]
conditional&combine_value?bool_value,default}posttext"

Template statements are white-space sensitive meaning that white space
(spaces, tabs) changes the meaning of the template statement.

pretext and posttext are free form text.  For example, if a photo has title
"My Photo Title" the template statement "The title of the photo is {title}",
resolves to "The title of the photo is My Photo Title".  The pretext in this
example is "The title if the photo is " and the template_field is {title}.

delim: optional delimiter string to use when expanding multi-valued template
values in-place

+: If present before template name, expands the template in place.  If delim
not provided, values are joined with no delimiter.

e.g. if Photo keywords are ["foo","bar"]:

 • "{keyword}" renders to "foo", "bar"
 • "{,+keyword}" renders to: "foo,bar"
 • "{; +keyword}" renders to: "foo; bar"
 • "{+keyword}" renders to "foobar"

template_field: The template field to resolve.  See Template Substitutions for
full list of template fields.

:subfield: Some templates have sub-fields, For example, {exiftool:IPTC:Make};
the template_field is exiftool and the sub-field is IPTC:Make.

(field_arg): optional arguments to pass to the field; for example, with
{folder_album} this is used to pass the path separator used for joining
folders and albums when rendering the field (default is "/" for
{folder_album}).

|filter: You may optionally append one or more filter commands to the end of
the template field using the vertical pipe ('|') symbol.  Filters may be
combined, separated by '|' as in: {keyword|capitalize|parens}.

Valid filters are:

 • lower: Convert value to lower case, e.g. 'Value' => 'value'.
 • upper: Convert value to upper case, e.g. 'Value' => 'VALUE'.
 • strip: Strip whitespace from beginning/end of value, e.g. ' Value ' =>
   'Value'.
 • titlecase: Convert value to title case, e.g. 'my value' => 'My Value'.
 • capitalize: Capitalize first word of value and convert other words to lower
   case, e.g. 'MY VALUE' => 'My value'.
 • braces: Enclose value in curly braces, e.g. 'value => '{value}'.
 • parens: Enclose value in parentheses, e.g. 'value' => '(value')
 • brackets: Enclose value in brackets, e.g. 'value' => '[value]'
 • shell_quote: Quotes the value for safe usage in the shell, e.g. My
   file.jpeg => 'My file.jpeg'; only adds quotes if needed.
 • function: Run custom python function to filter value; use in format
   'function:/path/to/file.py::function_name'. See example at
   https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/examples/template_filter
   .py
 • split(x): Split value into a list of values using x as delimiter, e.g.
   'value1;value2' => ['value1', 'value2'] if used with split(;).
 • autosplit: Automatically split delimited string into separate values; will
   split strings delimited by comma, semicolon, or space, e.g. 'value1,value2'
   => ['value1', 'value2'].
 • chop(x): Remove x characters off the end of value, e.g. chop(1): 'Value' =>
   'Valu'; when applied to a list, chops characters from each list value, e.g.
   chop(1): ['travel', 'beach']=> ['trave', 'beac'].
 • chomp(x): Remove x characters from the beginning of value, e.g. chomp(1):
   ['Value'] => ['alue']; when applied to a list, removes characters from each
   list value, e.g. chomp(1): ['travel', 'beach']=> ['ravel', 'each'].
 • sort: Sort list of values, e.g. ['c', 'b', 'a'] => ['a', 'b', 'c'].
 • rsort: Sort list of values in reverse order, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['c',
   'b', 'a'].
 • reverse: Reverse order of values, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['c', 'b', 'a'].
 • uniq: Remove duplicate values, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b', 'a'] => ['a', 'b',
   'c'].
 • join(x): Join list of values with delimiter x, e.g. join(,): ['a', 'b',
   'c'] => 'a,b,c'; the DELIM option functions similar to join(x) but with
   DELIM, the join happens before being passed to any filters.May optionally
   be used without an argument, that is 'join()' which joins values together
   with no delimiter. e.g. join(): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => 'abc'.
 • append(x): Append x to list of values, e.g. append(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] =>
   ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].
 • prepend(x): Prepend x to list of values, e.g. prepend(d): ['a', 'b', 'c']
   => ['d', 'a', 'b', 'c'].
 • appends(x): Append s[tring] Append x to each value of list of values, e.g.
   appends(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['ad', 'bd', 'cd'].
 • prepends(x): Prepend s[tring] x to each value of list of values, e.g.
   prepends(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['da', 'db', 'dc'].
 • remove(x): Remove x from list of values, e.g. remove(b): ['a', 'b', 'c'] =>
   ['a', 'c'].
 • slice(start:stop:step): Slice list using same semantics as Python's list
   slicing, e.g. slice(1:3): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['b', 'c']; slice(1:4:2):
   ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['b', 'd']; slice(1:): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] =>
   ['b', 'c', 'd']; slice(:-1): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['a', 'b', 'c'];
   slice(::-1): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a']. See also
   sslice().
 • sslice(start:stop:step): [s(tring) slice] Slice values in a list using same
   semantics as Python's string slicing, e.g. sslice(1:3):'abcd => 'bc';
   sslice(1:4:2): 'abcd' => 'bd', etc. See also slice().
 • filter(x): Filter list of values using predicate x; for example,
   {folder_album|filter(contains Events)} returns only folders/albums
   containing the word 'Events' in their path.
 • int: Convert values in list to integer, e.g. 1.0 => 1. If value cannot be
   converted to integer, remove value from list. ['1.1', 'x'] => ['1']. See
   also float.
 • float: Convert values in list to floating point number, e.g. 1 => 1.0. If
   value cannot be converted to float, remove value from list. ['1', 'x'] =>
   ['1.0']. See also int.

e.g. if Photo keywords are ["FOO","bar"]:

 • "{keyword|lower}" renders to "foo", "bar"
 • "{keyword|upper}" renders to: "FOO", "BAR"
 • "{keyword|capitalize}" renders to: "Foo", "Bar"
 • "{keyword|lower|parens}" renders to: "(foo)", "(bar)"

e.g. if Photo description is "my description":

 • "{descr|titlecase}" renders to: "My Description"

e.g. If Photo is in Album1 in Folder1:

 • "{folder_album}" renders to ["Folder1/Album1"]
 • "{folder_album(>)}" renders to ["Folder1>Album1"]
 • "{folder_album()}" renders to ["Folder1Album1"]

[find,replace]: optional text replacement to perform on rendered template
value.  For example, to replace "/" in an album name, you could use the
template "{album[/,-]}".  Multiple replacements can be made by appending "|"
and adding another find|replace pair.  e.g. to replace both "/" and ":" in
album name: "{album[/,-|:,-]}".  find/replace pairs are not limited to single
characters.  The "|" character cannot be used in a find/replace pair.

conditional: optional conditional expression that is evaluated as boolean
(True/False) for use with the ?bool_value modifier.  Conditional expressions
take the form 'not operator value' where not is an optional modifier that
negates the operator.  Note: the space before the conditional expression is
required if you use a conditional expression.  Valid comparison operators are:

 • contains: template field contains value, similar to python's in
 • matches: template field contains exactly value, unlike contains: does not
   match partial matches
 • startswith: template field starts with value
 • endswith: template field ends with value
 • <=: template field is less than or equal to value
 • >=: template field is greater than or equal to value
 • <: template field is less than value
 • >: template field is greater than value
 • ==: template field equals value
 • !=: template field does not equal value

The value part of the conditional expression is treated as a bare (unquoted)
word/phrase.  Multiple values may be separated by '|' (the pipe symbol).
value is itself a template statement so you can use one or more template
fields in value which will be resolved before the comparison occurs.

For example:

 • {keyword matches Beach} resolves to True if 'Beach' is a keyword. It would
   not match keyword 'BeachDay'.
 • {keyword contains Beach} resolves to True if any keyword contains the word
   'Beach' so it would match both 'Beach' and 'BeachDay'.
 • {photo.score.overall > 0.7} resolves to True if the photo's overall
   aesthetic score is greater than 0.7.
 • {keyword|lower contains beach} uses the lower case filter to do
   case-insensitive matching to match any keyword that contains the word
   'beach'.
 • {keyword|lower not contains beach} uses the not modifier to negate the
   comparison so this resolves to True if there is no keyword that matches
   'beach'.

Examples: to export photos that contain certain keywords with the osxphotos
export command's --directory option:

--directory "{keyword|lower matches
travel|vacation?Travel-Photos,Not-Travel-Photos}"

This exports any photo that has keywords 'travel' or 'vacation' into a
directory 'Travel-Photos' and all other photos into directory
'Not-Travel-Photos'.

This can be used to rename files as well, for example: --filename
"{favorite?Favorite-{original_name},{original_name}}"

This renames any photo that is a favorite as 'Favorite-ImageName.jpg' (where
'ImageName.jpg' is the original name of the photo) and all other photos with
the unmodified original name.

