set: With only two members left , Stephenie and Bobby Jon , going into tribal council , the two faced off in a fire-making challenge , with Stephenie winning .

set: With only two members left , Stephenie and Bobby Jon , going into tribal council , the two faced off in a fire-making challenge , with Stephenie emerging victorious .


set: It was also told that the wearers of the necklaces will certainly have a tribe ; because the last man and woman that was not picked to join any tribe will leave the game .

set: It was also revealed that the wearers of the necklaces will be ensured that they will have a tribe ; because the last man and woman that was n't picked to join any tribe will automatically go home .


set: Koror dominated from the beginning . They won every challenge , except for three reward challenges , and eventually there was only one Ulong member left .

set: Koror dominated from the very beginning , winning all but three reward challenges and every Immunity Challenge .


set: Though Stephenie made Ulong 's work progress , Coby 's puzzle skills gave Koror another win ; sending Ulong back to Tribal Council .

set: Though Stephenie made Ulong 's work progress , Coby 's puzzle prowess gave Koror another win ; sending the Ulong trio back to Tribal Council .


set: But in Tribal Council , Bobby Jon and Stephenie made separate votes .

set: But in Tribal Council , Bobby Jon and Stephenie cast separate votes .


set: But in the end , Tom won and secured his spot in the final four .


set: Angered by the move and with the absence of the boys , Katie talked to the other girls , planning another women 's alliance .

set: Angered by the move and with the absence of the boys , Katie approached the other remaining girls , plotting of another women 's alliance .


set: As the tribes came to the Reward Challenge , Jeff Probst shocked them , saying that whoever wins , both tribes would go to Tribal Council to vote someone out .

set: As the tribes arrived for the Reward Challenge , Jeff Probst shocked them , saying that whoever wins , both tribes would go to Tribal Council to vote someone out .


set: The next day , Katie and Tom burned their old shelter and everything that helped them survive the past 39 days .

set: The next day , Katie and Tom ceremoniously burned their shelter and everything that helped them survive the past 39 days .


set: Back at camp , Ian talked to Katie about blindsiding Gregg so there would n't be a tie , which shocked her .

set: Back at camp , Ian approached Katie about blindsiding Gregg to prevent a possible tie , much to Katie 's shock .


set: In the quiz-type Reward Challenge where Gregg won , he showed his true colors when he chose Jenn and Katie over Caryn , Ian , and Tom on a luxury yacht trip , making the three of them mad .

set: In the quiz-type Reward Challenge where Gregg won , he unleashed his true colors as he selected Jenn and Katie over Caryn , Ian , and Tom on a luxury yacht trip , angering the trio .


set: Jeff said that his ankle was too much torture for him and asked his team to vote him out .

set: Jeff confessed that his ankle was too much torture for him and asked his team to vote him out .


set: Ian continued to be aligned with Katie and wanted to vote out Caryn .

set: Ian reaffirmed his alliance with Katie and insisted to vote out Caryn .


set: In the Final Tribal Council , Tom was praised for his dominance in challenges and leadership skills ; but was criticized for being bossy and a sexist .

set: In the Final Tribal Council , Tom was commended for his dominance in challenges and leadership skills ; but was berated for being overbearing and a sexist .


set: At the yacht trip , Gregg , Jenn , and Katie were enjoying their massage therapy , and their loved ones ( Gregg 's best friend , Jenn 's sister , and Katie 's brother-in-law ) appeared as another reward .

set: At the yacht trip , Gregg , Jenn , and Katie were enjoying their massage therapy , their loved ones ( Gregg 's best friend , Jenn 's sister , and Katie 's brother-in-law ) appeared as an additional reward .


set: To make things worse , their flint is still underwater after their boat flipped while paddling to their new beach .

set: To make things worse , their flint is still underwater after their boat capsized while paddling to their new beach .


set: Survivor : Palaus first episode was shown on TV on February 17 , 2005 .

set: Survivor : Palau premiered on February 17 , 2005 .


set: signal won and gave them more camping supplies .

set: signal won and gave them additional camping supplies .


set: Ian tried to make Katie happy , but she still held bad feelings towards him .

set: Ian attempted to make amends but Katie still held bad feelings towards him .


set: Over at Ulong , Jolanda and Angie were blamed for losing the challenge ( they thought Angie was weak and Jolanda wanted to take all the supplies ) .

set: While in Ulong , Jolanda and Angie were to blame for the loss ( Angie deemed as a weak link and Jolanda insisting to take all the supplies ) .


set: At Koror , Tom told Ian that he has a secret alliance with Stephenie way before the tribes were created .

set: At Koror , Tom revealed to Ian that he has a secret alliance with Stephenie way before the tribes were created .


set: In the Immunity Challenge , Koror had an early lead , but Ulong made a small comeback .

set: In the Immunity Challenge , Koror had an early lead , but Ulong made a slight comeback .


set: Back at camp , the players put the game aside and took a moment from themselves as they read their letters .

set: Back at camp , the castaways temporarily put the game aside and took a moment from themselves as they read their letters .


set: In the first Immunity Challenge , the younger Ulong struggled because Jolanda wanted to take all the supplies , leaving the older Koror ( who only took the flint ) with the lead and eventually win the challenge .

set: In the first Immunity Challenge , the younger Ulong struggled as Jolanda insisted to take everything in the supply dump , leaving the elderly Koror ( who only took the flint ) with the lead and eventually win the challenge .


set: Back at Koror , their reward became a controversy ; as tribe leader Tom wanted to use the portable shower ( which had drinkable water ) for drinking purposes only .

set: Back at Koror , their reward became a controversy ; as tribe leader Tom insisted to use the portable shower ( containing drinkable water ) for drinking purposes only .


set: At the feast , Janu vomited , angering the other winners .

set: At the feast , Janu vomited , angering her fellow winners .


set: But in the end , even though she was a strong player , Jolanda was voted off in a 6-3 vote .

set: But in the end , despite being a strong competitor , Jolanda 's overly-domineering attitude sealed her fate in a 6-3 vote .


set: At the Immunity Challenge , Ian and Tom were on even ground , up until the last round , where Ian was able to hit his three targets and win Immunity .

set: At the Immunity Challenge , Ian and Tom were on even ground , up until the final round , where Ian successfully hit his three targets and retain Immunity in his possession .


set: The Total Votes is the number of votes a player got during Tribal Councils where the player is able to be voted out of the game .

set: The Total Votes is the number of votes a castaway has received during Tribal Councils where the castaway is eligible to be voted out of the game .


set: Though surprised by the twist as they were not divided into tribes yet , the survivors raced to the shoreline .

set: Though shocked by the twist as they were not divided into tribes yet , the survivors raced to the shoreline .


set: In their special challenge , though skeptical about her fire-making abilities , Stephenie won against Bobby Jon , eliminating Bobby Jon . Stephenie will have to go back to Ulong camp alone .

set: Jenn and Ian competed in a fire-making challenge similar to that of Stephenie and Bobby Jon 's .


set: Tom Westman 's wife told him to wear swim trunks as underwear , since she remembered the Pearl Islands players , tricked into street clothes for all of that game .

set: Tom Westman 's wife told him to wear swim trunks as underwear , for she remembered the Pearl Islands contestants , tricked into street clothes for all of that game .


set: On day 2 , the players were told they would divide into 2 tribes of 9 members each , with the two immunity holders making the first picks for their new tribes .

set: On day 2 , the castaways were told they would divide into 2 tribes of 9 members each , with the two immunity holders making the first picks for their new tribes .


set: Once it was completed , the power of the immunity necklaces was over .

set: Once this process was completed , the power of the immunity necklaces was over .


set: At first , Ulong 's vote was a tie ( first time since Marquesas ) as Angie and Stephenie voted against Bobby Jon , Bobby Jon and James voted against Angie , while Ibrehem 's vote was against James , so they voted again .

set: Ulong 's vote was originally a tie ( first time since Marquesas ) as Angie and Stephenie voted against Bobby Jon , Bobby Jon and James voted against Angie , while Ibrehem 's vote was against James , causing a revote .


set: After spending one night alone , she was told to travel to Koror , and given a Koror buff as there was no need for a tribal merge .

set: After spending the night alone , she was instructed to travel to Koror , and was given a Koror buff instead of a typical tribal merge .


set: The vote was at first tied 2-2 between Angie and Bobby Jon , but after a second vote , Angie eliminated .

set: The vote was initially tied 2 â `` 2 between Angie and Bobby Jon , but after a revote , Angie was unanimously eliminated . Bobby Jon and Angie were not eligible to vote in the second Tribal Council vote .


set: This season became available on DVD on August 29 , 2006 .

set: The complete season , including the Live Reunion Show , was released on DVD by CBS Home Video on August 29 , 2006 .


set: With only two members left it was impossible to vote either Ulong member off , so Bobby Jon and Stephenie competed in an elimination Challenge at Tribal Council , where they said that they were uncomfortable with the idea of them being opponents .

set: With only two members remaining it was impossible to vote either Ulong member off , so Bobby Jon and Stephenie competed in an elimination Challenge at Tribal Council , where they confessed that they were uncomfortable with the idea of them being adversaries .


set: Ian told Katie that if he wins the Reward Challenge , he will take her .

set: Ian promised Katie that if he wins the Reward Challenge , he will take her .


set: If more than one tribe or player wins reward or immunity , they are listed in order of finish , or alphabetically if it was teamwork , or where one player won and invited others , the players they invited are in brackets .

set: In the case of multiple tribes or castaways who win reward or immunity , they are listed in order of finish , or alphabetically where it was a team effort ; where one castaway won and invited others , the invitees are in brackets .


set: At Tribal Council , Janu said that she was fed up with the others and the game so she decided to `` throw a wrench '' to the possible plan of voting out Stephenie and she quit the game .

set: In a heated Tribal Council , Janu revealed that she was fed up with the others and the game so she decided to `` throw a wrench '' to the probable plan of voting out Stephenie and voluntarily left the competition .


set: Meanwhile , Koror ( still complete with nine members ) started to get tired of each other as Caryn and Katie argued as they repair their shelter .

