I'm working independently on one particular idea which uses natural gas to generate electricity in a way that takes carbon dioxide out of the air.


Mò ń ṣiṣẹ́ àdáṣe lórí èrò kan tó ń lo òyì-àtilẹ̀tu láti pèse iná-mànàmáná ní ọ̀nà tí yóò mú òyì-èédú kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́.


How does that work?


Báwo ni iyẹ́n ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́?


So the Origen Power Process feeds natural gas into a fuel cell.


Ìgbésẹ̀ Agbara Iná-mànàmáná Origen máa ń fi afẹ́fẹ́-ìdáná àtilẹ̀tu sínú pádi epo-rọ̀bì.


About half the chemical energy is converted into electricity, and the remainder into heat, which is used to break down limestone into lime and carbon dioxide.


Bíi àbọ agbára kẹ́míkà ní yóò yípadà di iná-mànàmáná, àwọn ìyókù yóò sì di ooru, tí wọ́n ń lò láti sọ òkúta-ẹfun di ẹfun àti òyì-èédú.


Now at this point, you're probably thinking that I'm nuts.


Níbi tí a dé yìí, bóyá ẹ̀ ń rò ó wí pé orí mi ò pé.


It's actually generating carbon dioxide.


Ó ń ṣẹ̀da òyì-èédú lóòótọ́.


But the key point is, all of the carbon dioxide generated, both from the fuel cell and from the lime kiln, is pure, and that's really important, because it means you can either use that carbon dioxide or you can store it away deep underground at low cost.


Ṣùgbọ́n Kókó ibẹ̀ ni wí pé, gbogbo òyì-èédú tó ń ṣẹdá, láti inu pádi epo-rọ̀bì àti ààro ẹfun, ló mọ́ gaara, ìyẹn sì ṣe pàtàkì, nítorí ó túmọ̀ sí wí pé ẹ lè lo yálà òyì-èédú yẹn tàbí kí ẹ kó o pamọ́ sábẹ́ ilẹ̀ lówó kékeré.


And then the lime that you produce can be used in industrial processes, and in being used, it scrubs CO2 out of the air.


Lẹ́yìn náà ẹfun tí ẹ ti ṣẹ̀dá yẹn lè di lílò fún ìpèsè nǹkan nílé-iṣẹ́, àti lílò ó, ó máa ń nu CO2 kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́.


Overall, the process is carbon negative.


Lápapọ̀, ìgbésẹ̀ náà kì í pèse òyì-èédú.


It removes carbon dioxide from the air.


Ó máa ń yọ òyì-èédú kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni.


If you normally generate electricity from natural gas, you emit about 400 grams of CO2 into the air for every kilowatt-hour.


Bí ẹ bá ń ṣẹ̀da iná mànàmáná látara òyì-àtilẹ̀tu dáadáa, bíi irinwó gírámu CO2 ni è ń gbé jáde sínu afẹfẹ́ fún gbogbo wákàti kílówáátì kọ̀ọ̀kan.


With this process, that figure is minus 600.


Pẹ̀lú ìgbésẹ̀ yìí, fígọ̀ yẹn jẹ́ pẹ̀lú àyọkúrò ẹgbẹ̀ta.


At the moment, power generation is responsible for about a quarter of all carbon dioxide emissions.


Lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ yìí, ìpèse agbára ló ń ṣe okùnfa bíi ìdá kan nínú ìdá mẹ́rin gbogbo ìtúsílẹ̀ òyì-èédú.


Hypothetically, if you replaced all power generation with this process, then you would not only eliminate all of the emissions from power generation but you would start removing emissions from other sectors as well, potentially cutting 60 percent of overall carbon emissions.


Ní àbá, tí ẹ bá rọ́pò gbogbo ìpèse agbára pẹ̀lú ìgbésẹ̀ yìí, ẹ ò ní yọ gbogbo àwọn ìtúsílẹ̀ látara ìpèse agbára nìkan ṣùgbọ́n ẹ ó bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí yọ àwọn ìtúsílẹ̀ ní àwọn ẹ̀ka mìíràn bákan náà, gígé ìda ọgọ́ta gbogbo ìtúsílẹ̀ èédú.


You could even use the lime to add it directly to seawater to counteract ocean acidification, one of the other issues that is caused by CO2 in the atmosphere.


Ẹ lè tún lo ẹfun náà láti dàápọ̀ mọ́ omi-ọ̀sà tààrà láti mú àdínkù bá ẹ̀kan omi-òkun, ọ̀kan nínú àwọn wàhálà mìíràn tí CO2 ń fà nínú òyì ojú-ayé.


In fact, you get more bang for your buck.


Lóòótọ́, ẹ ó gbà ju iye tí ẹ fi sílẹ̀ lọ̀.


You absorb about twice as much carbon dioxide when you add it to seawater as when you use it industrially.


Ẹ máa gba bíi ìlọ́po méjì òyì-èédú sára nígbà tí ẹ bá dàápọ̀ mọ́ omi-ọ̀sà ju tí ẹ bá lò ó nílé-iṣẹ́ lọ.


But this is where it gets really complicated.


Ṣùgbọ́n ibí yìí ló ti máa ń di àmúdijú gidi gan-an.


While counteracting ocean acidification is a good thing, we don't fully understand what the environmental consequences are, and so we need to assess whether this treatment is actually better than the disease that it is seeking to cure.


Nígbà tí mímú àdínkù bá ẹ̀kan omi-òkun jẹ́ nǹkan tó dára, a ò nímọ̀ kíkún nípa nǹkan tí àbájáde rẹ̀ láwùjọ jẹ́, nítorí náà a nílò láti ṣàyèwò bóyá ìtọ́jú yìí dára lóòótọ́ ju àrùn tó fẹ́ wósàn lọ.


We need to put in place step-by-step governance for experiments to assess this safely.


A nílò láti ṣèto ìdarí lẹ́sẹẹsẹ fún àwọn ìdánwò láti ṣe àyẹ̀wò yìí láìséwu.


And the scale: to avoid dangerous climate change, we are going to need to remove trillions -- and yes, that's trillions with a T -- trillions of tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the decades ahead.


Ìwọn rẹ̀: láti dèna àyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ tó léwu, a máa nílò láti yọ tírílíọ́nù - bẹ́ẹ̀ni, tírílíọ́nù nìyẹn pẹ̀lú T --tírílíọ́nu tọ́ọ́nu òyì-èédú kúrò nínú òyi-ojú-ayé ní èwá-ọdún tó wà níwájú.


It will cost a few percent of GDP -- think defense-sized expenditure, lots of industrial activity and inevitably harmful side effects.


Ó máa ná wa ní ìda GDP díẹ̀ -- bóyá owó-nàá ológun, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àmúṣe-iṣẹ́ àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ àti àwọn àyọrísí mìíràn tó léwu tá ò lè fẹ́kù.


But if the scale seems enormous, it is only because of the scale of the problem that we are seeking to solve.


Ṣùgbọ́n tí ìwọn náà bá tóbi, nítorí ìwọ̀n ìṣòro tí a ń wá láti yanjú nìkan ni.


It's enormous as well.


Ó sì tóbi bákan náà.


We can no longer avoid these thorny issues.


A ò lè ma pẹ́ àwọn ìṣòro tó lágbára wọ̀nyí mọ́


We face risks whichever way we turn: a world changed by climate change or a world changed by climate change and our efforts to counter climate change.


À ń kọjú ewu ní gbogbo ibi tí a bá yíjú sí: ilé-ayé tí àyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ti yí padà tàbí ilé-ayé tí àyípadà ojú-ojú ti yí padà àti ìgbìyànju wa láti tako àyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.


Would that it were not so, but we can no longer afford to close our eyes, block our ears, and say la-la-la.


Ó wùn mí kí ó má rì í bẹ́ẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n a ò lè dijúu wa, dí etí wa, kí á má sọ la-la-la mọ́.


We need to grow up and face the consequences of our actions.


A nílò láti dàgbà sókè ká sì kojú àbájáde àwọn ìwa wa.


Does talk of curing climate change undermine the will to cut emissions?


Ṣé ọ̀rọ̀ nípa ìwòsan àyípadà ojú ọjọ́ ń dèna ìpinnu láti gé ìtúsílẹ̀ ni?


This is a real concern, so we need to emphasize the paramount importance of reducing emissions and how speculative these ideas are.


Ẹ̀dun ọkàn tòótọ́ ni èyí, nítorí náà a nílò láti tẹnu mọ́ pàtàki mímú àdínkù bá ìtúsílẹ̀ àti bí àwọn èrò wọ̀nyí ṣe jẹ́ àhesọ-ọ̀rọ̀.


But having done so, we still need to examine them.


Ṣùgbọ́n lẹ́yìn tí a ti ṣe bẹ́ẹ̀, a ṣì nílò láti ṣe àyẹ̀wo wọn.


Can we cure climate change?


Ǹjẹ́ a lè ṣe ìwòsan àyípadà ojú-ọjọ́?


I don't know, but we certainly can't if we don't try.


Mi ò mọ̀, ṣùgbọ́n a ò lè mọ̀ tí a ò bá gbíyànjú.


We need ambition without arrogance.


A nílò ìpinnu láìsí ìgbéraga.


We need the ambition to restore the atmosphere, to draw down carbon dioxide back to a level that is compatible with a stable climate and healthy oceans.


A nílò ìpinnu láti ṣe àdápadà òyì-ojú-ayé, láti fa òyì-èédú wálẹ̀ padà sí ìpele tí ó wà ní ìbámu pẹ̀lu ojú-ọjọ́ tí kò yí pada àti omi-òkun tó lálàáfíà.


This will be an enormous undertaking.


Iṣẹ́ tó pọ̀ ni eléyìí máa jẹ́.


You could describe it as a cathedral project.


Ẹ lè ṣàpèjúwe rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bi iṣẹ́-àkànṣe ọjọ́-iwájú.


Those involved at the outset may draft the plans and dig the foundations, but they will not raise the spire to its full height.


Àwọn tí wọ́n lọ́wọ́ nínú rẹ̀ láti ìbẹ̀rẹ́ lè ya àwòran rẹ̀ kí wọ́n sì ṣe ìfilọ́lẹ̀ rẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n wọn ò ní gbé e dé òkè ténté.


That task, that privilege, belongs to our descendants.


Iṣẹ́ yẹn, àǹfààní yẹn, àwọn tí a ṣẹ̀ sílẹ̀ ni wọ́n ni í.


None of us will see that day, but we must start in the hope that future generations will be able to finish the job.


Kò sí ẹnikẹ́ni nínú wa tí yóò rí ọjọ́ náà, ṣùgbọ́n a gbọdọ̀ bẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ìrètí pé àwọn iran ọjọ́-iwájú máa lè parí iṣẹ́ náà.


So, do you want to change the world?


Nítorí náà, ṣe ẹ fẹ́ mú àyípadà bá ilé-ayé?


I don't.


Mi ò fẹ́.


I do not seek the change the world, but rather keep it as it's meant to be.


Mi ò wá láti mú àyípadà bá ilé-ayé, ṣùgbọ́n láti fi sí bó ṣe yẹ kó wà.


Chris Anderson: Thanks.


Chris Anderson: Ẹ ṣeun.


I just want to ask you a couple of other questions.


Mo kọ̀ fẹ́ bi yín ní àwọn ìbéèrè mìíràn bi mélòó kan ni.


Tell us a bit more about this idea of putting lime in the ocean.


Ẹ sọ díẹ̀ si fúnwa nípa èro fífi ẹfun sínú omi-òkun.


I mean, on the face of it, it's pretty compelling -- anti-ocean acidification -- and it absorbs more CO2.


Mò ń sọ nípa pé, bóṣe rí lójú, ó ń fanimọ́ra -- atako ẹ̀kan omi òkun -- tó sì ń gba ọ̀pọ̀ CO2 móra.


You talked about, we need to do an experiment on this.


Ẹ sọ̀rọ̀ nípa pé, a nílò láti ṣe ìdánwò lórí èyí.


What would a responsible experiment look like?


Báwo ni ìdánwò tó ṣe é gbáralé ṣe máa ri?


Tim Kruger: So I think you need to do a series of experiments, but you need to do them just very small stage-by-stage.


Tim Kruger: mo rò wí pé ẹ nílò láti ṣe ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìdánwò, ṣùgbọ́n ẹ nílò láti ṣe wọ́n ní kékeré nípele-ìpele.


In the same way, when you're trialing a new drug, you wouldn't just go into human trials straight off.


Ní ìlànà kan náà, nígbà tí ẹ bá ń ṣe àyẹ̀wò oògùn tuntun, ẹ ò kò ní lọ sí àyẹ̀wò lára ènìyan tààrà.


You would do a small experiment.


Ẹ ó ṣe ìdánwò kékeré.


And so the first things to do are experiments entirely on land, in special containers, away from the environment.


Nítorí náà nǹkan àkọ́kọ́ láti ṣe ni ìdánwò lórí ilẹ̀, nínú abọ́ àkànṣe, kúrò láàárín agbègbè.


And then once you are confident that that can be done safely, you move to the next stage.


Nígbà tó bá ti dáa yín lójú pé eyí ṣe é ṣe láìséwu, ẹ ó sì tẹ̀síwájú sí ipele tó kàn.


If you're not confident, you don't.


Bí kò bá dáa yín lójú, ẹ ò ní ṣe bẹ́ẹ̀.


But step by step.


Ṣùgbọ́n ní ìpele-ìpele.


CA: And who would fund such experiments?


CA: tani yóò ṣe onígbọ̀wọ́ irú ìdánwò bẹ́ẹ̀?


Because they kind of impact the whole planet at some level.


Nítorí wọ́n nípa lára gbogbo àgbáyé ní àwọn ìpele kan.


Is that why nothing is happening on this?


Ṣé ìdí nìyẹn tí nǹkankan ò ṣe tíì ṣẹlẹ̀ nípa eléyìí?


TK: So I think you can do small-scale experiments in national waters, and then it's probably the requirement of national funders to do that.


TK: mo rò wí pé ẹ lè ṣe ìdánwò oníwọ̀n-kékeré nínú àwọn omi orílẹ̀-èdè, nígbà náà bóyá àwọn onígbọ̀wọ́ orílẹ̀-èdè nìkan ni yóò nílò láti ṣe ìyẹn.


But ultimately, if you wanted to counter ocean acidification in this way on a global scale, you would need to do it in international waters, and then you would need to have an international community working on it.


Ṣùgbọ́n nígbẹ́yìn, tí ẹ bá fẹ́ tako ẹ̀kan omi-òkun lórí ìwọ̀n àgbáyé lọ́nà yìí, ẹ máa nílò láti ṣe é nínú omi ilẹ̀ òkèèrè, ẹ ó sì nílò láti ní àwọn orílè-èdè àgbáyé láti ṣiṣẹ́ lórí rẹ̀.


CA: Even in national waters, you know, the ocean's all connected.


CA: kódà nínú àwọn omi orílẹ̀-èdè, ẹ mọ̀, àwọn omi-òkun náà jápọ̀.


That lime is going to get out there.


Ẹfun yẹn máa jáde síta yẹn.


And people feel outraged about doing experiments on the planet, as we've heard.


Àwọn ènìyán sì máa ń bínú gan-an nípa ṣíṣe ìdánwò nínú ayé, bí a ṣe ti gbọ́.


How do you counter that?


Báwo lẹ ó ṣe tako ìyẹn?


TK: I think you touch on something which is really important.


TK: mo rò wí pé ẹ mẹ́nu ba nǹkankan tó ṣe pàtàkì púpọ̀


It's about a social license to operate.


Nípa ìfàyègbà àwùjọ láti ṣiṣẹ́ ni.


And I think it may be that it is impossible to do, but we need to have the courage to try, to move this forward, to see what we can do, and to engage openly.


Mo rò pé ó lè jẹ́ wí pé kò ṣe é ṣe láti ṣe é, ṣùgbọ́n a nílò láti ní ìgboyà láti gbìyànjú, láti sún èyí síwájú, láti rí nǹkan tí a lẹ̀ ṣe, ká sì sọ̀rọ̀ ní gbangba.


And we need to engage with people in a transparent way.


A sì nílò láti bá àwọn ènìyàn sọ̀rọ̀ lọ́nà tó hàn kedere.


We need to ask them beforehand.


A nílò láti bi wọ́n ṣíwájú.


"And I think if we ask them, we have to be open to the possibility that the answer will come back, ""No, don't do it."


"Mo sì rò wí pé tí a bá bi wọ́n, a ní láti ṣi ọkàn wa sílẹ̀ pé ó ṣe é ṣe kí ìdáhùn náà máa padà wá ní, ""Rárá, má ṣe é."


CA: Thanks so much.


CA: Ẹ ṣeun púpọ̀.


That was really fascinating.


Ìyẹ́n fanimọ́ra gigi gan-an.


TK: Thank you.


TK: Ẹ ṣeun.


A comprehensive, neighborhood-based response to COVID-19


Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́, ìdáhùn ajẹmọ́ agbègbè sí COVID-19.


Good evening.


Ẹ káalẹ́.


It is such a blessing to work at the Harlem Children's Zone, an African-American-led organization that has pioneered the field of comprehensive place-based services, from cradle to career.


