#
Optimized Inference Deployment

In this section, we’ll explore advanced frameworks for optimizing LLM deployments: Text Generation Inference (TGI), vLLM, and llama.cpp. These applications are primarily used in production environments to serve LLMs to users. This section focuses on how to deploy these frameworks in production rather than how to use them for inference on a single machine.

We’ll cover how these tools maximize inference efficiency and simplify production deployments of Large Language Models.

##
Framework Selection Guide

TGI, vLLM, and llama.cpp serve similar purposes but have distinct characteristics that make them better suited for different use cases. Let’s look at the key differences between them, focusing on performance and integration.

###
Memory Management and Performance

TGI is designed to be stable and predictable in production, using fixed sequence lengths to keep memory usage consistent. TGI manages memory using Flash Attention 2 and continuous batching techniques. This means it can process attention calculations very efficiently and keep the GPU busy by constantly feeding it work. The system can move parts of the model between CPU and GPU when needed, which helps handle larger models.

Flash Attention is a technique that optimizes the attention mechanism in transformer models by addressing memory bandwidth bottlenecks. As discussed earlier in [Chapter 1.8](/course/chapter1/8), the attention mechanism has quadratic complexity and memory usage, making it inefficient for long sequences.

The key innovation is in how it manages memory transfers between High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) and faster SRAM cache. Traditional attention repeatedly transfers data between HBM and SRAM, creating bottlenecks by leaving the GPU idle. Flash Attention loads data once into SRAM and performs all calculations there, minimizing expensive memory transfers.

While the benefits are most significant during training, Flash Attention’s reduced VRAM usage and improved efficiency make it valuable for inference as well, enabling faster and more scalable LLM serving.

vLLM takes a different approach by using PagedAttention. Just like how a computer manages its memory in pages, vLLM splits the model’s memory into smaller blocks. This clever system means it can handle different-sized requests more flexibly and doesn’t waste memory space. It’s particularly good at sharing memory between different requests and reduces memory fragmentation, which makes the whole system more efficient.

PagedAttention is a technique that addresses another critical bottleneck in LLM inference: KV cache memory management. As discussed in [Chapter 1.8](/course/chapter1/8), during text generation, the model stores attention keys and values (KV cache) for each generated token to reduce redundant computations. The KV cache can become enormous, especially with long sequences or multiple concurrent requests.

vLLM’s key innovation lies in how it manages this cache:

1. Memory Paging: Instead of treating the KV cache as one large block, it’s divided into fixed-size “pages” (similar to virtual memory in operating systems).
2. Non-contiguous Storage: Pages don’t need to be stored contiguously in GPU memory, allowing for more flexible memory allocation.
3. Page Table Management: A page table tracks which pages belong to which sequence, enabling efficient lookup and access.
4. Memory Sharing: For operations like parallel sampling, pages storing the KV cache for the prompt can be shared across multiple sequences.

The PagedAttention approach can lead to up to 24x higher throughput compared to traditional methods, making it a game-changer for production LLM deployments. If you want to go really deep into how PagedAttention works, you can read the the guide from the vLLM documentation.

llama.cpp is a highly optimized C/C++ implementation originally designed for running LLaMA models on consumer hardware. It focuses on CPU efficiency with optional GPU acceleration and is ideal for resource-constrained environments. llama.cpp uses quantization techniques to reduce model size and memory requirements while maintaining good performance. It implements optimized kernels for various CPU architectures and supports basic KV cache management for efficient token generation.

Quantization in llama.cpp reduces the precision of model weights from 32-bit or 16-bit floating point to lower precision formats like 8-bit integers (INT8), 4-bit, or even lower. This significantly reduces memory usage and improves inference speed with minimal quality loss.

Key quantization features in llama.cpp include:

1. Multiple Quantization Levels: Supports 8-bit, 4-bit, 3-bit, and even 2-bit quantization
2. GGML/GGUF Format: Uses custom tensor formats optimized for quantized inference
3. Mixed Precision: Can apply different quantization levels to different parts of the model
4. Hardware-Specific Optimizations: Includes optimized code paths for various CPU architectures (AVX2, AVX-512, NEON)

This approach enables running billion-parameter models on consumer hardware with limited memory, making it perfect for local deployments and edge devices.

###
Deployment and Integration

Let’s move on to the deployment and integration differences between the frameworks.