&combine_value: Template fields may be combined with another template
statement to return multiple values. The combine_value is another template
statement. For example, the template {created.year&{folder_album,}} would
resolve to ["1999", "Vacation"] if the photo was created in 1999 and was in
the album Vacation. Because the combine_value is a template statement,
multiple templates may be combined together by nesting the combine operator:
{template1&{template2&{template3,},},}. In this example, a null default value
is used to prevent the default value from being combined if any of the nested
templates does not resolve to a value

?bool_value: Template fields may be evaluated as boolean (True/False) by
appending "?" after the field name (and following "(field_arg)" or
"[find/replace]".  If a field is True (e.g. photo is HDR and field is "{hdr}")
or has any value, the value following the "?" will be used to render the
template instead of the actual field value.  If the template field evaluates
to False (e.g. in above example, photo is not HDR) or has no value (e.g. photo
has no title and field is "{title}") then the default value following a ","
will be used.

e.g. if photo is an HDR image,

 • "{hdr?ISHDR,NOTHDR}" renders to "ISHDR"

and if it is not an HDR image,

 • "{hdr?ISHDR,NOTHDR}" renders to "NOTHDR"

,default: optional default value to use if the template name has no value.
This modifier is also used for the value if False for boolean-type fields (see
above) as well as to hold a sub-template for values like {created.strftime}.
If no default value provided, "_" is used.

e.g., if photo has no title set,

 • "{title}" renders to "_"
 • "{title,I have no title}" renders to "I have no title"

Template fields such as created.strftime use the default value to pass the
template to use for strftime.

e.g., if photo date is 4 February 2020, 19:07:38,

 • "{created.strftime,%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S}" renders to "2020-02-04-190738"

Some template fields such as "{media_type}" use the default value to allow
customization of the output. For example, "{media_type}" resolves to the
special media type of the photo such as panorama or selfie.  You may use the
default value to override these in form:
"{media_type,video=vidéo;time_lapse=vidéo_accélérée}". In this example, if
photo was a time_lapse photo, media_type would resolve to vidéo_accélérée
instead of time_lapse.

Either or both bool_value or default (False value) may be empty which would
result in empty string "" when rendered.

If you want to include "{" or "}" in the output, use "{openbrace}" or
"{closebrace}" template substitution.

e.g. "{created.year}/{openbrace}{title}{closebrace}" would result in
"2020/{Photo Title}".

Variables

You can define variables for later use in the template string using the format
{var:NAME,VALUE} where VALUE is a template statement.  Variables may then be
referenced using the format %NAME. For example: {var:foo,bar} defines the
variable %foo to have value bar. This can be useful if you want to re-use a
complex template value in multiple places within your template string or for
allowing the use of characters that would otherwise be prohibited in a
template string. For example, the "pipe" (|) character is not allowed in a
find/replace pair but you can get around this limitation like so:
{var:pipe,{pipe}}{title[-,%pipe]} which replaces the - character with | (the
value of %pipe).

Another use case for variables is filtering combined template values. For
example, using the &combine_value mechanism to combine two template values
that might result in duplicate values, you could do the following:
{var:myvar,{template1&{template2,},}}{%myvar|uniq} which allows the use of the
uniq filter against the combined template values.

Variables can also be referenced as fields in the template string, for
example: {var:year,{created.year}}{original_name}-{%year}. In some cases, use
of variables can make your template string more readable.  Variables can be
used as template fields, as values for filters, as values for conditional
operations, or as default values.  When used as a conditional value or default
value, variables should be treated like any other field and enclosed in braces
as conditional and default values are evaluated as template strings. For
example: {var:name,Katie}{person contains {%name}?{%name},Not-{%name}}.

If you need to use a % (percent sign character), you can escape the percent
sign by using %%.  You can also use the {percent} template field where a
template field is required. For example:

{title[:,%%]} replaces the : with % and {title contains
Foo?{title}{percent},{title}} adds % to the  title if it contains Foo.

With the --directory and --filename options you may specify a template for the
export directory or filename, respectively. The directory will be appended to
the export path specified in the export DEST argument to export.  For example,
if template is '{created.year}/{created.month}', and export destination DEST
is '/Users/maria/Pictures/export', the actual export directory for a photo
would be '/Users/maria/Pictures/export/2020/March' if the photo was created in
March 2020.

The templating system may also be used with the --keyword-template option to
set keywords on export (with --exiftool or --sidecar), for example, to set a
new keyword in format 'folder/subfolder/album' to preserve the folder/album
structure, you can use --keyword-template "{folder_album}" or in the
'folder>subfolder>album' format used in Lightroom Classic, --keyword-template
"{folder_album(>)}".

In the template, valid template substitutions will be replaced by the
corresponding value from the table below.  Invalid substitutions will result
in a an error and the script will abort.

