Introduction The Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill includes funding for more than two dozen independent agencies. These agencies perform a wide range of functions, including the management of federal real property, the regulation of financial institutions and markets, and mail delivery. This report focuses on funding for those independent agencies in Title V of the FSGG appropriations bill. It also addresses general provisions that apply government-wide, which appear in Title VII, and provisions on Cuba sanctions, which would typically appear in Title I. In addition, the FSGG bill funds agencies not covered in this report—the Department of the Treasury (Title I), the Executive Office of the President (EOP; Title II), the judiciary (Title III), and the District of Columbia (Title IV). The bill typically funds mandatory retirement accounts in Title VI, which also contains general provisions applying to the FSGG agencies. The FSGG bill occasionally addresses other issues, particularly those involving financial regulation, in additional titles. Although financial services are a major focus of the bill, the FSGG appropriations bill does not fund many financial regulatory agencies, which are instead funded outside of the appropriations process. The FSGG bill has existed in its current form since the 2007 reorganization of the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations. The House and Senate FSGG bills fund the same agencies, with one exception. Funding for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is considered through the Agriculture appropriations bill in the House and the FSGG bill in the Senate. In this report, the CFTC funding is generally included in the combined funding totals for FSGG independent agencies. Administration and Congressional Action 115th Congress President Trump submitted his FY2019 budget request on February 12, 2018. The request included a total of $2.3 billion for independent agencies funded through the FSGG appropriations bill, including $282 million for the CFTC. The House Committee on Appropriations reported a Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2019 ( H.R. 6258 , H.Rept. 115-792 ) on June 15, 2018. Total FY2019 funding in the reported bill would have been approximately $1.2 billion for the FSGG independent agencies, with another $255 million for the CFTC included in the Agriculture appropriations bill ( H.R. 5961 , H.Rept. 115-706 ). The combined total of $1.4 billion would have been about $0.9 billion below the President's FY2019 request, with the largest difference in the funding for the General Services Administration (GSA). Title IX of H.R. 6258 contained a number of legislative provisions involving financial regulation. This included a provision bringing the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB) into the appropriations process after 2020. H.R. 6258 was included as Division B of H.R. 6147 , the Interior appropriations bill, when it was considered by the House of Representatives beginning on July 17, 2018. The bill was amended numerous times, shifting funding among FSGG agencies but not changing the FSGG totals. H.R. 6147 passed the House on July 19, 2018. The Senate Committee on Appropriations reported a Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2019 ( S. 3107 , S.Rept. 115-281 ) on June 28, 2018. Funding in S. 3107 totaled $2.3 billion for the FSGG independent agencies, approximately the same overall as the President's FY2019 request, but with differences in funding for the individual components, notably the GSA. The Senate began floor consideration of H.R. 6147 on July 24, 2018, including the text of S. 3107 as Division B of the amendment in the nature of a substitute ( S.Amdt. 3399 ). The amendment also included three other appropriations bills. The amended version of H.R. 6147 was passed by the Senate on August 1, 2018. Among the various funding differences, which are detailed in Table 3 below, the Senate version of the bill did not include the Title IX legislative provisions, such as the shift in CFPB funding. The conference committee on H.R. 6147 convened on September 13, 2018. No conference report was reported, however, prior to the end of the fiscal year. Instead, Division C of P.L. 115-245 , enacted on September 28, 2018, generally provided for continuing appropriations at FY2018 levels for the FSGG agencies through December 7, 2018. A further continuing resolution ( P.L. 115-298 ) was passed providing funding through December 21, 2018. No additional appropriations were passed in the 115 th Congress, leading to a funding lapse for the FSGG agencies as well as those funded in six other appropriations bills beginning on December 22, 2018. 116th Congress The House of Representatives passed two consolidated appropriations bills in January 2019. H.R. 21 , passed on January 3, 2019, contained six full FY2019 appropriations bills, including FSGG provisions nearly identical to those passed by the Senate in the 115 th Congress. H.R. 21 would have provided a total of $2.3 billion for the FSGG agencies, with the CFTC funding included in the FSGG division, following the Senate structure. On January 23, 2019, the House passed H.R. 648 , also containing the same six full FY2019 appropriations bills, which was reportedly based on a potential conference report from the 115 th Congress. H.R. 648 would have provided $2.5 billion for the FSGG agencies, with the FSGG portion, including CFTC funding, in Division C. Neither of these bills included the financial regulatory provisions in Title IX of the House-passed bill in the 115 th Congress. The Senate did not act on either of these bills. On February 14, 2019, both the House and the Senate agreed to a conference report ( H.Rept. 116-9 ) on H.J.Re s . 