TGI excels in enterprise-level deployment with its production-ready features. It comes with built-in Kubernetes support and includes everything you need for running in production, like monitoring through Prometheus and Grafana, automatic scaling, and comprehensive safety features. The system also includes enterprise-grade logging and various protective measures like content filtering and rate limiting to keep your deployment secure and stable.

vLLM takes a more flexible, developer-friendly approach to deployment. It’s built with Python at its core and can easily replace OpenAI’s API in your existing applications. The framework focuses on delivering raw performance and can be customized to fit your specific needs. It works particularly well with Ray for managing clusters, making it a great choice when you need high performance and adaptability.

llama.cpp prioritizes simplicity and portability. Its server implementation is lightweight and can run on a wide range of hardware, from powerful servers to consumer laptops and even some high-end mobile devices. With minimal dependencies and a simple C/C++ core, it’s easy to deploy in environments where installing Python frameworks would be challenging. The server provides an OpenAI-compatible API while maintaining a much smaller resource footprint than other solutions.

##
Getting Started

Let’s explore how to use these frameworks for deploying LLMs, starting with installation and basic setup.

###
Installation and Basic Setup

<hfoption value="tgi" label="TGI">

TGI is easy to install and use, with deep integration into the Hugging Face ecosystem.

First, launch the TGI server using Docker:

    docker run --gpus all \
        --shm-size 1g \
        -p 8080:80 \
        -v ~/.cache/huggingface:/data \
        ghcr.io/huggingface/text-generation-inference:latest \
        --model-id HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M-Instruct

Then interact with it using Hugging Face’s InferenceClient:

    from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient

    # Initialize client pointing to TGI endpoint
    client = InferenceClient(
        model="http://localhost:8080",  # URL to the TGI server
    )

    # Text generation
    response = client.text_generation(
        "Tell me a story",
        max_new_tokens=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        top_p=0.95,
        details=True,
        stop_sequences=[],
    )
    print(response.generated_text)

    # For chat format
    response = client.chat_completion(
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Tell me a story"},
        ],
        max_tokens=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        top_p=0.95,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

Alternatively, you can use the OpenAI client:

    from openai import OpenAI

    # Initialize client pointing to TGI endpoint
    client = OpenAI(
        base_url="http://localhost:8080/v1",  # Make sure to include /v1
        api_key="not-needed",  # TGI doesn't require an API key by default
    )

    # Chat completion
    response = client.chat.completions.create(
        model="HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M-Instruct",
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Tell me a story"},
        ],
        max_tokens=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        top_p=0.95,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

</hfoption> <hfoption value="llama.cpp" label="llama.cpp">

llama.cpp is easy to install and use, requiring minimal dependencies and supporting both CPU and GPU inference.

First, install and build llama.cpp:

    # Clone the repository
    git clone https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp
    cd llama.cpp

    # Build the project
    make

    # Download the SmolLM2-1.7B-Instruct-GGUF model
    curl -L -O https://huggingface.co/HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-1.7B-Instruct-GGUF/resolve/main/smollm2-1.7b-instruct.Q4_K_M.gguf

Then, launch the server (with OpenAI API compatibility):

    # Start the server
    ./server \
        -m smollm2-1.7b-instruct.Q4_K_M.gguf \
        --host 0.0.0.0 \
        --port 8080 \
        -c 4096 \
        --n-gpu-layers 0  # Set to a higher number to use GPU

Interact with the server using Hugging Face’s InferenceClient:

    from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient

    # Initialize client pointing to llama.cpp server
    client = InferenceClient(
        model="http://localhost:8080/v1",  # URL to the llama.cpp server
        token="sk-no-key-required",  # llama.cpp server requires this placeholder
    )

    # Text generation
    response = client.text_generation(
        "Tell me a story",
        max_new_tokens=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        top_p=0.95,
        details=True,
    )
    print(response.generated_text)

    # For chat format
    response = client.chat_completion(
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Tell me a story"},
        ],
        max_tokens=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        top_p=0.95,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

Alternatively, you can use the OpenAI client:

    from openai import OpenAI

    # Initialize client pointing to llama.cpp server
    client = OpenAI(
        base_url="http://localhost:8080/v1",
        api_key="sk-no-key-required",  # llama.cpp server requires this placeholder
    )

    # Chat completion
    response = client.chat.completions.create(
        model="smollm2-1.7b-instruct",  # Model identifier can be anything as server only loads one model
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Tell me a story"},
        ],
        max_tokens=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        top_p=0.95,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

</hfoption> <hfoption value="vllm" label="vLLM">

vLLM is easy to install and use, with both OpenAI API compatibility and a native Python interface.