"Ìbùkún ni ó jẹ́ láti ṣiṣẹ́ ní Harlem Children's Zone, ilé-iṣẹ́ tí àwọn Ọmọ Ilẹ̀-Adúláwọ́ àti America ń léwájú t""ó ti ṣínà ẹ̀ka ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́ iṣẹ́ ajẹmọ́-àyè, láti ọmọ-ọwọ́ débi iṣẹ́."


"And that word, ""comprehensive,"" is so key to what we do."


"Ọ̀rọ̀ yẹn, ""ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́"" ṣe pàtàkì sí nǹkan tí à ń ṣe."


You know, most interventions focus on one piece of a complicated, giant puzzle.


Ẹ mọ̀, ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn ìdásí máa ń kojú mọ́ ayò àmúdijú, ńlá kan ni.


But that's not enough to solve the puzzle.


Ṣùgbọ́n ìyẹn ò tó láti wá ìyanjú sí ayò náà.


You don't solve education without understanding the home context or the home environment of our young scholar.


Ẹ ò lè yanjú ètò-ẹ̀kọ́ láìnímọ̀ nípa ọ̀gangan-ipò ilé tàbí ayíká ilé àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ kékèèké.


Or the broader context of health, nutrition or criminal justice.


Tàbí ọ̀gangan-ipò ìlera tó fẹjú, ìṣaralóore tàbí ìdájọ́ ìwà-ọ̀daràn.


The unit of change for us is not the individual child, it's the entire neighborhood.


Ìwọn àyípadà fún wa kì í ṣe ọmọ kọ̀ọ̀kan, gbogbo àdúgbò ni.


You have to do multiple things at the same time.


Ẹ ní láti ṣe ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nǹkan lẹ́ẹ̀kan náà.


And we have 20 years of data to prove that this works.


A ní dátà ogún ọdún láti fi ṣẹ̀rí pé èyí ń ṣiṣé.


We've had 7,000 graduates of our baby college, we've eliminated the Black-white achievement gap in our schools.


A ti ní ẹgbẹ̀rún méje àwọn àkẹ́kọ̀ọ́jáde ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìkókó wa, a ti pana àlàfo àṣeyọrí dúdú àti funfun ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ wa.


We've reduced obesity rates in our health programs and have close to 1,000 students enrolled in college.


A ti mú àdínkù bá ìṣọwọ́-sanra nínú àwọn ètò ìlera wa sì ní tó ẹgbẹ̀rún kan àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ tí wọ́n ti forúkọsílẹ̀ ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ wa.


We weave together a net of services so tightly, so that no one will fall through the cracks.


A hun àwọ̀n iṣẹ́ papọ̀ dọindọin, kí ẹnikẹ́ni má bá à jábọ́ níbi tó ti lanu.


And we've inspired global practitioners.


A ti ṣe ìwúrí fún àwọn tó ń ṣe é lágbàáyé.


We've had over 500-plus communities across the US and 70-plus countries come and visit us to learn our model.


A ti ní àwọn àwùjọ tó lé láàdọ́ta káàkiri orílẹ̀-ède US àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó lé láàdọ́rin ni wọ́n máa ń wá yọjú síwa láti kọ́ àwòṣe wa.


You see, the problems of the globe, and the problems of the world are not neatly siloed into buckets.


Ṣẹ́ ẹ rí i, àwọn ìṣòro àgbáyé, àti àwọn ìṣòro ilé-ayé ni wọn ò bomi rin dáadáa.


So therefore the solutions must be comprehensive, they must be holistic.


Nítorí náà àwọn ìyanjú náà gbọ́dọ̀ jẹ́ ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́, wọ́n gbọ́dọ̀ jẹ́ lápapọ̀.


And now we're in the midst of a global pandemic.


Nísisìyí a wà nínú àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn káríayé.


COVID-19 has revealed to us what we always knew to be true.


COVID-19 ti fi àwọn nǹkan ti a ti mọ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ pé òótọ́ ni hàn wá.


The poorest among us pay the highest price with their lives and their livelihood.


Àwọn tí wọ́n kúṣẹ̀ jùlọ láàárín wa ni wọ́n ń san ẹ̀jẹ́ tó pọ̀jù pẹ̀lú èmi wọn àti ọ̀nà ìwá ìjẹ-ìmu wọn.


And that's playing out every day in the African American community, where we're 3.6 times more likely to die of COVID than our white counterparts.


Ìyẹ́n sì ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lójoojúmọ́ ní àwùjọ àwọn ọmọ ilẹ̀ Adúláwọ̀ ní orílẹ̀-ède America, níbi tó ti ṣe é ṣe kí COVID pa wa ní ìlọ́po mẹ́rìn-dín-lọ́gbọ̀n ju àwọn akẹgbẹ́ wa tí wọ́n jẹ́ aláwò funfun lọ.


We're seeing those health disparities on the ground in New York City, our nation's epicenter.


À ń rí àwọn ìyàtọ̀ ìlera wọ̀nyẹn lọ́pọ̀lọpọ̀ ní New York City, níbi tó ti àrùn yìí ti wọ́pọ̀ jùlọ lórílẹ̀-ède wa.


And to compound the impact of the health disparities, there's significant economic devastation, where one in four of our families in Harlem report food insecurity, and 57 percent report a loss of income or a loss of their job.


Láti sọ ipa ìyàtọ̀ ìlera náà di púpọ̀, ìpalára ọrọ̀ ajé tó fojú hàn wà, níbi tí ọ̀kan nínú mẹ́rin àwọn ẹbíi wa ní Harlem ti ń jábọ̀ àìróúnjẹ jẹ, ti ìda mẹ́tà-dín-lọ́gọ́ta ń jábọ̀ ìpàdánù owó-oṣù tàbí ìpàdánù iṣẹ́ wọn.


But to better understand the work of the Harlem Children's Zone, I want to share a story with you, about a second-grade scholar named Sean.


Ṣùgbọ́n láti túbọ̀ ní ìmọ̀ nípa iṣẹ́ tí Harlem Children Zone ń ṣe, mo fẹ́ sọ ìtàn kan fún yín, nípa akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ilé-ìwé alákọ̀ọ́bẹ́rẹ̀ kejì tí orúkọ rẹ̀ ńjẹ́ Sean.


Sean is a beautiful Black boy whose smile would light up any room that he's in.


Sean jẹ́ ọmọdékùnrin aláwọ̀-dúdú to rewà tí ẹ̀rin rẹ̀ máa ń mú ìdùnnú wọ inú yàrá tó bá wà ni.


And when quarantine began in March, we noticed that Sean wasn't attending virtual school.


Nígbà tí ìyàsọ́tọ̀ bẹ́rẹ̀ ní oṣù Ẹ̀rẹnà, a ṣàkíyèsí wí pé Sean ò kín wá sí ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ orí ẹ̀rọ ayélukára.


And after some investigation, we've come to learn that Sean's mom was hospitalized due to COVID.


Léyìn ìwádìí díẹ̀, a wá mọ̀ wí pé ìya Sean wà nílé-ìwòsàn nítorí COVID.


So he was at home with grandma and his baby sibling, who was his only viable support system, since Sean's father is incarcerated.


Òún wà nílé pẹ̀lu ìyá-àgba rẹ̀ àti àbúro rẹ̀ kékeré, tó ṣe pé òun nìkan náà ni alátìlẹyìn fun, nígbà tó jẹ́ wí pé wọ́n ti fi baba Sean sẹ́wọ̀n.


Grandma was struggling.


Ìyá-àgbà ń tiraka ni.


There wasn't much food in the household, limited diapers, and Sean didn't even have a computer.


Kò sí oúnjẹ púpọ̀ ní ilé náà, ìlédì díẹ̀, Sean náà ò wulẹ̀ ní ẹ̀rọ-ayárabíàṣá kankan.


When mom was released from the hospital, their challenges deepened, because they could no longer stay with grandma, due to her preexisting health conditions.


Nígbà tí wọ́n tú ìya rẹ̀ sílẹ̀ nílé-ìwòsàn, ìdojúko wọ́n túbọ̀ fẹjú síi, nítorí wọn ò lè gbépọ̀ pẹ̀lú ìyá-àgba wọn mọ́, nítorí ipọ̀-ilere àtẹ̀yìnwá rẹ̀.


So Sean, his baby sibling and his mom had to go to a shelter.


Nitorí náà Sean, àbúro rẹ̀ kékeré àti ìya rẹ̀ ní láti lọ sílé àwọn aláìní.


Sean's story is not atypical at the Harlem Children's Zone.


Ìtan Sean kìí ṣe ní Harlem Children's Zone nìkan.


We know Sean and millions like him all across the country deserve to have everything that this world has to offer, without inequality robbing them of that opportunity.


A mọ wí pé Sean àti àwọn àádọ́ta-ọ̀kẹ́ bíi tiẹ̀ káàkiri orílẹ̀-èdè náà lẹ́tọ̀ọ́ láti ní gbogbo nǹkan tí ayé yìí ní láti fúnni, láìjẹ́pé àìdọ́gda yóò ma jàwọ́n lólè irú àǹfààní yẹn.


All the result of racism and historical and systemic underinvestment are now compounded by COVID-19.


Gbogbo èsi ẹlẹ́yàmẹyà ìtàn àti ètò àìdókòwò ti wá papọ̀ mọ́ COVID-19.


Our comprehensive model uniquely positions the Harlem Children's Zone in the fight of COVID.


Èkúnrẹ́rẹ́ àwòṣe wa gbé Harlem Children's Zone sínu ìjàgùdu COVID lọ́nà ọ̀tọ̀.


The success that we have on the ground in Harlem makes it imperative, and it is our responsibility to share what we know works with the country.


Àṣeyọrí tí a ní lọ́pọ̀ ní Harlem sọ ó di pàtàkì, ojúṣe wa sì ni láti sọ ohun tí a mọ̀ pé ó ṣiṣe fún orílè-èdè.


We have developed a comprehensive COVID-19 relief and recovery response for our community, that was surfaced from our community, focused on five primary areas of need, and already servicing families like Sean's.


A ti ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́ ìdáhùn sí ìdẹ̀rùn àti ìpadàbọ̀-sípò COVID-19 fún àwùjọ wa, tí ó jẹyọ ní àwùjọ wa, tó dálé àwọn kókó nǹkan kòṣeémánìí márùn-ún, a sì ń ṣe àtìlẹyìn fún àwọn ẹbí bíi ti Sean.


They are the following.


Àwọn náà rè é.


One, emergency relief funds.


Àkọ́kọ́, owó ìdẹ̀run pàjáwírì.


We know that our families need cash in their hands right now.


A mọ̀ wí pé àwọn ẹbí wa nílò owó lọ́wọ́ wọn lásíkò yìí.


Two, protecting our most vulnerable.


Ìkejì, dídáààbò bo àwọn akọ́gun-séwujù wa.


We know our families need access to essential goods and information.


A mọ̀ wí pé àwọn ẹbí wa nílò àǹfààní sí àwọn ohun-èlo-kòṣeémánì àti ìfitónilétí.


So that is food, that's masks, that's a curated resource list and public health campaigns.


Oúnjẹ nìyẹn, ìbòmú nìyẹn, àkójọpọ̀ ohun-èlò àti ìpolongo ìlera gbogbogbò.


Three, bridging the digital divide.


Ìkẹ́ta, dídí àlàfo àìdọ́gba àrọ́wọ́tó ẹ̀rọ- ayélukára.


We believe that internet is a fundamental right.


A nígbàgbọ́ wí pé ẹ̀tọ kòṣeémánì ni ẹ̀rọ̀-ayélukára jẹ́.


So we need to ensure our families have connectivity, and also all school-age children in a household have the proper learning devices.


A ní láti ríi dájú wí pé àwọn ẹbí wa ní ìsopọ̀ mọ́ ẹ̀rọ-ayélukára, bákan náà gbogbo àwọn ọmọ tí ọjọ́-orí wọ́n wà lábẹ́ ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ní ilé kan ni wọ́n ní ohun-èlò ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́ tó tọ́.


Four, zero learning loss.


Ìkẹ́rin, àìpàdánù ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́.


We know that there's a generation of students at risk of losing an entire year of their education.


A mọ̀ wí pé àwọn ìran akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ kan wà tí wọ́n wà nínú ewu ìpàdánù gbogbo ọdún ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́ wọn.


We need to make sure that we are providing high-quality virtual programing, in addition to having safe reentry planned for school reentry.


A nílò láti ríi wí pé à ń pèsè ètò ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ẹrọ-ayélukára tó lágbára, ní àfikún sí ṣíṣe ètò ìpadàwọlé aláìléwu fún ìpadàwọlé ilé-ẹ̀kọ́.


And five, mitigating the mental health crisis.


Ìkarùn-ún, mímú àdínkù bá àrùn ọpọlọ.


There's a generation at risk of having PTSD, due to the massive amounts of toxic stress.


Àwọn ìran kan wà nínú ewu níní PTSD, nítorí àpọ̀jù májèlé ti láàláà.


We need to ensure that our families have access to telehealth and other virtual supports.


A nílò láti ríi dájú pé àwọn ẹbí wa ní àǹfààní sí ètò-ìlera orí ẹ̀rọ ayélukára àti àwọn ìrànlọ́wọ́ orí ẹ̀rọ-ayélukára mìíràn.


We have six amazing partners across six cities in the United States that are adopting our model for their own context in their community.


A ní àwọn alájọṣepọ̀ tó dantọ́ mẹ́fà káàkiri àwọn ìletò mẹ́fà ní orílẹ̀-ède United States tí wọ́n ń tẹ̀lé àwòṣe wa fún ọ̀gangan-ipò tiwọn ní àwùjọ wọn.


They are Oakland, Minneapolis, Chicago, Detroit, Newark and Atlanta.


Àwọn náà ni Oakland, Minneapolis, Chicago, Detroit, Newark àti Atlanta.


In addition to those partners, we have three national partners, who will be sharing our model and sharing our strategies through their network, in addition to amplifying our impact by policy advocacy.


Ní àfikún sí àwọn alájọṣepọ̀ wọ̀nyẹn, a ní àwọn alájọṣepọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè mẹ́ta, tí wọ́n yóò ma pín àwòṣe wa àti àwọn èto wa lórí ìkàni wọn, ní àfikún sí pípariwo ipa wa pẹ̀lú àtìlẹ́yìn ìpinnu.


We will have impact on three levels.


A máa ní ipa ní ìpele mẹ́ta.


Individual impact on the ground in Harlem, across a number of outcomes in education, in health, in economics, reaching 30,000 people.


Ipa ẹnìkọ̀ọ̀kan lọ́pọ̀ ní Harlem, káàkiri iye àwọn àbájáde nínú ètò-ẹ̀kọ́, nínú ètò-ìlera, nínú ọrọ̀-ajé, kíkànsí ẹgbẹ̀rún-lọ́nà 30 àwọn ènìyàn.


There's community-level impact across six cities, again through our amazing partners, that will reach an additional 70,000 people.


Ipa ìpele àwùjọ náà wà káàkiri àwọn ìletò mẹ́fà, bákan náà nípasẹ̀ àwọn alájọṣepọ̀ wa tó dántọ́, tí wọ́n yóò kàn sí àfikún ẹgbẹ̀rún-lọ́nà 70 àwọn ènìyàn.


And then national impact, not only through policy advocacy, but through capacity building at scale.


Lẹ́yìn náà ipa lórí orílẹ̀ èdè, kì í ṣe nípa ìgbawí ìlànà-ìṣe nìkan, ṣùgbọ́n nípasẹ̀ mím ìronilagbara de ojú ìwọ̀n.


Our answer to COVID-19, the despair and inequities plaguing our communities, is targeting neighborhoods with comprehensive services.


Ìdáhùn wa sí COVID-19, àìnírètí àti àìdọ́gba tó ń bá àwùjọ wa jà, ń dojú kọ àwọn àdúgbò pẹ̀lú ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́ iṣẹ́.


We have certainly not lost hope.


A ò tíì sọ ìrètí nù rárá.


And we invite you to join us on the front lines of this war.


A sì ń pè yín láti darapọ̀ mọ́ wa níwáju ogun yìí.


Why civilians suffer more once a war is over


Ìdí tí ìyà ṣe máa ń jẹ àwọn ará-ìlú gan-an nígbà tí ogún bá ti parí.


So have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in a place with no rules?


Ǹjẹ́ o ti rò ó tẹ́lẹ̀ rí pé báwo ló ṣe máa rí tí enìyán bá ń gbé níbi tí kò sí òfin.


That sounds pretty cool.


Ìyẹ́n dùn gbọ́.


You wake up one morning, however, and you discover that the reason there are no rules is because there's no government, and there are no laws.


O jí láàrọ̀ ọjọ́ kan, ẹ̀wẹ̀, ẹ wá rí i wí pé ìdí tí kò fi sí òfin ni wí pé kò sí ìjọba, kò sì sí òfin.


In fact, all social institutions have disappeared.


Lóòótọ́, gbogbo ilé-iṣẹ́ àwùjọ ti pòórá.


So there's no schools, there's no hospitals, there's no police, there's no banks, there's no athletic clubs, there's no utilities.