                            Template Substitutions

Substitution                    Description
{name}                          Current filename of the photo
{original_name}                 Photo's original filename when imported to
                                Photos
{title}                         Title of the photo
{descr}                         Description of the photo
{media_type}                    Special media type resolved in this
                                precedence: selfie, time_lapse, panorama,
                                slow_mo, screenshot, screen_recording,
                                portrait, live_photo, burst, photo, video.
                                Defaults to 'photo' or 'video' if no special
                                type. Customize one or more media types
                                using format: '{media_type,video=vidéo;time_
                                lapse=vidéo_accélérée}'
{photo_or_video}                'photo' or 'video' depending on what type
                                the image is. To customize, use default
                                value as in
                                '{photo_or_video,photo=fotos;video=videos}'
{hdr}                           Photo is HDR?; True/False value, use in
                                format '{hdr?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}'
{edited}                        True if photo has been edited (has
                                adjustments), otherwise False; use in format
                                '{edited?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}'
{edited_version}                True if template is being rendered for the
                                edited version of a photo, otherwise False.
{favorite}                      Photo has been marked as favorite?;
                                True/False value, use in format
                                '{favorite?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}'
{created}                       Photo's creation date in ISO format, e.g.
                                '2020-03-22'
{created.date}                  Photo's creation date in ISO format, e.g.
                                '2020-03-22'
{created.year}                  4-digit year of photo creation time
{created.yy}                    2-digit year of photo creation time
{created.mm}                    2-digit month of the photo creation time
                                (zero padded)
{created.month}                 Month name in user's locale of the photo
                                creation time
{created.mon}                   Month abbreviation in the user's locale of
                                the photo creation time
{created.dd}                    2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of
                                photo creation time
{created.dow}                   Day of week in user's locale of the photo
                                creation time
{created.doy}                   3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of
                                photo creation time, starting from 1 (zero
                                padded)
{created.hour}                  2-digit hour of the photo creation time
{created.min}                   2-digit minute of the photo creation time
{created.sec}                   2-digit second of the photo creation time
{created.strftime}              Apply strftime template to file creation
                                date/time. Should be used in form
                                {created.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE
                                is a valid strftime template, e.g.
                                {created.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in
                                year-week number of year: '2020-23'. If used
                                with no template will return null value. See
                                https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime
                                templates.
{modified}                      Photo's modification date in ISO format,
                                e.g. '2020-03-22'; uses creation date if
                                photo is not modified
{modified.date}                 Photo's modification date in ISO format,
                                e.g. '2020-03-22'; uses creation date if
                                photo is not modified
{modified.year}                 4-digit year of photo modification time;
                                uses creation date if photo is not modified
{modified.yy}                   2-digit year of photo modification time;
                                uses creation date if photo is not modified
{modified.mm}                   2-digit month of the photo modification time
                                (zero padded); uses creation date if photo
                                is not modified
{modified.month}                Month name in user's locale of the photo
                                modification time; uses creation date if
                                photo is not modified
{modified.mon}                  Month abbreviation in the user's locale of
                                the photo modification time; uses creation
                                date if photo is not modified
{modified.dd}                   2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of
                                the photo modification time; uses creation
                                date if photo is not modified
{modified.dow}                  Day of week in user's locale of the photo
                                modification time; uses creation date if
                                photo is not modified
{modified.doy}                  3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of
                                photo modification time, starting from 1
                                (zero padded); uses creation date if photo
                                is not modified
{modified.hour}                 2-digit hour of the photo modification time;
                                uses creation date if photo is not modified
{modified.min}                  2-digit minute of the photo modification
                                time; uses creation date if photo is not
                                modified
{modified.sec}                  2-digit second of the photo modification
                                time; uses creation date if photo is not
                                modified
{modified.strftime}             Apply strftime template to file modification
                                date/time. Should be used in form
                                {modified.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE
                                is a valid strftime template, e.g.
                                {modified.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in
                                year-week number of year: '2020-23'. If used
                                with no template will return null value.
                                Uses creation date if photo is not modified.
                                See https://strftime.org/ for help on
                                strftime templates.
{today}                         Current date in iso format, e.g.
                                '2020-03-22'
{today.date}                    Current date in iso format, e.g.
                                '2020-03-22'
{today.year}                    4-digit year of current date
{today.yy}                      2-digit year of current date
{today.mm}                      2-digit month of the current date (zero
                                padded)
{today.month}                   Month name in user's locale of the current
                                date
{today.mon}                     Month abbreviation in the user's locale of
                                the current date
{today.dd}                      2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of
                                current date
{today.dow}                     Day of week in user's locale of the current
                                date
{today.doy}                     3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of
                                current date, starting from 1 (zero padded)
{today.hour}                    2-digit hour of the current date
{today.min}                     2-digit minute of the current date
{today.sec}                     2-digit second of the current date
{today.strftime}                Apply strftime template to current
                                date/time. Should be used in form
                                {today.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE is
                                a valid strftime template, e.g.
                                {today.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in year-
                                week number of year: '2020-23'. If used with
                                no template will return null value. See
                                https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime
                                templates.
{place.name}                    Place name from the photo's reverse
                                geolocation data, as displayed in Photos
{place.country_code}            The ISO country code from the photo's
                                reverse geolocation data
{place.name.country}            Country name from the photo's reverse
                                geolocation data
{place.name.state_province}     State or province name from the photo's
                                reverse geolocation data
{place.name.city}               City or locality name from the photo's
                                reverse geolocation data
{place.name.area_of_interest}   Area of interest name (e.g. landmark or
                                public place) from the photo's reverse
                                geolocation data
{place.address}                 Postal address from the photo's reverse
                                geolocation data, e.g. '2007 18th St NW,
                                Washington, DC 20009, United States'
{place.address.street}          Street part of the postal address, e.g.
                                '2007 18th St NW'
{place.address.city}            City part of the postal address, e.g.
                                'Washington'
{place.address.state_province}  State/province part of the postal address,
                                e.g. 'DC'
{place.address.postal_code}     Postal code part of the postal address, e.g.
                                '20009'
{place.address.country}         Country name of the postal address, e.g.
                                'United States'
{place.address.country_code}    ISO country code of the postal address, e.g.
                                'US'
{searchinfo.season}             Season of the year associated with a photo,
                                e.g. 'Summer'; (Photos 5+ only, applied
                                automatically by Photos' image
                                categorization algorithms).
{exif.camera_make}              Camera make from original photo's EXIF
                                information as imported by Photos, e.g.
                                'Apple'
{exif.camera_model}             Camera model from original photo's EXIF
                                information as imported by Photos, e.g.
                                'iPhone 6s'
{exif.lens_model}               Lens model from original photo's EXIF
                                information as imported by Photos, e.g.
                                'iPhone 6s back camera 4.15mm f/2.2'
{moment}                        The moment title of the photo
{uuid}                          Photo's internal universally unique
                                identifier (UUID) for the photo, a
                                36-character string unique to the photo,
                                e.g. '128FB4C6-0B16-4E7D-9108-FB2E90DA1546'
{shortuuid}                     A shorter representation of photo's internal
                                universally unique identifier (UUID) for the
                                photo, a 22-character string unique to the
                                photo, e.g. 'JYsxugP9UjetmCbBCHXcmu'
{id}                            A unique number for the photo based on its
                                primary key in the Photos database. A
                                sequential integer, e.g. 1, 2, 3...etc.
                                Each asset associated with a photo (e.g. an
                                image and Live Photo preview) will share the
                                same id. May be formatted using a python
                                string format code. For example, to format
                                as a 5-digit integer and pad with zeros, use
                                '{id:05d}' which results in 00001, 00002,
                                00003...etc.
{counter}                       A sequential counter, starting at 0, that
                                increments each time it is evaluated.To
                                start counting at a value other than 0,
                                append append '(starting_value)' to the
                                field name.For example, to start counting at
                                1 instead of 0: '{counter(1)}'.May be
                                formatted using a python string format
                                code.For example, to format as a 5-digit
                                integer and pad with zeros, use
                                '{counter:05d(1)}'which results in 00001,
                                00002, 00003...etc.You may also specify a
                                stop value which causes the counter to reset
                                to the starting valuewhen the stop value is
                                reached and a step size which causes the
                                counter to increment bythe specified value
                                instead of 1. Use the format
                                '{counter(start,stop,step)}' where
                                start,stop, and step are integers. For
                                example, to count from 1 to 10 by 2, use
                                '{counter(1,11,2)}'.Note that the counter
                                stops counting when the stop value is
                                reached and does not return thestop value.
                                Start, stop, and step are optional and may
                                be omitted. For example, to countfrom 0 by
                                2s, use '{counter(,,2)}'.You may create an
                                arbitrary number of counters by appending a
                                unique name to the field namepreceded by a
                                period: '{counter.a}', '{counter.b}', etc.
                                Each counter will have its own stateand will
                                start at 0 and increment by 1 unless
                                otherwise specified. Note: {counter} is not
                                suitable for use with 'export' and '--
                                update' as the counter associated with a
                                photo may change between export sessions.
                                See also {id}.
{album_seq}                     An integer, starting at 0, indicating the
                                photo's index (sequence) in the containing
                                album. Only valid when used in a '--
                                filename' template and only when '{album}'
                                or '{folder_album}' is used in the '--
                                directory' template. For example '--
                                directory "{folder_album}" --filename
                                "{album_seq}_{original_name}"'. To start
                                counting at a value other than 0, append
                                append '(starting_value)' to the field name.
                                For example, to start counting at 1 instead
                                of 0: '{album_seq(1)}'. May be formatted
                                using a python string format code. For
                                example, to format as a 5-digit integer and
                                pad with zeros, use '{album_seq:05d}' which
                                results in 00000, 00001, 00002...etc. To
                                format while also using a starting value:
                                '{album_seq:05d(1)}' which results in 0001,
                                00002...etc.This may result in incorrect
                                sequences if you have duplicate albums with
                                the same name; see also
                                '{folder_album_seq}'.
{folder_album_seq}              An integer, starting at 0, indicating the
                                photo's index (sequence) in the containing
                                album and folder path. Only valid when used
                                in a '--filename' template and only when
                                '{folder_album}' is used in the '--
                                directory' template. For example '--
                                directory "{folder_album}" --filename
                                "{folder_album_seq}_{original_name}"'. To
                                start counting at a value other than 0,
                                append '(starting_value)' to the field name.
                                For example, to start counting at 1 instead
                                of 0: '{folder_album_seq(1)}' May be
                                formatted using a python string format code.
                                For example, to format as a 5-digit integer
                                and pad with zeros, use
                                '{folder_album_seq:05d}' which results in
                                00000, 00001, 00002...etc. To format while
                                also using a starting value:
                                '{folder_album_seq:05d(1)}' which results in
                                0001, 00002...etc.This may result in
                                incorrect sequences if you have duplicate
                                albums with the same name in the same
                                folder; see also '{album_seq}'.
{comma}                         A comma: ','
{semicolon}                     A semicolon: ';'
{questionmark}                  A question mark: '?'
{pipe}                          A vertical pipe: '|'
{percent}                       A percent sign: '%'
{ampersand}                     an ampersand symbol: '&'
{openbrace}                     An open brace: '{'
{closebrace}                    A close brace: '}'
{openparens}                    An open parentheses: '('
{closeparens}                   A close parentheses: ')'
{openbracket}                   An open bracket: '['
{closebracket}                  A close bracket: ']'
{newline}                       A newline: '\n'
{lf}                            A line feed: '\n', alias for {newline}
{cr}                            A carriage return: '\r'
{crlf}                          A carriage return + line feed: '\r\n'
{tab}                           :A tab: '\t'
{osxphotos_version}             The osxphotos version, e.g. '0.68.2'
{osxphotos_cmd_line}            The full command line used to run osxphotos

The following substitutions may result in multiple values. Thus if specified
for --directory these could result in multiple copies of a photo being being
exported, one to each directory.  For example: --directory
'{created.year}/{album}' could result in the same photo being exported to each
of the following directories if the photos were created in 2019 and were in
albums 'Vacation' and 'Family': 2019/Vacation, 2019/Family