set: Meanwhile , the still complete Koror started to get tired of each other , as Caryn and Katie bickered when they repair their shelter .


set: Ulong came back to camp from Tribal Council , with Stephanie 's spirits going an all-time low and James angry and sarcastic about losing Immunity Challenges .

set: Ulong returned to camp from Tribal Council , with Stephenie 's spirits going an all-time low and James angry and sarcastic about losing Immunity Challenges .


set: Jonathan and Wanda were the two that were eliminated .

set: Jonathan and Wanda were the two that were eliminated immediately .


set: Meanwhile , Coby got fed up with everyone for leaving him out of the `` fun '' ( Gregg , Ian , and Tom were chosen to go fishing instead of him ) and openly told Stephenie about the other 's strategies and alliances , angering most of his tribemates .

set: Meanwhile , Coby got fed up with everyone for leaving him out of the `` fun '' ( Gregg , Ian , and Tom were chosen to go fishing instead of him ) and openly told Stephenie about the others ' strategies and alliances , angering most of his tribemates .


set: Wanda , the last woman was not picked for everyone thought she was the weakest , and they thought her singing was annoying .

set: Wanda , the last woman , was not picked for she was deemed the weakest among the castaways and for being annoying with her singing .


set: The next morning , teams are to assign a representative for their tribe and were met by Jeff Probst at their camps , bringing a box full of tools from Home Depot for they will make a working bathroom for the challenge and to be judged by Survivor production designer Jesse later .

set: The next morning , teams are to assign a representative for their tribe and were met by Jeff Probst at their camps , bringing a crate full of tools from Home Depot for they will construct a working bathroom for the challenge and to be judged by Survivor production designer Jesse later .


set: Koror only had to go to tribal council and vote for one of their own once during the first 21 days as part of a double-elimination challenge .

set: Koror only had to attend tribal council and vote for one of their own once during the first 21 days as part of a double-elimination challenge .


set: The last immunity challenge made players stand on buoys for as long as possible ; Katie jumped off early , but both Tom and Ian stayed for more than 12 hours .

set: The final immunity challenge required players to stand on buoys for as long as possible ; Katie dropped out early , but both Tom and Ian remained for nearly 12 hours .


set: On Day 2 , Probst appeared again and told the players that Ian 's and Jolanda 's necklaces will soon be gone as they will start the schoolyard-style tribe picking process .

set: On Day 2 , Probst appeared again and informed the castaways that Ian 's and Jolanda 's necklaces will soon be gone as they will initiate the schoolyard-style tribe selection process .


set: Though Ulong had an early lead , Ibrehem had trouble swimming , so Koror won .

set: Though Ulong had an early lead , Ibrehem had difficulty in swimming , thus giving another win for Koror .


set: At Ulong , Jeff twisted his ankle when he accidentally stepped into a coconut that was on the ground .

set: At Ulong , Jeff twisted his ankle when he accidentally stepped into a stray coconut .


set: In both camps , love teams started as Koror 's Jenn and Gregg and Ulong 's Kim and Jeff started to make a connection .

set: In both camps , romances emerged at Koror ( Jenn and Gregg ) and Ulong ( Kim and Jeff ) .


set: The next day , Jeff Probst said that they would now pick tribes by doing a schoolyard pick ( where one person , the captain , picks one person , then the person they picked picks another person , and so on ) . Those who had won immunity got the first pick , and the last male and female left would leave the game .

set: The next day , Jeff Probst announced that they would now pick tribes via a schoolyard pick , with those who had won immunity getting first pick .


set: Koror won Immunity again , and Ulong went to their third tribal council in a row .

set: Koror won Immunity again , and Ulong faced their third successive Tribal Council .


set: Having lived alone at Ulong , Stephenie LaGrossa got a map to Koror .

set: Having survived alone at Ulong , Stephenie LaGrossa received a map to Koror .


set: The two tribes , Koror and Ulong , then had their first reward\/immunity challenge , with the winner , Koror , chose to leave the beach they were at and go to another one they had not seen .

set: The two tribes , Koror and Ulong , then participated in the first reward\/immunity challenge , with the winner , Koror , deciding to leave their present beach to another one they had not seen .


set: Bobby Jon and James still wanted to vote off lazy Kim .

set: Although , Bobby Jon and James still insisted they oust lazy Kim .


set: After Jonathan and Wanda left , Jeff Probst began giving out buffs .

set: After Jonathan and Wanda left , Jeff Probst began distributing buffs .


set: Janu wanted to leave the game , so there was no vote at Tribal Council .

set: Ibrehem and James were not eligible to vote in the second Tribal Council vote . Janu wanted to voluntarily leave the game , therefore the vote was invalidated for her removal from the game .


set: Stephenie first voted for Ibrehem , causing a tie ; however , in a second vote , Stephenie changed her vote and voted for James , sending him home .

set: Stephenie first voted for Ibrehem , causing a tie ; however , in a revote , Stephenie changed her vote and voted for James , sending him home .


set: From these 48 people , 20 were chosen to be on the show between October to December 2004 .

set: From these semi-finalists , 20 were chosen to participate the show between October to December 2004 .


set: However , in the last winner-takes-all round , Coby won against James . Koror won once again .

set: However , in the final winner-takes-all round , James was defeated by Coby ; thus another victory for Koror .


set: After feeling relieved that she was not voted off , Stephenie tries to shake things in Koror as she made a plan with the women to get rid of the males ( Tom , Ian and Gregg ) because there were more females than males .

set: After another lucky reprieve , Stephenie tried to shake things in Koror as she conspired with the women to get rid of the males ( Tom , Ian and Gregg ) and take advantage of their gender majority .


set: After some food items were sold , Jeff Probst then showed letters from home which the tribe ( except Ian and Jennifer ) bought and after it all , Probst closed the auction .

set: After a series of food items , Jeff then revealed letters from home in which the tribe ( except Ian and Jenn ) bought and declared the auction closed after .


set: At Ulong , James became suspicious of Jeff and Kim 's closeness and saw it as distraction , since Ulong has not won Immunity yet .

set: At Ulong , James became suspicious of Jeff and Kim 's undeniable closeness and saw it as distraction , especially when Ulong needed to win immunity .


set: For the second time in Survivor history , the players , not the producers , chose the tribes .

set: For the second time in Survivor history , the contestants , not the producers , selected the tribes .


set: At Koror , Coby was complaining a lot about the other players , such as Janu 's drama , Jenn and Katie 's inactivity , and Tom 's exaggerated masculinity .

set: At Koror , Coby constantly complained about the others being dysfunctional , such as Janu 's drama , Jenn and Katie 's inactivity , and Tom 's machismo .


set: In the end , Coby 's jealousy of Ian and Tom 's leadership , complaining and revealing too much of the tribe details to Stephenie , got him voted off and he became the Jury member in a 7-1-1 vote .

set: In the end , Coby 's jealousy of Ian and Tom 's leadership , constant complaining and revealing too much of the tribe dynamics to Stephenie , gave him the boot and the first seat in the Jury in a 7-1-1 vote .


set: Then , two Palauan natives , Edwin and Joe ( both fishermen returned in Survivor : Micronesia ) , taught Koror how to fish , gave them more fishing equipment , and held a feast .

set: Then , two Palauan natives , Edwin and Joe , taught Koror how to fish , gave them additional fishing equipment , and held a feast .


set: Ibrehem was given Immunity in a 3-2-2-1 vote ( Bobby Jon and Stephenie each received 2 votes , Angie received 1 ) .

set: Ibrehem was given Immunity in a 3-2-2-1 decision ( Bobby Jon and Stephenie each received 2 votes , Angie received 1 ) .


set: In the end , Katie avoided the possible tie and joined Caryn , Ian , and Tom in voting Gregg off . The vote was 4-2 .

set: In the end , Katie avoided the possible tie and joined Caryn , Ian , and Tom in blindsiding Gregg 4-2 .


set: Bobby Jon and Angie were not able to vote in the second Tribal Council vote .

set: Bobby Jon and Angie were not eligible to vote in the second Tribal Council vote .


set: In the Immunity Challenge , Tom accidentally hit one of Ian 's colored tiles and gave him Immunity .

set: In the Immunity Challenge , Tom accidentally hit one of Ian 's colored tiles , which gave Ian Immunity .


set: With their sixth Tribal Council in a row cming , Bobby Jon and Stephenie made an alliance and pointed out James 's strength was weakening and Ibrehem was weak all throughout the game .

set: With their sixth successive Tribal Council looming , Bobby Jon and Stephenie made an alliance and pointed out James 's strength was weakening and Ibrehem was weak all throughout and his anomalous Immunity last Tribal Council .


set: Winner Tom Westman and LaGrossa also returned in Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains .

set: LaGrossa again competed on Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains alongside Tom Westman who returned for the first time .


set: Now only a duo , Bobby Jon and Stephenie felt uncomfortable in losing challenges but still wanted to win .

set: Now only a duo , Bobby Jon and Stephenie felt discomfort in losing challenges but are still eager to win .


set: With another Tribal Council coming , Kim was still seen as a weak player as well as lazy at camp , but she tried to shake things up when she tried to pull the other Ulong girls to an alliance .

set: With another Tribal Council coming , Kim was still perceived as a weak link as well as lazy at camp , but she tried to shake things up when she tried to pull the other Ulong girls to an alliance .


set: After many hours , Janu made fire and danced happily .

set: After many hours , Janu created fire and danced joyously .


set: Back at camp , the four do not want to vote each other off ; but they agreed to end the Tribal Council in a tie , ignoring the consequences ( even accepting the possible existence of the `` Purple Rock '' tie-breaker from Survivor : Marquesas ) .

set: Back at camp , the four are hesitant to vote each other ; but they agreed to end the Tribal Council in a tie , ignoring the consequences and accepting the still-probable existence of the `` Purple Rock '' tie-breaker ( from Survivor : Marquesas ) .


set: Host Jeff Probst surprised the new players that there will be an individual Immunity Challenge as two necklaces are waiting at shore .