Nítorí náà Kò sí ilé-ẹ̀kọ́, kò sí ilé-ìwòsàn, kò sí ọlọ́pàá, kò sí ilé-ìfowópamọ́, kò sí àwọn ẹgbẹ́ eléré-ìdárayá, kò sí ohun-èlò.


Well, I know a little bit about what this is like, because when I was a medical student in 1999, I worked in a refugee camp in the Balkans during the Kosovo War.


Ó dáa. Mo mọ díẹ̀ nípa bí èyí ṣe rí, torí nígbà tí mo jẹ́ akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ìmọ̀-ìṣègùn ní odún 1999, mo ṣiṣẹ́ ní ìpàgọ́ àwọn atìpó ní Balkans lásìko ogun Kosovo.


When the war was over, I got permission -- unbelievably -- from my medical school to take some time off and follow some of the families that I had befriended in the camp back to their village in Kosovo, and understand how they navigated life in this postwar setting.


Nígbà tí ogun náà parí, mo gba ìyànda -- sí ìyàlẹ́nu -- láti ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìmọ̀-ìṣègùn mi láti lọ sinmi kí n sì tẹ̀lé àwọn ẹbí tí mo ti bá dọ́rẹ̀ẹ́ ní ìpàgọ́ náà padà sí abúlé wọn ní Kosovo, kí n mo bí wọn yóò ṣe lo ìgbésí-ayé ní ibùdó léyìn ogun yìí.


Postwar Kosovo was a very interesting place because NATO troops were there, mostly to make sure the war didn't break out again.


Kosovo léyìn ogun jẹ́ ibìkan tó dùn nítorí àwọn ọmọ-ogun NATO wà níbẹ̀, láti rí i pé ogun ò tún ṣẹ́yọ mọ́.


But other than that, it was actually a lawless place, and almost every social institution, both public and private, had been destroyed.


"Ṣùgbọ́n yàtọ̀ sí ìyẹn, àyè tí ò l""ófin ni, ó fẹ́rẹ̀ jẹ́ pé gbogbo ilé-iṣẹ́ àwùjọ, ti ìjọba àti aládàni, ni wọ́n ti bàjẹ́."


So I can tell you that when you go into one of these situations and settings, it is absolutely thrilling for about 30 minutes, because that's about how long it takes before you run into a situation where you realize how incredibly vulnerable you are.


Nítorí náà mo lè sọ fún yín wí pé tí ẹ bá wọ ọ̀kan nínú àwọn ipò àti ibùdó yìí, ó máa ń panilẹ́rìn-ín fún bíi ọgbọ̀n ìṣẹ́jú, torí bó ṣe máa ń pẹ́ tó nìyẹn kí ẹ tó wà ní ipò tí ẹ ó fi mọ bí ẹ ṣe kángun-séwu sí.


For me, that moment came when I had to cross the first checkpoint, and I realized as I drove up that I would be negotiating passage through this checkpoint with a heavily armed individual who, if he decided to shoot me right then and there, actually wouldn't be doing anything illegal.


Fún èmi, àkókò náà wá nígbà tí mo ní láti kọjá ẹnu-ibodè àkọ́kọ́, bí mo ṣe wa ọkọ̀ síwájú ni mo ti mọ̀ wí pé mo máa ṣe ìdúnàádúrà kíkọjá ẹnu-ibodè yìí pẹ̀lú ẹnìkàn tó dìhá ogun tó ṣe pé, tó bá pinnu láti yìnbọ mọ́mi lásíkò yẹn àti níbẹ̀ yẹn, kò ní tíì ṣe nǹkan tí ò bófinmu.


But the sense of vulnerability that I had was absolutely nothing in comparison to the vulnerability of the families that I got to know over that year.


Ṣùgbọ́n òye ìkángun-séwu tí mo ní kò tó nǹkan sí ìkángun-séwu àwọn ẹbí tí mo mò ní ọdún yẹn.


"You see, life in a society where there are no social institutions is riddled with danger and uncertainty, and simple questions like, ""What are we going to eat tonight?"" are very complicated to answer."


"Ṣẹ ẹ rí i, ìgbe-ayé láwùjọ tí kò sí àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ àwùjọ ń kojú ewu àti àìdájú, àti àwọn ìbéèrè tó rọrùn bíi, ""kí la máa jẹ lálẹ́ yìí? ""jẹ́ àmúdijú láti dáhùn."


Questions about security, when you don't have any security systems, are terrifying.


Àwọn ìbéèrè nípa ààbò, nígbà tí kò bá sí ètò ààbò, máa ń bani lẹ́rù.


Is that altercation I had with the neighbor down the block going to turn into a violent episode that will end my life or my family's life?


Ṣé èdè-àìyedè yẹn tí mo ní pẹ̀lu aráalé mi tó wà nísálẹ̀ ò ní di rògbòdìyàn tí yóò gba èmí mi tàbí èmi ẹbí mi?


Health concerns when there is no health system are also terrifying.


Ìrònú nípa ìlere nígbà tí kò bá sí ètò-ìlera náà ń bani lẹ́rù.


"I listened as many families had to sort through questions like, ""My infant has a fever."


"Mo ń tẹ́ti bí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ẹbí ṣe ní láti yanjú àwọn ìbéèrè bi, ""ìkókó mi ní ààrun ibà."


What am I going to do?


Kíni mo fẹ́ ṣe?


""" ""My sister, who is pregnant, is bleeding."


""" ""Àbúrò mi lóbìrin, tó lóyún, ń da ẹ̀jẹ̀."


What should I do?


Kíni kí n ṣe?


Who should I turn to?


Tani kí n kọjú sí?


""" ""Where are the doctors, where are the nurses?"


""" ""Àwọn oníṣégùn-òyìnbó dà, àwọn olùtọ́-ilé-ìwòsàn dà?"


If I could find one, are they trustworthy?


Tí mo bá lè ri ọ̀kan, ṣé wọ́n ṣe é gbàgbọ́?


How will I pay them?


Báwo ni màá ṣe sanwó fún wọn?


In what currency will I pay them?


Irú owó wo ni màá fi sanwó fún wọn?


""" ""If I need medications, where will I find them?"


""" ""Tí mo bá nílò òògùn, níbo ni màá ti rí wọn?"


If I take those medications, are they actually counterfeits?


Bí mo bá lo àwọn òògùn wọ̀nyẹn, ṣé ayédèrú niwọ́n lóòótọ́?


""" And on and on."


""" Àti bẹ́ẹ̀ àti bẹ́ẹ̀."


So for life in these settings, the dominant theme, the dominant feature of life, is the incredible vulnerability that people have to manage day in and day out, because of the lack of social systems.


Fún ìgbé-ayé ní àwọn ibùdó wọ̀nyí, kókó ọ̀rọ̀ tó gbajúmọ̀ jù, àwòmọ́ ìgbeayé tó gbajúmọ̀ jù, ni ìkángun-séwu tí àwọn ènìyàn ní láti mójútó lójoojúmọ́, torí àìsí àwọn ètò àwùjọ.


And it actually turns out that this feature of life is incredibly difficult to explain and be understood by people who are living outside of it.


Ó padà jẹyọ wí pé àwòmọ́ ìgbe-ayé yìí ṣòro púpọ̀ láti ṣàlàyé àti láti mọ̀ fún àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n ń gbé níta rẹ̀.


I discovered this when I left Kosovo.


Mo mọ èyí nígbà tí mo kúrò ní Kosovo.


I came back to Boston, I became a physician, I became a global public health policy researcher.


Mo padà wá sí Boston, mo di alágbàwò, mo di oníṣẹ́ ìwádìí ìpinnu ìlera gbogbogbò lágbàyé.


I joined the Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Global Health.


Mo darapọ̀ mọ́ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìṣègun Havard àti Brigham àti ẹ̀ka ilé-ìwòsàn àwọn obìnrin ti ìlera àgbáyé.


And I, as a researcher, really wanted to get started on this problem right away.


Èmi, gẹ́gẹ́ bí oníṣẹ́ ìwádìí, fẹ́ bẹ́rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ lórí ìṣòro yìí lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀.


"I was like, ""How do we reduce the crushing vulnerability of people living in these types of fragile settings?"


"Mo ń rò ó wí pé, ""Báwo ni a ṣe lè mú àdínkù bá ìkángun-séwu àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n ń gbé ní àwọn ibùdó ẹlẹgẹ́ wọ̀nyí?"


Is there any way we can start to think about how to protect and quickly recover the institutions that are critical to survival, like the health system?


Ǹjẹ́ ọ̀nà kankan wà tí a lè bẹ̀rẹ̀ síní ronú nípa bí a ṣe lè pèse ìdáààbòbo àti ìpadàbọ̀sípò lọ́gán àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ tí wọ́n ṣe pàtàkì fún ìmóríbọ́, bí ètò ìlera?


""" And I have to say, I had amazing colleagues."


""" Mo sì gbọ́dọ̀ sọ wí pé, mo ní àwọn akẹgbẹ́ tó dántọ́."


But one interesting thing about it was, this was sort of an unusual question for them.


Ṣùgbọ́n nǹkan kan tó panilẹ́rìn nípa rẹ̀ ni wí pé, àwọn ìbéèrè àjòjì ni èyí jẹ́ fún wọn.


"They were kind of like, ""Oh, if you work in war, doesn't that mean you work on refugee camps, and you work on documenting mass atrocities?"" -- which is, by the way, very, very, very important."


""" Wọ́n rò ó wí pé, ""Oh, tí ẹ bá ṣiṣẹ́ nínú ogun, ṣé ìyẹ́n ò túmọ̀ sí wí pé ẹ ṣiṣẹ́ ní ìpàgọ́ àwọn atìpó ni, ẹ sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí àkọsílẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn ìwa-ìbàjẹ́?"" -- tó ṣe wí pé, lápá kan, ó ṣe pàtàkì gigi gaan."


So it took me a while to explain why I was so passionate about this issue, until about six years ago.


Ó gbàmí lásíkò díẹ̀ láti ṣàlàye ìdí tí mo fi nífẹ̀ sí ọrọ̀ yìí, títí di bí ọdún mẹ́fà sẹ́yìn.


That's when this landmark study that looked at and described the public health consequences of war was published.


Nígbà náà ni ìwádìí aláìlẹ́gbẹ́ yìí tó ṣe ìbojúwò àti àpèjúwe èt ò ìlera gbogbogbò àbájáde ogun di títẹ̀ jáde.


They came to an incredible, provocative conclusion.


"Wọ́n ṣe ìfẹnukò tó yani lẹ́nu t""ó sì bíni nínú."


These researchers concluded that the vast majority of death and disability from war happens after the cessation of conflict.


Àwọn oníṣẹ́ ìwádìí wọ̀nyí fẹnukò pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ikú àti ìsọnidaláààbọ̀-ara látara ogun máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí ìkọlura bá ti dópin.


So the most dangerous time to be a person living in a conflict-affected state is after the cessation of hostilities; it's after the peace deal has been signed.


"Àsìkò t""ó léwu jù láti jẹ́ ènìyàn tó ń gbé ní orílẹ̀-èdè tó ní ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀-ìkọlura ni lẹ́yìn tí ogun bá ti dópin; lẹ́yìn tí àdéhùn àlàáfíà bá ti di bíbuwọ́lù ni."


It's when that political solution has been achieved.


Ìgbà tí ọ̀nà-àbáyọ òṣèlú yẹn bá ti di ṣíṣe.


That seems so puzzling, but of course it's not, because war kills people by robbing them of their clinics, of their hospitals, of their supply chains.


Ìyẹn dàbi ẹní rújú, ṣùgbọ́n bẹ́ẹ̀ ni kò rí bẹ́ẹ̀, nítorí ogun máa ń pa àwọn ènìyàn nípa jíjà wọ́n lólè àwọn ilé-ìwòsan alábọ́ọ́dé wọn, àwọn ilé-ìwòsan wọn, àti ìpínkárí àwọn ẹrù-ọjà wọn.


Their doctors are targeted, are killed; they're on the run.


Wọ́n máa ń dájúsọ àwọn oníṣègùn-òyìnbo wọn, wọ́n ń gba ẹ̀míi wọ́n; wọ́n ti sá lọ̀.


And more invisible and yet more deadly is the destruction of the health governance institutions and their finances.


Èyí àìhàn dáadáa tí ò tún sì ń ṣekú pani jù ni ìparun àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ tó ń darí ètò ìlera àti àwọn ìṣúná owó wọn.


So this is really not surprising at all to me.


Torí náà èyí kò fi bẹ́ẹ̀ yà mí lẹ́nu rárá.


But what is surprising and somewhat dismaying, is how little impact this insight has had, in terms of how we think about human suffering and war.


Ṣùgbọ́n nǹkan tó yani lẹ́nu tó sì bani lọ́kan jẹ́, ni ipa kékeré tí òye yìí ní, nípa bí a ṣe ń ronú nípa ìnira àwọn ènìyàn àti ogun.


Let me give you a couple examples.


Ẹ jẹ́ kí n fún yín ní àwọn àpẹẹrẹ bíi mélòó kan.


Last year, you may remember, Ebola hit the West African country of Liberia.


Lọ́dún tó kọjá, ẹ lè rántí, Ebólà kọlu orílẹ̀-ède Liberia ti Ìwò-oòrùn Ilẹ̀-Adúláwọ̀.


There was a lot of reporting about this group, Doctors Without Borders, sounding the alarm and calling for aid and assistance.


"Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìròyìn l""ó wà nípa ẹgbẹ́ yìí, Àwọn Oníṣégùn-Òyìnbó Láìsí Ààlà, tí wọ́n ń kébòsí tí wọ́n sì ń pè fún ìrànlọ́wọ́ àti àtìlẹyìn."


But not a lot of that reporting answered the question: Why is Doctors Without Borders even in Liberia?


Ṣùgbọ́n kì í ṣe gbogbo ìjábọ̀ ìròyìn yẹn ni ó dáhùn ìbéèrè náà: kín ni ìdí tí Àwọn Oníṣégùn-Òyìnbó Láìsí Ààlà ṣe wà ní orílẹ̀-ède Liberia?


Doctors Without Borders is an amazing organization, dedicated and designed to provide emergency care in war zones.


"Àwọn Oníṣégùn-Òyìnbó Láìsí Ààlà jẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ aláràagbàídá, tí gbékalẹ̀ t""ó sì ní ìfọkànsìn láti pèse ìtọ́júu pàjáwírì ní àwọn agbègbe ogun."


Liberia's civil war had ended in 2003 -- that was 11 years before Ebola even struck.


Ogun abẹ́lé orílẹ̀-ède Liberia ti dópin ní ọdún 2003 - ìyẹn jẹ́ ọdún 11 kí arun Ebola ó tó bẹ́ sílẹ̀.


When Ebola struck Liberia, there were less than 50 doctors in the entire country of 4.5 million people.


Nígbà tí Ebola bẹ́ sílẹ̀ ní orílẹ̀-ède Liberia, àwọn oníṣégùn-òyìnbó tó dín ní 50 ni wọ́n wà ní gbogbo orílẹ̀-èdè tí ó ní àwọn ènìyàn bí ẹgbẹ̀rún-lọ́nà-ẹgbẹ̀rún 4.5.


Doctors Without Borders is in Liberia because Liberia still doesn't really have a functioning health system, 11 years later.


"Àwọn Oníṣégùn-Òyìnbó Láìsí Ààlà wà ní orílẹ̀-ède Liberia nítorí Liberia ò tíì fi bẹ́ẹ̀ ní ètò ìlera tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ b""ó ṣe yẹ, lẹ́yìn ọdún 11."


When the earthquake hit Haiti in 2010, the outpouring of international aid was phenomenal.


Nígbà tí ìṣẹ́lẹ̀ kọlu Haiti ní ọdún 2010, àwọn àtìlẹyìn tó ń wọlé láti ilẹ̀-òkèèrè kàmàmà.


But did you know that only two percent of that funding went to rebuild Haitian public institutions, including its health sector?


Ṣùgbọ́n ṣé ẹ mọ̀ wí pé ìdá méjì ìgbọ̀wọ́ yẹn ló lọ sí kíkọ́ àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ ìjọba gbogbogbò Haiti, tó fi mọ́ ẹ̀ka ìlera rẹ̀?


From that perspective, Haitians continue to die from the earthquake even today.


Láti ojú-ìwòye yẹn, àwọn Ọmọ Haiti sì ń tẹ̀síwájú láti kú nítorí ìjì-ilẹ̀ pàápàá dòní.


I recently met this gentleman.


Mo pàde arákùnrin yìí láìpẹ́ yìí.


This is Dr. Nezar Ismet.


Onímọ̀-ìṣègùn Nezar Ismet rè é.


He's the Minister of Health in the northern autonomous region of Iraq, in Kurdistan.


Òun ni Alákòso fún Ètò-Ìlera ní agbègbè olómìnira àríwá orílẹ̀-èdè Iraq, ní Kurdistan.


Here he is announcing that in the last nine months, his country, his region, has increased from four million people to five million people.


Òun rè é tó ń kéde pé ní oṣù mẹ́sàn sẹ́yìn, orílẹ̀-ède rẹ̀, agbègbe rẹ̀, ti lékún láti ẹgbẹ̀rún-lọ́nà-ẹgbẹ̀rún mẹ́rin ènìyàn sí ẹgbẹ̀rún-lọ́nà-ẹgbẹ̀rún márùn-ún ènìyàn.


