Background NNSA’s Missions and Organization NNSA’s nuclear stockpile missions are largely executed at eight sites that are managed by seven M&O contractors and that comprise the nuclear security enterprise. These eight sites include: three national security laboratories—Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, and Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico and other locations; four nuclear weapons production plants—the Pantex Plant in Texas, the Y-12 National Security Complex in Tennessee, the Kansas City National Security Campus in Missouri, and tritium operations at DOE’s Savannah River Site in South Carolina; and the Nevada National Security Site, formerly known as the Nevada Test Site. As shown in figure 1, each of NNSA’s eight sites has specific responsibilities within the nuclear security enterprise. NNSA’s sites are owned by the federal government but managed and operated by M&O contractors. According to DOE, the use of M&O contracts is supported by an underlying principle: the federal government employs highly capable companies and educational institutions to manage and operate government-owned or government-controlled scientific, engineering, and production facilities because these companies and educational institutions have greater flexibility in bringing scientific and technical skills to bear than the government. As we previously found, an M&O contract is characterized by, among other things, a close relationship between the government and the contractor for conducting work of a long-term and continuing nature. To support its missions, NNSA is organized into program offices that oversee the agency’s numerous programs, such as the B61-12 Life Extension Program—overseen by the Office of Defense Programs—and the Nuclear Smuggling Detection and Deterrence Program—overseen by the Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation. Mission-related activities are primarily overseen by these program offices, which are responsible for integrating the activities across the multiple sites performing work. NNSA’s program offices are: Counterterrorism and Counterproliferation; Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation; Defense Nuclear Security; Naval Reactors; and Safety, Infrastructure, and Operations. NNSA receives four different appropriations, which it is responsible for allocating to programs that are managed by the program offices. The program offices obligate these funds to the M&O contracts to execute specific program functions. Obligated funds that are not “costed,” or expended, by the contractor at the end of the fiscal year can carry over for expenditure in a subsequent fiscal year, or the program offices can deobligate the funds and obligate them to a different contract for work in that same program area. In order for funds to be reallocated to a different program, NNSA may need to reprogram funds; such reprogramming may be subject to congressional notice and approval requirements. NNSA headquarters offices generally are to provide leadership, develop policy and budgets, or provide other functional support across NNSA. NNSA headquarters offices include the offices of: Acquisition and Project Management, Cost Estimating and Program Evaluation, Information Management and Chief Information Officer, Management and Budget, and Policy. NNSA has seven field offices across the country. Field office managers report directly to the NNSA Administrator. NNSA field offices, such as NPO, are collocated at the laboratory, plant, and testing sites and are responsible for overseeing NNSA’s M&O contractors, including ensuring compliance with federal contracts. To provide oversight of the M&O contractors, each field office employs subject matter experts in areas such as emergency management, physical security, cybersecurity, safety, nuclear facility operations, environmental protection and stewardship, radioactive waste management, quality assurance, business and contract administration, public affairs, and project management. NNSA’s field offices are: Kansas City Field Office in Missouri, Livermore Field Office in California, Los Alamos Field Office in New Mexico, Nevada Field Office, NPO in Tennessee and Texas, Sandia Field Office in New Mexico, and Savannah River Field Office in South Carolina. Before awarding the consolidated contract at Y-12 and Pantex, NNSA took steps to consolidate its field offices that oversee the contractor at these two sites. Specifically, NNSA combined the former Y-12 Site Office and former Pantex Site Office into the NPO Field Office in 2012. One NPO manager oversees both the Y-12 and Pantex sites, and each site has a deputy manager. The deputy managers oversee their respective sites as well as certain programs at both sites. The NPO Cost Savings Program Manager provides overall administration of the Cost Savings Program. As of fiscal year 2018, NPO had about 130 federal full-time equivalent employees at both sites, according to an NPO official. According to CNS officials, the contractor employs over 9,000 employees at Y-12 and Pantex. According to an NPO official, NPO acts as a single office because the two sites are closely integrated. Consolidated Contract History and Requirements In December 2011, NNSA issued a request for proposals for a consolidated M&O contract for the Y-12 and Pantex sites. NNSA awarded the M&O contract to CNS in January 2013. However, the award was the subject of three protests to GAO under our bid protest authority. NNSA ultimately reaffirmed its award of the contract to CNS, and CNS began contract performance in July 2014. The consolidated contract includes a total of 10 years, including the base period and all option terms. The contract requires CNS to meet certain performance requirements, and NNSA is to evaluate CNS’s accomplishment of these performance requirements before exercising each option term. During the first 2 full fiscal years of the contract, CNS focused on merger and consolidation activities—that is, merging the two sites under one contractor—and on achieving savings from those activities, according to CNS’s Merger Transformation Plan. Merger savings are associated with efficiencies and reductions in the workforce resulting from the consolidation of the contract. During the third and fourth fiscal years of the contract, CNS focused on transformation savings—or savings based on changing underlying processes to increase standardization, and improve quality and efficiency within and across the organization. From the third full fiscal year of the contract onward, CNS focused on continuous improvement, which constitutes incremental efficiency within established processes. The original contract required CNS to achieve at least 80 percent of its proposed savings and score 80 percent or higher on its performance evaluations in order to have additional option terms exercised. In September 2017, however, NNSA and CNS modified the contract so that delivery of cost savings is only taken into consideration in conjunction with CNS’s performance, as documented in NNSA’s annual Performance Evaluation Reports, when deciding whether to extend CNS additional option terms, also known as gateway decision points. NNSA officials told us they made this modification prior to the first gateway decision in September 2017 because CNS was very close to achieving 80 percent of its proposed cost savings, but it was unclear if CNS would achieve 80 percent. In addition, the initial contract requirements placed equal emphasis on cost savings and the contractor’s performance in meeting the mission, but NNSA officials said they do not view those two goals as equal. Cost savings in and of themselves are only helpful—and only creditable under the contract—if they do not negatively affect the mission, and therefore NNSA officials do not view achieving cost savings as equal to the contractor’s performance in meeting the mission. Following the contract