set: Host Jeff Probst surprised the new castaways that there will be an impromptu individual Immunity Challenge as two necklaces are waiting at shore .


set: Although Stephenie made strong impression on her new tribe , Stephenie became a target due to her strength .

set: Despite making an immediate strong impression on her new tribe , Stephenie was immediately identified as a target due to her strength and for being the outsider .


set: When Koror was down to six , Tom and Ian worried that they would fall against a possible immunity threat , Gregg , and his close ally Jenn , and started a plan with Caryn and Katie to vote out Gregg when they had the chance .

set: When Koror was down to six , Tom and Ian worried that they would fall against a potential immunity threat , Gregg , and his close ally Jenn , and plotted with Caryn and Katie to vote out Gregg when they had the chance .


set: Madison is a city of Florida in the United States .

set: Madison is a city in Madison County , Florida , United States .


set: Madison is a city of Florida in the United States . It is the county seat of Madison County .


set: Frank Fenner ( 21 December 1914 Ballarat â '' 22 November 2010 ) was an Australian scientist .

set: Frank John Fenner , AC , CMG , MBE , FRS , FAA ( 21 December 1914 â `` 22 November 2010 ) was an Australian scientist with a distinguished career in the field of virology .


set: His interest on research was the myxoma virus .

set: Here he began studying viruses again , in particular the myxoma virus .


set: In 1949 he became the first professor of microbiology at the new Australian National University ( ANU ) in Canberra .

set: Returning to Australia in 1949 , he was appointed Professor of Microbiology at the new John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University , Canberra .


set: He was famous for his work on smallpox and the myxoma virus .

set: His two greatest achievements are cited as overseeing the eradication of smallpox , and the control of Australia 's rabbit plague through the introduction of Myxoma virus .


set: Sheffield currently has two big professional football teams : Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday .

set: There are two professional clubs in the Football League : Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday .


set: It is estimated that Sheffield has over two million trees , which is more than any city in Europe per each person . 61 % of the city is green space , such as parks and forests .

set: It is estimated that Sheffield has over two million trees , more per person than any other city in Europe ; 61 % of the city is green space .


set: The first football team in the world is from Sheffield , Sheffield F.C. , set up in 1857 .

set: Sheffield has a long sporting heritage . In 1857 a collective of cricketers formed the world 's first-ever official football club , Sheffield F.C. , and the world 's second-ever , Hallam F.C. , who also play at the world 's oldest football ground in the suburb of Crosspool .


set: The first football team in the world is from Sheffield , Sheffield F.C. , set up in 1857 . Sheffield currently has two big professional football teams : Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday .

set: Sheffield has two universities , the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University .


set: Peleus was one of the famous early Greek heroes . He was the son of Aeacus , King of Aegina .

set: Peleus was the son of Aeacus , king of the island of Aegina , and EndeÃ s , the oread of Mount Pelion in Thessaly ; he was the father of Achilles .


set: A Laserdisc , like a DVD , can play video of a higher quality than VHS . A Laserdisc is much larger than a DVD .

set: Some Laserdisc proponents believe analog Laserdisc is capable of higher quality than the lossy nature of DVD .


set: To play Laserdisc movies , a LaserDisc player is needed .

set: Proponents of Laserdisc argue that Laserdisc maintains a `` smoother '' , more `` film-like '' , natural image while DVD still looks slightly more artificial .


set: Elementary algebra is the most basic form of algebra taught to students . It is often one of the next areas of mathematics taught to students after arithmetic .

set: Elementary algebra is a fundamental and relatively basic form of algebra taught to students who are presumed to have little or no formal knowledge of mathematics beyond arithmetic .


set: While in arithmetic only numbers and operators like + , â ' , Ã -- , and Ã occur ; in algebra , variables ( like a , x , y ) are used to stand for numbers .

set: The major difference between algebra and arithmetic is the inclusion of variables . While in arithmetic only numbers and their arithmetical operations ( such as + , â ' , Ã -- , Ã ) occur , in algebra , one also uses symbols such as x and y , or a and b to denote variables .


set: To solve a simple equation with one unknown amount add , subtract , multiply , or divide both sides of the equation by the same number in order to put the unknown amount , x , on one side of the equation .

set: The central technique is add , subtract , multiply , or divide both sides of the equation by the same number in order to isolate the variable on one side of the equation .


set: These three are the main strands of elementary algebra . Elementary algebra is often used in many other subjects , like science , business , and building .

set: In more advanced algebra , an expression may also include elementary functions .


set: The Nissan Micra is a subcompact car produced by Nissan since 1982 .

set: The Nissan Micra ( known in Asia , except India as the Nissan March ) is a supermini produced by the Japanese automaker Nissan since 1982 .


set: Another extension adds behavior to the phenotype since behaviors are also affected by both genotypic and environmental factors .

set: Another extension adds behavior to the phenotype since behaviors are also observable characteristics .


set: This was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism 's heredity and what that heredity produces .

set: This genotype-phenotype distinction was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism 's heredity and what that heredity produces .


set: The distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann , who distinguished between germ plasm ( gametes or their stem cells ) and somatic cells ( the body ) .

set: The distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann , who distinguished between germ plasm ( heredity ) and somatic cells ( the body ) .


set: The idea of the extended phenotype has been developed by Richard Dawkins to mean all the effects a gene has on the outside world that may influence its chances of being inherited .

set: The idea of the phenotype has been generalized by Richard Dawkins in The Extended Phenotype to mean all the effects a gene has on the outside world that may influence its chances of being replicated .


set: These can be effects on the organism carrying the trait , the environment , or other organisms .

set: These can be effects on the organism in which the gene resides , the environment , or other organisms .


set: The term ` phenotype ' must include characteristics that can be made visible by some technical procedure ( such as blood types ) .

set: So , by extension , the term phenotype must include characteristics that can be made visible by some technical procedure .


set: Rats are more popular for tests relating to intelligence , learning , and illegal drugs . This is mostly because rats have a high intelligence , ingenuity , aggressiveness , and adaptability .

set: When it comes to conducting tests related to intelligence , learning , and drug abuse , rats are a popular choice due to their high intelligence , ingenuity , aggressiveness , and adaptability .


set: Domestic rats are very different from wild rats , however .

set: Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways .


set: That means that the terms rat and mouse are not specific in a taxonomic way : If a large muroid is discovered , it will often have rat in its name , if it is small , it will often be called mouse - this does not mean , however that the animals discovered will be part of the genus rattus ( for rats ) or mus for mice .

set: Generally , when someone discovers a large muroid , its common name includes the term rat , while if it is small , the name includes the term mouse . Scientifically , the terms are not confined to members of the Rattus and Mus genera , for example , the pack rat and cotton mouse .


set: Other mammals are called rat by many people , but those are not true rats , many are unrelated to the true Old World rat .

set: The term `` rat '' is also used in the names of other small mammals which are not true rats .


set: Pet rats live 2 to 3 1\/2 years . Female rats are smaller than male rats , and female rats are more active .

set: Pet rats are typically variants of the species Brown rat , but Black rats and Giant pouched rats are also known to be kept .


set: The muroid family is very large and complex .

set: The muroid family is very large and complex , and the common terms rat and mouse are not taxonomically specific .


set: Pet rats do not act the same as wild rats .

set: Pet rats are typically variants of the species Brown rat , but Black rats and Giant pouched rats are also known to be kept . Pet rats behave differently than their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets .


set: The group is generally known as the Old World rats or true rats , and originated in Asia .


set: Rats are large muroid rodents , mice are small ones .

set: Rats are typically distinguished from mice by their size ; rats are generally large muroid rodents , while mice are generally small muroid rodents .


set: The best known rats are the Black rat ( Rattus rattus ) , and the Brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) .

set: `` True rats '' are members of the genus Rattus , the most important of which to humans are the black rat , Rattus rattus , and the brown rat , Rattus norvegicus .


set: Their psychology seems to be very similar to human psychology .

set: Their psychology , in many ways , seems to be similar to humans .


set: Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes ( Barnett , 2002 ) .

set: Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes ( Barnett , 2002 ) , as well as to understand group behavior and overcrowding ( with the work of John B. Calhoun on behavioral sink ) .


set: People have kept rats as pets since the 19th century .

set: Specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 19th century .


set: Examples of such false names are the pack rats of North America , or the kangaroo rats .

set: Examples include the North American pack rats , a number of species loosely called kangaroo rats , and others .


set: Some other rats are related to the true rats , but are not in the genus Rattus . Such an example is the Bandicoot rat .

set: Rats such as the Bandicoot rat ( Bandicota bengalensis ) are murine rodents related to true rats , but are not members of the genus Rattus .


set: Female rats are smaller than male rats , and female rats are more active .

set: The term `` rat '' is also used in the names of other small mammals which are not true rats . Examples include the North American pack rats , a number of species loosely called kangaroo rats , and others .


set: Whole new species and strains of rats have been bred for the use as laboratory animals , for example the Wistar rat .

set: Entirely new breeds or `` lines '' of brown rats like the Wistar rat have been bred for use in laboratories .


set: Most rats are much bigger than their close relatives , the Old World mice . In the wild they very rarely weigh more than 500 grams though .

set: Rats are bigger than most Old World mice , which are their relatives , but seldom weigh over 500 g in the wild .


set: `` True rats '' are members of the genus Rattus , the most important of which to humans are the black rat , Rattus rattus , and the brown rat , Rattus norvegicus . Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats , and share many characteristics with true rats .


set: Brown rats are often used as model organisms .

set: Brown rats are often used as model organisms for scientific research .


set: If not all of those templates are protected , the protection template will have to be placed directly into the protected templates only .

set: It is used on protected templates and on protected file ( image ) pages .


set: Please note that only administrators can protect pages .

set: Please note that only administrators can protect pages , this template only informs about the protection status of the page .


set: This template will not be shown on pages that are not protected .

set: This template does not show on pages that are not protected , instead it reports an error .


set: The template will automatically detect the edit protection level ( semi or full ) of a page , and modify the appearance or categorization in consequence .