First, launch the vLLM OpenAI-compatible server:

    python -m vllm.entrypoints.openai.api_server \
        --model HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M-Instruct \
        --host 0.0.0.0 \
        --port 8000

Then interact with it using Hugging Face’s InferenceClient:

    from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient

    # Initialize client pointing to vLLM endpoint
    client = InferenceClient(
        model="http://localhost:8000/v1",  # URL to the vLLM server
    )

    # Text generation
    response = client.text_generation(
        "Tell me a story",
        max_new_tokens=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        top_p=0.95,
        details=True,
    )
    print(response.generated_text)

    # For chat format
    response = client.chat_completion(
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Tell me a story"},
        ],
        max_tokens=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        top_p=0.95,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

Alternatively, you can use the OpenAI client:

    from openai import OpenAI

    # Initialize client pointing to vLLM endpoint
    client = OpenAI(
        base_url="http://localhost:8000/v1",
        api_key="not-needed",  # vLLM doesn't require an API key by default
    )

    # Chat completion
    response = client.chat.completions.create(
        model="HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M-Instruct",
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Tell me a story"},
        ],
        max_tokens=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        top_p=0.95,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

</hfoption>

###
Basic Text Generation

Let’s look at examples of text generation with the frameworks:

<hfoption value="tgi" label="TGI">

First, deploy TGI with advanced parameters:

    docker run --gpus all \
        --shm-size 1g \
        -p 8080:80 \
        -v ~/.cache/huggingface:/data \
        ghcr.io/huggingface/text-generation-inference:latest \
        --model-id HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M-Instruct \
        --max-total-tokens 4096 \
        --max-input-length 3072 \
        --max-batch-total-tokens 8192 \
        --waiting-served-ratio 1.2

Use the InferenceClient for flexible text generation:

    from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient

    client = InferenceClient(model="http://localhost:8080")

    # Advanced parameters example
    response = client.chat_completion(
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a creative storyteller."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Write a creative story"},
        ],
        temperature=0.8,
        max_tokens=200,
        top_p=0.95,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

    # Raw text generation
    response = client.text_generation(
        "Write a creative story about space exploration",
        max_new_tokens=200,
        temperature=0.8,
        top_p=0.95,
        repetition_penalty=1.1,
        do_sample=True,
        details=True,
    )
    print(response.generated_text)

Or use the OpenAI client:

    from openai import OpenAI

    client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:8080/v1", api_key="not-needed")

    # Advanced parameters example
    response = client.chat.completions.create(
        model="HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M-Instruct",
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a creative storyteller."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Write a creative story"},
        ],
        temperature=0.8,  # Higher for more creativity
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

</hfoption> <hfoption value="llama.cpp" label="llama.cpp">

For llama.cpp, you can set advanced parameters when launching the server:

    ./server \
        -m smollm2-1.7b-instruct.Q4_K_M.gguf \
        --host 0.0.0.0 \
        --port 8080 \
        -c 4096 \            # Context size
        --threads 8 \        # CPU threads to use
        --batch-size 512 \   # Batch size for prompt evaluation
        --n-gpu-layers 0     # GPU layers (0 = CPU only)

Use the InferenceClient:

    from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient

    client = InferenceClient(model="http://localhost:8080/v1", token="sk-no-key-required")

    # Advanced parameters example
    response = client.chat_completion(
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a creative storyteller."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Write a creative story"},
        ],
        temperature=0.8,
        max_tokens=200,
        top_p=0.95,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

    # For direct text generation
    response = client.text_generation(
        "Write a creative story about space exploration",
        max_new_tokens=200,
        temperature=0.8,
        top_p=0.95,
        repetition_penalty=1.1,
        details=True,
    )
    print(response.generated_text)

Or use the OpenAI client for generation with control over the sampling parameters:

    from openai import OpenAI

    client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:8080/v1", api_key="sk-no-key-required")

    # Advanced parameters example
    response = client.chat.completions.create(
        model="smollm2-1.7b-instruct",
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a creative storyteller."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Write a creative story"},
        ],
        temperature=0.8,  # Higher for more creativity
        top_p=0.95,  # Nucleus sampling probability
        frequency_penalty=0.5,  # Reduce repetition of frequent tokens
        presence_penalty=0.5,  # Reduce repetition by penalizing tokens already present
        max_tokens=200,  # Maximum generation length
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

You can also use llama.cpp’s native library for even more control:

    # Using llama-cpp-python package for direct model access
    from llama_cpp import Llama

    # Load the model
    llm = Llama(
        model_path="smollm2-1.7b-instruct.Q4_K_M.gguf",
        n_ctx=4096,  # Context window size
        n_threads=8,  # CPU threads
        n_gpu_layers=0,  # GPU layers (0 = CPU only)
    )