modification in September 2017, NNSA exercised the first 2-year option term, ensuring the contractor will manage and operate Y-12 and Pantex through fiscal year 2021. The gateway decision for the second 2- year option term will occur by the end of June 2020, according to NNSA officials (see fig. 2). Cost Savings Program’s Structure Implementation and oversight of the Cost Savings Program involves contractor representatives and NNSA officials at several levels. CNS manages the Cost Savings Program using a matrixed organization that includes several executives such as vice presidents of the Business Management and Transformation and Program Integration departments, according to CNS officials. Throughout each fiscal year, these officials lead various efforts associated with developing and implementing cost reduction initiatives as well as other key aspects of the Cost Savings Program. One CNS Cost Savings Director is responsible for overseeing much of the company’s cost savings efforts, including coordinating between different program offices. Within NNSA, NPO conducts much of the oversight of the Cost Savings Program while NNSA’s Offices of Management and Budget, and Acquisition and Project Management also have some oversight functions. Within NPO, the Cost Savings Program Manager coordinates among different NPO program offices that help review and conduct oversight of the cost reduction initiatives throughout the year as well as with NNSA headquarters offices. NNSA’s Office of Management and Budget provides NNSA with administrative, human resources, and financial support. NNSA’s Office of Acquisition and Project Management is responsible for acquisition support and contracting oversight for the agency throughout the acquisition lifecycle. NNSA established an Executive Steering Committee, comprised of high- ranking officials from different NNSA program areas, as well as the NNSA Associate Principal Deputy Administrator, the NPO Manager, and the NPO Cost Savings Program Manager (as a non-voting member), to provide leadership and guidance for the governance of the cost savings element of the CNS contract. The steering committee members are to set cost savings policy; resolve disputes; and recommend and approve the cost savings amounts to be shared between the government, the contractor (through a cost-savings incentive fee), and site reinvestment projects. The Cost Savings Program is divided into six processes or phases that CNS and NNSA implement and oversee (see fig. 3): the Annual Controlled Baseline phase, the Cost Reduction Proposal phase, the Change Control phase, the Verification phase, and the Disposition phase. Annual Controlled Baseline phase. CNS develops and maintains the Annual Controlled Baseline, which is a document that describes the current scope of work and its cost and schedule. Among other things, NNSA uses the Annual Controlled Baseline to evaluate whether CNS achieved savings from implementation of prior years’ cost reduction initiatives. CNS is expected to submit the Annual Controlled Baseline no later than August 15 prior to the upcoming fiscal year, and NNSA reviews and approves the document. Cost Reduction Proposal phase. CNS develops cost reduction initiatives and updates the Cost Reduction Proposal, which describes CNS’s proposed cost reduction initiatives for the upcoming fiscal year and the expected cost savings to be validated from activities within the current fiscal year. The Cost Reduction Proposal is to be updated annually, no later than September 1 prior to the upcoming fiscal year. Each cost reduction initiative has a defined lifecycle, from identification and development to validation and sustainment. NNSA reviews and approves the document; approval authorizes CNS to begin implementing the initiatives. Change control phase. The change control phase is continuous throughout the fiscal year and allows CNS and NNSA to document and trace changes to the scope, schedule, and cost that affect the Annual Controlled Baseline and the Cost Reduction Proposal. Changes made during this phase to the Annual Controlled Baseline and the Cost Reduction Proposal are generally limited to changes outside of the control of the contractor, including congressional direction or reprogramming, changes to the programmatic mission, additional contractual requirements, and any NNSA-directed or approved changes. Performance phase. During the performance phase, which is also continuous throughout the year, the contractor is to report interim performance against the approved cost reduction initiatives for NNSA to evaluate accordingly, according to NNSA Cost Savings Program procedures. This interim reporting allows NNSA to monitor potential effects on the mission and offer feedback and course correction as needed. NNSA and CNS officials responsible for the Cost Savings Program collaborate regularly via biweekly meetings and tri-annual reviews to monitor CNS’s progress on cost reduction initiatives throughout the fiscal year. CNS generates a year-end Validation Report, which is the final of three tri-annual reports provided throughout the fiscal year. These reports detail the performance of the M&O contractor and progress made against proposed cost savings targets, and list the amount of savings CNS is claiming to have achieved in that fiscal year, to include both annual new savings and savings sustained from prior years. CNS is to submit the Validation Report for each previous fiscal year no later than November 15. Verification phase. After the end of the fiscal year, between November and January, NNSA uses verification checklists to review and verify CNS’s claimed savings for each cost reduction initiative. NNSA can use these verification checklists to record, among other evidence, any observations, interviews, document reviews, analyses, and measurements that NNSA has undertaken to confirm the savings claimed by CNS in the Validation Report. For each cost reduction initiative, NNSA is to verify, among other things, that CNS implemented the initiative, that the initiative resulted in efficiencies that produced cost savings, and that the initiative did not negatively affect the mission. NNSA is also to verify that CNS set aside the claimed savings. Additionally, NNSA is to verify that CNS sustained savings claimed in prior years. NNSA documents its determination of verified annual new and sustained savings in a Verification Report. Disposition phase. Upon completion of the verification phase, in January and February, the distribution, or disposition, of net savings occurs in accordance with the contract. Net savings are verified savings after accounting for execution costs. The contract allows those verified net savings to be shared among the government, the contractor, and site reinvestment projects to improve Y-12 and Pantex. Under the contract provisions, NNSA is to verify and distribute only those savings that remain after deducting the execution costs required to administer, develop, or implement the cost reduction initiatives. For example, the cost of purchasing a machine to automate a process that will, in turn, save labor hours from the previous non-automated process would be an execution cost. Therefore, NNSA-verified savings for each cost reduction initiative should reflect net savings from having implemented the initiative—that is, the gross savings minus the execution costs associated with the initiative. Verified net savings are to be distributed to the contractor, the government, and for site reinvestment projects. Contractor. The contractor is generally to receive a cost-savings incentive fee of about 35 percent of the verified net savings. For new savings related to employee benefits, however, the contractor is not to receive a share, and the savings are to be split between the government (50 percent) and site reinvestment projects (50 percent). The contractor’s cost-savings incentive fee is to be paid out