set: This template automatically detects the edit protection level ( semi or full ) of a page , and if it is on a template or file page , and modifies its appearance and how it categorizes the page .


set: Rollback can also be given to people who are not administrators .

set: Rollback is available to all administrators and can be given to other users on request . Currently , administrators and other users have rollback .


set: Rollback is available to all Wikipedia administrators , and there are users with the rollbacker permission . In total , editors have rollback rights .

set: Currently , administrators and other users have rollback .


set: In total , editors have rollback rights .

set: Standard rollback may only be used in certain situations â `` editors who misuse standard rollback ( for example , by using it to reverse good-faith edits in situations where an explanatory edit summary would normally be expected ) may have their rollback rights removed .


set: You may ask for rollback at Requests for rollback or on an administrator 's talk page .

set: To request rollback , ask at Requests for permissions\/Rollback or ask one of the administrators listed here . Any administrator may grant or revoke rollback , using the user rights page .


set: Their first known occurrence in the fossil record is in the Rhynie chert of the Devonian period , ~ 400 million years ago .

set: Their first known occurrence in the fossil record is during the Devonian period , 417-354 million years ago .


set: They are insects which have never had wings at any time in their evolutionary history .

set: The name Apterygota is sometimes applied to a subclass of small , agile insects , distinguished from other insects by their lack of wings in the present and in their evolutionary history .


set: They continue to moult throughout life , with multiple instars ( adult stages ) after reaching sexual maturity . All other insects have only a single sexually mature adult instar .

set: They continue to moult throughout life , with multiple instars after reaching sexual maturity , whereas all other insects have only a single sexually mature adult instar .


set: Ricardo Alexandre dos Santos ( born 24 June 1976 ) is a former Brazilian football player .

set: Ricardo Alexandre dos Santos or simply Ricardinho ( born June 24 , 1976 in Passos ) , is a Brazilian attacking midfielder .


set: The word , originating from Persian , literally means `` volunteer '' .

set: The word razakar , originating from Persian , literally means `` volunteer '' .


set: Initially , the force was under the command of local pro-Pakistani committees . But through the East Pakistan Razakar Ordinance ( promulgated by General Tikka Khan on 1 June , 1971 ) and a Ministry of Defense , Pakistan , ordinance ( promulaged 7 September ,1971 ) , Razakars were recognized as members of the Pakistan Army .

set: Initially , the force was under the command of local pro-Pakistani committees , but through the East Pakistan Razakar Ordinance ( promulgated by General Tikka Khan on 1 June 1971 ) and a Ministry of Defense ordinance ( promulgated 7 September 1971 ) , Razakars were recognized as members of the Pakistan Army .


set: It was composed of mostly pro-Pakistani Bengalis and Urdu-speaking migrants to erstwhile East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) .

set: The Razakar force was composed of mostly pro-Pakistani Bengalis and Urdu-speaking migrants living in erstwhile East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) .


set: The Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , also known as the KCA 's , is an annual awards show that shows on the Nickelodeon .

set: In June 2010 , Nickelodeon Latin America announced a Kids ' Choice Awards for Mexico . Other countries with their own Kids ' Choice Awards : Brazil , United Kingdom , Australia , and Indonesia .


set: Therefore yukata are perfect for summer .

set: A yukata is a Japanese garment , a casual summer kimono usually made of cotton . People wearing yukata are a common sight in Japan at fireworks displays , bon-odori festivals , and other summer events .


set: A yukata is a Japanese garment , a casual summer kimono usually made of cotton .


set: Speyer ( English formerly Spires ) is a city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate with about 50.000 inhabitants on the Rhine river .

set: Speyer ( formerly known as Spires in English ) is a city of Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany with approximately 50,000 inhabitants .


set: Around the year 500 the town gets the name Spira , named after the stream Speyerbach which flows into the Rhine river here .

set: Around the year 500 the name Spira first appeared in written documents .


set: It lies 25 k south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim .

set: Located beside the river Rhine , Speyer is 25 km south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim .


set: On August 7 , 1942 , Allied forces , mainly from the United States , started landings on the islands of Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and Florida in the southern Solomons with the aim to make supply routes between the U.S. , Australia , and New Zealand safer .

set: On August 7 , 1942 , Allied forces , predominantly American , landed on the islands of Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and Florida in the southern Solomon Islands with the objective of denying their use by the Japanese to threaten the supply and communication routes between the U.S. , Australia , and New Zealand .


set: The Guadalcanal Campaign was fought between August 7 , 1942 , and February 9 , 1943 , in the Pacific theater of World War II .

set: The Guadalcanal Campaign , also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by Allied forces , was fought between August 7 , 1942 and February 9 , 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II .


set: Saint-Maixant , Gironde is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

set: Saint-Maixant is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


set: Interstate 89 is an Interstate Highway in the United States . It goes from Concord , New Hampshire north to Highgate Springs , Vermont at the Canada border .

set: Interstate 89 ( abbreviated I-89 ) is an interstate highway in the New England region of the United States traveling between Bow , New Hampshire and Highgate Springs , Vermont .


set: Jeffersonville is a city of Clark County in the state of Indiana , United States .

set: Jeffersonville is a city in Clark County , Indiana , along the Ohio River .


set: In many parts of the world nearly all music is folk music .

set: Since the middle of the 20th century , the term has also been used to describe a kind of popular music that is based on traditional music . Fusion genres include folk rock , electric folk , folk metal , progressive folk , psychedelic folk , freak folk and neofolk .


set: Zhejiang is an eastern coastal province of the People 's Republic of China .


set: `` Zhejiang '' is named by the Qiantang River , which is also called `` Zhejiang '' .

set: The word Zhejiang ( crooked river ) was the old name of the Qiantang River , which passes through Hangzhou , the provincial capital .


set: Zhejiang is a province in east China . `` Zhejiang '' is named by the Qiantang River , which is also called `` Zhejiang '' .

set: The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest ranking official in the People 's Government of Zhejiang .


set: Haider lead the Freedom Party to great success so that in 1999 the party reached the second most votes with 27 % behind the SPÃ -- with 33 % and could form a coalition with the Austrian People 's Party Ã -- VP ( having for the first time only the third most votes ) making Wolfgang SchÃ 1\/4 ssel Chancellor of Austria .

set: Haider 's Freedom Party , which in 1999 was slightly stronger than SchÃ 1\/4 ssel 's party , was reduced to 10.16 % of the vote .


set: For this a coalition of BZÃ -- with FPÃ -- and Ã -- VP was necessary , however Haider never got into this position .

set: Haider had to resign his post as governor , the FPÃ -- - Ã -- VP coalition was replaced by an SPÃ -- - Ã -- VP coalition .


set: Randolph Adolphus ( ` Randy ' ) Turpin ( June 7,1928 â `` May 17 , 1966 ) was an English boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world in 1951 .

set: Randolph Adolphus ( ` Randy ' ) Turpin ( 7 June 1928 â `` 17 May 1966 ) known as the Leamington Larruper , was an English boxer who was considered by some to be Europe 's best middleweight boxer of the 1940s and 1950s .


set: Visual Basic ( VB ) is a programming language developed by Microsoft for their operating system Windows .

set: Visual Basic ( VB ) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment ( IDE ) from Microsoft for its COM programming model . Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn and use .


set: A family name is also called a surname .

set: The parents may choose either surname or the double surname for their children , but all siblings must share the same surname . All persons have the right to change their surname once without any specific reason .


set: One of the earliest Sanskrit literatures to explicitly identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta was Vishnu Sarma 's Panchatantra in the 3rd century BC .

set: One of the earliest Sanskrit literatures to explicitly identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta was Vishnu Sharma 's Panchatantra in the 3rd century BC .


set: He is generally called Chanakya ( taken from his father 's name `` Chanak '' ) but , in his capacity as author of the ArthaÅ hÄ stra , is generally referred to as Kautilya derived from his gotra 's name `` KOTIL '' ( Kautilya means `` of Kotil '' ) .

set: He is generally called Chanakya ( derived from his father 's name `` Chanak '' ) but , in his capacity as author of the ArthaÅ hÄ stra , is generally referred to as Kautilya derived from his gotra 's name `` Kotil '' ( Kautilya means `` of Kotil '' ) .


set: Chanakya ( Sanskrit : à à 3\/4 à # à à à ' tamil : à à 3\/4 à # à à à à à à à ) ( c. 350-283 BCE ) was an adviser and a prime minister to Chandragupta Maurya ( c. 340-293 BCE ) . Chanakya helped Chandragupta create the Maurya Empire .

set: ChÄ nakya ( Sanskrit : à à 3\/4 à # à à à ' ( c. 350 â `` 283 BCE ) was an adviser to the first Maurya Emperor Chandragupta ( c. 340 â `` 293 BCE ) , and was the chief architect of his rise to power .


set: Chanakya is considered a pioneer ( someone who explores a new area ) in economics .

set: Chanakya has been considered as the pioneer of the field of economics and political science .


set: He believed in four ways : Treating with Equality , Enticement , Punishment or War and Sowing Dissension .

set: He believed in four waysâ '' Sama , Daama , Danda , Bheda ( treating with Equality , Enticement , Punishment or War and Sowing Dissension . )


set: Andorra is a European country between Spain and France .

set: Andorra ( , , locally : ) , officially the Principality of Andorra , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra , , is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe , located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France .


set: Andorra 's government is a parliamentary democracy .

set: The politics of Andorra take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democracy , whereby the Prime Minister of Andorra is the head of government , and of a pluriform multi-party system .


set: Its capital , Andorra la Vella , is the highest capital city in Europe , being at an elevation of 1023 metres .


set: Mathieu Flamini ( born 7 March 1984 ) is a French football player . He plays for Milan .

set: Mathieu Flamini ( born 7 March 1984 Marseille , France ) is a French professional footballer of Italian descent who plays as a midfielder for Serie A club Milan . .


set: Contactless smart cards can be used for identification , authentication , and saving up data .

set: Contactless smart cards can be used for identification , authentication , and data storage .