That's a 25 percent increase.


Àfikún ìdá 15 nìyẹn.


Thousands of these new arrivals have experienced incredible trauma.


Àìmọye ẹgbẹ̀rún nínú àwọn ṣẹ̀ṣẹdé wọ̀nyí ní wọ́n ti ní ìrìrí ìpòrúru-ọkàn tí-kò-ṣe-é-gbàgbọ́.


His doctors are working 16-hour days without pay.


Àwọn oníṣégùn-òyìnbo rẹ̀ ń ṣiṣẹ́ fún wákàtí 16 lójúmọ́ láìgbowó.


His budget has not increased by 25 percent; it has decreased by 20 percent, as funding has flowed to security concerns and to short-term relief efforts.


Ìṣúná rẹ̀ ò tíì lékún pẹ̀lú ìdá 25; ó ti dínkù pẹ̀lú ìdá 20, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìgbọ̀wọ́ ṣe ti ṣàn sí ìrònú nípa ètò-ààbò àti ìgbìyànjú ìràlọ́wọ́ onígbà kúkúrú.


When his health sector fails -- and if history is any guide, it will -- how do you think that's going to influence the decision making of the five million people in his region as they think about whether they should flee that type of vulnerable living situation?


Nígbà tí ẹ̀ka-ìlera rẹ̀ bá kùnà -- tí ìtàn bá ṣe é tẹ̀lé, yóò rí bẹ́ẹ̀ -- báwo ni ẹ ṣe rò wí pé ìyẹn ṣe lè nípa lórí ṣíṣe ìpinnu fún ẹgbẹ̀rún-lọ́nà-ẹgbẹ̀rún márùn-ún àwọn ènìyàn tó wà ní agbègbe rẹ̀ bí wọ́n ṣe ń ronú nípa bóyá kí àwọ́n sá fún irú ipò ìgbéayé ìkágun-séwu bẹ́ẹ̀?


So as you can see, this is a frustrating topic for me, and I really try to understand: Why the reluctance to protect and support indigenous health systems and security systems?


Gẹ́gẹ́ bí ẹ ṣe rí i, kókó-ọ̀rọ̀ tó ń dani láàmù ni èyí jẹ́ fún mi, mo sì gbìyànjú gan-an láti ní òye pé: kí ló ń fa ìsún-sẹ́yìn láti pèsè ìdáààbòbò àti ṣíṣe àtìlẹyìn ètò-ìlera ẹni àti ètò ààbò?


I usually tier two concerns, two arguments.


Mo máa ń ní àníyàn méjì, àríyànjiyàn méjì.


The first concern is about corruption, and the concern that people in these settings are corrupt and they are untrustworthy.


Àníyàn àkọ́kọ́ ni nípa ìwà-ìbàjẹ́, àti àníyàn wí pé àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n wà ní àwọn ibùdó wọ̀nyí níwà ìbàjẹ́ wọn ò sì ṣe é gbàgbọ́.


And I will admit that I have met unsavory characters working in health sectors in these situations.


Mo máa gbà wí pé mo ti pàdé àwọn oníwà-ìbàjẹ́ ti wọ́n ń ṣiṣẹ́ ní ẹ̀ka-ìlera ní àwọn ipò wọ̀nyí.


But I will tell you that the opposite is absolutely true in every case I have worked on, from Afghanistan to Libya, to Kosovo, to Haiti, to Liberia -- I have met inspiring people, who, when the chips were down for their country, they risked everything to save their health institutions.


Ṣùgbọ́n mo máa sọ fún-un yín pé òótọ́ ni ìdàkejì jẹ́ nínú gbogbo nǹkan tí mo ti ṣiṣẹ́ lé lorí, láti orílẹ̀-ède Afganistan dé Libya, dé Kosovo, dé Haiti, dé Liberia -- mo ti pàdé àwọn ènìyàn tó n fúnni ní ìmísí, tó ṣe wí pé, nígbà tí ìṣòro tó lágbára bá ṣẹlẹ̀ sí orílẹ̀-ède wọn, wọn máa ń ṣe gbogbo nǹkan láti dóólà àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ ìlera wọn.


The trick for the outsider who wants to help is identifying who those individuals are, and building a pathway for them to lead.


Ọgbọ́n fún àwọn aráàta tí wọ́n fẹ́ ṣe ìrànlọ́wọ́ ni láti tọ́ka ẹni tí àwọn ènìyàn wọ̀nyẹn ń ṣe, kí wọ́n sì pèsè ojú-ọ̀nà fún wọn láti ṣíwájú.


That is exactly what happened in Afghanistan.


Nǹkan tó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní orílẹ̀-ède Afganistan gaan nìyẹn.


One of the unsung and untold success stories of our nation-building effort in Afghanistan involved the World Bank in 2002 investing heavily in identifying, training and promoting Afghani health sector leaders.


Ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìtàn àṣeyọrí ìgbìyànju kíkọ́-orílẹ̀-èdè Afganistan wa tí wọn ò sì gbóríyìn nípa rẹ̀ ni ti ìdókòwò ńlá Ilé-ìfowópamọ́ Àgbáyé ní ọdún 2002 láti ṣèdámọ̀, ṣíṣe ìkọ́ni àti àgbéga àwọn adarí ẹ̀ka ètò-ìlera Afgani.


These health sector leaders have pulled off an incredible feat in Afghanistan.


Àwọn adarí ẹ̀ka ètò-ìlera wọ̀nyí ti ṣe àṣeyọrí tó pọ̀ ní Afganistan.


They have aggressively increased access to health care for the majority of the population.


Wọ́n ti fi ìkanra ṣe àfikún àǹfààní sí ìtọ́jú ìlera fún ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn ará-ìlú.


They are rapidly improving the health status of the Afghan population, which used to be the worst in the world.


Wọ́n mú ìyàtọ̀ tó dáa bá ipò ìlera àwọn ènìyan Afghan, tó jẹ́ wí pé oun ló burú jùlọ lágbàáyé tẹ́lẹ̀.


In fact, the Afghan Ministry of Health does things that I wish we would do in America.


Lóòótọ́, ilé-iṣẹ́ tó ń rí sí ètò-ìlera ní Afghan ń ṣe àwọn nǹkan tí yóò wùn mí ká ṣe é ní orílẹ̀-ède America.


They use things like data to make policy.


Wọ́n ń lo àwọn nǹkan bí ìwífúni-alálàyé láti ṣe ìpinnu.


It's incredible.


Ó lágbára.


"The other concern I hear a lot about is: ""We just can't afford it, we just don't have the money."


"Àníyàn kejì tí mo máa ń gbọ́ nípa rẹ̀ gan-an ni: ""Ó ti ga ju ara lọ, a ò ní owó rẹ̀."


It's just unsustainable.


Kò ṣe é tẹ̀síwájú.


""" I would submit to you that the current situation and the current system we have is the most expensive, inefficient system we could possibly conceive of."


""" Mo máa jábọ̀ fun yín pé nǹkan tó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́wọ́ àti ètò tí a ní lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ ló wọ́n jù, ohun sì ni ètò tí ò ṣiṣẹ́ tí a lè ronú rẹ̀ lọ."


The current situation is that when governments like the US -- or, let's say, the collection of governments that make up the European Commission -- every year, they spend 15 billion dollars on just humanitarian and emergency and disaster relief worldwide.


Nǹkan tó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ ni wí pé nígbà tí àwọn ìjọba bíi ti orílẹ̀-ède US -- tàbí, ká sọ wí pé, àkójọpọ̀ àwọn ìjọba tí wọ́n jọ parapọ̀ di Àjọ-Ìgbìmọ Ilẹ̀ Europe -- lọ́dọọdún, wọ́n ń ná bílíọ́nù mẹ́ẹ̀dógún dọ́là lórí ìdẹ̀rùn àánú ọmọnìyàn àti pàjáwírì àti àjálù jákè-jákò àgbánlá-ayé.


That's nothing about foreign aid, that's just disaster relief.


Ìyẹn kìí ṣe nǹkankan nípa ìrànwọ́ ilẹ̀-òkèèrè, ìdẹ̀rùn àjálù nìkan nìyẹn o.


Ninety-five percent of it goes to international relief agencies, that then have to import resources into these areas, and knit together some type of temporary health system, let's say, which they then dismantle and send away when they run out of money.


Ìdá márún-lè-láàdọ́rùn nínú rẹ̀ ni ó ń lọ sí àwọn Àjọ ìdẹ̀rùn ilẹ̀ òkèèrè, tí wọ́n ní láti kó àwọn ohun-èlò wọlé sí àwọn àgbègbè yìí, tí wọn ó sì hun àwọn ètò ìlera onígbà díẹ̀ papọ̀, ká sọ wí pé, tí wọ́n yóò wá tú u ká tí wọn yóò sì lé wọn dànù nígbà tí owó bá tán.


So our job, it turns out, is very clear.


Nítorí náà iṣẹ́ wa, bó ṣe rí, hàn kedere.


We, as the global health community policy experts, our first job is to become experts in how to monitor the strengths and vulnerabilities of health systems in threatened situations.


Àwa, gẹ́gẹ́ bi àgbà-ọ̀jẹ̀ nínú ìpinnu àwùjọ ìlera àgbáyé, àkọ́kọ́ iṣẹ́ wa ni láti di àgbà-ọ̀jẹ̀ nínú bí a ṣe ń mójútó okun àti ìkọ́gun-séwu ètò ìlera ní ipò ewu.


And that's when we see doctors fleeing, when we see health resources drying up, when we see institutions crumbling -- that's the emergency.


Nígbà náà ni à ń rí àwọn oníṣègùn-òyìnbó tí wọ́n ń sálọ, nígbà tí à ń rí àwọn ohun-èlò ìlera tó ń gbẹ, nígbà tí à ń rí àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ tí wọ́n ń wó -- pàjáwírì náà nìyẹn.


That's when we need to sound the alarm and wave our arms.


Nígbà náà ni a gbọ́dọ̀ kébòsí kí a sì juwọ́ wa.


Not now.


Kì í ṣe nísìyìí.


Everyone can see that's an emergency, they don't need us to tell them that.


Gbogbo ènìyàn ló lè ri wí pé pàjáwírì nìyẹn, wọn ò nílò wa láti sọ ìyẹn fún wọn.


Number two: places like where I work at Harvard need to take their cue from the World Bank experience in Afghanistan, and we need to -- and we will -- build robust platforms to support health sector leaders like these.


Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì: àwọn ibi tí mo ti ṣiṣẹ́ bíi ní Havard nílò láti kọ́ ẹ̀kọ́ látara ìrírí Ilé-Ìfowópamọ́ Àgbáyé ní orílẹ̀-ède Afganistan, a sì ní láti -- a sì máa -- kọ́ àwọn igbàgede láti ṣe ìrànwọ́ fún àwọn adarí ẹ̀ka ètò-ìlera bí àwọn wọ̀nyí.


These people risk their lives.


Àwọn ènìyàn wọ̀nyí ń fi ẹ̀mi ara wọn wéwu.


I think we can match their courage with some support.


Mo rò wí pé a lè bá akínkanjú wọn dọ́gba pẹ̀lú àwọn ìrànlọ́wọ́ kọ̀ọ̀kan.


Number three: we need to reach out and make new partnerships.


"Ẹ̀lẹ́ẹ̀kẹ́ta: a nílò láti jáde síta k""á sì ṣe àwọn àjọṣepọ̀ tuntun."


At our global health center, we have launched a new initiative with NATO and other security policy makers to explore with them what they can do to protect health system institutions during deployments.


Ní àwọn ibi ìlera àgbáyé wa, a ti ṣe ìkójáde ètò tuntun pẹ̀lú NATO àti àwọn aṣèpinnu ètò-àbò mìíràn láti rìnrìn àjò pẹ̀lúu wọn ohun tí wọ́n lè ṣe láti dáààbòbo àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ ètò ìlera lásíkò ìṣiṣẹ́.


We want them to see that protecting health systems and other critical social institutions is an integral part of their mission.


A fẹ́ kí wọ́n rí i wí pé dídáààbò bo ètò ìlera àti àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ àwùjọ mìíràn jẹ́ ọ̀kan pàtàkì lára iṣẹ́ wọn.


It's not just about avoiding collateral damage; it's about winning the peace.


Kì í ṣe kí ènìyán máa sá fún ìba nǹkan jẹ́ àwọn ológun nìkan; ó jé láti borí pẹ̀lú àlááfíà.


But the most important partner we need to engage is you, the American public, and indeed, the world public.


Ṣùgbọ́n alájọṣe tó ṣe pàtàkì jùlọ tí a nílò láti bá sọ̀rọ̀ ni ẹ̀yin, ẹ̀yin ènìyan ilẹ̀ America, àti lóòótọ́, ẹ̀yin ènìyàn àgbáyé.


Because unless you understand the value of social institutions, like health systems in these fragile settings, you won't support efforts to save them.


Nítorí àyàfi tí ẹ bá ní òye ìwúlò àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ àwùjọ, bí ètò ìlera ní àwọn ibùdó ẹlẹgẹ́ wọ̀nyí, ẹ ò ní ṣe àtìlẹyìn fún ìgbìyànjú láti dóòlà wọn.


"You won't click on that article that talks about ""Hey, all those doctors are on the run in country X."


"Ẹ ò ní gbọ́wọ́lé átíkù yẹn tó ń sọ nípa ""Hey, gbogbo àwọn oníṣégùn-òyìnbó yẹn ti ń sá kúrò ní orílẹ̀-ède X."


I wonder what that means.


Mo wòye ohun tí èyí túmọ̀ sí.


I wonder what that means for that health system's ability to, let's say, detect influenza.


Mo wòye nǹkan tí ìyẹn túmọ̀ sí fún ìkápá ètò ìlera yẹn láti, ká sọ wí pé, kẹ́fín àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-òpónà-èémí.


""" ""Hmm, it's probably not good."


""" ""Hmm, bóyá kò dára."


""" That's what I'd tell you."


""" Nǹkan tí màá sọ fún yín nìyẹn."


Up on the screen, I've put up my three favorite American institution defenders and builders.


Lókè lójú agbòjí, mo ti fi àwọn àwọn ààyò mi mẹ́ta tí wọ́n jẹ́ aláábò tí wọ́n sì kọ́ àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ ilẹ̀ America.


Over here is George C. Marshall, he was the guy that proposed the Marshall Plan to save all of Europe's economic institutions after World War II.


Níbí yìí ni George C. Marshall, òun ni ọkùnrin tó dábàá ìpinnu Marshall láti dóóla gbogbo ilé-iṣẹ́ ọrọ̀-ajé ilẹ̀ Europe lẹ́yìn Ogun Àgbáyé II.


And this Eleanor Roosevelt.


Eleanor Roosevelt nìyí.


Her work on human rights really serves as the foundation for all of our international human rights organizations.


Iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ lórí ẹ̀tọ́ ọmọ-ènìyàn ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bi ìpìlẹ̀ fún gbogbo àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ ẹ̀tọ́ ọmọ-ènìyàn wa lágbàyé.


Then my big favorite is Ben Franklin, who did many things in terms of creating institutions, but was the midwife of our constitution.


Ben Franklin ni ààyò mi tó tóbi jù, tí ó ṣe oríṣiríṣi nǹkan nípa ṣíṣe ìdásílẹ̀ àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́, ṣùgbọ́n to jẹ́ agbẹ̀bí ninú ìwé-òfin wa.


And I would say to you that these are folks who, when our country was threatened, or our world was threatened, they didn't retreat.


Mà á sì sọ fún yín wí pé àwọn wọ̀nyí ni àwọn tí, nígbà tí orílẹ̀-èdè wa wà nínú ewu, tàbí tí ilé-àyé wa wà nínú ewu, wọn ò sá.


They didn't talk about building walls.


Wọn ò sọ nípa kíkọ́ àwọn ògiri.


They talked about building institutions to protect human security, for their generation and also for ours.


Wọ́n sọ̀rọ̀ nípa kíkọ́ àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ láti dáààbò bo ètò-àbo ọmọ ènìyàn, fún ìran wọn àti fún tiwa.


And I think our generation should do the same.


Mo sì rò wí pé ìran tiwa náà gbọdọ̀ ṣe bẹ́ẹ̀.


Lessons from the 1918 flu


Àwọn ẹ̀kọ́ látara àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí ọdún 1918.


So the first question is, why do we need to even worry about a pandemic threat?


Ìbéèrè àkọ́kọ́ ni, kíni ìdí tí a fi nílò láti ronú nípa ewu àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn káríayé?


What is it that we're concerned about?


Kíni nǹkan náà tí à ń ronú nípa rẹ̀?


"When I say ""we,"" I'm at the Council on Foreign Relations."


"Bí mo bá sọ wí pé ""àwa,"" mo wà ní Àjọ-ìgbìmọ̀ tó ń rí sí àjọṣepọ̀ ilẹ̀-òkèèrè."


We're concerned in the national security community, and of course in the biology community and the public health community.


A dá lórí àwùjọ ètò-ààbò orílẹ̀-èdè, bẹ́ẹ̀ ni àwùjọ ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ẹ̀dá àti àwùjọ ìlera gbogbogbò.