of cost savings that NNSA has verified. The contract requires CNS to reimburse the government for the cost-savings incentive fee in the event that CNS does not sustain the savings for the remainder of the contract performance period. According to CNS’s proposed savings estimates, CNS planned to earn approximately $222 million in cost- savings incentive fees over the potential 10-year contract. Per the contract, the contractor may also receive award fees annually based on NNSA’s evaluation of its performance. The available award fee for each potential year of the contract ranges from approximately $20 million to approximately $40 million. Government. The government generally is to receive 35 percent of the verified net savings. For new savings related to employee benefits, however, the government is to receive 50 percent of the verified net savings. The portion of verified savings that is available for the government allows NNSA to return those savings to the programs for which funds were originally obligated, and the funds can be spent within the same program at Y-12, Pantex, or another site within the nuclear security enterprise. Site reinvestment. The remaining approximately 30 percent of the verified net savings is for site reinvestment projects. As noted above, however, the site reinvestment share for savings related to employee benefits is 50 percent. Site reinvestment projects may include: projects (such as a parking structure, an office building or a cafeteria) that serve the M&O site as a whole rather than a discrete program or implementation costs for future cost savings initiatives, among other things. Types of potential savings associated with the Cost Savings Program include, for example: Annual new savings. In each fiscal year, CNS validates and NNSA verifies annual new savings for the cost reduction initiatives implemented in that year. Examples of annual new savings include positions that were reduced in a certain program area, in a given fiscal year. As discussed previously, cost savings are only creditable under the contract if they do not negatively affect the mission. Sustained savings. In each fiscal year, CNS validates and NNSA verifies sustained savings resulting from cost reduction initiatives implemented in prior years. For example, CNS can claim sustained savings for each year it does not hire back employees into positions that were reduced in a prior year and for which CNS claimed savings. Cumulative contract savings. Cumulative contract savings is the sum of all contract savings that have accumulated from annual new savings and the sustainment of savings produced in prior years. For example, annual new savings verified in fiscal year 2015 would be multiplied by 10 if they are sustained through the life of the potential 10-year contract. Likewise, annual new savings verified in fiscal year 2016 would be multiplied by 9 if they are sustained through the life of the potential 10-year contract, and so forth. These cumulative contract savings are also known as “gateway savings” because NNSA considers the verified cumulative contract savings when making gateway decisions on whether or not to extend the contract for possible option terms. Table 1 shows how CNS proposed it could achieve approximately $2.9 billion over the life of the 10-year contract using this method of calculating cumulative contract savings. Hard savings—savings that directly reduce the overall cost of operations—are the only creditable type of savings under the contract. NNSA is only to verify savings if they do not negatively affect the mission. Examples of hard savings include a reduced number of personnel working to conduct the same scope of work or fewer labor hours required to complete a process due to operational efficiencies achieved, as well as savings in benefits packages (e.g., by requiring employees contribute more to their benefits). NNSA and CNS classify hard savings into four categories: (1) labor, (2) benefits, (3) supply chain, and (4) non-labor (see sidebar). generated by leveraging collective buying power agreements, utilizing competitive sourcing tools, and taking other actions to reduce the price of goods purchased. For example, in fiscal year 2016, CNS noted in its Validation Report that it used strategic sourcing to realize procurement savings. known as demand management savings—are savings generated through reductions in purchased materials quantities, subcontract costs, or licenses. For example, in fiscal year 2016, CNS assumed responsibility for some information technology work—including, among others, help desk support and network administration—that had been previously handled by subcontractors. Doing so reduced contract costs because CNS was able to perform the work at a lower cost than the subcontractor. products or services such as, for example, slowing the rate of a cost increase. NNSA officials said another example of a cost avoidance would be if the contractor has the option to buy more expensive airplane tickets for travel between the two sites but chooses to buy less expensive airplane tickets; the difference between the most expensive option and the actual tickets purchased is a cost avoidance and not considered hard savings that would be creditable under the contract. CNS Has Achieved Most of Its Proposed Savings, and Changes to Oversight and Methodologies Have Addressed Some Problems That May Affect Actual Savings NNSA verified approximately $170 million in annual new savings and approximately $515 million in cumulative contract savings from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018. The $515 million in cumulative contract savings that NNSA verified from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018 is about 80 percent of the approximately $640 million CNS proposed it would save through that fiscal year. NNSA’s oversight of the Cost Savings Program has improved and methods for calculating and verifying cost savings have evolved to address some problems encountered in the early years of the contract that may affect actual contract savings. NNSA Has Verified Hundreds of Millions of Dollars of CNS’s Claimed Savings NNSA verified between approximately $8 million and $63 million in annual new savings each year from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018, totaling approximately $170 million in annual new savings over this period. Of the $170 million in NNSA-verified annual new savings for fiscal years 2014 through 2018, roughly 10 percent (approximately $17 million) is attributed to the merging of the Y-12 and Pantex sites into a consolidated management structure, according to CNS and NNSA documentation. The remaining roughly 90 percent (approximately $153 million) is attributed to transforming site operations to create a more efficient and sustainable enterprise. Under the contract, savings from the previous year that have been sustained, and for which sustainment has been verified by NNSA, are added to the current year’s verified annual new savings amount, resulting in cumulative contract savings. As of the end of fiscal year 2018, NNSA verified approximately $515 million in cumulative contract savings (see table 2). We found that this $515 million in cumulative contract savings represents a reasonable estimate of the cumulative savings achieved. As part of our review, we traced information from 22 of about 90 cost reduction initiatives for which CNS claimed savings to source documents and reconciled discrepancies with NNSA and CNS officials to understand how NNSA verified the cost savings. Further, we reviewed NNSA’s documented procedures for verifying CNS’s reported data and interviewed officials about that process. Additionally, other reviews provide support that NNSA’s reported $515 million in cumulative contract savings is a reasonable estimate of savings achieved. Specifically, as part of the savings verification process, NNSA’s federal cost accountants