set: Many people believe contactless smart cards have a read-only RFID inside it . This is not true , but they do have a re-writable smart card microchip inside them .

set: Contactless smart cards do not contain an ordinary read-only RFID , but they do contain a re-writable smart card microchip that can be transcribed via radio waves .


set: There are two main kinds of contactless smart cards .

set: There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards .


set: A contactless smart card is in a card pocket-sized ( usually as big as a credit card ) card with integrated circuits that can process and save data .

set: A contactless smart card is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits that can process and store data , and communicate with a terminal via radio waves .


set: This is not true , but they do have a re-writable smart card microchip inside them . Contactless smart cards can be used for identification , authentication , and saving up data .

set: For smart cards that use electrical conductors see smart card .


set: By having two brands in place , the WWF was able to increase the number of live events held each year from 200 to 350 .

set: By having two brands in place , the WWF was able to increase the number of live events held each year from 200 to 350 , including tours in several new international markets .


set: After buying World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , its business opponent through the 1990s , in March 2001 , the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) wanted to find a way to split itself into two separate brands , because of the numbers of Superstars that it had gotten as part of WCW 's purchase .

set: After acquiring the remains of World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , its main competitor throughout the 1990s , in March 2002 , the World Wrestling Entertainment sought a way to split itself into two separate promotions , because of the numbers of talent that it had acquired as part of its purchase .


set: The 2002 World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) Brand Extension Draft took place at Penn State University in State College , Pennsylvania on March 25 , 2002 .

set: The 2002 WWE Brand Extension Draft took place at Penn State University in State College , Pennsylvania on March 25 , 2002 .


set: On the June 10 , 2002 edition of Raw , McMahon became the only owner of World Wrestling Entertainment when he defeated Flair in a No Holds Barred match .

set: On the June 10 , 2002 edition of Raw , Vince McMahon became the sole owner of World Wrestling Entertainment when he defeated Flair in a No Holds Barred match .


set: Interbrand competition was kept at a minimum , with superstars from all brands competing together only at pay-per-view events .

set: Interbrand competition was kept to a minimum , with superstars from all brands competing together only at pay-per-view events .


set: The new brand debuted on its current network , the SCI FI Channel on June 13 2006 .

set: The new brand debuted on Sci Fi Channel on June 13 , 2006 .


set: and ECW superstars began to appear on both shows as part of a ( kayfabe ) deal between ECW General Manager Armando Estrada and SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero .

set: and ECW superstars began to appear on each others shows as part of a ( kayfabe ) deal between then-ECW General Manager Armando Estrada and then-SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero .


set: A draft was started the following week on RAW .

set: A draft was held the following week on RAW .


set: The return of Saturday Night 's Main Event to NBC has also lead to more interaction between the brands .

set: The return of Saturday Night 's Main Event to NBC also led to more interaction between the brands .


set: However , the WWF Board of Directors would only allow the match if Flair were to give all control of the WWF to McMahon .

set: However , the WWF Board of Directors would only allow the match if Flair were to return one hundred percent control to McMahon .


set: The second half , or the supplemental draft , was conducted over the internet on WWF 's official website , WWF.com .

set: The second half was conducted over the internet on WWF 's official website , WWF.com .


set: Vince McMahon did not like having to share his creation with Flair and looked for a way to stop their partnership .

set: Vince McMahon detested having to share his creation with Ric Flair and looked for a way to dissolve their partnership .


set: and one from RAW onto the new ECW brand .

set: and one from Raw onto the newly created ECW brand .


set: After World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) bought all of Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) in 2003 , the company began releasing DVDs showing the original ECW .

set: After World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) bought all of Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) 's assets in 2003 , the company began releasing DVDs promoting the original ECW .


set: On May 26 , 2006 , WWE announced a new brand , ECW , a revival of the 1990s show .

set: On May 26 , 2006 , WWE announced a launch of a new brand , ECW , a revival of the 1990s promotion .


set: In terms of storyline , Ric Flair had become co-owner of the WWF following Survivor Series 2001 where Shane and Stephanie McMahon sold their stocks to Flair in order to buy WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) .

set: In terms of storyline , Ric Flair had become fifty percent owner of the WWE following Survivor Series 2001 after Shane and Stephanie McMahon had sold their stocks to him in order to purchase WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) , respectively .


set: On the March 18 , 2002 episode of RAW , Vince McMahon won a coin toss to determine who would receive the first draft selection .

set: On the March 25 , 2002 episode of Raw , Vince McMahon won a coin toss to determine who would receive the first draft selection .


set: This issue was solved in September 2002 when the Undisputed Championship became the WWE Championship again and was moved to SmackDown !

set: This issue was corrected in September 2002 when the Undisputed Championship became the WWE Championship again and was moved to SmackDown !


set: When ECW was revived in 2006 , the ECW Championship was re-established and is that brand 's world title .

set: When ECW was revived in 2006 , the ECW World Heavyweight Championship was reactivated .


set: The first half of the draft was televised live on TNN for two hours , on WWE 's flagship program , Raw .

set: The first half of the draft was televised live on TNN for two hours , as part of WWE ( known then as the WWF ) 's flagship program , Raw .


set: Their decision was to split the entire WWF roster into two separate brands , with Vince McMahon in control of the SmackDown !

set: Their decision was to split the entire WWF roster into two separate entities , with Vince McMahon in control of the SmackDown !


set: The British Rail Class 76 , also known as Class EM1 , is a class of 1.5 kV DC , Bo-Bo electric locomotive designed for use on the now-closed Woodhead Line in Northern England .

set: The British Rail Class 76 , also known as Class EM1 ( Electric Mixed-Traffic 1 ) , is a class of 1.5 kV DC , Bo-Bo electric locomotive designed for use on the now-closed Woodhead Line in Northern England .


set: JÃ rg BÃ hme ( born 22 January , 1974 ) is a former German football player .

set: JÃ rg BÃ hme ( born 22 January 1974 in HohenmÃ lsen ) is a German former footballer who works as assistant coach of Arminia Bielefeld .


set: Belo Horizonte is a Brazilian city , capital of the state of Minas Gerais .

set: Belo Horizonte ( , Beautiful Horizon ) is the capital of and largest city in the state of Minas Gerais , located in the southeastern region of Brazil .


set: It is the third largest metropolitan area in the country .

set: It is the third-largest metropolitan area in the country .


set: As for the zest , it is widely used in creole cuisine and to impart flavor to `` arranged '' rums in the RÃ union island and Madagascar .

set: The zest of the fruit is used in creole cuisine and to impart flavor to `` arranged '' rums in the Martinique , RÃ union island and Madagascar .


set: The Kaffir lime ( Citrus hystrix DC . , Rutaceae ) , also known as kieffer lime , makrut , or magrood , is a citrus fruit native to Indonesia . It is widely grown worldwide as a backyard shrub .

set: The kaffir lime ( Citrus hystrix DC . , Rutaceae ) , also known as combava , kieffer lime , limau purut or makrut lime , Kabuyao ( Cabuyao ) is a lime native to Laos , Indonesia , Malaysia and Thailand , south asia , used in Southeast Asian cuisine , but grown worldwide as a backyard shrub .


set: Antonio BarragÃ n ( born 12 June 1987 ) is a Spanish football player . He plays for Real Valladolid .

set: Antonio BarragÃ n FernÃ ndez ( born 12 June 1987 in Pontedeume , Galicia ) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Real Valladolid as a right defender .


set: LespÃ ron is a commune in the ArdÃ che dÃ partement in southern France .

set: LespÃ ron is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in southern France .


set: It was once named the Evening Gazette after initially being named The West Lancashire Evening Gazette .

set: It was formerly named the Evening Gazette after initially being named The West Lancashire Evening Gazette .


set: It is published every day except Sunday . It covers the towns and communities of the Fylde coast .

set: Published every day except Sunday , it covers the towns and communities of the Fylde coast .


set: Her father was Henry II of France and her mother was Catherine of Medici . She was also the sister of Francis II of France , Charles IV of France and Henry III of France .

set: She was the daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de ' Medici and the sister of Kings Francis II , Charles IX and Henry III and of Queen Elizabeth of Spain .


set: Margaret of Valois ( May 14 , 1553 â `` May 27 , 1615 ) was a Princess of France and a member of the house of Valois .

set: Margaret of Valois ( French : Marguerite de France , Marguerite de Valois , 14 May 1553 -- 27 March 1615 ) was Queen of France and of Navarre during the late sixteenth century . Royal Princess of France by birth , she ultimately became the only surviving member of the Royal Valois dynasty .


set: Camino is a free , open source web browser , that was designed for the Mac OS X operating system .

set: Camino ( from the Spanish word camino meaning `` path '' ) is a free , open source , GUI-based Web browser based on Mozilla 's Gecko layout engine and specifically designed for the Mac OS X operating system .


set: David Anthony `` Tony '' Rice ( born June 8 , 1951 ) is an American musician and songwriter . He was born in Danville , Virginia .

set: Tony Rice ( born David Anthony Rice , June 8 , 1951 , Danville , Virginia ) is an American acoustic guitarist and bluegrass musician .


set: Crystle Stewart is a beauty queen from Houston , Texas . She won the Miss USA pageant in 2008 .

set: Crystle Danae Stewart ( born September 20 , 1981 ) , from Missouri City , Texas , is an American beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss USA 2008 .


set: She represented Texas in the Miss USA 2008 pageant held in April 2008 .


set: There have been 3 main revolutions , the American Revolution , the English revolution and the industrial revolution .

set: Many such early studies of revolutions tended to concentrate on four classic casesâ '' famous and uncontroversial examples that fit virtually all definitions of revolutions , like the Glorious Revolution ( 1688 ) , the French Revolution ( 1789 â `` 1799 ) , the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution ( 1927 â `` 1949 ) . In his famous `` The Anatomy of Revolution '' , however , the eminent Harvard historian , Crane Brinton , focused on the English Civil War , the American Revolution , the French Revolution , and the Russian Revolution .