Substitution             Description
{album}                  Album(s) photo is contained in
{folder_album}           Folder path + album photo is contained in. e.g.
                         'Folder/Subfolder/Album' or just 'Album' if no
                         enclosing folder
{project}                Project(s) photo is contained in (such as greeting
                         cards, calendars, slideshows)
{album_project}          Album(s) and project(s) photo is contained in;
                         treats projects as regular albums
{folder_album_project}   Folder path + album (includes projects as albums)
                         photo is contained in. e.g.
                         'Folder/Subfolder/Album' or just 'Album' if no
                         enclosing folder
{keyword}                Keyword(s) assigned to photo
{person}                 Person(s) / face(s) in a photo
{label}                  Image categorization label associated with a photo
                         (Photos 5+ only). Labels are added automatically by
                         Photos using machine learning algorithms to
                         categorize images. These are not the same as
                         {keyword} which refers to the user-defined
                         keywords/tags applied in Photos.
{label_normalized}       All lower case version of 'label' (Photos 5+ only)
{comment}                Comment(s) on shared Photos; format is 'Person
                         name: comment text' (Photos 5+ only)
{exiftool}               Format: '{exiftool:GROUP:TAGNAME}'; use exiftool
                         (https://exiftool.org) to extract metadata, in form
                         GROUP:TAGNAME, from image.  E.g.
                         '{exiftool:EXIF:Make}' to get camera make, or
                         {exiftool:IPTC:Keywords} to extract keywords. See
                         https://exiftool.org/TagNames/ for list of valid
                         tag names.  You must specify group (e.g. EXIF,
                         IPTC, etc) as used in `exiftool -G`. exiftool must
                         be installed in the path to use this template.
{searchinfo.holiday}     Holiday names associated with a photo, e.g.
                         'Christmas Day'; (Photos 5+ only, applied
                         automatically by Photos' image categorization
                         algorithms).
{searchinfo.activity}    Activities associated with a photo, e.g. 'Sporting
                         Event'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by
                         Photos' image categorization algorithms).
{searchinfo.venue}       Venues associated with a photo, e.g. name of
                         restaurant; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically
                         by Photos' image categorization algorithms).
{searchinfo.venue_type}  Venue types associated with a photo, e.g.
                         'Restaurant'; (Photos 5+ only, applied
                         automatically by Photos' image categorization
                         algorithms).
{photo}                  Provides direct access to the PhotoInfo object for
                         the photo. Must be used in format
                         '{photo.property}' where 'property' represents a
                         PhotoInfo property. For example: '{photo.favorite}'
                         is the same as '{favorite}' and
                         '{photo.place.name}' is the same as '{place.name}'.
                         '{photo}' provides access to properties that are
                         not available as separate template fields but it
                         assumes some knowledge of the underlying PhotoInfo
                         class.  See https://rhettbull.github.io/osxphotos/
                         for additional documentation on the PhotoInfo
                         class.
{detected_text}          List of text strings found in the image after
                         performing text detection. Using '{detected_text}'
                         will cause osxphotos to perform text detection on
                         your photos using the built-in macOS text detection
                         algorithms which will slow down your export. The
                         results for each photo will be cached in the export
                         database so that future exports with '--update' do
                         not need to reprocess each photo. You may pass a
                         confidence threshold value between 0.0 and 1.0
                         after a colon as in '{detected_text:0.5}'; The
                         default confidence threshold is 0.75.
                         '{detected_text}' works only on macOS Catalina
                         (10.15) or later. Note: this feature is not the
                         same thing as Live Text in macOS Monterey, which
                         osxphotos does not yet support.
{shell_quote}            Use in form '{shell_quote,TEMPLATE}'; quotes the
                         rendered TEMPLATE value(s) for safe usage in the
                         shell, e.g. My file.jpeg => 'My file.jpeg'; only
                         adds quotes if needed.
{strip}                  Use in form '{strip,TEMPLATE}'; strips whitespace
                         from begining and end of rendered TEMPLATE
                         value(s).
{format}                 Use in form '{format:TYPE:FORMAT,TEMPLATE}';
                         converts TEMPLATE value to TYPE then formats the
                         value using Python string formatting codes
                         specified by FORMAT; TYPE is one of: 'int',
                         'float', or 'str'. For example,
                         '{format:float:.1f,{exiftool:EXIF:FocalLength}}'
                         will format focal length to 1 decimal place (e.g.
                         '100.0').
{function}               Execute a python function from an external file and
                         use return value as template substitution. Use in
                         format: {function:file.py::function_name} where
                         'file.py' is the path/name of the python file and
                         'function_name' is the name of the function to
                         call. The file name may also be url to a python
                         file, e.g. '{function:https://raw.githubusercontent
                         .com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/main/examples/template_fun
                         ction.py::example}'. The function will be passed
                         the PhotoInfo object for the photo. See https://git
                         hub.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/examples/te
                         mplate_function.py for an example of how to
                         implement a template function.

The following substitutions are file or directory paths. You can access
various parts of the path using the following modifiers:

{path.parent}: the parent directory
{path.name}: the name of the file or final sub-directory
{path.stem}: the name of the file without the extension
{path.suffix}: the suffix of the file including the leading '.'

For example, if the field {export_dir} is '/Shared/Backup/Photos':
{export_dir.parent} is '/Shared/Backup'

If the field {filepath} is '/Shared/Backup/Photos/IMG_1234.JPG':
{filepath.parent} is '/Shared/Backup/Photos'
{filepath.name} is 'IMG_1234.JPG'
{filepath.stem} is 'IMG_1234'
{filepath.suffix} is '.JPG'

Substitution  Description
{export_dir}  The full path to the export directory
{filepath}    The full path to the exported file

                                 Post Command

You can run commands on the exported photos for post-processing using the '--
post-command' option. '--post-command' is passed a CATEGORY and a COMMAND.
COMMAND is an osxphotos template string which will be rendered and passed to
the shell for execution. CATEGORY is the category of file to pass to COMMAND.
The following categories are available:

Category                  Description
exported                  All exported files
new                       When used with '--update', all newly exported
                          files
updated                   When used with '--update', all files which were
                          previously exported but updated this time
skipped                   When used with '--update', all files which were
                          skipped (because they were previously exported and
                          didn't change)
missing                   All files which were not exported because they
                          were missing from the Photos library
exif_updated              When used with '--exiftool', all files on which
                          exiftool updated the metadata
touched                   When used with '--touch-file', all files where the
                          date was touched
converted_to_jpeg         When used with '--convert-to-jpeg', all files
                          which were converted to jpeg
sidecar_json_written      When used with '--sidecar json', all JSON sidecar
                          files which were written
sidecar_json_skipped      When used with '--sidecar json' and '--update',
                          all JSON sidecar files which were skipped
sidecar_exiftool_written  When used with '--sidecar exiftool', all exiftool
                          sidecar files which were written
sidecar_exiftool_skipped  When used with '--sidecar exiftool' and '--update,
                          all exiftool sidecar files which were skipped
sidecar_xmp_written       When used with '--sidecar xmp', all XMP sidecar
                          files which were written
sidecar_xmp_skipped       When used with '--sidecar xmp' and '--update', all
                          XMP sidecar files which were skipped
error                     All files which produced an error during export

In addition to all normal template fields, the template fields '{filepath}'
and '{export_dir}' will be available to your command template. Both of these
are path-type templates which means their various parts can be accessed using
the available properties, e.g. '{filepath.name}' provides just the file name
without path and '{filepath.suffix}' is the file extension (suffix) of the
file. When using paths in your command template, it is important to properly
quote the paths as they will be passed to the shell and path names may contain
spaces. Both the '{shell_quote}' template and the '|shell_quote' template
filter are available for this purpose.  For example, the following command
outputs the full path of newly exported files to file 'new.txt':

--post-command new "echo {filepath|shell_quote} >> {shell_quote,{export_dir}/exported.txt}"

In the above command, the 'shell_quote' filter is used to ensure '{filepath}'
is properly quoted and the '{shell_quote}' template ensures the constructed
path of '{exported_dir}/exported.txt' is properly quoted. If '{filepath}' is
'IMG 1234.jpeg' and '{export_dir}' is '/Volumes/Photo Export', the command
thus renders to:

echo 'IMG 1234.jpeg' >> '/Volumes/Photo Export/exported.txt'

It is highly recommended that you run osxphotos with '--dry-run --verbose'
first to ensure your commands are as expected. This will not actually run the
commands but will print out the exact command string which would be executed.