ensured that CNS had set aside the money associated with the cost savings and confirmed that the funds were available for distribution under the cost-savings sharing arrangement. DCAA also reviewed CNS’s claimed cost savings for fiscal years 2016 through 2018 and NNSA and DCAA officials said the two entities used similar methods and came to similar conclusions. Labor savings, which include reductions in positions, comprised the largest portion of savings, at nearly two-thirds of the cumulative contract savings achieved from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018. Savings through changes to employee benefits comprised nearly a quarter of total cumulative contract savings over the period (see fig. 4). NNSA documents we examined showed that CNS, the government, and site reinvestment projects received a certain share of the $515 million in cumulative contract savings that NNSA verified from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018 in accordance with the terms of the contract. According to NNSA, approximately $262 million of the $515 million was available for the three parties to share during this period. The amount available to the three parties is determined by sharing periods of no more than 2 years negotiated for different categories of savings under the contract. According to NNSA documents, CNS earned about $78 million in cost-savings incentive fees, the government received about $97 million in savings, and site reinvestment projects received about $88 million of the available savings from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018 (see fig. 5). According to NNSA, the remaining approximately $253 million in cumulative savings was not available for sharing between the three parties because it accumulated outside of the savings sharing period. CNS Has Achieved about 80 Percent of Its Proposed Savings from Fiscal Year 2014 through Fiscal Year 2018 The $515 million in cumulative contract savings that NNSA verified from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018 is about 80 percent of the approximately $640 million in cumulative contract savings CNS proposed it would save through that fiscal year. CNS achieved more in cumulative contract savings than it proposed through fiscal year 2015. Specifically, CNS proposed approximately $67 million in cumulative contract savings through fiscal year 2015 and NNSA verified approximately $78 million. From fiscal years 2016 through 2018, however, CNS achieved less in cumulative contract savings than it proposed (see fig. 6). As described above, achieving approximately $2.9 billion in savings over the life of the contract assumed meeting all proposed annual new savings targets and fully sustaining those savings in each year of the contract. According to the terms of the contract, NNSA considers achievement of cost savings when evaluating overall contract performance, and therefore, achievement of proposed cost savings may factor into NNSA’s decision of whether to exercise further contract option terms. Two key issues—benefits savings and fiscal year 2016 labor savings— contributed to CNS not meeting its proposed cost savings targets through the end of fiscal year 2018 and may affect CNS’s ability to achieve its proposed cumulative contract savings of approximately $2.9 billion over the life of the contract. Benefits savings. CNS proposed it could save $594 million over the life of the contract through adjustments to employee benefits, but as of March 2020, CNS officials told us that CNS’s projected benefits savings would total $399 million over the entire 10-year contract, a decrease of almost $200 million from its proposal. According to these officials, several factors have contributed to CNS’s decreased benefits savings estimate, including delays in bargaining unit transition to benefit plans and rates and a decrease in employee contributions to pensions, among other reasons. Fiscal year 2016 labor savings. In fiscal year 2016, CNS claimed approximately $30 million in new labor savings based on a claimed reduction of 283 full-time equivalent employees, but NNSA rejected all of those savings. According to the fiscal year 2016 NNSA Verification Report, CNS failed to realize efficiencies that resulted in full-time equivalent growth in other areas, which offset CNS’s claim of new labor savings. Rejection of these fiscal year 2016 labor savings could result in a loss of approximately $270 million in cumulative savings through the end of the potential 10-year contract period when factoring in potential sustained savings. NNSA officials emphasized that any amount of cost savings is beneficial to the government and that NNSA’s priority for CNS is safe and secure performance of its mission. NNSA officials noted that if CNS does not implement any additional cost reduction initiatives and sustains the savings from all previously-implemented cost reduction initiatives, CNS will still save about $1.7 billion through fiscal year 2024. CNS officials told us that CNS will continue to work toward its cumulative proposed savings of approximately $2.9 billion and hopes to meet or exceed that estimate. According to these officials, doing so will allow CNS to realize its proposed savings and provide the maximum benefit to the government and taxpayers. To achieve its proposed savings, CNS would need to sustain all previously implemented savings, achieve verified annual new savings of approximately $57 million per year every year, and sustain those additional savings through 2024. However, CNS’s proposed annual new savings are substantially lower for fiscal year 2019 through the end of the contract (averaging about $30 million per year) than they were from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018. This decrease is, in part, because many cost reduction initiatives with high savings potential—such as labor streamlining and changes to employee benefits—have been implemented. For example, CNS eliminated 270 positions and provided voluntary separation severance packages to another 182 employees in fiscal year 2014. This accounted for more than 40 percent ($221 million) of the cumulative contract savings because CNS sustained those savings in fiscal years 2015 through 2018. CNS has already implemented many cost reduction initiatives with high savings potential, so it may be difficult for CNS to meet its proposed cumulative contract savings. Methodologies for Calculating Cost Savings and NNSA’s Oversight of the Program Have Evolved to Address Factors That May Affect Actual Contract Savings CNS and NNSA initially encountered problems with calculating and verifying cost savings—problems that may affect actual contract savings—but methods for calculating and verifying savings have evolved, and NNSA’s oversight of the Cost Savings Program has improved. Specifically, CNS and NNSA initially encountered problems—which have largely been addressed—with: (1) calculating and verifying execution costs; (2) calculating and verifying labor savings; and (3) communicating and collaborating about the Cost Savings Program throughout the year. Calculating and verifying execution costs. NNSA encountered early problems with verifying execution costs for CNS’s cost savings initiatives, but CNS changed its methodology for calculating execution costs each year that ultimately addressed those problems. Since the contract’s inception, CNS has relied on a subcontractor to operate much of the Cost Savings Program. In fiscal year 2014, costs for this subcontractor totaled approximately $7 million. CNS believed that approximately $546,000 of the $7 million should be considered execution costs and counted against the cost savings for that year, but NNSA believed the entire $7 million should be considered execution costs. NNSA and CNS reached agreement that a proportional factor—19.3 percent—of the subcontractor’s time was spent on activities that would qualify as execution activities