set: In non-Euclidean geometry they can meet , either once ( elliptic geometry ) , or infinity many ( hyperbolic geometry ) times .

set: In general , there are two forms of ( homogeneous ) non-Euclidean geometry , hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry .


set: Non-Euclidean geometry is a type of geometry .

set: Examples of non-Euclidean geometries include the hyperbolic and elliptic geometry , which are contrasted with a Euclidean geometry .


set: Non-Euclidean geometry only uses some of the `` postulates '' ( assumptions ) that Euclidean geometry is based on . In normal geometry , parallel lines can never meet .

set: The essential difference between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry is the nature of parallel lines .


set: Non-Euclidean geometry is a type of geometry . Non-Euclidean geometry only uses some of the `` postulates '' ( assumptions ) that Euclidean geometry is based on .

set: Non-Euclidean geometry systems differ from Euclidean geometry in that they modify Euclid 's fifth postulate , which is also known as the parallel postulate .


set: The Przewalski 's horse ( Equus przewalskii or E. caballus przewalskii ) , also known as the Mongolian Wild Horse , or Takhi , is the closest living relative of the Domestic Horse and may in fact be the same species .

set: The taxonomic position of Przewalski 's Horse has always been problematic and no consensus exists whether it is a full species ( Equus przewalskii ) , a subspecies of the wild horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii ) or even a sub-population of the horse ( Equus ferus ) . Studies using DNA have been inconclusive , in part due to crossing domestic horses into the Przewalski 's Horse as well as the limited genetic variation present in the founder population of the Przewalski 's Horse .


set: In 1998 , Navarro was asked to leave the band .

set: Navarro was ultimately fired from the band due to creative differences in 1998 .


set: Anthony Kiedis had become addicted to cocaine and heroin in 1994 , so some of the lyrics he wrote were about the effects of drugs .

set: Vocalist Anthony Kiedis , who had resumed addictions to cocaine and heroin in 1994 after being sober for more than five years , approached his lyricism with a reflective outlook on drugs and their harsh effects .


set: One Hot Minute is the sixth studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers . It was released on September 12 , 1995 by record label Warner Bros. .

set: One Hot Minute is the sixth studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers , released on September 12 , 1995 , on Warner Bros. .


set: John Frusciante had left the band after their previous album , Blood Sugar Sex Magik , so Dave Navarro joined as the new guitarist .

set: The worldwide success of the band 's previous album , Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) , caused guitarist John Frusciante to become uncomfortable with their status , eventually quitting mid-tour in 1992 .


set: One Hot Minute did not sell many copies , even though it reached number four on the Billboard 200 chart .

set: One Hot Minute was a commercial disappointment despite producing three hit singles and reaching number four on the Billboard 200 chart .


set: Blood Sugar Sex Magik sold twice as many copies as One Hot Minute .

set: It sold less than half as many copies as Blood Sugar Sex Magik and received much less critical acclaim .


set: It also had some heavy metal guitar riffs .

set: It also ( re - ) integrated use of heavy metal guitar riffs .


set: Red Hot Chili Peppers ' music was very different because of Navarro .

set: One Hot Minute was the only album that guitarist Dave Navarro recorded with the band . His presence altered the Red Hot Chili Peppers ' sound considerably .


set:
Its capital is Gifu .
Its capital is the city of Gifu .


set: Gifu is one of the prefectures in ChÅ `` bu area in Japan .

set: Gifu Prefecture is a prefecture located in the ChÅ `` bu region of central Japan .


set: Uther Pendragon is the father of King Arthur in the Arthurian legend .

set: Uther Pendragon remains a widely used character in modern Arthurian literature .


set: It also involved 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses .

set: In addition to the large number of troops , it also involved 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses .


set: Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in human history which more men were involved and more were dead .

set: Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in human history in both manpower and casualties .


set: Operation Barbarossa ( , named after Federick I ) was the code name for the European Axis 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II which began on 22 June 1941 .

set: Operation Barbarossa ( German : Unternehmen Barbarossa , for Frederick I ) was the code name for Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941 .


set: William E. Nelson ( born February 18 , 1941 ) is an Environmental Wax Researcher .

set: Wile E. Nelson is an environmental wax researcher from Perth , Ontario , Canada .


set: Macogny is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

set: Macogny is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


set: It was called the `` Scottish Tramway Museum Society '' . It had that name until 1983 when it changed to the current one .

set: Until 1983 it was known as the Scottish Tramway Museum Society .


set: The Scottish Tramway and Transport Society was set up on the 27th June 1951 .

set: The Scottish Tramway and Transport Society was founded on 27 June 1951 .


set: They wanted to preserve a Glasgow `` Room and Kitchen '' type single deck tramcar . There is now one at the Glasgow Museum of Transport .

set: The Society was originally formed by tramway enthusiasts , mainly living in the Glasgow area , with a view to preserve a Glasgow `` Room and Kitchen '' type single deck tramcar ( which is now preserved in the Glasgow Museum of Transport ) .


set: Manoel de Aguiar Fagundes ( born 22 August , 1907 ) is a former Brazilian football player .

set: Manoel de Aguiar Fagundes ( 22 August 1907 -- 22 November 1953 ) is a former Brazilian football player .


set: La BrÃ de is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

set: La BrÃ de is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


set: In May 1941 Sargent conducted Elgar 's Dream of Gerontius in an afternoon concert in the Queen 's Hall .

set: In May 1941 Sargent conducted the last performance held in the Queen 's Hall . Following an afternoon performance of Elgar 's The Dream of Gerontius , the hall was destroyed during a night-time incendiary raid .


set: Sargent stopped the orchestra , calmed the audience by saying they were safer inside the hall than they would be outside , and started to conduct again .

set: Sargent stopped the orchestra , calmed the audience by saying they were safer inside the hall than fleeing outside , and resumed conducting .


set: During the war , Sargent conducted the HallÃ Orchestra in Manchester ( 1939-42 ) and the Liverpool Philharmonic ( 1942-48 ) and became a popular radio broadcaster with the BBC .

set: During the war , Sargent directed the HallÃ Orchestra in Manchester ( 1939 â `` 42 ) and the Liverpool Philharmonic ( 1942 â `` 48 ) and became a popular BBC Home Service radio broadcaster .


set: His father was a coal merchant at Stamford , Lincolnshire , who also played the organ . Sargent grew up in Stamford and became involved in a lot of amateur music making .

set: Sargent was brought up in Stamford , Lincolnshire , where he joined the choir at Peterborough Cathedral , studied the organ and won a scholarship to Stamford School .


set: Sargent was chief conductor of the Proms from 1948 until his death in 1967 . In 1950 he followed Sir Adrian Boult as conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra .

set: Sargent was chief conductor of the Proms from 1948 until his death in 1967 and of the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1950 to 1957 , succeeding Sir Adrian Boult .


set: During one concert he was playing Beethoven 's Symphony No. 7 when there was an air raid .

set: On one famous occasion , an air raid interrupted a performance of Beethoven 's Symphony No. 7 .


set: He did not often conduct opera , but he did conduct at the Royal Opera House : in 1936 with Gustave Charpentier 's opera Louise in 1936 and in 1954 the first performance of Walton 's Troilus and Cressida .

set: In 1936 , he conducted his first opera at Covent Garden , Gustave Charpentier 's Louise . He did not return to the Royal Opera House to conduct opera again until 1954 , with Walton 's Troilus and Cressida , although he did conduct the incidental music for a dramatisation of The Pilgrim 's Progress given at the Royal Opera House in 1948 .


set: Fareham is a town situated in the county of Hampshire , UK .

set: The main economic activity in Fareham is now retail , employing 15 % of the local population . Fareham has also become a popular choice for the location of business call centres ; several of the UK 's major banks have offices in Fareham and Adecco , the recruitment agency , claims Fareham as the second best call center location in the UK .


set: The first and only written biography of Doug Henning , Spellbound : The Wonder-filled Life of Doug Henning was published in 2009 ( John Harrison , BoxOffice Books , New York . )

set: In 1984 Henning began a solo show on Broadway called Doug Henning and His World of Magic .


set: Douglas James Henning ( 1947-2000 ) was a Canadian magician , illusionist and escape artist .

set: Douglas James Henning ( May 3 , 1947 -- February 7 , 2000 ) was a Canadian magician , illusionist , escape artist and politician .


set: The outer wall was made from about 100,000 cubic meters ( 131,000 cu yd ) of travertine stone . This was held together by 300 tons of iron clamps .

set: The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic meters ( 131,000 cu yd ) of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps .


set: Theodosius II and Valentinian III ( ruled 425 â `` 450 ) , repaired damage caused by an earthquake in 443 ; more work followed in 484 and 508 .

set: An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III ( reigned 425 â `` 455 ) , possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443 ; more work followed in 484 and 508 .


set: Pope Sixtus V ( 1585 â `` 1590 ) wanted to turn the building into a wool factory to provide jobs for Rome 's prostitutes , but he died and the idea given up .

set: Pope Sixtus V ( 1585 â `` 1590 ) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome 's prostitutes , though this proposal fell through with his premature death .


set: It is oval shaped , 189 meters ( 615 ft \/ 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 510 ft \/ 528 Roman feet ) wide . It covers an area of 6 a. The outer wall is 48 meters ( 157 ft \/ 165 Roman feet ) high .

set: It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters ( 615 ft \/ 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 510 ft \/ 528 Roman feet ) wide , with a base area of 6 a. The height of the outer wall is 48 meters ( 157 ft \/ 165 Roman feet ) .


set: The last record of gladiator fights is about 435 , while animal hunts continued until at least 523 .

set: The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century , with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435 . Animal hunts continued until at least 523 , when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes , criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost .


set: About 1200 , the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and made it into a castle .

set: Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it , apparently using it as a castle .


set: In 1671 Cardinal Altieri said it could be used for bullfights .

set: In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights ; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned .


set: Dio Cassius said that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the opening games .

set: Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre .


set: The underground area was partly dug out in 1810 â `` 1814 and 1874 . This digging was finished by Benito Mussolini in the 1930s .