    # Format prompt according to the model's expected format
    prompt = """<|im_start|>system
    You are a creative storyteller.
    <|im_end|>
    <|im_start|>user
    Write a creative story
    <|im_end|>
    <|im_start|>assistant
    """

    # Generate response with precise parameter control
    output = llm(
        prompt,
        max_tokens=200,
        temperature=0.8,
        top_p=0.95,
        frequency_penalty=0.5,
        presence_penalty=0.5,
        stop=["<|im_end|>"],
    )

    print(output["choices"][0]["text"])

</hfoption> <hfoption value="vllm" label="vLLM">

For advanced usage with vLLM, you can use the InferenceClient:

    from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient

    client = InferenceClient(model="http://localhost:8000/v1")

    # Advanced parameters example
    response = client.chat_completion(
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a creative storyteller."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Write a creative story"},
        ],
        temperature=0.8,
        max_tokens=200,
        top_p=0.95,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

    # For direct text generation
    response = client.text_generation(
        "Write a creative story about space exploration",
        max_new_tokens=200,
        temperature=0.8,
        top_p=0.95,
        details=True,
    )
    print(response.generated_text)

You can also use the OpenAI client:

    from openai import OpenAI

    client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:8000/v1", api_key="not-needed")

    # Advanced parameters example
    response = client.chat.completions.create(
        model="HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M-Instruct",
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a creative storyteller."},
            {"role": "user", "content": "Write a creative story"},
        ],
        temperature=0.8,
        top_p=0.95,
        max_tokens=200,
    )
    print(response.choices[0].message.content)

vLLM also provides a native Python interface with fine-grained control:

    from vllm import LLM, SamplingParams

    # Initialize the model with advanced parameters
    llm = LLM(
        model="HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M-Instruct",
        gpu_memory_utilization=0.85,
        max_num_batched_tokens=8192,
        max_num_seqs=256,
        block_size=16,
    )

    # Configure sampling parameters
    sampling_params = SamplingParams(
        temperature=0.8,  # Higher for more creativity
        top_p=0.95,  # Consider top 95% probability mass
        max_tokens=100,  # Maximum length
        presence_penalty=1.1,  # Reduce repetition
        frequency_penalty=1.1,  # Reduce repetition
        stop=["\n\n", "###"],  # Stop sequences
    )

    # Generate text
    prompt = "Write a creative story"
    outputs = llm.generate(prompt, sampling_params)
    print(outputs[0].outputs[0].text)

    # For chat-style interactions
    chat_prompt = [
        {"role": "system", "content": "You are a creative storyteller."},
        {"role": "user", "content": "Write a creative story"},
    ]
    formatted_prompt = llm.get_chat_template()(chat_prompt)  # Uses model's chat template
    outputs = llm.generate(formatted_prompt, sampling_params)
    print(outputs[0].outputs[0].text)

</hfoption>

##
Advanced Generation Control

###
Token Selection and Sampling

The process of generating text involves selecting the next token at each step. This selection process can be controlled through various parameters:

1. Raw Logits: The initial output probabilities for each token
2. Temperature: Controls randomness in selection (higher = more creative)
3. Top-p (Nucleus) Sampling: Filters to top tokens making up X% of probability mass
4. Top-k Filtering: Limits selection to k most likely tokens

Here’s how to configure these parameters:

<hfoption value="tgi" label="TGI">

    client.generate(
        "Write a creative story",
        temperature=0.8,  # Higher for more creativity
        top_p=0.95,  # Consider top 95% probability mass
        top_k=50,  # Consider top 50 tokens
        max_new_tokens=100,  # Maximum length
        repetition_penalty=1.1,  # Reduce repetition
    )

</hfoption> <hfoption value="llama.cpp" label="llama.cpp">

    # Via OpenAI API compatibility
    response = client.completions.create(
        model="smollm2-1.7b-instruct",  # Model name (can be any string for llama.cpp server)
        prompt="Write a creative story",
        temperature=0.8,  # Higher for more creativity
        top_p=0.95,  # Consider top 95% probability mass
        frequency_penalty=1.1,  # Reduce repetition
        presence_penalty=0.1,  # Reduce repetition
        max_tokens=100,  # Maximum length
    )

    # Via llama-cpp-python direct access
    output = llm(
        "Write a creative story",
        temperature=0.8,
        top_p=0.95,
        top_k=50,
        max_tokens=100,
        repeat_penalty=1.1,
    )