under the contract for fiscal years 2014 and 2015. NNSA instructed CNS to capture and report the subcontractor’s actual execution costs beginning in fiscal year 2016. CNS began using the subcontract’s actual execution costs in fiscal year 2016, according to NNSA officials. However, NNSA officials said CNS used a proportional factor of the subcontract’s execution costs from previous years to estimate the execution costs of CNS employees for fiscal year 2016. NNSA noted in its fiscal year 2016 Verification Report that using the proportional factor approach for estimating execution costs may not reflect the actual execution costs. CNS officials said they believe this estimation was conservative because it resulted in higher CNS administrative and development costs than subsequent years. Additionally, in fiscal years 2015 and 2016, CNS reported estimates for its total execution costs rather than tracking the actual execution costs for each individual cost reduction initiative, which NNSA officials said made it difficult to verify net savings. In fiscal year 2017, CNS developed a methodology for allocating execution costs—administrative costs, implementation costs, and development costs—to individual cost reduction initiatives and began reporting execution costs at this level in the fiscal year 2017 Validation Report. According to NNSA officials, CNS also began reporting execution costs by individual cost reduction initiative for its subcontractor beginning in fiscal year 2017. In fiscal year 2018, CNS developed execution cost charge codes that allowed CNS to report actual hours spent on cost reduction initiative execution activities— including amounts for its subcontractor—for the first time since the contract began. NNSA officials told us that they are generally satisfied with the way CNS is now capturing execution costs and that the use of charge codes has improved their confidence in CNS’s reporting of certain execution costs. However, CNS’s use of the proportional factor of 19.3 percent of the subcontractor’s execution costs, lack of detail on execution costs for individual cost reduction initiatives, and use of estimated—rather than actual—execution costs could mean that the actual execution costs for fiscal years 2014 through 2017 are not fully captured in reported cumulative savings and actual contract savings could be higher or lower than the reported amount. Even if the actual contract savings are higher or lower than the reported amount, we believe $515 million is a reasonable estimate of the savings achieved to date. Calculating and verifying labor savings. In fiscal years 2014 and 2015, CNS used a headcount methodology to calculate labor savings and demonstrate sustainment of those savings. Using a headcount methodology, CNS could claim labor savings if it could demonstrate and maintain a reduced number of employees to conduct the same scope of work. According to NNSA and CNS officials, one potential problem with using a headcount approach is that CNS could maintain a reduced number of staff but have those staff work overtime. If this occurred, it would result in overall increased contract costs, thereby reducing the net savings from the cost reduction initiative. In fiscal year 2016, CNS modified its methodology for calculating labor savings to use labor hours rather than employee headcounts. Under this modified approach, CNS could claim labor savings if it could demonstrate and maintain reduced labor hours regardless of the number of employees, a method that NNSA and CNS officials said is a better measure of labor savings. However, under this methodology, CNS calculated labor savings based on planned, rather than actual, reductions in labor hours. In fiscal year 2017, CNS modified its methodology again to begin using actual reduced labor hours rather than planned reduced labor hours. However, CNS’s use of headcounts and planned, rather than actual, reduction in labor hours could mean that the labor savings for fiscal years 2014 through 2016 are not accurately reflected in the verified cumulative contract savings, and actual contract savings could be higher or lower than the reported amount. As noted above, even if the actual contract savings are higher or lower than the reported amount, we believe $515 million is a reasonable estimate of the savings achieved to date. Communicating and collaborating about the Cost Savings Program. According to NNSA officials, early years of the contract were marked by limited oversight and poor communication between NNSA and CNS. CNS delegated responsibility for the Cost Savings Program to a subcontractor, and according to NNSA and CNS officials, CNS had limited involvement in the Cost Savings Program and did not communicate with NNSA about cost savings matters. Similarly, NNSA officials told us that one or two individuals at NNSA managed the cost savings component of the contract for the federal government and that communication was poor between those individuals and the technical personnel responsible for evaluating the implementation of CNS’s cost reduction initiatives. As a result of this limited oversight and communication, NNSA officials said CNS did not understand NNSA’s expectations for cost savings data and had to submit five iterations of its first Validation Report. In fiscal year 2017, NNSA established a collaborative working team— known as the Integrated Project Team and consisting of personnel from NNSA and CNS—which meets biweekly to discuss issues related to the Cost Savings Program. Also in fiscal year 2017, NNSA began conducting tri-annual reviews of active cost reduction initiatives. For these reviews, CNS submits performance reports and briefs knowledgeable NNSA officials on the status of individual cost reduction initiatives. NNSA uses this information to identify potential gaps in cost-savings reporting data and, among other things, informs CNS of any concerns with its methodology or NNSA’s ability to verify the cost savings. NNSA officials stated that the increased collaboration and more frequent communication has resulted in improved Validation Reports and fewer revisions. For example, NNSA stated in its fiscal year 2017 Verification Report that the quality and completeness of CNS’s fiscal year 2017 Validation Report “demonstrated substantial improvement” over the fiscal year 2016 report. While CNS’s and NNSA’s methods for calculating and verifying savings and conducting oversight evolved in the early years of the contract to improve the accuracy of cost savings calculations, we believe the $515 million in reported cumulative savings represents a reasonable estimate of the contract savings achieved to date for reasons we described earlier. NNSA Identified Benefits of the Cost Savings Program but Has Not Fully Used Them to Improve M&O Contracts NNSA Identified Three Key Benefits of the Y-12 and Pantex Cost Savings Program but Has Not Planned on How Best to Use Site Reinvestment Funds NNSA officials said three key benefits of the Cost Savings Program are (1) achieving savings; (2) increasing financial transparency; and (3) funding site reinvestment projects. Achieving savings. As discussed previously, the Cost Savings Program resulted in total new annual savings of approximately $170 million and $515 million in cumulative contract savings, from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018. According to NNSA officials, these cost savings would not have materialized without the Cost Savings Program. We have previously found that DOE could better assess M&O contractors’ cost performance—i.e., their performance on spending, budgeting, strategic sourcing, and cost-effectiveness—to help strengthen contractor oversight and better inform acquisitions decisions. Demonstrating contractors’ efforts to achieve cost savings and NNSA’s associated efforts to evaluate contractors’ cost effectiveness provides evidence that for the CNS contract, NNSA is placing