set: The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810 â `` 1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s .


set: The building of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70 â `` 72AD .

set: Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70 â `` 72 AD .


set: Usually in Roman cities , the amphitheatres were built on the edge of the city . The Colosseum was built in the city center ; in effect , placing it in the real and symbolic heart of Rome .

set: In contrast to many other amphitheatres , which were located on the outskirts of a city , the Colosseum was constructed in the city center ; in effect , placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome .


set: The faÃ ade was made stronger with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 . The inside was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s .

set: The faÃ ade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 , and the interior was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s .


set: The Colosseum went through big changes of use during the medieval period .

set: The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period .


set: He built a grand palace , the Domus Aurea which had a lake , gardens , paths covered with a roof held up by columns ( porticoes ) , and large shelters ( pavilions ) to sit in .

set: He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site , in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions , gardens and porticoes .


set: Schools for gladiators and other buildings were put up in the old gardens of the Domus Aurea .

set: Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea .


set: In 217 , the Colosseum was badly damaged by fire . Dio Cassius said the fire was started by lightning .

set: In 217 , the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire ( caused by lightning , according to Dio Cassius ) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre 's interior .


set: The area was flat , in a valley between the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine Hills .

set: The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine Hills , through which a canalised stream ran .


set: The top level was finished and the building opened by his son , Titus , in 80 .

set: The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son , Titus , in 80 .


set: The arena was converted into a cemetery .


set: He had the Aqua Claudia aqueduct made longer to supply water to the area . There was also a big bronze statue of Nero , the Colossus of Nero , at the front of the Domus Aurea .

set: The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea .


set: Although the Colossus was preserved , much of the Domus Aurea was torn down .


set: The building was changed by Vespasian 's younger son , Emperor Domitian . He added the hypogeum , underground tunnels used to hold the animals and slaves used in the games .

set: The building was remodelled further under Vespasian 's younger son , the newly designated Emperor Domitian , who constructed the hypogeum , a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves .


set: The north side of the outside wall is still standing . It has triangular brick wedges at each end , added in the early 1800 's to hold up the wall .

set: The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing ; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions , having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall .


set: The distance around the building was 545 meters ( 1,788 ft \/ 1,835 Roman feet ) .

set: The perimeter originally measured 545 meters ( 1,788 ft \/ 1,835 Roman feet ) .


set: Carter was born in Plains , Georgia . He was a state senator and later the governor of Georgia .

set: Before he became President , Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia ( 1971 â `` 1975 ) , and was a peanut farmer and naval officer .


set: James Earl `` Jimmy '' Carter , Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 .

set: James Earl `` Jimmy '' Carter , Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) served as the 39th President of the United States ( 1977 â `` 1981 ) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize , the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office .


set: ChÃ cents teau-Gaillard is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


set: Port Richey is a city in Florida , United States .

set: The City of Port Richey is served by the Port Richey Police Dept. and The Port Richey Fire Dept. .


set: On October 31 , 2007 , the Islamic nationalists news agency Chechen-press reported that the President of Ichkeria Doka Umarov had proclaimed an Emirate in the Caucasus and declared himself its Emir , thereby abolishing the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency .

set: On October 31 , 2007 , the separatist news agency Chechenpress reported that the President of Ichkeria Dokka Umarov had proclaimed an Emirate in the Caucasus and declared himself its Emir , thereby abolishing the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency .


set: The Caucasus Emirate Cyrillic alphabet : Ð Ð 1\/4 Ð Ñ Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Imarat Kavkaz , also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self-proclaimed virtual state entity , successor to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was officially announced on October 31 , 2007 by former President of Ichkeria Dokka Umarov .

set: The Caucasus Emirate ( Chechen Cyrillic : Ð Ð 1\/4 Ð Ñ Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Imarat Kavkaz , ) also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self-proclaimed virtual state entity , partially successor to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was officially announced on October 31 , 2007 by former President of Ichkeria Dokka Umarov , who became the first Emir .


set: Sullivan is a city of Indiana in the United States .

set: Sullivan is a city in Hamilton Township , Sullivan County , Indiana , United States .


set: Humans , and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet , are plantigrade ; hoofed animals are unguligrade .

set: Humans , and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet , are described as being plantigrade ; unguligrade animals are those that walk on hooves at the tips of their toes .


set: Toes are the digits of the foot of an animal .

set: Toes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod .


set: The inside toe is by far the thickest , and is called the big toe , great toe , or hallux .

set: A sprain or strain to the small interphalangeal joints of the toe is commonly called a stubbed toe . A sprain or strain where the toe joins to the foot is called turf toe .


set: Many animal species walk on their toes , and are called digitigrade .

set: Animal species such as cats that walk on their toes are described as being digitigrade .


set: There are two islands , called Big Diomede . and Little Diomede respectively .

set: The islands are sometimes called Tomorrow Island ( Big Diomede ) and Yesterday Isle ( Little Diomede ) because the time in Big Diomede is 20 hours ( approximately a day ) ahead of Little Diomede .


set: Little Diomede has an Inupiat Eskimo population of 170 , mostly in the City of Diomede .

set: Little Diomede has an Inupiat Inuit population of 170 , mostly in the city of Diomede .


set: This village there has a school , and a local store .


set: They Chukchi Sea is to the north and the Bering Sea to the south of the islands .

set: The Diomede Islands are located in the middle of the Bering Strait between mainland Alaska and Siberia , with the Chukchi Sea to the north and the Bering Sea to the south .


set: Some eskimos there are famous for their ivory carving .

set: Some Inuit residents are famous for their ivory carving .


set: The islands are separated by an international border and the International Date Line which is approximately 1 k from each island .

set: The islands are separated by an international border as well as the International Date Line which is approximately 2 k from each island .


set: Mail is delivered by helicopter , weather permitting .

set: Passenger travel and mail delivery is by helicopter , weather permitting .


set: There are plans to build a connection between Siberia and Alaska , either as a bridge or a tunnel ( Bering Strait bridge spanning the Bering Strait ) . In that case , the Diomede Island would be a halfway point , as they are about the middle of the Bering Strait .

set: The Diomede Islands are often mentioned as likely intermediate stops for a bridge or tunnel ( Bering Strait bridge ) spanning the Bering Strait .


set: The people who lived on Big Diomede Island were moved to mainland Russia by the Soviet government . A small Russian military base is currently on the island .

set: The native population of Big Diomede Island was relocated by the Soviet government to mainland Russia and the island is currently home to a small Russian military presence .


set: 9.3 m to the southeast is Fairway Rock , an islet which is usually not considered part of the Diomede Islands .

set: 9.3 k to the southeast is Fairway Rock , which is generally not considered part of the Diomede Islands .


set: At the closest distance between Little Diomede and Big Diomede , the two islands are only about 4 k apart .

set: At the closest distance between Little Diomede and Big Diomede , the two islands are about 3.8 k apart .


set: People who live on Little Diomede Island do so in a small village called Diomede , on the west side of the island .

set: The small habitation on Little Diomede Island is centered to the west side of the island at the village of Diomede .


set: Jouaignes is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

set: Jouaignes is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .


set: This was also performed with Garfunkel under the name `` Simon and Garfunkel .

set: Columbia decided that the two would be called simply `` Simon & Garfunkel , '' a replacement for the group 's previous name `` Tom and Jerry . '' Simon claimed in 2003 that this renaming as `` Simon & Garfunkel '' was the first time that artists ' ethnic names had been used in pop music .


set: In 2006 , Time said that he was one of the 100 people who shape our world .

set: In 2006 , Simon was selected by Time Magazine as one of the `` 100 People Who Shaped the World . ''


set: He became famous as a member of Simon and Garfunkel , with his friend , Art Garfunkel .

set: Occasionally , he and Garfunkel did reunite , such as in 1975 for their Top Ten single `` My Little Town '' , which Simon originally wrote for Garfunkel , claiming Garfunkel 's solo output was lacking `` bite . '' The song was included on their respective solo albums ; Paul Simon 's Still Crazy After All These Years , and Garfunkel 's Breakaway .


set: The district consists of two sub-divisions or Tehsils which contain a total of 20 Union Councils :

set: The district consists of two sub-divisions or Tehsils , containing 20 in total . Union Councils :


set: Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order .

set: Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District .


set: It has geographical borders with Kohistan District , Tribal Area of Kala Dhaka ( Black Mountain of Hazara ) , Shangla District and Malakand Division .

set: It has geographical borders with Kohistan District , the Tribal Area of Kala Dhaka ( Black Mountain of Hazara ) , Shangla District and Malakand Division .


set: Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order , Mr. Yousaf Khan Trand ( Late provincianal Minister in Mir Afzal Khan Cabinet N.W.F. P ) Was the leader who Strugle for Battagram and Make it a separate district , before district it was a tehsil of District Mansehra .

set: Before Battagram obtained the status of district , it was a Tehsil of the Mansehra District .


set: Certain technologies such as RAID 6 try to address this issue , but they suffer from a very high write penalty , in other words writing data becomes very slow .

set: Double protection schemes such as RAID 6 are attempting to address this issue , but suffer from a very high write penalty .


set: Hardware RAID controllers are often expensive to buy .

set: Hardware RAID controllers are expensive and proprietary .


set: An error that occurs during the process of writing may therefore leave the redundant copies in different states . What is worse , it may leave the copies in neither the old nor the new state .

set: Hence an error that occurs during the process of writing may leave the redundant copies in different states , and furthermore may leave the copies in neither the old nor the new state .


set: This means that a RAID built with one hardware RAID controller can not be rebuilt by another RAID controller of a different manufacturer . Hardware RAID controllers are often expensive to buy .

set: A hardware implementation of RAID requires at least a special-purpose RAID controller .


set: Some motherboards have RAID functions for the disks attached ; most often , these RAID functions are done as hardware-assisted RAID .