</hfoption> <hfoption value="vllm" label="vLLM">

    params = SamplingParams(
        temperature=0.8,  # Higher for more creativity
        top_p=0.95,  # Consider top 95% probability mass
        top_k=50,  # Consider top 50 tokens
        max_tokens=100,  # Maximum length
        presence_penalty=0.1,  # Reduce repetition
    )
    llm.generate("Write a creative story", sampling_params=params)

</hfoption>

###
Controlling Repetition

Both frameworks provide ways to prevent repetitive text generation:

<hfoption value="tgi" label="TGI"> ```python client.generate( "Write a varied text", repetition_penalty=1.1, # Penalize repeated tokens no_repeat_ngram_size=3, # Prevent 3-gram repetition ) ``` </hfoption> <hfoption value="llama.cpp" label="llama.cpp">

    # Via OpenAI API
    response = client.completions.create(
        model="smollm2-1.7b-instruct",
        prompt="Write a varied text",
        frequency_penalty=1.1,  # Penalize frequent tokens
        presence_penalty=0.8,  # Penalize tokens already present
    )

    # Via direct library
    output = llm(
        "Write a varied text",
        repeat_penalty=1.1,  # Penalize repeated tokens
        frequency_penalty=0.5,  # Additional frequency penalty
        presence_penalty=0.5,  # Additional presence penalty
    )

</hfoption> <hfoption value="vllm" label="vLLM">

    params = SamplingParams(
        presence_penalty=0.1,  # Penalize token presence
        frequency_penalty=0.1,  # Penalize token frequency
    )

</hfoption>

###
Length Control and Stop Sequences

You can control generation length and specify when to stop:

<hfoption value="tgi" label="TGI"> ```python client.generate( "Generate a short paragraph", max_new_tokens=100, min_new_tokens=10, stop_sequences=["\n\n", "###"], ) ``` </hfoption> <hfoption value="llama.cpp" label="llama.cpp">

    # Via OpenAI API
    response = client.completions.create(
        model="smollm2-1.7b-instruct",
        prompt="Generate a short paragraph",
        max_tokens=100,
        stop=["\n\n", "###"],
    )

    # Via direct library
    output = llm("Generate a short paragraph", max_tokens=100, stop=["\n\n", "###"])

</hfoption> <hfoption value="vllm" label="vLLM">

    params = SamplingParams(
        max_tokens=100,
        min_tokens=10,
        stop=["###", "\n\n"],
        ignore_eos=False,
        skip_special_tokens=True,
    )

</hfoption>

##
Memory Management

Both frameworks implement advanced memory management techniques for efficient inference.

<hfoption value="tgi" label="TGI"> TGI uses Flash Attention 2 and continuous batching:

    # Docker deployment with memory optimization
    docker run --gpus all -p 8080:80 \
        --shm-size 1g \
        ghcr.io/huggingface/text-generation-inference:latest \
        --model-id HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-1.7B-Instruct \
        --max-batch-total-tokens 8192 \
        --max-input-length 4096

</hfoption> <hfoption value="llama.cpp" label="llama.cpp">

llama.cpp uses quantization and optimized memory layout:

    # Server with memory optimizations
    ./server \
        -m smollm2-1.7b-instruct.Q4_K_M.gguf \
        --host 0.0.0.0 \
        --port 8080 \
        -c 2048 \               # Context size
        --threads 4 \           # CPU threads
        --n-gpu-layers 32 \     # Use more GPU layers for larger models
        --mlock \               # Lock memory to prevent swapping
        --cont-batching         # Enable continuous batching

For models too large for your GPU, you can use CPU offloading:

    ./server \
        -m smollm2-1.7b-instruct.Q4_K_M.gguf \
        --n-gpu-layers 20 \     # Keep first 20 layers on GPU
        --threads 8             # Use more CPU threads for CPU layers

</hfoption> <hfoption value="vllm" label="vLLM">

vLLM uses PagedAttention for optimal memory management:

    from vllm.engine.arg_utils import AsyncEngineArgs

    engine_args = AsyncEngineArgs(
        model="HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-1.7B-Instruct",
        gpu_memory_utilization=0.85,
        max_num_batched_tokens=8192,
        block_size=16,
    )

    llm = LLM(engine_args=engine_args)

</hfoption>

##
Resources

- Text Generation Inference Documentation
- TGI GitHub Repository
- vLLM Documentation
- vLLM GitHub Repository
- PagedAttention Paper
- llama.cpp GitHub Repository
- llama-cpp-python Repository

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