importance on cost performance while overall resource needs are increasing. For example, NNSA has identified an increasing weapons program workload and a need to recapitalize or replace aging facilities and equipment to meet nuclear weapons modernization programs over the next decades. To help achieve these goals, NNSA’s fiscal year 2021 budget request included a 25 percent increase for NNSA’s weapons activities appropriation, which funds programs at NNSA sites including Pantex and Y-12. Identifying cost savings could help NNSA minimize budget increases in an era of increasing workload and assure congressional decision-makers that NNSA is working to effectively steward federal resources. Increasing financial transparency. Because of the Cost Savings Program, which required the establishment of the Annual Controlled Baseline in order to measure potential savings, NNSA has better and more thorough information on the costs of running the two sites, NPO officials said. The Annual Controlled Baseline provides more information because in order to demonstrate savings CNS had to first establish a cost baseline, which required complete information on funding streams as well as how certain rate structures are established, according to NPO officials. Officials from NNSA’s Office of Acquisition and Project Management also said this was the first time that NNSA has been able to gain insight into the actual costs of certain activities at Y-12 and Pantex, as a result of the Annual Controlled Baseline being established. None of the other M&O sites have an established site-wide baseline against which to measure costs or cost savings, according to NNSA and M&O officials we interviewed. Officials from the Office of Acquisition and Project Management said having an Annual Controlled Baseline at other sites would give them additional insight into the cost of certain activities, as opposed to the traditional budget-based view they have into M&O activities. At other M&O sites, NNSA uses a budget-based model, which consists of the government obligating a certain amount of money and getting as much product or service for that amount of money as the sites will provide, NNSA officials said. Instead, NNSA is employing a cost- based model at Y-12 and Pantex, which involves determining the cost to produce a certain amount of product, NNSA officials explained. Funding site reinvestment projects. As part of the Cost Savings Program, a certain percentage of the achieved savings is reinvested back into the sites. According to NNSA officials, this process has allowed NNSA to allocate funds to site reinvestment projects to improve the Y-12 and Pantex sites’ aging infrastructure. As of fiscal year 2019, NNSA reported about a $4.8 billion deferred maintenance backlog throughout the nuclear security enterprise. We previously found that facilities considered not mission dependent—such as cafeterias, parking structures and excess facilities—comprised about 40 percent of the deferred maintenance backlog. NNSA officials said addressing deferred maintenance at these types of facilities is low priority, beyond keeping facilities in a safe condition, because the agency targets scarce budgetary resources to mission critical facilities. According to NNSA officials, NNSA would not likely have allocated funds for these site reinvestment projects at Y-12 and Pantex without the Cost Savings Program because they are often considered lower priority projects. As a result, the nuclear security enterprise as a whole potentially benefits from these site reinvestment projects at Y-12 and Pantex since those reinvestment projects serve to reduce overall deferred maintenance and potentially make funds available for projects to address aging infrastructure at other sites. Site reinvestment projects may lead to additional cost savings as well, NNSA officials said, if, for example, NNSA uses site reinvestment funds to purchase a machine that automates a process and saves labor hours as a result. For example, NNSA invested in a machine to replace three different machines that were previously required to produce a screw. This improved throughput and turnaround time and saved labor hours, according to NNSA documentation. NNSA approved a total of 80 site reinvestment projects at Y-12 and Pantex as of April 2020, for a total of approximately $75 million that was available for reinvestment into the sites. For example, CNS used about $1.2 million in site reinvestment funds to replace analog cameras along Y-12’s perimeter fencing with digital cameras (see fig. 7). This site reinvestment project improved physical security and reduced camera maintenance costs, as well as the security team’s ability to assess alarms and manage alarm response, according to NPO documentation. Because the analog cameras were still functioning, they may have otherwise been a lower priority to replace without the site reinvestment funding, NPO officials said. In addition, the John C. Drummond Center, a new administrative support complex at Pantex, was partially built with savings from the Cost Savings Program (see fig. 8). According to NNSA documentation, the new facility helps eliminate approximately $20 million in deferred maintenance costs of the older administrative buildings it replaced. Although NNSA identified site reinvestment projects as one of the key benefits of the Cost Savings Program, NNSA and CNS had not committed approximately $13 million of site reinvestment funds available at Y-12 and Pantex as of April 2020. NNSA and CNS had not yet committed the site reinvestment funds to specific project efforts, in part because they have not evaluated how best to use the remaining available site reinvestment funds or developed a plan for doing so. The $13 million is currently distributed across several different layers of accounts, in some cases in amounts too small to execute a site reinvestment project. To aggregate the funds in amounts large enough for certain projects, NNSA may need to move funding from one account to another. The funds for site reinvestment projects are distributed in accordance with the terms of the contract and are spread across different programs, projects, or activities (PPA). Beneath the PPA is the DOE budget and reporting code level, which DOE also tracks in its official accounting system (see fig. 9). According to NNSA officials, there were 68 PPAs with 97 budget and reporting codes underneath them that, as of April 2020, had funds available for site reinvestment. According to NNSA officials and CNS representatives, this distribution makes it difficult to use all of the site reinvestment funds. This difficulty is because a given site reinvestment project may require funds to be aggregated across budget and reporting codes in order to have enough funds for executing the project, and while NNSA can move funds between budget and reporting codes that are within the same PPA, movement of funds among PPAs (reprogramming) could require congressional approval. As of April 2020, of the 68 PPAs with available funds for site reinvestment, 17 (or about 25 percent) had multiple budget and reporting codes underneath them, according to NNSA officials. Those 17 PPAs had between 2 to 6 budget and reporting codes underneath them, according to those officials (see fig. 10). We have previously found that comprehensive plans can help organizations identify potential problems before they occur and target limited resources. A comprehensive plan can also detail milestones and key goals, which provide meaningful guidance for planning and measuring progress. Such plans can establish deadlines for achieving objectives and assign responsibility for any implementation. Most of NNSA’s appropriations are “no-year funds” and are, therefore, available for obligation until expended. Without evaluating and developing a plan for how best to use funds for site reinvestment projects—to include determining whether to reprogram