set: Firmware controllers often can only use certain types of hard drives in their RAID arrays ( e.g. SATA for Intel Matrix RAID ) , as there is neither SCSI nor PATA support in modern Intel ICH southbridges ; however , motherboard makers implement RAID controllers outside of the southbridge on some motherboards . Before their introduction , a `` RAID controller '' implied that the controller did the processing , and the new type has become known by some as `` fake RAID '' even though the RAID itself is implemented correctly .


set: This adds both the time to replace a failed disk mechanism as well as time to re-build the array ( i.e. to replicate data for redundancy ) .

set: This includes time to replace a failed disk mechanism as well as time to re-build the array ( i.e. to replicate data for redundancy ) .


set: This means that drive failures are no longer statistically independent .

set: Since many drive failures are due to mechanical issues which are more likely on older drives , this violates those assumptions and failures are in fact statistically correlated .


set: With RAID 0 , disks are simply put together to make a large disk .

set: Only RAID 1 stores all data on each disk . Although it may depend on the controller , some RAID 1 disks can be read as a single conventional disk .


set: It is possible to calculate how often a piece of equipment can fail and to arrange the array to make data loss very improbable .

set: Given these assumptions it is possible to calculate how often they can fail and to arrange the array to make data loss arbitrarily improbable .


set: The calculations for RAID 0 or RAID 1 are simple . However , the calculations for RAID 5 , RAID 6 , or one of the combined RAID levels can be a lot of work .

set: When the top array is a RAID 0 ( such as in RAID 10 and RAID 50 ) most vendors omit the '' + '' , though RAID 5 +0 is clearer .


set: RAID is an acronym that stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks or Redundant Array of Independent Disks .

set: RAID , an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks ( Changed from its original term Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks ) , is a technology that provides increased storage functions and reliability through redundancy .


set: This means that a RAID built with one hardware RAID controller can not be rebuilt by another RAID controller of a different manufacturer .

set: However , this allows RAID disks to be moved from one computer to a computer with an operating system or file system of the same type , which can be more difficult when using hardware RAID ( e.g. # 1 : When one computer uses a hardware RAID controller from one manufacturer and another computer uses a controller from a different manufacturer , drives typically can not be interchanged .


set: Like RAID 1 , it only uses two disks , but it does both striping and mirroring ( similar to RAID 10 ) .

set: RAID 5 and other non-mirror-based arrays offer a lower degree of resiliency than RAID 10 by virtue of RAID 10 's mirroring strategy . In a RAID 10 , I\/O can continue even in spite of multiple drive failures .


set: For this reason , all disks used by a RAID 0 should be the same size .

set: The physical disks are said to be in a RAID array , which is addressed by the operating system as one single disk . The different schemes or architectures are named by the word RAID followed by a number ( e.g. , RAID 0 , RAID 1 ) .


set: This is a mix between hardware RAID and software RAID .

set: Software RAID has advantages and disadvantages compared to hardware RAID .


set: In 1988 , the different types of RAID ( 1 to 5 ) , were written about by David Patterson , Garth Gibson and Randy Katz in their article , called `` A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks ( RAID ) '' .

set: The term RAID was first defined by David A. Patterson , Garth A. Gibson and Randy Katz at the University of California , Berkeley , in 1987 . They studied the possibility of using two or more drives to appear as a single device to the host system and published a paper : `` A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks ( RAID ) '' in June 1988 at the SIGMOD conference .


set: In the case of Software RAID , the disks are connected like normal hard disks . It is the computer that makes the RAID work .

set: The elements of a RAID may be either individual disks or RAIDs themselves .


set: With RAID , several hard disks are made into one logical disk .

set: The physical disks are said to be in a RAID array , which is addressed by the operating system as one single disk .


set: Very few storage systems allow atomic write semantics .

set: While the software may also log some delta information elsewhere , it expects the storage to present `` atomic write semantics , '' meaning that the write of the data either occurred in its entirety or did not occur at all . However , very few storage systems provide support for atomic writes , and even fewer specify their rate of failure in providing this semantic .


set: When an object is written to disk , a RAID storage device will usually be writing all copies of the object in parallel . Very often , there is only one processor responsible for writing the data .

set: Note that during the act of writing an object , a RAID storage device will usually be writing all redundant copies of the object in parallel , although overlapped or staggered writes are more common when a single RAID processor is responsible for multiple drives .


set: Using a battery-backed write cache can solve this problem , but only in a power failure scenario .

set: While the battery-backed write cache may partially solve the problem , it is applicable only to a power failure scenario .


set: Consequently a non-disk hardware failure may require using identical hardware , or a backup , to recover the data .

set: Consequently a non-disk hardware failure may require the use of identical hardware to recover the data , and furthermore an identical configuration has to be reassembled without triggering a rebuild and overwriting the data .


set: In practice , however , the drives were often bought together . They have roughly the same age , and have been used similarly ( called wear ) .

set: In practice , the drives are often the same age , with similar wear , and subject to the same environment .


set: RAID 6 is slower than RAID 5 , but it allows the RAID to continue with any two disks failed .

set: What causes RAID 5 to be slightly slower than RAID 10 on sustained reads is the fact that RAID 5 has parity data interleaved within normal data .


set: Microsoft introduced transaction tracking via the journalling feature in NTFS .

set: Microsoft introduced transaction tracking via the journaling feature in NTFS .


set: Certain systems can do periodic battery checks , but these use the battery itself , and leave it in a state where it is not fully charged .

set: Some disk systems provide the capability of testing the battery periodically , however this leaves the system without a fully charged battery for several hours .


set: This happens at about 1 bit in 1015 in enterprise-class disk drives , and 1 bit in 1014 in ordinary disk drives .

set: The UBE ( Unrecoverable Bit Error ) rate is typically specified at 1 bit in 1015 for enterprise class disk drives ( SCSI , FC , SAS ) , and 1 bit in 1014 for desktop class disk drives ( IDE\/ATA\/PATA , SATA ) .


set: If a database is expected to be strongly write-biased , RAID 5 becomes the more attractive option , since RAID 5 does not suffer from the same write handicap inherent in RAID 10 ; all spindles in a RAID 5 can be utilized to write simultaneously , whereas only half the members of a RAID 10 can be used .


set: However , any power outage can then mean a significant data loss of any data queued in such a cache .

set: A power outage or system hang such as a BSOD can mean a significant loss of any data queued in such a cache .


set: NetApp WAFL file system solves it by never updating the data in place , as does ZFS .

set: The journaling in NetApp WAFL file system gives atomicity by never updating the data in place , as does ZFS .


set: A RAID 5 with a failed disk will continue to work .

set: If a database is expected to be strongly write-biased , RAID 5 becomes the more attractive option , since RAID 5 does not suffer from the same write handicap inherent in RAID 10 ; all spindles in a RAID 5 can be utilized to write simultaneously , whereas only half the members of a RAID 10 can be used . However , for reasons similar to what has eliminated the `` read penalty '' in RAID 5 , the reduced ability of a RAID 10 to handle sustained writes has been largely masked by improvements in controller cache efficiency and disk throughput .


set: The error correction mechanism in RAID assumes that failures of drives are independent .

set: The theory behind the error correction in RAID assumes that failures of drives are independent .


set: This solution can still fail , though : the battery may have worn out , the power may have been off for too long , the disks could be moved to another controller , the controller itself could fail .

set: This solution still has potential failure cases : the battery may have worn out , the power may be off for too long , the disks could be moved to another controller , the controller itself could fail .


set: Hardware-assisted RAID uses a special controller chip ( like hardware RAID ) , but this chip can not do many operations .

set: Hardware RAID controllers are expensive and proprietary . To fill this gap , cheap `` RAID controllers '' were introduced that do not contain a RAID controller chip , but simply a standard disk controller chip with special firmware and drivers .


set: In practice , there is a chance that a second disk will also fail before the first has been recovered . This means that data loss can occur at significant rates , in practice .

set: In practice then , the chances of a second failure before the first has been recovered is not nearly as unlikely as might be supposed , and data loss can , in practice , occur at significant rates .


set: Logging relies on the original data being either in the old or the new state , though . This permits backing out the logical change , but few storage systems provide an atomic write semantic on a RAID disk .

set: The little known failure mode is that delta logging relies on the original data being either in the old or the new state so as to enable backing out the logical change , yet few storage systems provide an atomic write semantic on a RAID disk .


set: It uses two or three disks , and then partitions them equally to form a combination of RAID 0 , RAID 1 , RAID 5 or RAID 1 +0 levels .

set: Whether an array runs as RAID 0 +1 or RAID 1 +0 in practice is often determined by the evolution of the storage system . A RAID controller might support upgrading a RAID 1 array to a RAID 1 +0 array on the fly , but require a lengthy offline rebuild to upgrade from RAID 1 to RAID 0 +1 .


set: Many RAID levels employ an error protection scheme called `` parity '' . Most use the simple XOR parity described in this section , but RAID 6 uses two separate parities based respectively on addition and multiplication in a particular Galois Field .


set: The unrecoverable bit error rate ( UBE ) tells how long a disk drive will be unable to recover data after using cyclic redundancy check ( CRC ) codes and multiple retries .

set: ; Unrecoverable bit error rate ( UBE ) : This is the rate at which a disk drive will be unable to recover data after application of cyclic redundancy check ( CRC ) codes and multiple retries .


set: The disk formats on different RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible . It may therefore not be possible to read a RAID on different hardware .

set: The methods used to store data by various RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible , so that it may not be possible to read a RAID array on different hardware , with the exception of RAID 1 , which is typically represented as plain identical copies of the original data on each disk .


set: In addition to the normal RAID levels 0-6 , it also has a RAID 10 implementation . Since Kernel 2.6.9 , RAID 10 is a single level .

set: Additionally , the time required to rebuild data on a hot spare in a RAID 10 is significantly less than RAID 5 , in that all the remaining spindles in a RAID 5 rebuild must participate in the process , whereas only the spindle being created and its mirror need to participate in RAID 10 .


set: Transactional support is not present in all hardware RAID controllers . Therefore many operating systems include it to protect against data loss during an interrupted write .

set: Since transactional support is not universally present in hardware RAID , many operating systems include transactional support to protect against data loss during an interrupted write .