While globalization has increased travel, it's made it necessary that everybody be everywhere, all the time, all over the world.


Nígbà tí kárí-ayé tí ṣe àfikún sí ìrìnàjò, ó ti jẹ́ kó rọrùn pé kí gbogbo ènìyàn wà níbi gbogbo, nígbà gbogbo, káàkiri àgbáyé.


And that means that your microbial hitchhikers are moving with you.


Ìyẹn túmọ̀ sí wí pé ààrun wíwá ọkọ̀-ọ̀fẹ́ẹ̀ rẹ ti ń tẹ̀lé ẹ.


So a plague outbreak in Surat, India becomes not an obscure event, but a globalized event -- a globalized concern that has changed the risk equation.


Àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn kan ní Surat, India kò ní jẹ́ ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ àìrí, ṣùgbọ́n ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ káríayé -- ìrònú káríayé tó ti ṣe àyípadà iye ewu.


Katrina showed us that we cannot completely depend on government to have readiness in hand, to be capable of handling things.


Katrina fi hàn wá wí pé a ò lè gbọ́kàn lé ìjọba pátápátá láti wà ní ìmúrasílẹ̀ lọ́gán, láti lè ní ìkápá ìṣàkóso nǹkan.


Indeed, an outbreak would be multiple Katrinas at once.


Lóòótọ́, àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn kan yóò di ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ Katrina lẹ́ẹ̀kan ṣoṣo.


Our big concern at the moment is a virus called H5N1 flu -- some of you call it bird flu -- which first emerged in southern China, in the mid-1990s, but we didn't know about it until 1997.


Ìrònu wa tó tóbi jù lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ yìí ni kòkòrò kan tí wọ́n ń pè ní àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí H5N1 -- àwọn kan nínú yín máa ń pè é ní kọ́ọ́lí -- tí ó kọ́kọ́ ṣẹ́yọ ní gúúsù orílẹ̀-ède China, ní àárín 1990, ṣùgbọ́n a ò gbọ́ nípa rẹ̀ àfi ọdún 1997.


At the end of last Christmas only 13 countries had seen H5N1.


Ní ìparí ọdún Kérésì tó kọjá àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè mẹ́tàlá nìkan ni wọ́n ti rí H5N1.


But we're now up to 55 countries in the world, have had this virus emerge, in either birds, or people or both.


Ṣùgbọ́n a ti to orílẹ̀-èdè márùn-ún-lé-láàdọ́ta ní àgbáyé báyìí, tí kòkòrò yí ti ṣẹ́yọ, yálà lára ẹranko-abìyẹ́, tàbí ènìyàn tàbí méjéèjì.


In the bird outbreaks we now can see that pretty much the whole world has seen this virus except the Americas.


"Nínú àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn ẹranko-abìyẹ́ náà a lè ri báyìí pé ó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ gbogbo àgbáyé l""ó ti rí kòkòrò yìí àyàfi àwọn ará ilẹ̀ America nìkan."


And I'll get into why we've so far been spared in a moment.


Màá sì wọnú ìdi rẹ̀ tó fi dáwasí láìpẹ́.


In domestic birds, especially chickens, it's 100 percent lethal.


Lára àwọn ohun-ọ̀sìn abìyẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ adìyẹ, ìda ogọ́rùn ni ìṣekúpani rẹ̀.


It's one of the most lethal things we've seen in circulation in the world in any recent centuries.


Ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn nǹkan tó lè ṣekúpani tí a ti rí tó wà káàkiri àgbáyé ní àwọn ọ̀rún-ọdún láìpẹ̀ yìí.


And we've dealt with it by killing off lots and lots and lots of chickens, and unfortunately often not reimbursing the peasant farmers with the result that there's cover-up.


A ti kojú rẹ̀ pẹ̀lu pípa ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn adìyẹ, ó sì ṣeni láànú pé lọ́pọ̀ ìgbà wọn kìí sanwó rẹ̀ padà fún àwọn àgbè olókoòwò kékèké pèlú èsì wí pé ìbòjú wà níbẹ̀.


It's also carried on migration patterns of wild migratory aquatic birds.


Wọ́n tún gbé e lórí bátánì aṣíkiri àwọn ẹyẹ omi ìgbẹ́ tí wọ́n máa ń ṣí kiri.


There has been this centralized event in a place called Lake Chenghai, China.


Irú ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ìgbàkóso yìí ti wáyé ní àyè kan tí wọ́n ń pè ní Lake Chenghai, ní orílẹ̀-ède China.


Two years ago the migrating birds had a multiple event where thousands died because of a mutation occurring in the virus, which made the species range broaden dramatically.


Ní ọdún méjì sẹ́yìn àwọn ẹyẹ aṣíkiri ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ níbi tí àwọn ẹgbẹ̀rún ti kú nítorí àyípadà tó ń sẹlẹ̀ sí kòkòrò náà, tó jẹ kí òdiwọ̀n ọ̀wọ́ wọn tóbi sí i bí eré.


So that birds going to Siberia, to Europe, and to Africa carried the virus, which had not previously been possible.


Kí àwọn ẹyẹ tí wọ́n ń lọ sí Siberia, sí Europe àti sí ilẹ̀ Adúláwọ̀ gbé kòkòrò náà, èyí tí ò ṣe é ṣe tẹ́lẹ̀.


We're now seeing outbreaks in human populations -- so far, fortunately, small events, tiny outbreaks, occasional clusters.


A wá ń rí àjàkakẹ̀ àrùn náà láàárín àwọn ọmọ-ènìyàn nísiyín -- lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́, orí báwa ṣé, àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ kékèèké, àwọn àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn tó kéré, ìṣùpọ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan.


The virus has mutated dramatically in the last two years to form two distinct families, if you will, of the H5N1 viral tree with branches in them, and with different attributes that are worrying.


Kòkòrò náà ti yí padà bi eré láàárín ọdún méjì sẹ́yìn láti di ẹbí méjì ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀, tí ẹ bá máa ṣe bẹ́ẹ̀, ti igi kòkòro H5N1 pẹ̀lú àwọn ẹ̀ka nínú wọn, pẹ̀lú àwọn àwòmọ́ ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀ tí ò fini lọ́kàn balẹ̀.


So what's concerning us?


Torí náà kí ló ń mú wa ronú?


Well, first of all, at no time in history have we succeeded in making in a timely fashion, a specific vaccine for more than 260 million people.


Ó dáa, àkọ́kọ́ ná, kò sí ìgbà kankan nínú ìtàn tí a ṣàṣeyọrí níbi ṣíṣe àkànṣe òògùn àjẹsára lásíkò fún ọ̀tà-lé-nígba ènìyán lé.


It's not going to do us very much good in a global pandemic.


Kò ní ṣewá ní àǹfààní tó pọ̀ nígbà tí àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn káríayé bá ṣẹ̀.


You've heard about the vaccine we're stockpiling.


Ẹ ti gbọ́ nípa òògùn àjẹsára tí à ń kó pamọ́ lọ́pọ̀.


But nobody believes it will actually be particularly effective if we have a real outbreak.


Ṣùgbọ́n kò sẹ́ni tó gbàgbọ́ wí pé yóò ṣiṣẹ́ tí a bá ní àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn tòótọ́.


So one thought is: after 9/11, when the airports closed, our flu season was delayed by two weeks.


Ìrònú kan ni wí pé: lẹ́yin 9/11, nígbà tí wọ́n ti pápákọ̀ òfuurufú, àsìko àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí wa ní ìdádúró fún òsẹ̀ méjì.


So the thought is, hey, maybe what we should do is just immediately -- we hear there is H5N1 spreading from human to human, the virus has mutated to be a human-to-human transmitter -- let's shut down the airports.


Ìrònú náà ni wí pé, hey, bóyá nǹkan tó yẹ ká ṣe máa jẹ́ lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ -- a gbọ́ pé H5N1 kan wà tó ń ràn látara ènìyàn sí ènìyàn, kòkòrò náà ti yípadà láti di àkóràn ènìyàn sí ènìyàn -- ẹ jẹ́ ká ti pápákò òfuurufú pa.


However, huge supercomputer analyses, done of the likely effectiveness of this, show that it won't buy us much time at all.


Ẹ̀wẹ̀, ìtúpalẹ̀ ẹ̀rọ-ayárabíàsá alágbára ńlá, tí wọ́n ṣe nípa bí èyí ṣe lágbára sí, fi hàn pé kò ní fún wa ní àsìkò púpọ̀ rárá.


And of course it will be hugely disruptive in preparation plans.


Bẹ́ẹ̀ ni yóò ṣe ìdíwọ́ ńlá fún àwọn ètò ìmúrasílẹ̀.


For example, all masks are made in China.


Fún àpẹẹrẹ, China ni wọ́n ti ń ṣe gbogbo ìbòmú.


How do you get them mobilized around the world if you've shut all the airports down?


Báwo lẹ ṣe fẹ́ pín wọn káàkiri àgbáyé tí ẹ bá ti gbé gbogbo pápákọ̀ òfuurufú tìpa.


How do you get the vaccines moved around the world and the drugs moved, and whatever may or not be available that would work.


Báwo lẹ ṣe fẹ́ gbé àwọn òògùn àjẹsára náà káàkiri àgbáyé àti gbígbé àwọn òògùn náà, àti àwọn nǹkan tó bá wà tàbí tí ò sí tí yóò ṣiṣẹ́.


So it turns out that shutting down the airports is counterproductive.


Ó padà jẹ́ wí pé gbígbé àwọn pápákọ̀ òfuurufú tìpa ò fún wa lésì tí a fẹ́.


We're worried because this virus, unlike any other flu we've ever studied, can be transmitted by eating raw meat of the infected animals.


Ọkàn wa ò balẹ̀ nítorí kòkòrò yìí, yàtọ̀ sí àwọn àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí mìíràn tí a ti ṣe ìwádìí rẹ̀, lè di àkóràn pẹ̀lú jíjẹ ẹran tútù àwọn ẹranko tí wọ́n ti kó o.


We've seen transmission to wild cats and domestic cats, and now also domestic pet dogs.


A ti rí àkóràn sí àwọn ológbò ìgbẹ́ àti àwọn ológbò òsìn, lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ yìí bákan náà àwọn ọ̀sin ajá.


And in experimental feedings to rodents and ferrets, we found that the animals exhibit symptoms never seen with flu: seizures, central nervous system disorders, partial paralysis.


Nínú ìdánwò bíbọ́ eku àti ehoro, a rí i wí pé àwọn ẹranko náà ń ṣàfihàn àwọn àmì àìsàn tí a ò rírí pẹ̀lú àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí: gìrì, àìṣedédé gbùngbùn ìṣàkóso ara, ìrọlápá-rọlẹ́sẹ̀ díẹ̀.


This is not your normal garden-variety flu.


"Èyí kì í ṣe irú àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí t""ó wà nínú ọgbà yín."


It mimics what we now understand about reconstructing the 1918 flu virus, the last great pandemic, in that it also jumped directly from birds to people.


Ó ń sín nǹkan tí a ti wá mọ̀ nípa ṣíṣe àtúnkọ́ kòkòro afàáfé ọdún 1918, àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn káriayé tó lágbára gbẹ̀yìn, tí ohun náà fò tààrà látara ẹranko abìyẹ́ sí ènìyàn.


We had evolution over time, and this unbelievable mortality rate in human beings: 55 percent of people who have become infected with H5N1 have, in fact, succumbed.


A ní ìtìranya bí ìgbà ṣe ń gorí ìgbà, àti ìṣọwọ́ kú àwọn ọmọ-ènìyàn tó yanilẹ́nu yìí: ìdá márùn-ún-dìn-láàdọ́ta àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n ti kó H5N1 ti, lóòótọ́, juwọọ́lẹ̀.


And we don't have a huge number of people who got infected and never developed disease.


A ò sì ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n kó o tí wọn ò ní àrùn rárá.


In experimental feeding in monkeys you can see that it actually downregulates a specific immune system modulator.


Nínú ìdánwò bíbọ́ àwọn ọ̀bọ ẹ lè rí i wí pé ó ń yí aṣàkóso ètò àjẹsára kan sílẹ̀.


"The result is that what kills you is not the virus directly, but your own immune system overreacting, saying, ""Whatever this is so foreign I'm going berserk."


"Èsì náà ni wí pé nǹkan t""ó ń pa yín kì í ṣe kòkòrò náà tààrà, ṣùgbọ́n ètò àjẹsára rẹ t""ó ń ṣe àṣejù, tí ó ń sọ wí pé ""nǹkan-kí-nǹkan tí àjòjì yìí ì bá à jẹ́ mà á bínú."


""" The result: most of the deaths have been in people under 30 years of age, robustly healthy young adults."


"""Èsi rẹ̀: ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ikú tí ó ti wáyé ti jẹ́ nínú àwọn ènìyàn lábẹ́ ọgbọ̀n ọdún, àwọn ọ̀dọ́ onílera pípé."


We have seen human-to-human transmission in at least three clusters -- fortunately involving very intimate contact, still not putting the world at large at any kind of risk.


A ti rí àkóràn ènìyàn sí ènìyàn ní ó kéré jù ìṣùpọ̀ mẹ́ta -- orí báwa ṣe ó ní ṣe pẹ̀lú àkóràn tímọ́tímọ́, tí kò fi gbogbo ayé lápapọ̀ sínú ewu kankan.


Alright, so I've got you nervous.


Ó dára, mo ti dẹ́rù bàyín.


Now you probably assume, well the governments are going to do something.


Báyì ẹ ń rò ó, ìjọba máa ṣe nǹkan sí i.


And we have spent a lot of money.


A sì ti náwó tó pọ̀.


Most of the spending in the Bush administration has actually been more related to the anthrax results and bio-terrorism threat.


Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìnàwó nínú ìṣàkóso Bush tan mọ́ èsi kòkòrò áńtíráásì àti ewu lílo kẹ́míkà gẹ́gẹ́ bi ohun-ìjà.


But a lot of money has been thrown out at the local level and at the federal level to look at infectious diseases.


Ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ owó ni wọ́n ti gbé jáde ní ìpele ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ àti ìpele ìjọba àpapọ̀ láti wo àwọn àrùn ríràn.


End result: only 15 states have been certified to be able to do mass distribution of vaccine and drugs in a pandemic.


Èsì ìgbẹ̀yìn: ìpínlẹ̀ mẹ́ẹ̀dógún ti gba ìdánilójú láti lè ṣe ìpín òògùn àjẹsára àti àwọn òògùn lọ́pọ̀ lásíkò àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn káriayé.


Half the states would run out of hospital beds in the first week, maybe two weeks.


Àbọ̀ àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ ni kò ní ní àyè nílé-ìwosàn ní ọ̀sẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́, bóyá ọ̀sẹ̀ méjì.


And 40 states already have an acute nursing shortage.


Ìpínlẹ̀ ogójì ti ní àdínkù àwọn olùtọ́-ilé-ìwòsàn gidi.


Add on pandemic threat, you're in big trouble.


Nínú ewu àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn káríayé, ẹ ti wọ wàhálà ńlá.


So what have people been doing with this money?


Kí wá ni àwọn ènìyàn ti ń fowó ṣe?


Exercises, drills, all over the world.


Eré-ìdárayá, gbígbánìyàn síṣẹ́, káàkiri àgbáyé.


Let's pretend there's a pandemic.


Ẹ jẹ́ ká dọ́gbọ́n pé àjàkalẹ̀ àrùn káríayé wà.


Let's everybody run around and play your role.


Ẹ jẹ́ kí gbogbo ènìyàn sáré káàkiri kí ẹ sì kó ipa yín.


Main result is that there is tremendous confusion.


Èsì gangan ni wí pé ìpòrúru-ọkàn ti wà.


Most of these people don't actually know what their job will be.


Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ènìyàn wọ̀nyí ò mọ̀ nǹkan tí iṣẹ́ wọn yóò jẹ́.


And the bottom line, major thing that has come through in every single drill: nobody knows who's in charge.


Kókó ibẹ̀ ni wí pé, kókó nǹkan tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú gbogbo ìgbanisíṣẹ́ kọ̀ọ̀kan ni wí pé: kò sẹ́ni tó mọ ẹni tó wà nídi rẹ̀.


Nobody knows the chain of command.


Kò sẹ́ni ti mọ okùn àṣẹ.


If it were Los Angeles, is it the mayor, the governor, the President of the United States, the head of Homeland Security?


Tó bá jẹ́ Los Angeles ni, ṣé olórí agbègbè ni, gómínà, Ààrẹ orílẹ̀-ède United States, olórí ẹ̀ka ètò-ààbò lábẹ́lé?


In fact, the federal government says it's a guy called the Principle Federal Officer, who happens to be with TSA.


Lóòótọ́, ìjọba apapọ̀ sọ wí pé okùnrin kan tí wọ́n ń pè ní Aṣojú Ìlàna Ìjọba Àpapọ̀ni, tó wà pẹ̀lu TSA.


The government says the federal responsibility will basically be about trying to keep the virus out, which we all know is impossible, and then to mitigate the impact primarily on our economy.