                                Post Function

You can run your own python functions on the exported photos for post-
processing using the '--post-function' option. '--post-function' is passed the
name a python file and the name of the function in the file to call using
format 'filename.py::function_name'. See the example function at
https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/examples/post_function.py
You may specify multiple functions to run by repeating the --post-function
option. All post functions will be called immediately after export of each
photo and immediately before any --post-command commands. Post functions will
not be called if the --dry-run flag is set.

```

### Files Created By OSXPhotos

The OSXPhotos command line tool creates a number of files during the course of its execution.
OSXPhotos adheres to the [XDG](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html) standard for file locations.

* `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` or `$HOME/.config`: `osxphotos` directory containing configuration files, for example color themes for colorized output.
* `$XDG_DATA_HOME` or `$HOME/.local/share`: `osxphotos` directory containing local data files, for example, the help files displayed with `osxphotos docs`.
* Current working dir: `osxphotos_crash.log` file containing the stack trace of the last crash if OSXPhotos encounters a fatal error during execution.
* export directory (when running `osxphotos export` command): `.osxphotos_export.db` [SQLite](https://www.sqlite.org/index.html) database containing information needed to update an export and track metadata changes in exported photos. *Note*: This file may contain sensitive information such as locations and the names of persons in photos so if you are using `osxphotos export` to share with others, you may want to delete this file. You can also specify an alternate location for the export database using the `--exportdb` flag during export.  See also `osxphotos help exportdb` for more information about built in utilities for working with the export database.
* While osxphotos does not create the file, if present in the root of the export directory, osxphotos will read the file `.osxphotos_keep` to load a list of file/directory patterns which should be excluded from `--cleanup` during export. This file uses the same rule format as [.gitignore](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore). See `osxphotos help export cleanup` for more information.

## Python API

In addition to the command line interface, OSXPhotos provides a python API you can use within your own code. For additional information on the API, see [API_README.md](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/API_README.md) and the [osxphotos documentation](https://rhettbull.github.io/osxphotos/index.html).

## Template System

The templating system converts one or template statements, written in osxphotos metadata templating language, to one or more rendered values using information from the photo being processed.

In its simplest form, a template statement has the form: `"{template_field}"`, for example `"{title}"` which would resolve to the title of the photo.

Template statements may contain one or more modifiers.  The full syntax is:

`"pretext{delim+template_field:subfield(field_arg)|filter[find,replace] conditional&combine_value?bool_value,default}posttext"`

Template statements are white-space sensitive meaning that white space (spaces, tabs) changes the meaning of the template statement.

`pretext` and `posttext` are free form text.  For example, if a photo has title "My Photo Title" the template statement `"The title of the photo is {title}"`, resolves to `"The title of the photo is My Photo Title"`.  The `pretext` in this example is `"The title if the photo is "` and the template_field is `{title}`.

`delim`: optional delimiter string to use when expanding multi-valued template values in-place

`+`: If present before template `name`, expands the template in place.  If `delim` not provided, values are joined with no delimiter.

e.g. if Photo keywords are `["foo","bar"]`:

- `"{keyword}"` renders to `"foo", "bar"`
- `"{,+keyword}"` renders to: `"foo,bar"`
- `"{; +keyword}"` renders to: `"foo; bar"`
- `"{+keyword}"` renders to `"foobar"`

`template_field`: The template field to resolve.  See [Template Substitutions](#template-substitutions) for full list of template fields.

`:subfield`: Some templates have sub-fields, For example, `{exiftool:IPTC:Make}`; the template_field is `exiftool` and the sub-field is `IPTC:Make`.

`(field_arg)`: optional arguments to pass to the field; for example, with `{folder_album}` this is used to pass the path separator used for joining folders and albums when rendering the field (default is "/" for `{folder_album}`).

`|filter`: You may optionally append one or more filter commands to the end of the template field using the vertical pipe ('|') symbol.  Filters may be combined, separated by '|' as in: `{keyword|capitalize|parens}`.

Valid filters are:

- `lower`: Convert value to lower case, e.g. 'Value' => 'value'.
- `upper`: Convert value to upper case, e.g. 'Value' => 'VALUE'.
- `strip`: Strip whitespace from beginning/end of value, e.g. ' Value ' => 'Value'.
- `titlecase`: Convert value to title case, e.g. 'my value' => 'My Value'.
- `capitalize`: Capitalize first word of value and convert other words to lower case, e.g. 'MY VALUE' => 'My value'.
- `braces`: Enclose value in curly braces, e.g. 'value => '{value}'.
- `parens`: Enclose value in parentheses, e.g. 'value' => '(value')
- `brackets`: Enclose value in brackets, e.g. 'value' => '[value]'
- `shell_quote`: Quotes the value for safe usage in the shell, e.g. My file.jpeg => 'My file.jpeg'; only adds quotes if needed.
- `function`: Run custom python function to filter value; use in format 'function:/path/to/file.py::function_name'. See example at https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/examples/template_filter.py
- `split(x)`: Split value into a list of values using x as delimiter, e.g. 'value1;value2' => ['value1', 'value2'] if used with split(;).
- `autosplit`: Automatically split delimited string into separate values; will split strings delimited by comma, semicolon, or space, e.g. 'value1,value2' => ['value1', 'value2'].
- `chop(x)`: Remove x characters off the end of value, e.g. chop(1): 'Value' => 'Valu'; when applied to a list, chops characters from each list value, e.g. chop(1): ['travel', 'beach']=> ['trave', 'beac'].
- `chomp(x)`: Remove x characters from the beginning of value, e.g. chomp(1): ['Value'] => ['alue']; when applied to a list, removes characters from each list value, e.g. chomp(1): ['travel', 'beach']=> ['ravel', 'each'].
- `sort`: Sort list of values, e.g. ['c', 'b', 'a'] => ['a', 'b', 'c'].
- `rsort`: Sort list of values in reverse order, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['c', 'b', 'a'].
- `reverse`: Reverse order of values, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['c', 'b', 'a'].
- `uniq`: Remove duplicate values, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b', 'a'] => ['a', 'b', 'c'].
- `join(x)`: Join list of values with delimiter x, e.g. join(,): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => 'a,b,c'; the DELIM option functions similar to join(x) but with DELIM, the join happens before being passed to any filters.May optionally be used without an argument, that is 'join()' which joins values together with no delimiter. e.g. join(): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => 'abc'.
- `append(x)`: Append x to list of values, e.g. append(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].
- `prepend(x)`: Prepend x to list of values, e.g. prepend(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['d', 'a', 'b', 'c'].
- `appends(x)`: Append s[tring] Append x to each value of list of values, e.g. appends(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['ad', 'bd', 'cd'].
- `prepends(x)`: Prepend s[tring] x to each value of list of values, e.g. prepends(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['da', 'db', 'dc'].
- `remove(x)`: Remove x from list of values, e.g. remove(b): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['a', 'c'].
- `slice(start:stop:step)`: Slice list using same semantics as Python's list slicing, e.g. slice(1:3): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['b', 'c']; slice(1:4:2): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['b', 'd']; slice(1:): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['b', 'c', 'd']; slice(:-1): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['a', 'b', 'c']; slice(::-1): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a']. See also sslice().
- `sslice(start:stop:step)`: [s(tring) slice] Slice values in a list using same semantics as Python's string slicing, e.g. sslice(1:3):'abcd => 'bc'; sslice(1:4:2): 'abcd' => 'bd', etc. See also slice().
- `filter(x)`: Filter list of values using predicate x; for example, `{folder_album|filter(contains Events)}` returns only folders/albums containing the word 'Events' in their path.
- `int`: Convert values in list to integer, e.g. 1.0 => 1. If value cannot be converted to integer, remove value from list. ['1.1', 'x'] => ['1']. See also float.
- `float`: Convert values in list to floating point number, e.g. 1 => 1.0. If value cannot be converted to float, remove value from list. ['1', 'x'] => ['1.0']. See also int.

e.g. if Photo keywords are `["FOO","bar"]`:

- `"{keyword|lower}"` renders to `"foo", "bar"`
- `"{keyword|upper}"` renders to: `"FOO", "BAR"`
- `"{keyword|capitalize}"` renders to: `"Foo", "Bar"`
- `"{keyword|lower|parens}"` renders to: `"(foo)", "(bar)"`

e.g. if Photo description is "my description":

- `"{descr|titlecase}"` renders to: `"My Description"`

e.g. If Photo is in `Album1` in `Folder1`:

- `"{folder_album}"` renders to `["Folder1/Album1"]`
- `"{folder_album(>)}"` renders to `["Folder1>Album1"]`
- `"{folder_album()}"` renders to `["Folder1Album1"]`

