plasmid: a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication
body: an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects
retrial: a new trial in which issues already litigated and to which the court has already rendered a verdict or decision are reexamined by the same court; occurs when the initial trial is found to have been improper or unfair due to procedural errors