Ìjọbá sọ wí pé ojúṣe àpapọ̀ ní pàtàkì jùlọ yóò jẹ́ nípa ìgbìyànjú láti dèna kòkòrò náà, tí gbogbo wa mọ̀ wí pé kò ṣe é ṣe, àti láti dèna kókó ipa rẹ̀ lórí ọrọ̀-ajé wa.


The rest is up to your local community.


Èyí tókù dọwọ́ àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀ yín.


Everything is about your town, where you live.


Gbogbo rẹ jẹ́ nípa àgbègbe yín, tí ẹ̀ ń gbé.


Well how good a city council you have, how good a mayor you have -- that's who's going to be in charge.


Bí àjọ-ìgbìmọ agbègbè tí ẹ ní ṣe dára sí, bí olórí-agègbè tí ẹ ní ṣe dára sí -- ẹni tí yóò wà ní ìṣàkóso nìyẹn.


Most local facilities would all be competing to try and get their hands on their piece of the federal stockpile of a drug called Tamiflu, which may or may not be helpful -- I'll get into that -- of available vaccines, and any other treatments, and masks, and anything that's been stockpiled.


Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ohun-èlò agbègbè máa jìjàgùdù láti gbìyànjú àti dáwọ́ wọn lé ọ̀kan nínú àkójọ òògùn àpapọ̀ tí wọ́n ń pè ní Tamiflu, tó lè tàbí kó má ṣe ìrànlọ́wọ́ -- màá sọ nípa ìyẹn -- àwọn òògùn àjẹsára tó wà, àti àwọn ìtọ́jú mìíràn, àti ìbòjú, àti èyíkéyì nǹkan tí wọ́n ti tọ́jú pamọ́.


And you'll have massive competition.


"Ẹ ó sì ní ìfigagbága t""ó pọ̀."


Now we did purchase a vaccine, you've probably all heard about it, made by Sanofi-Aventis.


Báyìí a ra òògùn àjẹsára lóòótọ́, gbogbo yín lẹ lè ti gbọ́ nípa ẹ̀, tí Sanofi-Aventis ṣe.


Unfortunately it's made against the current form of H5N1.


Ó ṣeni láàánú pé wọ́n ṣe é tako ìrísí H5N1 lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ yìí ni.


We know the virus will mutate.


A mọ̀ wí pé kòkòrò náà yóò yí padà.


It will be a different virus.


Ó máa di kòkòrò tó yátọ̀.


The vaccine will probably be useless.


Òògùn àjẹsára náà lè má wùló.


So here's where the decisions come in.


Ibí ni ìpinnu náà ti máa wọlé.


You're the mayor of your local town.


Ìwọ ni olórí agbègbè ìbílẹ̀ rẹ.


Let's see, should we order that all pets be kept indoors?


Ẹ jẹ́ ká wò ó, ṣe ká pàṣẹ wí pé kí a tọ́jú gbogbo àwọn ẹranko sínú ilé ni?


Germany did that when H5N1 appeared in Germany last year, in order to minimize the spread between households by household cats, dogs and so on.


Orílẹ̀-ède Germany ṣe èyí nígbà tí H5N1 ṣẹ́yọ ní Germany lódún tí ó kọjá, láti lè mú àdínkù bá ìtànká rẹ̀ láàárín àwọn ológbò ilé sí ilé, ajá àti bẹ́ẹ̀bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ.


What do we do when we don't have any containment rooms with reverse air that will allow the healthcare workers to take care of patients?


Kí la fẹ́ ṣe nígbà tí a ò bá ní yàrá ìkó nǹkan sí pẹ̀lú atẹ́gùn afẹ̀yìnrìn tí yóò jẹ́ kí àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ ìlera ṣe ìtọ́jú àwọn aláìsàn?


These are in Hong Kong; we have nothing like that here.


Àwọn wọ̀nyí wà ní Hong Kong; a ò ní nǹkan tó jọ bẹ́ẹ̀ níbí.


What about quarantine?


Ìyàsọ́tọ̀ ńkọ́?


During the SARS epidemic in Beijing quarantine did seem to help.


Lásíkò àjàkálẹ̀ ààrun SARS ní Beijing ìyàsọ́tọ̀ dàbi ẹní ṣe ìrànlọ́wọ́.


We have no uniform policies regarding quarantine across the United States.


A ò ní ìpinnu tó dọ́gba nípa ìyàsọ́tọ̀ ní orílẹ̀-ède United States.


And some states have differential policies, county by county.


Àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ kan ní ìpinnu ọ̀tọ̀, orílẹ̀-èdè sí orílẹ̀-èdè.


But what about the no-brainer things?


Ṣùgbọ́n àwọn nǹkan tí ò mú ọpọlọ dání ńkọ́?


Should we close all the schools?


"Ṣé k""á ti gbogbo ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ pa ni?"


Well then what about all the workers?


Àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ ńkọ́ nígbà náà?


They won't go to work if their kids aren't in school.


Wọn ò ní lọ síbi iṣẹ́ tí àwọn ọmọ wọn ò bá sí nílé-ẹ̀kọ́.


Encouraging telecommuting?


Ṣíṣe àtìlẹyìn fún ẹrọ-ìbáraẹnisọ̀rọ̀?


What works?


Kí ló ń ṣiṣẹ́?


Well the British government did a model of telecommuting.


Ìjọba ilẹ̀ Britain ṣe àwòṣe ẹrọ-ìbáraẹnisọ̀rọ̀ kan.


Six weeks they had all people in the banking industry pretend a pandemic was underway.


Òsẹ̀ mẹ́fà ni wọ́n fi ní kí àwọn ènìyàn ní ẹ̀ka ìfowópamọ́ díbọ́n pé àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn ti ń bọ̀.


What they found was, the core functions -- you know you still sort of had banks, but you couldn't get people to put money in the ATM machines.


Nǹkan tí wọ́n rí ni wí pé, àwọn iṣẹ́ pàtàkì -- ẹ mọ̀ pé ẹ sì ní ilé-ìfowópamọ́, ṣùgbọ́n è ò lè rí àwọn ènìyàn tí yóò fi owó sínú ẹ̀rọ ATM.


Nobody was processing the credit cards.


"Kò sẹ́ni t""ó ń ṣe ike-pélébé-ìsanwó-sí-lórí."


Your insurance payments didn't go through.


Sísan owó ìdójútófò rẹ ò lọ.


And basically the economy would be in a disaster state of affairs.


Pàtàkì jùlọ ọrọ̀-ajé yóò wà nínú àjálù ńlá.


And that's just office workers, bankers.


Àwọn oníṣẹ́ẹ ọ́físì nìkan nìyẹn o, àwọn òṣìṣé ilé-ìfowópamọ́.


We don't know how important hand washing is for flu -- shocking.


A ò mọ bí ọwọ́ fífọ̀ ṣe ṣe pàtàkì sí àrùn ayokẹ́lẹ́ sí -- lẹ́jàá fùú.


One assumes it's a good idea to wash your hands a lot.


A gbà pé èrò tó dára ni láti máa fọwọ́ wa lọ́pọ̀lọpọ̀.


But actually in scientific community there is great debate about what percentage of flu transmission between people is from sneezing and coughing and what percentage is on your hands.


Ṣùgbọ́n ní àwùjọ àwọn onímọ̀-ìjìlẹ̀ àríyànjiyàn wà nípa kíni ìdá iye àkóràn àrùn ayokẹ́lẹ́ láàárín àwọn ènìyàn láti ara sínsín àti ikọ́ kí sì ni ìdá tó wà lọ́wọ́ọ̀ rẹ.


The Institute of Medicine tried to look at the masking question.


Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìmọ̀-ìṣègùn gbíyànjú láti wo ìbéèrè ìbòmú.


Can we figure out a way, since we know we won't have enough masks because we don't make them in America anymore, they're all made in China -- do we need N95?


Ǹjẹ́ a lè wá ọ̀nà kan, nígbà tí a ò mọ wí pé a ò ní ìbòmú tó tó nítorí a ò kín ṣe é ní ilẹ̀ America mọ́, orílẹ̀-ède China ni wọ́n ti ń ṣe gbogbo rẹ̀ -- ǹjẹ́ a nílò N95?


A state-of-the-art, top-of-the-line, must-be-fitted-to-your-face mask?


Ìbòmú tó bá ìgbà mu, tó ń léwájú, tí yóò bá ojúù rẹ mu?


Or can we get away with some different kinds of masks?


Àbí ṣé a lè lo oríṣiríṣi ìbòmú?


In the SARS epidemic, we learned in Hong Kong that most of transmission was because people were removing their masks improperly.


Lásíkò àjàkalẹ̀ àrun SARS, a kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ní Hong Kong pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àkóràn wáyé nítorí pé àwọn ènìyàn ń yọ ìbòju wọn lọ́nà tí ò tọ́.


And their hand got contaminated with the outside of the mask, and then they rubbed their nose.


Ọwọ́ọ wọn máa ń ní àkóràn pẹ̀lú ìta ìbòmú náà, wọ́n sì ń ra imú wọn.


Bingo! They got SARS.


Yègèdè! Wọ́n ti ní SARS.


It wasn't flying microbes.


Kì í ṣe àwọn kòkòrò àìfojúrí tó ń fò.


If you go online right now, you'll get so much phony-baloney information.


Bí ẹ bá lọ sórí ẹ̀rọ-ayélukára nísìyìí, e ó rí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ afitóni aṣinilọ́nà.


You'll end up buying -- this is called an N95 mask.


E ó sì padà rà á -- èyí ni wọ́n ń pè ní ìbòju N95.


We don't actually have a standard for what should be the protective gear for the first responders, the people who will actually be there on the front lines.


A ò ní àwòkọ́ṣe fún nǹkan tó yẹ kó jẹ́ ohun-èlò ìdáààbòbò fún àwọn aléwájú ìṣẹ̀lẹ pàjáwírì, àwọn ènìyàn tí wọn yóò ṣíwájú ogun.


And Tamiflu.


Àti Tamiflu.


You've probably heard of this drug, made by Hoffmann-La Roche, patented drug.


Bóyá ẹ ti gbọ́ nípa òògùn yìí, tí Hoffmann-La Roche ṣe, òògùn tó gba iwé-àṣẹ ni.


There is some indication that it may buy you some time in the midst of an outbreak.


Àwọn ìtọ́kasí kan wà pé ó lè ra àsìkò díẹ̀ fun yín láàárín àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn.


Should you take Tamiflu for a long period of time, well, one of the side effects is suicidal ideations.


Ṣé kí ẹ lo Tamiflu fún ìgbà pípẹ́, ó dáa, ọ̀kan nínú àwọn àyọrísí mìíràn ni èrò ìgbẹ̀mi ara ẹni.


A public health survey analyzed the effect that large-scale Tamiflu use would have, actually shows it counteractive to public health measures, making matters worse.


Ìtọpinpin ìlera gbogbogbò ṣe ìtúpalẹ̀ àyọrísí tí lílo Tamiflu lọ́pọ̀lọpọ̀ lè ní, fi hàn pé ó ṣiṣẹ́ tako òṣùwọn ìlera gbogbogbò, tó jẹ́ kí ọ̀rọ̀ túbọ̀ burú sí i.


And here is the other interesting thing: when a human being ingests Tamiflu, only 20 percent is metabolized appropriately to be an active compound in the human being.


Nǹkan mìíràn tó tún panilẹ́rìn ni pé: nígbà tí ọmọ ènìyàn bá lo Tamiflu, ìdá ogún ni yóò yòrò dáadáa láti ṣiṣẹ́ nínú ọmọ ènìyàn.


The rest turns into a stable compound, which survives filtration into the water systems, thereby exposing the very aquatic birds that would carry flu and providing them a chance to breed resistant strains.


Àwọn tókù yóò padà di nǹkan tí ò yípadà, tí yóò móríbọ́ níbi sísẹ́ sínu èto omi, tí yóò sí ṣe àgbéjáde ẹyẹ omi gan-an tí yóò gbé àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí náà tí yóò sì fún wọn ní àǹfààní láti ṣe ìtọ́jú àwọn ẹ̀yà àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí àtakò.


And we now have seen Tamiflu-resistant strains in both Vietnam in person-to-person transmission, and in Egypt in person-to-person transmission.


Ní báyìí a ti rí ẹ̀ya àtakò-Tamiflu báyìí nínú àkóràn ènìyàn sí ènìyàn ní Vietnam, àti ní orílẹ̀-ède Egypt àkóràn ènìyàn sí ènìyàn.


So I personally think that our life expectancy for Tamiflu as an effective drug is very limited -- very limited indeed.


Mo ń rò ó lọ́kàn ara mi pé okùn ẹ̀mi Tamiflu gẹ́gẹ́ bi òògùn tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ ní gbèdéke -- ó ní gbèdéke lóòótọ́.


Nevertheless most of the governments have based their whole flu policies on building stockpiles of Tamiflu.


Síbẹ̀síbẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ìjọba ti gbé gbogbo àwọn ìlànà-ìṣe àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí wọn lórí ìkójọ òògun Tamiflu.


Russia has actually stockpiled enough for 95 percent of all Russians.


Orílẹ̀-ède Russia ti ṣe ìkójọ èyí tí yóò tó fún ìdá 95 gbogbo àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀-ède Russia.


We've stockpiled enough for 30 percent.


A ti ṣe ìkójọ èyí tí yóò tó fún ìdá 30.


When I say enough, that's two weeks worth.


Bí mo bá sọ wí pé èyí tó tó, èyí tí yóò tó fún ọ̀sẹ̀ méjì ni.


And then you're on your own because the pandemic is going to last for 18 to 24 months.


O ti ku ìwọ nìkan o torí àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn náà yóò tó bí oṣù 18 sí oṣù 24.


Some of the poorer countries that have had the most experience with H5N1 have built up stockpiles; they're already expired.


Àwọn kan nínú àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tí wọ́n ti ní ìrírí tó pọ́jù pẹ̀lú H5N1 ti ṣe àkójọ òògùn; wọ́n sì ti bàjẹ́.


They are already out of date.


Wọ́n ti kọjá ìgbà wọn.


What do we know from 1918, the last great pandemic?


Kí la mọ̀ láti ọdún 1918, àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn alágbára tó ṣẹlẹ̀ gbẹ̀yìn?


The federal government abdicated most responsibility.


Ìjọba àpapọ̀ ti gbé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ojúṣe rẹ̀ jù sílẹ̀.


And so we ended up with this wild patchwork of regulations all over America.


Nítorí náà a pàpà wá ní àlẹ̀lu-iṣẹ́ òfin yìí káàkiri ilẹ̀ America.


Every city, county, state did their own thing.


Gbogbo agbègbè, orílẹ̀-èdè, àti ìpínlẹ̀ ń ṣe nǹkan tiwọn.


And the rules and the belief systems were wildly disparate.


Àwọn òfin àti ètò ìgbàgbọ́ ni wọn ò jọra wọn.


In some cases all schools, all churches, all public venues were closed.


Ní àwọn ọ̀ràn kọ̀ọ̀kan gbogbo ilé-ẹ̀kọ́, gbogbo ilé-ìjọ́sìn àwọn kìrìstẹ́nì, àwọn agbègbè ìlú ni wọ́n gbétì.


The pandemic circulated three times in 18 months in the absence of commercial air travel.


Àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn náà tàn-yíká nígbà mẹ́ta ní oṣù 18 láìsí ìrìna ọkọ̀ òfuurufú ajèrè.


The second wave was the mutated, super-killer wave.


Ìjì kejì yípadà, ìjì aṣekúpani-ńlá.


And in the first wave we had enough healthcare workers.


Ní ìjì àkọ́kọ́ a ní àwọn oṣìṣẹ́ ìlera tí ó tó.


But by the time the second wave hit it took such a toll among the healthcare workers that we lost most of our doctors and nurses that were on the front lines.


Ṣùgbọ́n nígbà tí ìjì kejì fi jà ó mú púpọ̀ lára àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ ìlera lọ tí a pàdánù àwọn òníṣégùn-òyìnbó àti àwọn olùtọ́-ilé-ìwòsàn wa tí wọ́n léwájú náà.


Overall we lost 700,000 people.


Lápapọ̀ a pàdánù ẹgbẹ̀rún-lọ́nà 700 àwọn ènìyàn.


The virus was 100 percent lethal to pregnant women and we don't actually know why.


Kòkòrò náà fi ìdá 100 ṣekúpa àwọn obìnrin aláboyún a ò sì mọ ìdí rẹ̀.


Most of the death toll was 15 to 40 year-olds -- robustly healthy young adults.


Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àkọsílẹ̀ ikú jẹ́ eni ọdún 15 sí 40 ọdún -- àwọn ọ̀dọ́ tí ìlera wọ́n péye.


It was likened to the plague.


Wọ́n fi-wé àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn náà.


We don't actually know how many people died.


"A ò mọ iye ènìyàn t""ó kú pàtó."


The low-ball estimate is 35 million.


Ìdíyelé náà tí ò ṣe é gbójúlé jẹ́ àádọ́ta-ọ̀kẹ́ 35.


This was based on European and North American data.


Èyí wá láti ara ìwífúni-alálàyé ti ilẹ̀ Europe àti North America.


A new study by Chris Murray at Harvard shows that if you look at the databases that were kept by the Brits in India, there was a 31-fold greater death rate among the Indians.