funds—NNSA and CNS are not fully utilizing available site reinvestment funds, and the funds could be rescinded from NNSA’s appropriations in later years if the unspent balances persist. NNSA has not sought congressional approval to combine site reinvestment money across different PPAs in order to aggregate these funds to execute larger site reinvestment projects, officials said. Also, while NNSA moves funds weekly between budget and reporting codes that are within the same PPA to execute its work, officials said NNSA has not moved any site reinvestment funds from different budget and reporting codes within the same PPA to fund site reinvestment projects. Once NNSA develops a plan on how best to aggregate or use the remaining and potential future site reinvestment funds, it would be better positioned to: move some funds between budget and reporting codes within the reprogram funds between PPAs, including seeking congressional approval where it may be required. NNSA Is Not Fully Using Information on the Benefits of the Cost Savings Program to Improve M&O Contracts NNSA Has Not Analyzed Whether to Implement the Cost Savings Program in Other Existing or Future M&O Contracts NNSA officials identified the achievement of cost savings as a benefit of the Cost Savings Program that could be useful at other sites and to the nuclear security enterprise generally; however, the officials said they are not planning to implement the Cost Savings Program as part of other future or existing M&O contracts. Most existing NNSA M&O contracts include a “Cost Reduction” clause, under which sites could implement a Cost Savings Program with some attributes of the program at Y-12 and Pantex. According to GAO’s Framework for Assessing the Acquisition Function at Federal Agencies, leading organizations gather and analyze data to identify opportunities to reduce costs, among other reasons. Further, the framework states that incomplete data can prevent an agency from maximizing information tools for strategic acquisition planning and analysis. According to officials from the Office of Acquisition and Project Management, they do not plan to implement the Cost Savings Program or anything similar to it as part of future M&O contracts because of uncertainties regarding (1) the opportunities for similar savings at other sites and (2) the federal costs involved in implementing and overseeing the Cost Savings Program—including the time and effort needed to verify cost savings—and how these costs affect the overall net savings. NNSA site officials and contractor representatives we interviewed also raised questions about these issues. For example, according to NNSA officials and representatives at two sites, the Cost Savings Program may not be exportable to other sites, in part because other sites may not be able to identify cost savings initiatives that would yield the same level of savings as at Y-12 and Pantex. The officials believed that much of the savings identified at those sites resulted from merger savings—savings stemming from consolidating the two sites—that would not be possible without combining two sites under one contract. However, as mentioned previously, our analysis found that the majority—about 90 percent—of annual savings at Y-12 and Pantex resulted from transformation initiatives, or savings based on improving standardization, quality, and efficiency. Merger savings contributed only about 10 percent of the total new annual savings identified from fiscal year 2014 through fiscal year 2018. NNSA officials and contractor representatives at other NNSA sites also raised questions about whether the cost of implementing and maintaining a formal cost savings program might outweigh the benefits at a site. According to NNSA officials, a large number of government employees are involved in implementing and overseeing the Cost Savings Program. According to an official from the Office of Acquisition and Project Management, NNSA has not analyzed the total costs of implementing the Cost Savings Program, including the costs associated with the government effort to oversee the program. For the Cost Savings Program, NNSA verifies net savings after accounting for CNS’s execution costs. However, the verified savings do not take into consideration federal costs for implementing, maintaining, and overseeing the Cost Savings Program. To provide a sense of the scope of the oversight effort, NPO officials said about 100 of the approximately 130 employees at NPO at the end of fiscal year 2018 had some role in the Cost Savings Program, although only one full-time position is dedicated to the Cost Savings Program. Further, NNSA is likely to start its acquisition planning for some M&O contracts in 2022 and 2023. However, NNSA officials, as well as site officials, were uncertain about whether the Cost Savings Program could be exported to other existing or future contracts, including the cost effectiveness of the program, because NNSA has not gathered information on and documented analysis of the costs and potential benefits of the Cost Savings Program. By gathering information on and documenting the analysis of data on the costs and benefits of the Cost Savings Program, NNSA officials and contractor representatives could make better-informed decisions about whether to implement aspects of the Cost Savings Program at other sites. NNSA Has Not Evaluated or Shared Information on Specific Benefits of the Cost Savings Program That Could Be Applied Elsewhere CNS achieved cost savings at Y-12 and Pantex by implementing a variety of cost savings initiatives. Even without a formal Cost Savings Program in place, some efficiencies may be applicable at other sites as a way to save money across the enterprise, according to officials we interviewed from NPO. For example, at Pantex, the contractor discovered it could conduct fewer recurring injections of treatment wells but still achieve the same technical results and comply with standards, according to NNSA officials. This initiative saved over $500,000, according to NNSA’s Verification Report. If other sites experience similar recurring costs, then sharing this initiative might lead to cost savings at those sites. According to DOE’s Order 210.2A on the DOE Corporate Operating Experience Program, each DOE organization is required to submit lessons learned to the DOE Corporate Lessons Learned Database when the operating experience has relevance to other DOE sites and the information has the potential for cost savings. Although NPO did not enter information about lessons learned from the Cost Savings Program into the database, NPO officials said they shared lessons learned with the Executive Steering Committee and that they presumed the Committee had passed information along to other sites. Contractor representatives and NNSA officials from all five of the other NNSA sites we interviewed noted that NNSA has not shared any information about specific successful cost savings initiatives from Y-12 and Pantex that could be applicable to them. Almost half of the NNSA officials and contractor representatives from other sites we interviewed said they were not very familiar with the Cost Savings Program. However, officials at Y-12 and Pantex told us they believe there are certain initiatives that could be useful at other sites and that other sites have asked for information about certain initiatives. Officials from the Office of Acquisition and Project Management said they believe there will be a request for a lessons learned evaluation from NNSA headquarters once the current Y-12 and Pantex contract expires; however, such an effort would begin in several years—as late as 2024 if all option terms are exercised and NNSA began this evaluation immediately. According to NNSA officials, the Cost Savings Program was a new concept and required maturity and proven concepts before sharing any lessons learned. However, by sharing information on potentially