
    no participants
  
['tardive dyskinesia']
['propranolol hydrochloride', 'placebo oral tablet']

        Inclusion Criteria:

          -  age 18-75 years

          -  diagnosis of classical TD by a movement disorder expert for at least 6 months with a
             baseline score of at least 2 on two of the seven items on the AIMS severity scale

          -  stable on medication (either on or off dopamine blocking agents) for at least six
             months.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  breastfeeding

          -  pregnant

          -  unstable psychiatric disease

          -  history of asthma or COPD

          -  baseline heart rate less than 60

          -  history of orthostatic hypertension or its presence at screening

          -  history of congestive heart failure or unstable angina pectoris

          -  resting SBP <100 and DBP < 60

          -  AV-block II or III without pacemaker

          -  history of diabetes mellitus

          -  previous adverse effects from use of beta-blockers

          -  current use of a β-blocker and the other following drugs: quinidine, amiodarone,
             propafenone, digoxin, verapamil, diltiazem, clonidine, and warfarin

          -  tremor, dystonia, akathisia or other non-tardive movement disorder

          -  any medical illness that precludes treatment with propranolol.
      