`[find,replace]`: optional text replacement to perform on rendered template value.  For example, to replace "/" in an album name, you could use the template `"{album[/,-]}"`.  Multiple replacements can be made by appending "|" and adding another find|replace pair.  e.g. to replace both "/" and ":" in album name: `"{album[/,-|:,-]}"`.  find/replace pairs are not limited to single characters.  The "|" character cannot be used in a find/replace pair.

`conditional`: optional conditional expression that is evaluated as boolean (True/False) for use with the `?bool_value` modifier.  Conditional expressions take the form '`not operator value`' where `not` is an optional modifier that negates the `operator`.  Note: the space before the conditional expression is required if you use a conditional expression.  Valid comparison operators are:

- `contains`: template field contains value, similar to python's `in`
- `matches`: template field contains exactly value, unlike `contains`: does not match partial matches
- `startswith`: template field starts with value
- `endswith`: template field ends with value
- `<=`: template field is less than or equal to value
- `>=`: template field is greater than or equal to value
- `<`: template field is less than value
- `>`: template field is greater than value
- `==`: template field equals value
- `!=`: template field does not equal value

The `value` part of the conditional expression is treated as a bare (unquoted) word/phrase.  Multiple values may be separated by '|' (the pipe symbol).  `value` is itself a template statement so you can use one or more template fields in `value` which will be resolved before the comparison occurs.

For example:

- `{keyword matches Beach}` resolves to True if 'Beach' is a keyword. It would not match keyword 'BeachDay'.
- `{keyword contains Beach}` resolves to True if any keyword contains the word 'Beach' so it would match both 'Beach' and 'BeachDay'.
- `{photo.score.overall > 0.7}` resolves to True if the photo's overall aesthetic score is greater than 0.7.
- `{keyword|lower contains beach}` uses the lower case filter to do case-insensitive matching to match any keyword that contains the word 'beach'.
- `{keyword|lower not contains beach}` uses the `not` modifier to negate the comparison so this resolves to True if there is no keyword that matches 'beach'.

Examples: to export photos that contain certain keywords with the `osxphotos export` command's `--directory` option:

`--directory "{keyword|lower matches travel|vacation?Travel-Photos,Not-Travel-Photos}"`

This exports any photo that has keywords 'travel' or 'vacation' into a directory 'Travel-Photos' and all other photos into directory 'Not-Travel-Photos'.

This can be used to rename files as well, for example:
`--filename "{favorite?Favorite-{original_name},{original_name}}"`

This renames any photo that is a favorite as 'Favorite-ImageName.jpg' (where 'ImageName.jpg' is the original name of the photo) and all other photos with the unmodified original name.

`&combine_value`: Template fields may be combined with another template statement to return multiple values. The combine_value is another template statement. For example, the template {created.year&{folder_album,}} would resolve to ["1999", "Vacation"] if the photo was created in 1999 and was in the album Vacation. Because the combine_value is a template statement, multiple templates may be combined together by nesting the combine operator: {template1&{template2&{template3,},},}. In this example, a null default value is used to prevent the default value from being combined if any of the nested templates does not resolve to a value

`?bool_value`: Template fields may be evaluated as boolean (True/False) by appending "?" after the field name (and following "(field_arg)" or "[find/replace]".  If a field is True (e.g. photo is HDR and field is `"{hdr}"`) or has any value, the value following the "?" will be used to render the template instead of the actual field value.  If the template field evaluates to False (e.g. in above example, photo is not HDR) or has no value (e.g. photo has no title and field is `"{title}"`) then the default value following a "," will be used.

e.g. if photo is an HDR image,

- `"{hdr?ISHDR,NOTHDR}"` renders to `"ISHDR"`

and if it is not an HDR image,

- `"{hdr?ISHDR,NOTHDR}"` renders to `"NOTHDR"`

`,default`: optional default value to use if the template name has no value.  This modifier is also used for the value if False for boolean-type fields (see above) as well as to hold a sub-template for values like `{created.strftime}`.  If no default value provided, "_" is used.

e.g., if photo has no title set,

- `"{title}"` renders to "_"
- `"{title,I have no title}"` renders to `"I have no title"`

Template fields such as `created.strftime` use the default value to pass the template to use for `strftime`.

e.g., if photo date is 4 February 2020, 19:07:38,

- `"{created.strftime,%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S}"` renders to `"2020-02-04-190738"`

Some template fields such as `"{media_type}"` use the default value to allow customization of the output. For example, `"{media_type}"` resolves to the special media type of the photo such as `panorama` or `selfie`.  You may use the default value to override these in form: `"{media_type,video=vidéo;time_lapse=vidéo_accélérée}"`. In this example, if photo was a time_lapse photo, `media_type` would resolve to `vidéo_accélérée` instead of `time_lapse`.

Either or both bool_value or default (False value) may be empty which would result in empty string `""` when rendered.

If you want to include "{" or "}" in the output, use "{openbrace}" or "{closebrace}" template substitution.

e.g. `"{created.year}/{openbrace}{title}{closebrace}"` would result in `"2020/{Photo Title}"`.

**Variables**

You can define variables for later use in the template string using the format `{var:NAME,VALUE}` where `VALUE` is a template statement.  Variables may then be referenced using the format `%NAME`. For example: `{var:foo,bar}` defines the variable `%foo` to have value `bar`. This can be useful if you want to re-use a complex template value in multiple places within your template string or for allowing the use of characters that would otherwise be prohibited in a template string. For example, the "pipe" (`|`) character is not allowed in a find/replace pair but you can get around this limitation like so: `{var:pipe,{pipe}}{title[-,%pipe]}` which replaces the `-` character with `|` (the value of `%pipe`).

Another use case for variables is filtering combined template values. For example, using the `&combine_value` mechanism to combine two template values that might result in duplicate values, you could do the following: `{var:myvar,{template1&{template2,},}}{%myvar|uniq}` which allows the use of the uniq filter against the combined template values.

Variables can also be referenced as fields in the template string, for example: `{var:year,{created.year}}{original_name}-{%year}`. In some cases, use of variables can make your template string more readable.  Variables can be used as template fields, as values for filters, as values for conditional operations, or as default values.  When used as a conditional value or default value, variables should be treated like any other field and enclosed in braces as conditional and default values are evaluated as template strings. For example: `{var:name,Katie}{person contains {%name}?{%name},Not-{%name}}`.

If you need to use a `%` (percent sign character), you can escape the percent sign by using `%%`.  You can also use the `{percent}` template field where a template field is required. For example:

`{title[:,%%]}` replaces the `:` with `%` and `{title contains Foo?{title}{percent},{title}}` adds `%` to the  title if it contains `Foo`.

The following template field substitutions are availabe for use the templating system.

| Field | Description |
|--------------|-------------|
|{name}|Current filename of the photo|
|{original_name}|Photo's original filename when imported to Photos|
|{title}|Title of the photo|
|{descr}|Description of the photo|
|{media_type}|Special media type resolved in this precedence: selfie, time_lapse, panorama, slow_mo, screenshot, screen_recording, portrait, live_photo, burst, photo, video. Defaults to 'photo' or 'video' if no special type. Customize one or more media types using format: '{media_type,video=vidéo;time_lapse=vidéo_accélérée}'|
|{photo_or_video}|'photo' or 'video' depending on what type the image is. To customize, use default value as in '{photo_or_video,photo=fotos;video=videos}'|
|{hdr}|Photo is HDR?; True/False value, use in format '{hdr?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}'|
|{edited}|True if photo has been edited (has adjustments), otherwise False; use in format '{edited?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}'|
|{edited_version}|True if template is being rendered for the edited version of a photo, otherwise False. |
|{favorite}|Photo has been marked as favorite?; True/False value, use in format '{favorite?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}'|
|{created}|Photo's creation date in ISO format, e.g. '2020-03-22'|
|{created.date}|Photo's creation date in ISO format, e.g. '2020-03-22'|
|{created.year}|4-digit year of photo creation time|
|{created.yy}|2-digit year of photo creation time|
|{created.mm}|2-digit month of the photo creation time (zero padded)|
|{created.month}|Month name in user's locale of the photo creation time|
|{created.mon}|Month abbreviation in the user's locale of the photo creation time|
|{created.dd}|2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of photo creation time|
|{created.dow}|Day of week in user's locale of the photo creation time|
|{created.doy}|3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of photo creation time, starting from 1 (zero padded)|
|{created.hour}|2-digit hour of the photo creation time|
|{created.min}|2-digit minute of the photo creation time|
|{created.sec}|2-digit second of the photo creation time|
