['anemia']
['roxadustat', 'epoetin alfa']

        Inclusion criteria:

          1. Provision of Informed Consent prior to any study specific procedures

          2. Age ≥18 years at screening visit 1

          3. Previous versions of the protocol prior to US amendment ver 6.0 and outside of US
             amendment ver 7.0:

             Receiving or initiating hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for treatment of native
             kidney end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at least 30 days prior to visit 1. Patients
             treated with hemodialysis must have access consisting of an arteriovenous fistula, AV
             graft, or tunneled (permanent) catheter. Patients on peritoneal dialysis must have a
             functioning peritoneal dialysis catheter in place.

             Starting with US amendment ver. 6.0 and outside of US amendment ver 7.0 (changed to
             recruit incident dialysis patients only):

             Receiving or initiating hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for treatment of native
             kidney end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for a minimum of 2 weeks and a maximum of 4
             months prior to randomization. Patients treated with hemodialysis must have access
             consisting of an arteriovenous fistula, AV graft, or tunneled (permanent) catheter.
             Patients on peritoneal dialysis must have a functioning peritoneal dialysis catheter
             in place.

          4. Two central laboratory Hb values during the screening period, obtained at least 7 days
             apart, must be <12 g/dL in patients currently treated with an erythropoietin analogue
             or <10 g/dL in patients not currently treated with an erythropoietin analogue.
             Patients are considered not currently treated if they have not received either
             Mircera® for at least 8 weeks or any other erythropoietin analogue for at least 4
             weeks prior to visit 1.

          5. Ferritin ≥100 ng/mL at randomization (obtained from screening visit)

          6. TSAT ≥20% at randomization (obtained from screening visit)

          7. Serum folate level ≥ lower limit of normal (LLN) at randomization (obtained from
             screening visit)

          8. Serum vitamin B12 level ≥ LLN at randomization (obtained from screening visit)

          9. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤3x upper limit of
             normal (ULN), and total bilirubin (Tbili) ≤1.5 x ULN at randomization (obtained from
             screening visit)

         10. Body weight 45 to 160 kg (prescribed dry weight)

        Exclusion criteria:

          1. Involvement in the planning and/or conduct of the study (applies to both AstraZeneca
             staff and/or staff at the study site)

          2. Previous randomisation in the present study

          3. New York Heart Association Class III or IV congestive heart failure at enrolment

          4. Myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, seizure or a
             thrombotic/thromboembolic event (e.g., deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism)
             within 12 weeks prior to randomization

          5. History of chronic liver disease (e.g., chronic infectious hepatitis, chronic
             auto-immune liver disease, cirrhosis or fibrosis of the liver)

          6. Known hereditary hematologic disease such as thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, a
             history of pure red cell aplasia or other known causes for anemia other than CKD

          7. Known and untreated retinal vein occlusion or known and untreated proliferative
             diabetic retinopathy (risk for retinal vein thrombosis)

          8. Diagnosis or suspicion (e.g. complex kidney cyst of Bosniak Category IIF, III or IV)
             of renal cell carcinoma on renal ultrasound (or other imaging procedure e.g. CT scan
             or MRI) conducted at screening or within 12 weeks prior to randomization.

          9. Uncontrolled hypertension at the time of randomization (defined as systolic BP ≥180
             mmHg or diastolic BP ≥100 mmHg on repeated measurement post-dialysis in hemodialysis
             patients or at any time in peritoneal dialysis patients), contraindication to epoetin
             alfa treatment (e.g., pure red cell aplasia, hypersensitivity or know inability to
             tolerate epoetin alfa)

         10. History of prostate cancer, breast cancer or any other malignancy, except the
             following: cancers determined to be cured or in remission for ≥5 years, curatively
             resected basal cell or squamous cell skin cancers, cervical cancer in situ or resected
             colonic polyps.

         11. Positive for any of the following: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B
             surface antigen (HBsAg) or anti-hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV Ab)

         12. Chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, ankylosing
             spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease that is determined to
             be the principal cause of anemia

         13. Known hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis or hypercoagulable condition

         14. Any prior organ transplant with the exception of an autologous renal transplant or a
             renal transplant that was subsequently removed ("explanted") or scheduled organ
             transplantation date

         15. Any red blood cell (RBC) transfusion during the screening period

         16. Any current condition leading to active significant blood loss

         17. Any prior treatment with roxadustat or a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase
             inhibitor (HIF-PHI)

         18. Has received another new chemical entity (defined as a compound which has not been
             approved for marketing) or has participated in any other clinical study that included
             drug treatment within the month preceding the first administration of IP in this
             study. (Note: patients consented and screened, but not randomized in this study or a
             previous study are not excluded)

         19. History of alcohol or drug abuse within 2 years prior to randomization

         20. Females of childbearing potential, unless using contraception as detailed in the
             protocol or sexual abstinence (see Section 3.8)

         21. Pregnant or breastfeeding females

         22. Known allergy to the investigational product or any of its ingredients

         23. Any medical condition, including active, clinically significant infection, that in the
             opinion of the investigator or Sponsor may pose a safety risk to a patient in this
             study, which may confound efficacy or safety assessment, or may interfere with study
             participation
      