Ìwádìí tuntun tí Chris Murray ṣe ní Havard fi hàn pé tí ẹ bá wo àká-ìwífúni-alálàyé tí àwọn Brits ní orílẹ̀-ède India tọ́jú, ìlọ́po 31 òdiwọ̀n ikú láàárín àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀-ède India ló wà.


So there is a strong belief that in places of poverty the death toll was far higher.


Ìgbàgbọ́ tó lágbára wà wí pé ní àwọn agbegbè oloṣì àkọsílẹ̀ ikú tún pọ̀ púpọ̀.


And that a more likely toll is somewhere in the neighborhood of 80 to 100 million people before we had commercial air travel.


"Àti wi pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àkọsílẹ̀ tó ṣe é ṣe wà láàárín àdúgbó àádọ́ta-ọ̀kẹ́ 80 sí àádọ́ta-ọ̀kẹ́ 100 ènìyàn k""á tó ní ètò ìrìnàjò ọkọ̀-òfuurufú tí í ṣe ti òwò."


So are we ready?


Ṣé a ti ṣetán?


As a nation, no we're not.


Gẹ́gẹ́ bí orílẹ̀-èdè, a ò ṣe tán.


And I think even those in the leadership would say that is the case, that we still have a long ways to go.


Mo sì rò ó wí pé àwọn tó wà nípò aṣíwájú máa sọ wí pé bó ṣe rí nìyẹn, pé ọ̀na wá ṣì jìn.


So what does that mean for you?


Kíni ìyẹn túmọ̀ sí fun yín?


Well the first thing is, I wouldn't start building up personal stockpiles of anything -- for yourself, your family, or your employees -- unless you've really done your homework.


"Nǹkan àkọ́kọ́ ni wí pé, mi ò ní bẹ́rẹ̀ síní ṣe ìkójọ àdáni ohunkóhun - tìkaraàrẹ, ẹbíi rẹ, tàbí àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ ""ẹ-- àyàfi tí ẹ bá ti ṣe iṣẹ́ àṣetiléwáa yín."


What mask works, what mask doesn't work.


Ìbòmú wo ló ń ṣiṣẹ́, ìbòmú wo ni ò ṣiṣẹ́.


How many masks do you need?


Ìbòmú mélòó la nílò?


The Institute of Medicine study felt that you could not recycle masks.


ìwádìí ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìmò-ìṣègùn rò ó wí pé ẹ ò lè ṣe àtúnṣe ìbòmú.


Well if you think it's going to last 18 months, are you going to buy 18 months worth of masks for every single person in your family?


Bí ẹ bá rò wí pé yóò tó oṣù 18, ṣé ẹ ó ra ìbòmú tí yóò tó oṣù 18 fún ẹnìyàn kọ̀ọ̀kan ninú ẹbíi yín ni?


We don't know -- again with Tamiflu, the number one side effect of Tamiflu is flu-like symptoms.


A ò mọ̀ -- pẹ̀lu Tamiflu lẹ́ẹ̀kan síi, àyọrísí mìíràn àkọ́kọ́ tí Tamiflu ní ni àmì àìsàn afarajọ-àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èèmì.


So then how can you tell who in your family has the flu if everybody is taking Tamiflu?


"Báwo lẹ ṣe lè mọ ènìyàn náà nínú ẹbíi yín t""ó ní àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí tí gbogbo wọn bá ń lo Tamiflu?"


If you expand that out to think of a whole community, or all your employees in your company, you begin to realize how limited the Tamiflu option might be.


Bí ẹ bá fẹjú ìyẹn síta láti ronú nípa gbogbo àwùjọ, tàbí gbogbo àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ ní ilé-iṣẹ́ yín, ẹ ó bẹ́rẹ̀ síní mọ gbèdéke bí ẹ̀yan Tamiflu ṣe lè rí.


Everybody has come up to me and said, well I'll stockpile water or, I'll stockpile food, or what have you.


Gbogbo ènìyàn ti wá bá mi tí wọ́n sì sọ wí pé, a máa ṣe ìkópamọ́ omi tàbí, màá ṣe ìkópamọ́ oúnjẹ, tàbí nǹkan mìíràn.


But really?


Ṣùgbọ́n ṣé lóòótọ́?


Do you really have a place to stockpile 18 months worth of food?


Ǹjẹ́ ẹ ní àyè láti ṣe ìkópamọ́ọ oúnjẹ fún oṣù méjì-dín-lógún?


Twenty-four months worth of food?


Oúnjẹ tó tó oṣù mẹ́rìn-dín-lógún?


Do you want to view the pandemic threat the way back in the 1950s people viewed the civil defense issue, and build your own little bomb shelter for pandemic flu?


Ṣé ẹ fẹ́ fojú wo ewu àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn bí àwọn ènìyàn ní àsìko 1950 ṣe fojú wo ọ̀rọ ààbo ara-ẹni, kí ẹ sì kọ́ ibòji àdo-olóró kékeré fún àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èèmì?


I don't think that's rational.


Mi ò rò wí pé ìyẹ́n bá ìrònú mu.


I think it's about having to be prepared as communities, not as individuals -- being prepared as nation, being prepared as state, being prepared as town.


Mo rò wí pé ó níṣe pẹ̀lú ìgbaradì gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwùjọ, kìí ṣe gẹ́gẹ́ bí ènìyàn -- wíwà nígbaradì gẹ́gẹ́ bí orílẹ̀-èdè, wíwà nígbaradì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìpínlẹ̀, wíwà nígbaradì gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbègbè.


And right now most of the preparedness is deeply flawed.


"Lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ báyìí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìgbaradì l""ó ní akùdé t""ó fẹjú."


"And I hope I've convinced you of that, which means that the real job is go out and say to your local leaders, and your national leaders, ""Why haven't you solved these problems?"


"Mo sì lérò wí pé mo ti yíi yín lọ́kàn padà, tó túmọ̀ sí wí pé ojú iṣẹ́ gangan ni kí ẹ jáde kí ẹ sì sọ fún àwọn adarí ìbílẹ̀ yín, àti àwọn adarí àpapọ̀ yín, ""kí ló dé tí ẹ ò ṣe tíì yanjú àwọn ìṣòro wọ̀nyí?"


Why are you still thinking that the lessons of Katrina do not apply to flu?


Kí ló dé tí ẹ ṣì ń ronú pé àwọn ẹ̀kọ́ nípa Katrina ò wúlò fún àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí?


""" And put the pressure where the pressure needs to be put."


""" kí ẹ sì gbé agbára lé ibi tó yẹ kí ẹ gbé agbára lé."


But I guess the other thing to add is, if you do have employees, and you do have a company, I think you have certain responsibilities to demonstrate that you are thinking ahead for them, and you are trying to plan.


Ṣùgbọ́n mo rò wí pé nǹkan mìíràn tó yẹ ká fi kún-un ni pé, tí ẹ bá ní àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ lóòótọ́, tí ẹ sì ní ilé-iṣẹ́ lóòótọ́, mo rò wí pé ẹ ní àwọn ojúṣe kọ̀ọ̀kan láti ṣàfihàn wí pé ẹ̀ ń ronú síwájú fún wọn, ẹ sì ń gbìyànjú láti ṣètò.


At a minimum the British banking plan showed that telecommuting can be helpful.


Ní akérépin èto ìfowópamọ́ Britain fi hàn pé ìbáraeni-sọ̀rọ̀ lè ṣe ìrànlọ́wọ́.


It probably does reduce exposure because people are not coming into the office and coughing on each other, or touching common objects and sharing things via their hands.


Ó lè ṣe àdínkù àgbéjáde nítorí àwọn ènìyàn ò wọnu ibi-iṣẹ́ kí wọ́n máa wúkọ́ síra wọn lára, tàbí fọwọ́ kan nǹkan àjọni àti pínpín-in nípasẹ ọwọ́ wọn.


But can you sustain your company that way?


Ṣùgbọ́n ṣe ẹ lè ṣe ìtẹ̀síwájú ilé-iṣẹ́ yín báyẹn?


Well if you have a dot-com, maybe you can.


Tí ẹ bá ní ẹ̀rọ-ayélukára, bóyá ẹ lè ṣe bẹ́ẹ̀.


Otherwise you're in trouble.


Yàtọ̀ sí ìyẹn ẹ ti wọ wàhálà.


Happy to take your questions.


Imú mi dùn láti gba ìbéére yín.


Audience member: What factors determine the duration of a pandemic?


Ọ̀kan lára ònwòran: Àwọn nǹkan wo ló lè sọ iye àkókò àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn kan?


Laurie Garret: What factors determine the duration of a pandemic, we don't really know.


Laurie Garret: àwọn nǹkan wo ló lè sọ iye àkókò àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn kan, a ò fi bẹ́ẹ̀ mọ̀.


I could give you a bunch of flip, this, that, and the other.


Mo lè fun yín ní àkójọpọ̀ ìṣí, èyí, ìyẹn, àti òmíràn.


But I would say that honestly we don't know.


Ṣùgbọ́n màá sọ wí pé lódodo a ò mọ̀.


Clearly the bottom line is the virus eventually attenuates, and ceases to be a lethal virus to humanity, and finds other hosts.


Kókó ibẹ̀ ni wí pé kòkòrò náà máa ń ní àdínkù okun, ó sì máa ń dẹ́kun láti di kòkòrò aṣekúpani fún ènìyàn, ó sì máa ń wá agbàrùn mìíràn.


But we don't really know how and why that happens.


Ṣùgbọ́n a ò fi bẹ́ẹ̀ mọ bó ṣe ń ṣẹlẹ̀ àti ìdí tó fi ń ṣẹlẹ̀.


It's a very complicated ecology.


Ẹ̀kọ́ nípa àjọṣepọ̀ láàárín ènìyàn àti àwùjọ tó jẹ́ àmúdijú ni.


Audience member: What kind of triggers are you looking for?


Ọ̀kan lára ònwòran: irú aṣokùnfà wo lẹ̀ ń wá?


You know way more than any of us.


Ẹ nímọ̀ ju ẹnìkan kan wa lọ.


To say ahh, if this happens then we are going to have a pandemic?


Láti sọ pé ahh, tí èyí bá ṣẹlẹ̀ a máa ní àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn?


LG: The moment that you see any evidence of serious human-to-human to transmission.


LG: ìgbà tí ẹ bá ti ń rí èri àkóràn ènìyàn sí ènìyàn tó lágbára.


Not just intimately between family members who took care of an ailing sister or brother, but a community infected -- spread within a school, spread within a dormitory, something of that nature.


Kìí ṣe tímọ́tímọ́ láàárín mọ̀lẹ́bí tí wọ́n ń ṣe ìtọ́jú àbúrò lóbìnrin tàbí àbúrò lọ́kùnrin tó ń ṣàìsàn nìkan, ṣùgbọ́n àkóràn láàárín àwùjọ -- ìfọ́nká láàárín ilé-ẹ̀kọ́, àkóràn láàárín ọ̀dẹ̀dẹ̀, irú nǹkan báyẹn.


Then I think that there is universal agreement now, at WHO all the way down: Send out the alert.


Mo sì rònú wí pé àdéhùn àgbáyé ti wà báyìí, ní WHO títí dé ìsàlẹ̀: ẹ fi ìfitóni ránṣẹ́ síta.


Audience member: Some research has indicated that statins can be helpful.


Ọ̀kan lára òǹwòran: àwọn ìwádìí kan ti fi hàn pé àwọn òògùn ọ̀rá inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ ń lè ṣe ìrànlọ́wọ́.


Can you talk about that?


Ǹjẹ́ ẹ lè sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ìyẹ̀n?


LG: Yeah.


LG: bẹ́ẹ̀ni.


There is some evidence that taking Lipitor and other common statins for cholesterol control may decrease your vulnerability to influenza.


Àwọn èrí kan wà pé Lipitor àti àwọn òògùn ọ̀rá inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ tókù lè ṣe àdínkù ìkángun-séwu àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-òpónà-èèmì.


But we do not completely understand why.


Ṣùgbọ́n a ò mọ ìdi rẹ̀ rárá.


The mechanism isn't clear.


Ètò náà ò hàn kedere.


And I don't know that there is any way responsibly for someone to start medicating their children with their personal supply of Lipitor or something of that nature.


Mi ò sì mọ̀ wí pé ọ̀nà kankan wà tó tọ́ fún ènìyàn láti bẹ̀rẹ̀ síní fún àwọn ọmọ wọn lógùn pẹ̀lú Lipitor àdáni tàbí nǹkan tó jọ bẹ́ẹ̀.


We have absolutely no idea what that would do.


A ò nímọ̀ Kankan nípa nǹkan tí ìyẹ́n máa ṣe.


You might be causing some very dangerous outcomes in your children, doing such a thing.


Ẹ lè máa fa àbájáde abéwudé sí ọmọ yín lára, pẹ̀lú ṣíṣe nǹkan bẹ́ẹ̀.


Audience member: How far along are we in being able to determine whether someone is actually carrying, whether somebody has this before the symptoms are full-blown?


Ọ̀kan lára òǹwòran: báwo la ṣe súmọ́ mímọ̀ bóyá ẹnìkan ń gbé e kiri, bóyá ẹnìkan ní èyí kí àwọn àmì àìsàn náà tó fojú-hàn.


LG: Right.


LG: ó dáa.


So I have for a long time said that what we really needed was a rapid diagnostic.


Mo ti sọ nígbà pípẹ́ pé nǹkan tí a nílò ni ìdámọ̀ àìsàn kánkán.


And our Centers for Disease Control has labeled a test they developed a rapid diagnostic.


Àwọn àyè fún ìdènà àrùn wa ti sàmì sí àyèwò kan tí wọ́n ṣe ìdámọ̀ àìsàn kánkán.


It takes 24 hours in a very highly developed laboratory, in highly skilled hands.


Ó máa ń gbà tó wákátì mẹ́rìn-lé-lógún ní àyè fún ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀ tó ti dàgbàsókè gan-an, ní ọwọ́ àwọn tí wọ́n mọ̀ọ́ ṣe gan-an.


I'm thinking dipstick.


Mò ń ronú jinlẹ̀.


You could do it to your own kid.


Ẹ lè ṣe é fún àwọn ọmọ yín.


It changes color.


Ó máa ń pa àwọ̀ dà.


It tells you if you have H5N1.


Ó máa sọ fún yín bóyá ẹ ní H5N1.


In terms of where we are in science with DNA identification capacities and so on, it's not that far off.


Nípa ibi tí a wà nínú ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀ pẹ̀lu ìkápáa ìdánimọ̀ DNA àti bẹ́ẹ̀bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ, a ò jìnà púpọ̀.


But we're not there.


Ṣùgbọ́n a ò tíì débẹ̀.


And there hasn't been the kind of investment to get us there.


Kò sì tíì sí irú ìdókòwò tó lè gbé wa débẹ̀.


Audience member: In the 1918 flu I understand that they theorized that there was some attenuation of the virus when it made the leap into humans.


Ọ̀kan lára ònwòran: Ní afàáfẹ̀ ọdún 1918 ó yémi wí pé wọ́n pèse tíọ́rì pé àwọn àdínkù okun kòkòrò náà ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tó fò wọnú ènìyàn.


Is that likely, do you think, here?


Ṣé ìyẹn ṣe é ṣe, ṣé ẹ rò bẹ́ẹ̀, níbí?


I mean 100 percent death rate is pretty severe.


Mò ń sọ nípa pé ìda ogọ́rùn àpapọ̀ ikú pọ̀ púpọ̀.


LG: Um yeah.


LG: Um bẹ́ẹ̀ni.


So we don't actually know what the lethality was of the 1918 strain to wild birds before it jumped from birds to humans.


A ò mọ̀ bí ìṣekúpani kòkòro odún 1918 ṣe tó sí àwọn ẹyẹ igbó kó tó fò látara ẹyẹ sí ènìyàn.


It's curious that there is no evidence of mass die-offs of chickens or household birds across America before the human pandemic happened.


Ó ṣàjòjì pé kò sí ẹ̀rí ìkú lọ́pọ̀ nípa àwọn adìyẹ tàbí àwọn ẹyẹ inú-ilé káàkiri ilẹ̀ America kí àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn náà tó ṣẹlẹ̀ sí ènìyàn.


That may be because those events were occurring on the other side of the world where nobody was paying attention.


Ìyẹn lè jẹ́ nítorí àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yẹn ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní òdì kejì àgbáyé níbi tí ẹnìkankan ò ti fọkàn si.


But the virus clearly went through one round around the world in a mild enough form that the British army in World War I actually certified that it was not a threat and would not affect the outcome of the war.


Ṣùgbọ́n kòkòrò náà ní kedere lọ lẹ́ẹ̀kan káàkiri àgbáyé ní ẹ̀dà tó le tí àwọnn ọmọ-ogun Britain nínú ogun àgbáyé àkọ́kọ́ fi ọwọ́ rẹ̀ sọ̀yà pé kìí ṣe ewu kò sì ní ṣe ìdíwọ́ fú àbájáde ogun.


And after circulating around the world came back in a form that was tremendously lethal.


Nígbà tó sì lọ yípo àgbáyé ó padà wá ní ẹ̀da aṣekúpani tó le.


What percentage of infected people were killed by it?