31 , the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, containing seven appropriations bills. This act provides full FY2019 funding for the government's operations that had not been previously funded, including FSGG provisions nearly identical to H.R. 648 with notable exceptions in the Treasury's asset forfeiture fund and the GSA. The President signed the resolution on February 15, 2019, enacting it into law as P.L. 116-6 . P.L. 116-6 , Division D provided $1.9 billion for the FSGG independent agencies, including the funding for the CFTC. It did not include the Title IX financial regulatory provisions passed by the House in the 115 th Congress. The final total was approximately $0.6 billion less than the President's request, with most of the difference coming from funding for the GSA. The conference report provided that language from the previous appropriations committees reports ( H.Rept. 115-792 and S.Rept. 115-281 ) should be considered as indicating congressional intent unless specifically addressed to the contrary in H.Rept. 116-9 . Table 1 below reflects the status of FSGG appropriations measures at key points in the appropriations process across the 115 th and 116 th Congress. Table 2 lists the broad amounts requested by the President and included in the various FSGG bills, largely by title, and Table 3 details the amounts for the independent agencies. Specific columns in Table 2 and Table 3 are FSGG agencies' enacted amounts for FY2018, the President's FY2019 request, the FY2019 amounts from the 115 th Congress bills ( H.R. 6147 as passed by the House, and H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate), the FY2019 amounts from the 116 th Congress House-passed bills ( H.R. 21 and H.R. 648 ), and the final FY2019 enacted amounts from P.L. 116-6 . Independent Agencies Commodity Futures Trading Commission14 The Commodity Futures Trading Commission is the independent regulatory agency charged with oversight of derivatives markets. The CFTC's functions include oversight of trading on the futures exchanges, oversight of the swaps markets, registration and supervision of futures industry personnel, self-regulatory organizations and major participants in the swaps markets, prevention of fraud and price manipulation, and investor protection. Although most futures trading is now related to financial variables, such as interest rates, currency prices, and stock indexes, congressional authorization jurisdiction remains vested in the House and Senate agriculture committees because of the market's historical origins as an adjunct to agricultural markets. Appropriations for the CFTC are under the jurisdiction of the Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee in the House and the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Subcommittee in the Senate. The location of the final enacted amounts for the CFTC typically switches from year to year between the Agriculture and FSGG bills. Following the financial crisis of 2008, concerns over the largely unregulated nature of the over-the-counter swaps markets led to various reforms passed in Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street and Consumer Protection Act. This act brought the bulk of the previously unregulated over-the-counter swaps markets under CFTC jurisdiction, as well as the previously regulated futures and options markets. Passage of the Dodd-Frank Act resulted in the CFTC's oversight of the economically significant swaps markets with an estimated notional value of roughly $240 trillion in the United States. This newly regulated market comes on top of the CFTC's prior jurisdiction over the futures and options markets, with an estimated $34 trillion notional value in the United States. The President requested $281.5 million for the CFTC in FY2019, an increase of $32.5 million from FY2018. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 5961 as reported by the House Agriculture Committee, which was not considered by the full House, would have appropriated $255 million, whereas H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate would have appropriated $281.5 million. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 would have appropriated $281.5 million, while H.R. 648 would have appropriated $268 million. P.L. 116-6 appropriated $268 million. Consumer Product Safety Commission18 The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is a federal regulatory agency whose mission is to reduce consumers' risk of harm from the use of a wide array of products. In carrying out its statutory responsibilities, the commission creates mandatory safety standards; works with industries to develop voluntary safety standards; bans products it deems unsafe when other options are not feasible; monitors the recall of defective products; informs and educates consumers about product hazards; conducts research on and develops testing methods for product safety; collects and publishes for public use a host of data on injuries and product hazards; and collaborates with state and local governments to establish uniform domestic product regulations. The Administration requested $123.5 million in appropriations for the commission in FY2019, or $2.5 million less than the enacted