|{created.strftime}|Apply strftime template to file creation date/time. Should be used in form {created.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE is a valid strftime template, e.g. {created.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in year-week number of year: '2020-23'. If used with no template will return null value. See https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime templates.|
|{modified}|Photo's modification date in ISO format, e.g. '2020-03-22'; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.date}|Photo's modification date in ISO format, e.g. '2020-03-22'; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.year}|4-digit year of photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.yy}|2-digit year of photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.mm}|2-digit month of the photo modification time (zero padded); uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.month}|Month name in user's locale of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.mon}|Month abbreviation in the user's locale of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.dd}|2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.dow}|Day of week in user's locale of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.doy}|3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of photo modification time, starting from 1 (zero padded); uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.hour}|2-digit hour of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.min}|2-digit minute of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.sec}|2-digit second of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
|{modified.strftime}|Apply strftime template to file modification date/time. Should be used in form {modified.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE is a valid strftime template, e.g. {modified.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in year-week number of year: '2020-23'. If used with no template will return null value. Uses creation date if photo is not modified. See https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime templates.|
|{today}|Current date in iso format, e.g. '2020-03-22'|
|{today.date}|Current date in iso format, e.g. '2020-03-22'|
|{today.year}|4-digit year of current date|
|{today.yy}|2-digit year of current date|
|{today.mm}|2-digit month of the current date (zero padded)|
|{today.month}|Month name in user's locale of the current date|
|{today.mon}|Month abbreviation in the user's locale of the current date|
|{today.dd}|2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of current date|
|{today.dow}|Day of week in user's locale of the current date|
|{today.doy}|3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of current date, starting from 1 (zero padded)|
|{today.hour}|2-digit hour of the current date|
|{today.min}|2-digit minute of the current date|
|{today.sec}|2-digit second of the current date|
|{today.strftime}|Apply strftime template to current date/time. Should be used in form {today.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE is a valid strftime template, e.g. {today.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in year-week number of year: '2020-23'. If used with no template will return null value. See https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime templates.|
|{place.name}|Place name from the photo's reverse geolocation data, as displayed in Photos|
|{place.country_code}|The ISO country code from the photo's reverse geolocation data|
|{place.name.country}|Country name from the photo's reverse geolocation data|
|{place.name.state_province}|State or province name from the photo's reverse geolocation data|
|{place.name.city}|City or locality name from the photo's reverse geolocation data|
|{place.name.area_of_interest}|Area of interest name (e.g. landmark or public place) from the photo's reverse geolocation data|
|{place.address}|Postal address from the photo's reverse geolocation data, e.g. '2007 18th St NW, Washington, DC 20009, United States'|
|{place.address.street}|Street part of the postal address, e.g. '2007 18th St NW'|
|{place.address.city}|City part of the postal address, e.g. 'Washington'|
|{place.address.state_province}|State/province part of the postal address, e.g. 'DC'|
|{place.address.postal_code}|Postal code part of the postal address, e.g. '20009'|
|{place.address.country}|Country name of the postal address, e.g. 'United States'|
|{place.address.country_code}|ISO country code of the postal address, e.g. 'US'|
|{searchinfo.season}|Season of the year associated with a photo, e.g. 'Summer'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|
|{exif.camera_make}|Camera make from original photo's EXIF information as imported by Photos, e.g. 'Apple'|
|{exif.camera_model}|Camera model from original photo's EXIF information as imported by Photos, e.g. 'iPhone 6s'|
|{exif.lens_model}|Lens model from original photo's EXIF information as imported by Photos, e.g. 'iPhone 6s back camera 4.15mm f/2.2'|
|{moment}|The moment title of the photo|
|{uuid}|Photo's internal universally unique identifier (UUID) for the photo, a 36-character string unique to the photo, e.g. '128FB4C6-0B16-4E7D-9108-FB2E90DA1546'|
|{shortuuid}|A shorter representation of photo's internal universally unique identifier (UUID) for the photo, a 22-character string unique to the photo, e.g. 'JYsxugP9UjetmCbBCHXcmu'|
|{id}|A unique number for the photo based on its primary key in the Photos database. A sequential integer, e.g. 1, 2, 3...etc.  Each asset associated with a photo (e.g. an image and Live Photo preview) will share the same id. May be formatted using a python string format code. For example, to format as a 5-digit integer and pad with zeros, use '{id:05d}' which results in 00001, 00002, 00003...etc. |
|{counter}|A sequential counter, starting at 0, that increments each time it is evaluated.To start counting at a value other than 0, append append '(starting_value)' to the field name.For example, to start counting at 1 instead of 0: '{counter(1)}'.May be formatted using a python string format code.For example, to format as a 5-digit integer and pad with zeros, use '{counter:05d(1)}'which results in 00001, 00002, 00003...etc.You may also specify a stop value which causes the counter to reset to the starting valuewhen the stop value is reached and a step size which causes the counter to increment bythe specified value instead of 1. Use the format '{counter(start,stop,step)}' where start,stop, and step are integers. For example, to count from 1 to 10 by 2, use '{counter(1,11,2)}'.Note that the counter stops counting when the stop value is reached and does not return thestop value. Start, stop, and step are optional and may be omitted. For example, to countfrom 0 by 2s, use '{counter(,,2)}'.You may create an arbitrary number of counters by appending a unique name to the field namepreceded by a period: '{counter.a}', '{counter.b}', etc. Each counter will have its own stateand will start at 0 and increment by 1 unless otherwise specified. Note: {counter} is not suitable for use with 'export' and '--update' as the counter associated with a photo may change between export sessions. See also {id}.|
|{album_seq}|An integer, starting at 0, indicating the photo's index (sequence) in the containing album. Only valid when used in a '--filename' template and only when '{album}' or '{folder_album}' is used in the '--directory' template. For example '--directory "{folder_album}" --filename "{album_seq}_{original_name}"'. To start counting at a value other than 0, append append '(starting_value)' to the field name.  For example, to start counting at 1 instead of 0: '{album_seq(1)}'. May be formatted using a python string format code. For example, to format as a 5-digit integer and pad with zeros, use '{album_seq:05d}' which results in 00000, 00001, 00002...etc. To format while also using a starting value: '{album_seq:05d(1)}' which results in 0001, 00002...etc.This may result in incorrect sequences if you have duplicate albums with the same name; see also '{folder_album_seq}'.|
|{folder_album_seq}|An integer, starting at 0, indicating the photo's index (sequence) in the containing album and folder path. Only valid when used in a '--filename' template and only when '{folder_album}' is used in the '--directory' template. For example '--directory "{folder_album}" --filename "{folder_album_seq}_{original_name}"'. To start counting at a value other than 0, append '(starting_value)' to the field name. For example, to start counting at 1 instead of 0: '{folder_album_seq(1)}' May be formatted using a python string format code. For example, to format as a 5-digit integer and pad with zeros, use '{folder_album_seq:05d}' which results in 00000, 00001, 00002...etc. To format while also using a starting value: '{folder_album_seq:05d(1)}' which results in 0001, 00002...etc.This may result in incorrect sequences if you have duplicate albums with the same name in the same folder; see also '{album_seq}'. |
|{comma}|A comma: ','|
|{semicolon}|A semicolon: ';'|
|{questionmark}|A question mark: '?'|
|{pipe}|A vertical pipe: '\|'|
|{percent}|A percent sign: '%'|
|{ampersand}|an ampersand symbol: '&'|
|{openbrace}|An open brace: '{'|
|{closebrace}|A close brace: '}'|
|{openparens}|An open parentheses: '('|
|{closeparens}|A close parentheses: ')'|
|{openbracket}|An open bracket: '['|
|{closebracket}|A close bracket: ']'|
|{newline}|A newline: '\n'|
|{lf}|A line feed: '\n', alias for {newline}|
|{cr}|A carriage return: '\r'|
|{crlf}|A carriage return + line feed: '\r\n'|
|{tab}|:A tab: '\t'|
|{osxphotos_version}|The osxphotos version, e.g. '0.68.2'|
|{osxphotos_cmd_line}|The full command line used to run osxphotos|
|{album}|Album(s) photo is contained in|
|{folder_album}|Folder path + album photo is contained in. e.g. 'Folder/Subfolder/Album' or just 'Album' if no enclosing folder|
|{project}|Project(s) photo is contained in (such as greeting cards, calendars, slideshows)|
|{album_project}|Album(s) and project(s) photo is contained in; treats projects as regular albums|
|{folder_album_project}|Folder path + album (includes projects as albums) photo is contained in. e.g. 'Folder/Subfolder/Album' or just 'Album' if no enclosing folder|