Kíni ìdá àwọn ènìyàn tó kó o tí ó páwọ́n?


Again we don't really know for sure.


Lẹ́ẹ̀kan sí i a ò mọ̀ lóòótọ́.


It's clear that if you were malnourished to begin with, you had a weakened immune system, you lived in poverty in India or Africa, your likelihood of dying was far greater.


Ó fojú hàn pé tí ẹ bá lókun fún ìbẹ̀ẹ̀rẹ̀, ẹ ní ètò àjẹsára tó lẹ, ẹ ń gbé nínú ìṣẹ́ ní orílẹ̀-ède India tàbí ilẹ̀ Adúláwọ̀, ìṣe é ṣe yín láti kú pọ̀ gidi gan-an.


But we don't really know.


Ṣùgbọ́n a ò fi bẹ́ẹ̀ mọ̀.


Audience member: One of the things I've heard is that the real death cause when you get a flu is the associated pneumonia, and that a pneumonia vaccine may offer you 50 percent better chance of survival.


Ọ̀kan lára òmwòran: ọ̀kan lára àwọn nǹkan tí mo ti gbọ́ ni wí pé okùnfa ikú gangan nígbà tí ènìyán bá ní àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí ni òtútù àyà tó rọ̀ mọ, àti wí pé òògùn àjẹsára òtútù-ẹ̀gbẹ́ lè fún yín ní ìdá àádọ́ta àǹfààní àrùlà.


LG: For a long time, researchers in emerging diseases were kind of dismissive of the pandemic flu threat on the grounds that back in 1918 they didn't have antibiotics.


LG: fún ìgbà pípẹ́, àwọn oníṣẹ́ ìwádìí nínú àrùn tuntun ò kọbiara sí ewu àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-òpónà-èèmì pẹ̀lú àwíjàre wí pé ní odún 1918 wọn ò ní òògùn apa kòkòrò àìfojúrí.


And that most people who die of regular flu -- which in regular flu years is about 360,000 people worldwide, most of them senior citizens -- and they die not of the flu but because the flu gives an assault to their immune system.


Àti wí pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ènìyàn tí wọn kú ikú àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí ojoojúmọ́ -- tó ṣe wí pé ní ọdún afàáfẹ̀ ojoojúmọ́ bíi ẹgbẹ̀rún lọ́nà ọ̀tà-lé-lọ́ọ̀dúnrún ènìyàn káàkiri àgbánlá-ayé, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn àgbàlagbà -- wọ́n sì kú kìí ṣe nítorí afàáfẹ̀ ṣùgbọ́n nítorí àrùn-ọlọ́jẹ̀-ọ̀nà-èémí náà ti fa ewu sí ètò àjẹsára àìfaragbàìsàn-láàyè wọn ní.


And along comes pneumococcus or another bacteria, streptococcus and boom, they get a bacterial pneumonia.


Pẹ̀lú rẹ ni òtútù-ẹ̀gbẹ́ tàbí kòkòrò-àìfojúrí mìíràn, kòkòro amúnkandobu, ó fọ́n ká, wọ́n ti ní kòkòrò-àìfojúrí òtútù-ẹ̀gbẹ́.


But it turns out that in 1918 that was not the case at all.


Ṣùgbọ́n ó ṣẹlẹ̀ wí pé ní ọdún 1918 bí ọ̀rọ́ ṣe rí kọ́ nìyẹn rárá.


And so far in the H5N1 cases in people, similarly bacterial infection has not been an issue at all.


Di àsìkò yìí ní ti ọ̀rọ H5N1 nínú ènìyàn, irú àkóràn kòkòrò-àìfojúrí bẹ́ẹ̀ kò ní wàhálà rárá.


It's this absolutely phenomenal disruption of the immune system that is the key to why people die of this virus.


Nǹkan aṣèdíwọ́ fún ètò àjẹsára àìfaragbàìsàn-láàyè tó yátọ̀ pátápátá yìí ni kọ́kọ́rọ́ sí ìdí tí àwọn ènìyan fi ń kú látara kòkòrò yìí.


And I would just add we saw the same thing with SARS.


Mo sì ma ṣe àfikún pé a rí nǹkan kan náà pẹ̀lu SARS.


"So what's going on here is your body says, your immune system sends out all its sentinels and says, ""I don't know what the heck this is."


"Nǹkan tó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ níbí ni wí pé ara yín ń sọ wí pé, kí ètò àjẹsára àìfaragbàìsàn-láàyè yín ń rán gbogbo aṣàfihàn àrùn rẹ̀ kó sì sọ wí pé, ""mi ò mọ ohun tí èyí jẹ́."


We've never seen anything even remotely like this before.


A ò tíì rí nǹkankan kódà díẹ̀ tó dàbí èyí rí tẹ́lẹ̀.


""" It won't do any good to bring in the sharpshooters because those antibodies aren't here."


Kò ní ṣe àǹfààní kankan láti mú àwọn atamátàsé wọlé nítorí àwọn agbógunti-àrùn ara yẹn ò sí níbí.


And it won't do any good to bring in the tanks and the artillery because those T-cells don't recognize it either.


Kò sì ní ṣe àǹfààní kankan láti mú àwọn ọkọ̀-ìjagun àti ìbọn ńlá wọlé nítorí àwọn pádi-T ò da mọ̀ pẹ̀lú.


So we're going to have to go all-out thermonuclear response, stimulate the total cytokine cascade.


A máa nílò láti jáde tán pẹ̀lú ìdáhùn àgọ́ gbígbóná, ìgún ní kẹ́sẹ́ gbogbo àtòpọ amú-ìlera ara-ṣedéédé.


The whole immune system swarms into the lungs.


Gbogbo ètò àjẹsára àìfaragbàìsàn-láàyè ti lúwẹ̀ wọnú ẹ̀dọ̀fóóró.


And yes they die, drowning in their own fluids, of pneumonia.


Bẹ́ẹ̀ ni wọ́n kú, wọ́n rì sínú oje ara wọn, ti òtútù-ẹ̀gbẹ́.


But it's not bacterial pneumonia.


Ṣùgbọ́n kì í ṣe kòkòrò-àìfojúrí òtútù-ẹ̀gbẹ́.


And it's not a pneumonia that would respond to a vaccine.


Kì í ṣe òtútù-ẹ̀gbẹ́ ni yóò dáhùn sí òògùn ìbupá.


And I think my time is up.


Mo rò wí pé àkókò mí ti tó.


I thank you all for your attention.


Mo dúpẹ́ lọ́wọ gbogbo yín fún àkíyèsí yín.


Refugees have the right to be protected


Àwọn ogúnléndé ni ẹ̀tọ́ sí ìdáààbòbò.


Bruno Giussani: Commissioner, thank you for coming to TED.


Bruno Giusani: kọmíṣọ́nà, ẹ ṣeun ti ẹ wá sí TED.


António Guterres: Pleasure.


António Guterres: ìdùnnú mi ni.


BG: Let's start with a figure.


BG: ẹ jẹ́ ká bẹ́rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ònkà.


During 2015, almost one million refugees and migrants arrived in Europe from many different countries, of course, from Syria and Iraq, but also from Afghanistan and Bangladesh and Eritrea and elsewhere.


Lásìkò ọdún 2015, ó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ tó àádọ́ta-ọ̀kẹ́ kan àwọn atìpó àti àwọn aṣíkiri tí wọ́n dé sílẹ̀ Europe láti orílẹ̀-èdè lóríṣìiríṣi, bẹ́ẹ̀ ni, láti Syria àti Iraq, ṣùgbọ́n bákan náà láti Afghanistan àti Bangladesh àti Eritrea àti ibòmíràn.


And there have been reactions of two different kinds: welcoming parties and border fences.


Irúfẹ́ àwọn èsì méjì ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀ ló ti wà: àwọn tí wọ́n ń gba àlejò wọlé àti àwọn ògiri ẹnubodè.


But I want to look at it a little bit from the short-term and the long-term perspective.


Ṣùgbọ́n mo fẹ́ wò ó díè pẹ̀lú ojú-ìwòye ìgbà-díẹ̀ àti ìgbà-pípẹ́.


And the first question is very simple: Why has the movement of refugees spiked so fast in the last six months?


Ìbéèrè àkọ́kọ́ sì rọrùn gidi gan-an: kílódé tí ìrìnàjò àwọn atìpó ṣe lékún síi láti bí oṣù mẹ́fà sẹ́yìn?


AG: Well, I think, basically, what triggered this huge increase was the Syrian refugee group.


AG: Ó dáa, mo rò ó, ní pàtàkì jùlọ, pé nǹkan tó ṣokùnfa àfikún ńlá yìí ni ẹgbẹ́ àwọn atìpó orílẹ̀-ède Syria.


There has been an increased movement into Europe from Africa, from Asia, but slowly growing, and all of a sudden we had this massive increase in the first months of this year.


Àlékún ti wà nínú ìr̀nàjò lọ sílẹ̀ Europe láti ilẹ̀ Adúláwọ̀, láti Asia, ṣùgbọ́n tó ń dàgbà díẹ̀díẹ̀, lójijì a ní àfikún tó pọ̀ ní oṣù àkọ́kọ́ ọdún yìí.


I think there are three reasons, two long-term ones and the trigger.


Okùnfà mẹ́ta ni mo rò wí pé ó fà á, àwọn tìgbà-pípẹ́ méjì àti okùnfa ẹ̀.


The long-term ones, in relation to Syrians, is that hope is less and less clear for people.


Àwọn tìgbà-pípẹ́, ní ìbátan pẹ̀lú àwọn ọmọ ilẹ̀ Syria, ni wí pé ìrètí kéré kò sì hànde púpọ̀ fún àwọn ènìyàn.


I mean, they look at their own country and they don't see much hope to go back home, because there is no political solution, so there is no light at the end of the tunnel.


Mò ń sọ nípa pé, wọ́n ń wo orílẹ̀-ède wọn wọn ò sì rí ìrètí púpọ̀ láti padà sílé, nítorí kò sí ọ̀nà-àbáyọ òṣèlú, torí náà kò sí ìmọ́lẹ̀ lẹ́yìn òkùnkùn.


Second, the living conditions of the Syrians in the neighboring countries have been deteriorating.


Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì, ìgbésí ayé àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀-ède Syria tí wọ́n wà ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó súmọ́ ti ń polúkú-muṣu.


We just had research with the World Bank, and 87 percent of the Syrians in Jordan and 93 percent of the Syrians in Lebanon live below the national poverty lines.


A ṣè ṣe ìwádìí pẹ̀lu Ilé-ìfowópamọ́ Àgbáyé ni, ìdá mẹ́tà-dín-láàdọ́rùn àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀-ède Syria ní Jordan àti ìdá mẹ́tà-lé-láàdọ́rùn àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀-ède Syria ní Lebanon ni wọ́n ń gbé lábẹ́ ilà òṣì àpapọ̀.


Only half of the children go to school, which means that people are living very badly.


Ìdajì nínú àwọn ọmọ ni wọ́n ń lọ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́, tó túmọ̀ sí wí pé àwọn ènìyàn ń gbé ìgbeayé tí ò da.


Not only are they refugees, out of home, not only have they suffered what they have suffered, but they are living in very, very dramatic conditions.


Kìí ṣe wí pé wọ́n jẹ́ atìpó nìkan, tí wọn ò nílé, kìí ṣe wí pé wọ́n ti jìyà tí wọ́n jẹ nìkan, ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n ń gbé ní ipò tó bani nínú jẹ́.


And then the trigger was when all of a sudden, international aid decreased.


Okùnfà náà ni ìgbà tó jẹ́ wí pé lójijì, ìrànwọ́ látókèrè dínkù.


The World Food Programme was forced, for lack of resources, to cut by 30 percent food support to the Syrian refugees.


Wọ́n pọn-ọ́n ní dandan fún Èto Oúnjẹ Àgbáyé, fún àìsí ohun-èlò, láti gé ìdá ọgbọ̀n ìrànwọ́ oúnjẹ fún àwọn atìpó ọmọ orílẹ̀-ède Syria.


"They're not allowed to work, so they are totally dependent on international support, and they felt, ""The world is abandoning us."


"Wọn ò gbà wọ́n lááyè láti ṣiṣẹ́, nítorí náà wọn gbáralé ìrànwọ́ láti ilẹ̀-òkèèrè pátápátá, wọ́n dè ń rò ó wí pé, ""gbogbo ayé ti ń pawá tì."


""" And that, in my opinion, was the trigger."


Ìyẹn, ní èróngbà tèmi, ni okùnfa rẹ̀.


All of a sudden, there was a rush, and people started to move in large numbers and, to be absolutely honest, if I had been in the same situation and I would have been brave enough to do it, I think I would have done the same.


Lójijì, ìrọ́gìrí wà, àwọn ènìyán dẹ̀ bẹ̀rẹ̀ síní gbéra níye wọn àti, kí sọ òdodo, tí mo bá wà ní irú ipò bẹ́ẹ̀ tí mo sì ní ìgboyà láti ṣe é, mo rò wí pé èmi náà ì bá ṣe bẹ́ẹ̀.


BG: But I think what surprised many people is it's not only sudden, but it wasn't supposed to be sudden.


BG: ṣùgbọ́n mo rò wí pé nǹkan tó ya ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ènìyàn lẹ́nu ni wí pé ṣé kò tíì yá jù, ṣùgbọ́n kò yẹ kí ó yá.


The war in Syria has been happening for five years.


Ogun tó wà ní orílẹ̀-ède Syria ti ń ṣẹlẹ̀ fún ọdún márùn-ún.


Millions of refugees are in camps and villages and towns around Syria.


Àádọ́ta-ọ̀kẹ́ àwọn atìpó wà ní ìpàgọ́ àti àwọn abúlé àti àwọn agbègbè tó yí orílẹ̀-ède Syria.


You have yourself warned about the situation and about the consequences of a breakdown of Libya, for example, and yet Europe looked totally unprepared.


Wọ́n ti kìlọ̀ fún yín nípa ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ náà àti àpadàbọ ìdàrúdápọ̀ ní orílẹ̀-ède Libya, fún àpẹẹrẹ, síbẹ̀ ilẹ̀ Europe dàbi ẹni tí ò tíì ṣetán.


AG: Well, unprepared because divided, and when you are divided, you don't want to recognize the reality.


AG: Ó dáa, aìmúrasílẹ̀ nítorí ìpínyà, tí ẹ bá d sì ẹ̀ ti pínyà, ẹ ò ní fẹ́ rí òótọ́.


You prefer to postpone decisions, because you do not have the capacity to make them.


Ó máa tẹ́ ẹ yín lọ́rùn láti sún ìpinnu síwájú, nítorí ẹ ò ní ìkápá láti ṣewọ́n.


And the proof is that even when the spike occurred, Europe remained divided and was unable to put in place a mechanism to manage the situation.


Ẹ̀rí ni wí pé kódà nígbà tí àlékún náà ṣẹlẹ̀, ilẹ̀ Europe ṣì pín síbẹ̀ wọn ò sì ní ànfànní láti ṣètò tí yóò mójú tó ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ náà.


You talk about one million people.


Ẹ sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ẹgbẹ̀rún-lọ́na-ẹgbẹ̀rún kan ènìyàn.


It looks enormous, but the population of the European Union is 550 million people, which means we are talking about one per every [550] Europeans.


Ó jọ bi ẹní pọ̀, ṣùgbọ́n àpapọ̀ ènìyàn ni Àjọ-ìgbìmọ Ilẹ̀ Europe jẹ́ ẹgbẹ̀rún-lọ́na-ẹgbẹ̀rún ọ̀tà-dín-léwà-dín-lẹ́gbẹ̀ta àwọn ènìyàn, tó túmọ̀ sí wí pé à ń sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ọ̀kan nínú gbogbo [ọ̀tà-dín-léwà-dín-lẹ́gbẹ̀ta] àwọn ọmọ ilẹ̀ Europe.


Now, in Lebanon, we have one refugee per three Lebanese.


Báyìí, ní Lebanon, a ní atìpó kan nínú ọmọ orílẹ̀ ède Lebanon mẹ́ta.


And Lebanon?


Orílẹ̀-ède Lebanon ńkọ́?


Struggling, of course, but it's managing.


Ó ń tiraka, bẹ́ẹ̀ ni, ṣùgbọ́n ó ń gbìyànjú.


So, the question is: is this something that could have been managed if -- not mentioning the most important thing, which would have been addressing the root causes, but forgetting about root causes for now, looking at the phenomenon as it is -- if Europe were able to come together in solidarity to create an adequate reception capacity of entry points?


Nítorí náà, ìbéèrè náà ni wí pé: nǹkan yìí ni wọn ò bá ti ṣàmójútó rẹ̀ tó bá ṣe wí pe -- láìmẹ́nu ba nǹkan tó ṣe pàtàkì jùlọ, tí ò bá ti yanjú okùnfa ìpìlẹ rẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n ká gbàgbé nípa okùnfà ìpìlẹ rẹ̀ báyì, bí a ṣé ń wo nǹkan náà bó ṣe rí yìí -- tí ilẹ̀ Europe bá lè parapọ̀ ní ìṣọ̀kan láti pèse àyè ìgbàlejò tó péye ní àwọn ọ̀nà àbáwọlé ńkọ́?