beneficial efficiencies and lessons learned from the Cost Savings Program at Y-12 and Pantex throughout the enterprise, NNSA could help achieve cost savings enterprise-wide even without implementing formal cost savings programs at other sites. NNSA Has Not Evaluated Whether an Annual Controlled Baseline May Be Beneficial at Other Sites The Annual Controlled Baseline is another specific aspect of the Cost Savings Program that could be beneficial to implement at other sites, or programs at a site, NNSA officials said. Currently, none of the other NNSA sites have an established site-wide baseline that would allow NNSA to understand the costs involved in running those sites or implementing their programs, according to officials from NNSA’s Office of Acquisition and Project Management. According to NPO officials, the Annual Controlled Baseline provides NNSA with better and more thorough information on the costs of running the two sites. As discussed previously, employing a cost-based model at Y-12 and Pantex—as opposed to the budget-based model at other sites—allows NNSA to understand the contractor’s cost to produce a certain amount of product. Although officials from NNSA’s Office of Acquisition and Project Management said it would be beneficial to have the Annual Controlled Baseline at other sites in order to gain additional insight into the cost of certain activities, they believed a drawback to requiring other sites to institute such a baseline would be deploying the considerable effort and resources to establish the baseline similar to those that were required at Y-12 and Pantex. NNSA has not evaluated whether to require the other sites to have an Annual Controlled Baseline, either for the entire site or for certain programs at different sites. The 2019 DOE Acquisition Guide states that in the context of acquisition planning, good technical, schedule, and cost baselines are essential for developing realistic and measureable targets. By evaluating whether to require all sites to implement an Annual Controlled Baseline, either for the entire site or for certain programs at the different sites, NNSA may be in a better position to achieve greater financial transparency at sites across the nuclear security enterprise. This action, in turn, could potentially identify opportunities for cost savings, help NNSA better understand their contractors’ cost performance, and help the agency administer its sites more efficiently. Conclusions In recent years, the Cost Savings Program at Y-12 and Pantex has realized hundreds of millions in savings to the nuclear security enterprise, dozens of site reinvestment projects, and increased financial transparency. Although NNSA has identified site reinvestment projects as one of the key benefits of the Cost Savings Program, NNSA and CNS have not committed approximately $13 million of site reinvestment funds available at Y-12 and Pantex, in part because they have not evaluated and developed a plan on how best to aggregate and use the funds. If NNSA develops a plan on how best to use the remaining and potential future available site reinvestment funds, it would be better positioned to aggregate funds for site reinvestment projects. Further, if funds for site reinvestment projects persist in PPAs for too long, NNSA risks their rescission in future years’ appropriations. NNSA officials were uncertain about whether the Cost Savings Program could be exported to other existing or future contracts, including the cost effectiveness of the program, because NNSA has not gathered information on and documented its analysis of the costs and potential benefits of the Cost Savings Program. By gathering information on and documenting its analysis of the results of the Cost Savings Program, NNSA officials and contractor representatives could make a better- informed decision about whether to implement aspects of the Cost Savings Program under existing contracts or as part of future M&O contracts. NNSA has not shared information on specific efficiencies that could be applicable to other sites because NNSA officials have not submitted such lessons learned to DOE’s Corporate Lessons Learned Database. By sharing information on potentially beneficial efficiencies and lessons learned from the Cost Savings Program at Y-12 and Pantex throughout the enterprise, NNSA could help achieve cost savings enterprise-wide even without implementing formal cost savings programs at other sites. Additionally, none of the other NNSA sites have an established site-wide baseline. NNSA has not evaluated whether it should require the other sites to have such a baseline. By evaluating whether to require other sites to institute a baseline—either in whole or in part for certain programs at the different sites—NNSA could increase financial transparency agency- wide. Recommendations for Executive Action We are making the following four recommendations to NNSA: The NPO Cost Savings Program Manager should work with CNS to evaluate the remaining site reinvestment funds and develop and implement a plan for how best to aggregate and use them. (Recommendation 1) The Associate Administrator for Acquisition and Project Management should gather data on and document an analysis of the Cost Savings Program, including its cost effectiveness, to determine whether it is exportable to existing or future contracts. (Recommendation 2) The NPO Cost Savings Program Manager should share relevant lessons learned with other NNSA sites so that those sites can determine if efficiencies CNS has achieved can be implemented at other sites. (Recommendation 3) The Associate Administrator for Acquisition and Project Management should evaluate whether to require all other sites to institute an Annual Controlled Baseline. (Recommendation 4) Agency Comments We provided a draft of this report to NNSA for review and comment. The agency provided written comments, which are reproduced in appendix I; the agency also provided technical comments that we incorporated in the report as appropriate. NNSA agreed with three of the recommendations and agreed in principle with the fourth. Regarding our second recommendation that NNSA gather data on and document an analysis of the Cost Savings Program, including its cost effectiveness, to determine its exportability to existing or future contracts, NNSA agreed that the potential benefits of a Cost Savings Program should be considered for future contracts, as applicable. However, in its written comments, NNSA stated that the Cost Savings Program was uniquely intertwined with the consolidation of the two sites, Y-12 and Pantex, under one contract. As we discussed in the report, roughly 90 percent of the savings from the Cost Savings Program were attributed to transforming site operations to create a more efficient and sustainable enterprise, and not associated with merging the two sites. We continue to believe that by gathering data and documenting an analysis of the Cost Savings Program for its exportability, NNSA will be able to make better- informed decisions about whether to implement the program at other existing or future contracts. We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of NNSA, and other interested parties. In addition, this report is available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-3841 or bawdena@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made significant contributions to this report are listed in appendix II. Appendix I: Comments from the National Nuclear Security Administration Appendix II: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments GAO Contact Staff Acknowledgments Allison B. Bawden, (202) 512-3841, or bawdena@gao.gov. In addition to the individual named above, key contributors to this report included Hilary Benedict (Assistant Director), Jessica Lewis (Analyst in Charge), Antoinette Capaccio, Cindy Gilbert, Dan Royer, Holly Sasso, Sheryl Stein, Breanna Trexler, and Monique Williams.