|{keyword}|Keyword(s) assigned to photo|
|{person}|Person(s) / face(s) in a photo|
|{label}|Image categorization label associated with a photo (Photos 5+ only). Labels are added automatically by Photos using machine learning algorithms to categorize images. These are not the same as {keyword} which refers to the user-defined keywords/tags applied in Photos.|
|{label_normalized}|All lower case version of 'label' (Photos 5+ only)|
|{comment}|Comment(s) on shared Photos; format is 'Person name: comment text' (Photos 5+ only)|
|{exiftool}|Format: '{exiftool:GROUP:TAGNAME}'; use exiftool (https://exiftool.org) to extract metadata, in form GROUP:TAGNAME, from image.  E.g. '{exiftool:EXIF:Make}' to get camera make, or {exiftool:IPTC:Keywords} to extract keywords. See https://exiftool.org/TagNames/ for list of valid tag names.  You must specify group (e.g. EXIF, IPTC, etc) as used in `exiftool -G`. exiftool must be installed in the path to use this template.|
|{searchinfo.holiday}|Holiday names associated with a photo, e.g. 'Christmas Day'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|
|{searchinfo.activity}|Activities associated with a photo, e.g. 'Sporting Event'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|
|{searchinfo.venue}|Venues associated with a photo, e.g. name of restaurant; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|
|{searchinfo.venue_type}|Venue types associated with a photo, e.g. 'Restaurant'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|
|{photo}|Provides direct access to the PhotoInfo object for the photo. Must be used in format '{photo.property}' where 'property' represents a PhotoInfo property. For example: '{photo.favorite}' is the same as '{favorite}' and '{photo.place.name}' is the same as '{place.name}'. '{photo}' provides access to properties that are not available as separate template fields but it assumes some knowledge of the underlying PhotoInfo class.  See https://rhettbull.github.io/osxphotos/ for additional documentation on the PhotoInfo class.|
|{detected_text}|List of text strings found in the image after performing text detection. Using '{detected_text}' will cause osxphotos to perform text detection on your photos using the built-in macOS text detection algorithms which will slow down your export. The results for each photo will be cached in the export database so that future exports with '--update' do not need to reprocess each photo. You may pass a confidence threshold value between 0.0 and 1.0 after a colon as in '{detected_text:0.5}'; The default confidence threshold is 0.75. '{detected_text}' works only on macOS Catalina (10.15) or later. Note: this feature is not the same thing as Live Text in macOS Monterey, which osxphotos does not yet support.|
|{shell_quote}|Use in form '{shell_quote,TEMPLATE}'; quotes the rendered TEMPLATE value(s) for safe usage in the shell, e.g. My file.jpeg => 'My file.jpeg'; only adds quotes if needed.|
|{strip}|Use in form '{strip,TEMPLATE}'; strips whitespace from begining and end of rendered TEMPLATE value(s).|
|{format}|Use in form '{format:TYPE:FORMAT,TEMPLATE}'; converts TEMPLATE value to TYPE then formats the value using Python string formatting codes specified by FORMAT; TYPE is one of: 'int', 'float', or 'str'. For example, '{format:float:.1f,{exiftool:EXIF:FocalLength}}' will format focal length to 1 decimal place (e.g. '100.0'). |
|{function}|Execute a python function from an external file and use return value as template substitution. Use in format: {function:file.py::function_name} where 'file.py' is the path/name of the python file and 'function_name' is the name of the function to call. The file name may also be url to a python file, e.g. '{function:https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/main/examples/template_function.py::example}'. The function will be passed the PhotoInfo object for the photo. See https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/examples/template_function.py for an example of how to implement a template function.|

## Related Projects

* [rhettbull/exif2findertags](https://github.com/RhetTbull/exif2findertags): Read EXIF metadata from image and video files and convert it to macOS Finder tags and/or Finder comments and other extended attributes.
* [rhettbull/photos_time_warp](https://github.com/RhetTbull/photos_time_warp): Batch adjust the date, time, or timezone of photos in Apple Photos.
* [rhettbull/PhotoScript](https://github.com/RhetTbull/PhotoScript): python wrapper around Photos' applescript API allowing automation of Photos (including creation/deletion of items) from python.
* [ndbroadbent/icloud_photos_downloader](https://github.com/ndbroadbent/icloud_photos_downloader): Download photos from iCloud.

## Contributing

Contributing is easy!  if you find bugs or want to suggest additional features/changes, please open an [issue](https://github.com/rhettbull/osxphotos/issues/) or join the [discussion](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/discussions).

I'll gladly consider pull requests for bug fixes or feature implementations.

If you have an interesting example that shows usage of this package, submit an issue or pull request and i'll include it or link to it.

Testing against "real world" Photos libraries would be especially helpful.  If you discover issues in testing against your Photos libraries, please open an issue.  I've done extensive testing against my own Photos library but that's a single data point and I'm certain there are issues lurking in various edge cases I haven't discovered yet.

### Contributors ✨

Thanks goes to these wonderful people ([emoji key](https://allcontributors.org/docs/en/emoji-key)):

britiscurious
📖 💻

Michel Wortmann
💻

Pablo 'merKur' Kohan
💻

hshore29
💻

Daniel M. Drucker
💻 🐛 📓 🤔

Jean-Yves Stervinou
💻

Thibault Deutsch
💻

grundsch
💻

Ag Primatic
💻

Horst Höck
💻

Jonathan Strine
💻

finestream
📖 🤔 🐛

Aravindo Wingeier
📖

Kristoffer Dalby
💻

Rott-Apple
🔬

narensankar0529
🐛 📓

Martin
🔬 📓

davidjroos
📖

Neil Pankey
💻 🐛

Aaron van Geffen
💻

ubrandes
🤔

Philippe Dewost
📖 💡 🤔

kaduskj
🐛

mkirkland4874
🐛 💡

Joseph Commisso
🔣

David Singer
🐛

oPromessa
🐛 🤔 ⚠ 💻 📖

Spencer Chang
🐛

David Gleich
💻

Alan de Freitas
🐛

Andrew Louis
📖 💻

neebah
🐛

Ahti Liin
💻 🐛

Xiaoliang Wu
💻

nullpointerninja
🐛 🤔

Kim
🤔

Christoph
🤔

franzone
🐛

John Muccigrosso
🤔

Thomas K. Running
💻 🐛

Davlatjon Shavkatov
💻 ⚠

zephyr325
🐛

drodner
🐛 📓

Ferdia McKeogh
💻 🐛

Michael Petrochuk
🐛 💻

Quin Eddy
🤔 🔣

John Sturgeon
🐛 📖

mave2k
📖

Daniel Beadle
🤔

Dave Bullock
🤔 📓 🐛

Pweaver
🐛 🤔

aa599
🐛 🤔

Steve Duncan
🤔

Ian Moir
🐛

Peking Duck
🤔 🐛

Christian Clauss
💻

dvdkon
💻

wernerzj
🐛

rajscode
🐛 📖 💻

MaxLyt
🐛

ces3001
🐛

msolo
🐛

Trygve Vea
📓

hydrrrrr
🐛

Javier
🐛

Kirill A. Korinsky
💻

Nils Breunese
🚧 📖

420gofOGKush
🐛

Tjalve Aarflot
🐛

mikapietrus
🤔

santiagoGPNC
🤔

nkxco
🤔

nicad
📖 ⚠ 🐛

Mike Kenyon
🤔 🐛

LunarLanding
💻 🐛

mlevin77
🤔

Axel Karjalainen
💻

Eric Mika
🐛

odedia
🐛 🤔 🔬

Tor Arne Vestbø
🐛 🔬 💻 📖

Frederic Garzon
🐛

Ramon Felciano
🔬 🤔

This project follows the [all-contributors](https://github.com/all-contributors/all-contributors) specification. Contributions of any kind welcome!

## Known Bugs and Limitations

My goal is make osxphotos as reliable and comprehensive as possible.  The test suite currently has over 800 tests--but there are still some [bugs](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3Abug) or incomplete features lurking.  If you find bugs please open an [issue](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/issues).  Please consult the list of open bugs before deciding that you want to use this code on your Photos library.  Notable issues include:

* Audio-only files are not handled.  It is possible to store audio-only files in Photos.  osxphotos currently only handles images and videos. See [Issue #436](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/issues/436)
* Face coordinates (mouth, left eye, right eye) may not be correct for images where the head is tilted.  See [Issue #196](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/issues/196).
* The `--download-missing` option for `osxphotos export` does not work correctly with burst images.  It will download the primary image but not the other burst images.  See [Issue #75](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/issues/75).

## Implementation Notes

This package works by creating a copy of the sqlite3 database that photos uses to store data about the photos library. The class PhotosDB then queries this database to extract information about the photos such as persons (faces identified in the photos), albums, keywords, etc.  If your library is large, the database can be hundreds of MB in size and the copy read then can take many 10s of seconds to complete.  Once copied, the entire database is processed and an in-memory data structure is created meaning all subsequent accesses of the PhotosDB object occur much more quickly. The database processing code is rather ugly (though it works and is well tested).  Were I to start this project today, I'd likely use something like SQLAlchemy to map Python objects to the underlying SQL database instead of the way osxphotos does things today.

If apple changes the database format this will likely break.

For additional details about how osxphotos is implemented or if you would like to extend the code, see the [wiki](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/wiki).

## Acknowledgements

This project was originally inspired by [photo-export](https://github.com/patrikhson/photo-export) by Patrick Fältström,  Copyright (c) 2015 Patrik Fältström paf@frobbit.se

I use [py-applescript](https://github.com/rdhyee/py-applescript) by "Raymond Yee / rdhyee" to interact with Photos. Rather than import this package, I included the entire package (which is published as public domain code) in a private package to prevent ambiguity with other applescript packages on PyPi. py-applescript uses a native bridge via PyObjC and is very fast compared to the other osascript based packages.