amount for FY2018. According to the CPSC's budget request for FY2019, $5.6 million of that amount would be channeled into workforce development, $72.6 million into preventing hazardous products from reaching consumers, $37.2 million into responding quickly to evidence that certain products can be harmful to consumers, and $8.1 million into communicating information about hazardous products to consumers and makers and sellers of such products. Employee compensation accounts for nearly two-thirds of the FY2019 budget request. H.R. 6147 as passed by the House would have provided $127 million in appropriations for the CPSC in FY2019, or $3.5 million more than the budget request. An administrative provision in the bill (Section 501) would have barred the commission from using any of the appropriated funds to "finalize or implement" a safety standard for off-road vehicles (ORVs) that was published in the Federal Register on November 19, 2014 (79 Fed. Reg. 68964) until two conditions were met. First, the National Academy of Sciences (in consultation with the Department of Defense and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) completed a study that addresses (1) the feasibility of certain technical requirements proposed in the standard, (2) the number of rollovers that would be prevented if the requirements were adopted, and (3) the impact of the standard on ORVs used by the military. Second, the results were "delivered" to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, and the House Committee on Energy and Commerce. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate would have appropriated $126 million, or $2.5 million more than the budget request. It included the same administrative provision (Section 501) dealing with ORVs as the House version of H.R. 6147 . In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 would have appropriated $126 million, whereas H.R. 648 would have appropriated $127 million. P.L. 116-6 appropriated $127 million for the CPSC and included the Section 501 administrative provision dealing with ORVs. In addition, $800,000 of the appropriated amount is to remain available until expended to carry out the grant program mandated by Section 1405 of the Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act. Election Assistance Commission20 The Election Assistance Commission (EAC) is an independent agency that is charged with helping improve the administration of federal elections. Established by the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA), the EAC is responsible for managing election administration grants and payments; providing for federal voting system standards, testing, and certification; adopting voluntary guidance for national election administration requirements; conducting election administration research; and facilitating information exchanges among election administration stakeholders. The EAC was not given new regulatory authority under HAVA, but the law transferred certain responsibilities for the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA), including certain rulemaking authority, from the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to the EAC. The Department of Justice has enforcement authority under HAVA. The President's budget request for FY2019 included $9.2 million for the EAC. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House would have appropriated $10.1 million, whereas H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate would have appropriated $9.2 million. Each of those figures included $1.5 million to be transferred to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for work NIST performs under HAVA. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 and H.R. 648 would have appropriated $9.2 million for the EAC, the same figure as was enacted in P.L. 116-6 . The funding in H.R. 21 would have included $1.5 million for transfer to NIST, and the funding in H.R. 648 would have included $1.25 million. The enacted bill included $1.25 million for NIST. Federal Communications Commission23 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent federal agency established by the Communications Act of 1934 and charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. Its five commissioners are appointed by the President, subject to confirmation by the Senate. Since 2009, the FCC's entire budget is derived from regulatory fees collected by the agency rather than through a direct appropriation. The fees, often referred to as "Section (9) fees," are collected from license holders and certain other entities (e.g., cable television systems) and deposited into an FCC account. The law gives the FCC authority to review the regulatory fees and to adjust the fees to reflect changes in its appropriation from year to year. For FY2019, P.L. 116-6 provides the FCC with $339 million for salaries and expenses, all derived from offsetting collections, resulting in no net appropriation. The law also directs the FCC to take specific actions regarding its parental rating system and transmission of local television programming. Oversight Monitoring and Rating System: The FCC is directed to report to the Senate and House Committees on Appropriations within 90 days on the extent to which the rating system matches the video content that is being shown and the ability of the TV Parental Guidelines Oversight Monitoring Board to address concerns expressed by the public. Transmissions of Local Television Programming: With respect to the Satellite Television Extension and Localism Reauthorization (STELAR) Act of 2014, the FCC is directed to provide a full analysis to ensure decisions on market modification are comprehensively reviewed and STELAR's intent to promote localism is retained. The FCC is directed to adhere to statutory requirements and congressional intent when taking administrative action under STELAR. P.L. 116-6 also contains an administrative provision (Section 510) that prohibits the FCC from changing rules governing the Universal Service Fund regarding single connection or primary line restrictions. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's Office of the Inspector General25 The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Office of the Inspector General's (OIG's) mission is to audit, investigate, and review the FDIC's operations and programs. The FDIC in general is funded through deposit insurance funds outside of the appropriations process. Its OIG is also funded from deposit insurance funds, but the amount is directly appropriated (through a transfer) to ensure the independence of the OIG. The President's request included $43.0 million for the FDIC OIG in FY2019. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House and H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate would both have appropriated the requested $43.0 million. In the 116 th Congress, P.L. 116-6 appropriated $43.0 million, the same amount as provided for in H.R. 21 and H.R. 648 . Federal Election Commission26 The Federal Election Commission (FEC) is an independent agency that administers and enforces civil compliance with the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) and campaign finance regulations. The agency does so through educational outreach, rulemaking, enforcement and litigation, and advisory opinion issuances. The FEC also administers the presidential public financing system. For FY2019, the agency requested $71.3 million. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House and H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate would have appropriated the requested $71.3 million. As in previous years, other sections of the FSGG legislation contained provisions related to campaign finance policy: Section 628 of the House-passed H.R. 6147 would have prohibited the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from issuing rules "regarding the disclosure of political contributions" or payments for trade-association dues. The Senate-passed bill retains this language in Section 629. Section 630 of the House-passed H.R. 6147 would have prohibited spending appropriated funds to enforce a FECA provision known as the "prior approval" rule. This provision limits the number of trade associations that may solicit member-companies' employees. This language does not appear in the Senate-passed bill. Section 734 of the House-passed H.R. 6147 would have prohibited reporting certain political contributions or expenditures as a condition of the government-contracting process. The Senate-passed bill retains this language in Section 735. In the 116 th Congress, P.L. 116-6 appropriated $71.3 million, the same amount as included in H.R. 21 and H.R. 648 . General provisions in P.L. 116-6 prohibit spending appropriated funds on additional SEC disclosure (§629) or contractor disclosure (§735), as noted above, but do not include any prohibitions relating to the "prior approval" rule. In addition, report language accompanying P.L. 116-6 directs the FEC to update congressional appropriators on the agency's ongoing rulemaking on disclaimers for certain online political advertisements. Federal Trade Commission32 The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has two primary responsibilities: (1) to protect consumers from deceptive or illegal business practices, and (2) to maintain or enhance competition in a broad range of industries. The FTC enforces laws prohibiting anticompetitive, deceptive, or unfair business practices; issues new and revised regulations; and educates consumers and business owners to foster informed consumer choices, improved compliance with the law, and vigorous competition in free and open markets. Operating funds for the agency come from three sources, listed in descending order of importance: (1) direct appropriations, (2) premerger filing fees under the Hart-Scott-Rodino (HSR) Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, and (3) Do-Not-Call (DNC) Registry fees. Under the President's FY2019 budget request, the FTC would have received $156.7 million in direct appropriations, and as much as $136 million in HSR filing fees and $17 million in DNC registry fees, for a total budget of $309.7 million. Enacted direct appropriations for the FTC in FY2018 totaled $164.3 million, and its total budget came to $306.3 million, or $3.4 million below the budget request. In FY2019, 55% of the requested appropriations were to go to activities intended to protect consumers, and the remaining 45% would have been used to promote competition in domestic markets. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House would have set the FTC's total budget in FY2019 at $311.7 million, or $2 million above the budget request. This assumed that the agency would collect no more than $136 million in HSR filing fees and $17 million in DNR fees, leaving a direct appropriation of $158.7 million. Under the bill, none of the funds available to the FTC in FY2019 could have been used to carry out its full responsibilities under Section 151 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (FDICIA). (The budget request included the same restriction.) Like the budget request, the Senate-passed version of H.R. 6147 would have provided the FTC with a total budget of $309.7 million. This assumed, as in the House version of the bill, that the FTC would collect $136 million in HSR filing fees and $17 million in DNR fees, leaving a direct appropriation of $156.7 million. As with the House version of the bill, none of the funds could have been used to implement FTC's full responsibilities under Section 151 of the FDICIA. In the 116 th Congress, P.L. 116-6 provided the FTC with a total budget of $309.7 million. This assumes that the FTC will collect $136 million in HSR filing fees and $17 million in DNR fees, leaving a direct appropriation of $156.7 million. As with the 115 th Congress bills, none of the funds can be used to implement FTC's full responsibilities under Section 151 of the FDICIA. ( H.R. 21 and H.R. 641 contained identical provisions.) General Services Administration35 The General Services Administration (GSA) administers federal civilian procurement policies pertaining to the construction and management of federal buildings, disposal of real and personal property, and management of federal property and records. It is also responsible for managing the funding and facilities for former Presidents and presidential transitions. GSA's real property activities are funded through the Federal Buildings Fund (FBF). The FBF is a revolving fund into which rental payments are deposited from federal agencies that lease GSA space. The fund's revenue is then made available by Congress each year to pay for specific activities: construction or purchase of new space, repairs and alterations to existing space, rental payments for space that GSA leases, installment payments, and other building operations expenses. These amounts are referred to as limitations because GSA may not obligate FBF funds in excess of that permitted by Congress, regardless of how much revenue is available for obligation. Certain debts may also be paid for with FBF funds. A negative total for the FBF occurs when the amount of funds made available for expenditure in a fiscal year is less than the amount of new revenue expected to be deposited. A negative total does not mean that no funds are available from the FBF, but that there is a net gain to the fund under the proposed spending levels. GSA's operating accounts are funded through direct appropriations, separate from the FBF. GSA's total funding amount is calculated by adding the net FBF appropriations made available and appropriations provided to the operating accounts. Table 4 details GSA's enacted amounts for FY2018, the President's FY2019 request, and the FY2019 amounts from H.R. 6147 as passed by the House and the Senate. As shown in Table 4 , the President proposed a limit of $10.132 billion from the FBF's available revenue for GSA's real property activities for FY2019, an increase of $1.058 billion more than the amount provided in FY2018. In the 115 th Congress, the House-passed H.R. 6147 included a limit of $8.623 billion, a decrease of $451 million from FY2018-enacted appropriations and $1.509 billion less than the President's request for FY2019. The Senate-passed H.R. 6147 included a limit of $9.633 billion, $559 million more than the FY2018-enacted amount and $499 million less than the President requested. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 would have provided a limit of $9.633 billion, whereas H.R. 648 would have provided a limit of $9.847 billion. P.L. 116-6 ultimately included a limit of $9.285 billion. The President also requested $551 million for GSA's operating accounts, an increase of $216 million more than the FY2018-enacted level. The President's request included $31 million for the Asset Proceeds and Space Management Fund (APSMF). Appropriations in the APSMF are to be used to carry out actions pursuant to the recommendations of the Public Buildings Reform Board, which was established by the Federal Assets Sale and Transfer Act of 2016 (FASTA). The President's request also included $6 million for the Environmental Review Improvement Fund, which would support activities related to reforming the environmental review process and the work of the Federal Permitting Improvement Steering Council. The council addresses issues surrounding modernization of federal permitting for major infrastructure projects and helps implement the FASTA. Finally, the President requested $210 million for the Technology Modernization Fund to support improvements in agency information technology systems. In the 115 th Congress, the House-passed H.R. 6147 included $432 million for GSA's operating accounts, $97 million more than the FY2018-enacted amounts and $119 million less than the President requested. The Senate-passed H.R. 6147 included $267 million for GSA's operating accounts, $68 million less than the FY2018-enacted amounts and $284 million less than the President requested. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 would have provided $267 million for GSA's operating accounts, and H.R. 648 would have provided $299 million. P.L. 116-6 ultimately appropriated $299 million for GSA's operating accounts. Independent Agencies Related to Personnel Management Appropriations The Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) Appropriations Act includes funding for four agencies with personnel management functions: the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), and the Office of Special Counsel (OSC). Table 5 lists the FY2018 enacted appropriations, the FY2019 budget request, the FY2019 House-passed H.R. 6147 , and the FY2019 Senate-passed H.R. 6147 . Federal Labor Relations Authority37 The Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) is an independent federal agency that administers and enforces Title VII of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Title VII is called the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute (FSLMRS). The FSLMRS gives federal employees the right to join or form a union and to bargain collectively over the terms and conditions of employment. Employees also have the right not to join a union that represents employees in their bargaining unit. The statute excludes specific agencies and gives the President the authority to exclude other agencies for reasons of national security. Agencies that are specifically excluded by law are the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Government Accountability Office (GAO), National Security Agency (NSA), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), FLRA, Federal Service Impasses Panel (FSIP), and U.S. Secret Service. The FLRA is composed of a three-member authority, the Office of General Counsel, and the FSIP. The three members of the authority and the General Counsel are appointed to five-year terms by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The members of the FSIP are appointed by the President for five-year terms. The FLRA resolves disputes over the composition of bargaining units, charges of unfair labor practices, objections to representation elections, and other matters. The General Counsel's office conducts representation elections, investigates charges of unfair labor practices, and manages the FLRA's regional offices. The FSIP resolves labor negotiation impasses between federal agencies and labor organizations. For FY2019, the President requested appropriations of $26.2 million for the FLRA. This amount would fund 125 full-time equivalents (FTEs), 3 FTEs fewer than the FY2018 estimated level of 128 FTEs. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House and the Senate would have provided the same amount as the President requested. In the 116 th Congress, both H.R. 21 and H.R. 648 included the same $26.2 million, as did the enacted P.L. 116-6 . Merit Systems Protection Board41 The Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) is an independent, quasi-judicial agency established to protect the civil service merit system. The MSPB adjudicates appeals primarily involving personnel actions, certain federal employee complaints, and retirement benefits issues. The President's budget requested FY2019 appropriations of $44.5 million (including $42.1 million for salaries and expenses) for the MSPB. This amount would fund 235 FTEs, the same as the FY2018 enacted level. The justification that accompanied the MSPB budget submission explained that the request "reflects the FTE level at 235; however, MSPB's revised FTE level is 226 to coincide with the personnel compensation and benefits decrease in [the] Congressional Budget Justification submission." It stated that, with the requested funding level, the agency would "continue [its] efforts to maintain MSPB resources dedicated primarily to our Title 5 statutory responsibilities of processing appeals from Federal employees involving, among others, adverse actions, whistleblower claims and veterans concerns, and issuing study reports related to the civil service." In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House and the Senate would have provided funding of $46.8 million (including $44.5 million for salaries and expenses). This amount is $2.3 million more than the President requested. In the 116 th Congress, both H.R. 21 and H.R. 648 included $46.8 million for the MSPB, as did the enacted P.L. 116-6 . Office of Personnel Management45 The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) is responsible for the personnel management of the federal government's civil service. The President's budget requested FY2019 appropriations of $132.2 million for OPM salaries and expenses. This amount included $14 million to remain available until expended for information technology (IT) infrastructure modernization and Trust Fund Federal Financial System migration or modernization. It also included $639,018 to strengthen the capacity and capabilities of the acquisition workforce, including the recruitment, hiring, training, and retention of the acquisition workforce, and to modernize IT in support of acquisition workforce effectiveness or management. The budget also requested appropriations of $133.5 million for trust fund transfers, $5 million for OPM OIG salaries and expenses, and $25.3 million for OIG trust fund transfers for FY2019. OPM requested an FTE employment level of 6,255 for FY2019, a decrease of 108 FTEs from the FY2018 enacted level of 6,363 FTEs. The agency's budget submission stated that the request "will enable OPM to continue to address critical information technology (IT) infrastructure and investments necessary to maintain its security posture and respond to changing business needs and Federal mandates." In addition, the request is to allow the OPM OIG to conduct "agency-wide audits, investigations, evaluations, and administrative sanctions which help to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement" and continue to provide oversight for "OPM's agency-wide information technology (IT) infrastructure project, including data center consolidation and potential mainframe migrations." In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House and the Senate would have provided funding for OPM salaries and expenses, trust fund transfers for salaries and expenses, OIG salaries and expenses, and OIG trust fund transfers in the same amounts as requested by the President. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 , H.R. 648 , and the enacted P.L. 116-6 also included the requested amounts, which totaled $295.9 million. The 115 th Congress reports that accompanied H.R. 6258 and S. 3107 included several directives to OPM as follows: Federal Retirement Processing Modernization —The House committee expressed the expectation that OPM will "continue to make retirement processing and disability processing a priority and move to a fully-automated electronic filing system." It directed OPM to continue to provide monthly reports to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees on progress in addressing backlogs. The Senate committee directed OPM to continue to provide information on progress made. OPM Organizational Changes —The House committee reminded OPM of the obligation to notify the House and Senate Appropriations Committees about "any reorganizations, restructurings, new programs or elimination of programs," including "changes that could impact the National Bureau of Investigations and the Human [Resources] Solutions program." The committee encouraged the OPM Inspector General (IG) "to keep a pulse on" and update the initiatives in reports to Congress. Critical Functions —The House committee reminded OPM "to not lose sight of its mission" related to "directing human resources and employee management services, and administering retirement benefits, managing healthcare and insurance programs, overseeing merit-based and inclusive hiring in to the civil service, and providing a secure employment process" as the agency "responds to critical IT challenges." Recruitment —The House committee encouraged OPM "to seek input from hiring managers on what challenges they face and what improvements could be made to make the federal hiring process more efficient and effective." It directed the agency to submit a report "on a plan to reduce barriers to Federal employment, reduce delays in the hiring process, and how it intends to improve the overall federal recruitment and hiring process," to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees within 90 days after the act's enactment. In addition, the committee encouraged federal agencies "to increase recruitment efforts within the United States and the territories and at Hispanic Serving Institutions and Historically Black Colleges and Universities." Federal Pay —The House committee directed the OPM Director and the Chief Human Capital Officers Council to "track government-wide data to establish a baseline and analyze the extent to which" special pay "authorities are effective in improving employee recruitment and retention, and determine what potential changes may be needed to improve" their "effectiveness." Federal Telework Programs —Stating its support for "cost savings and productivity improvements from well-managed telework programs," the House committee urged the federal sector to "continue to track successes, compile best practices, and expand upon telework programs where appropriate." The Senate committee encouraged OPM to work with agencies to improve data collection methods, provide training on effective teleworking, set goals for telework results, and prepare progress assessments. National Background Investigations Bureau (NBIB) —The Senate committee directed OPM and the bureau to provide quarterly updates to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees on developments in transitioning responsibility for Department of Defense (DOD) background investigations to DOD, and OPM's assessment of the transition's impact and implications on the agency. Official Time —The Senate committee directed OPM to "assist agencies in strengthening internal controls and increasing transparency and accountability for monitoring and reporting on" official time. Information Technology ( IT Modernization ) —The Senate committee directed OPM to implement recommendations made in GAO and IG reports on information security and provide quarterly briefings to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees on its progress on the IT Transformation and Cybersecurity Strategy. Trust Fund Federal Financial System (FFS) —The Senate committee directed OPM to provide a spending plan to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees "for the $18,400,000 dedicated to the FFS initiative; the options the agency is pursuing to modernize FFS; and a timeline for completion of the modernization of FFS," within 30 days of the act's enactment. Federal Security Clearances —The Senate committee referenced the Title VI general provision that prevents "contractors from conducting quality reviews of their own work" and directed OPM to "ensure that internal controls are implemented to prevent investigations from being closed prematurely." OIG's Semiannual Report to Congress —The Senate committee encouraged the semiannual report to include "OPM's efforts to improve and address cybersecurity challenges including steps taken to prevent, mitigate, and respond to data breaches involving sensitive personnel records and information; OPM's cybersecurity policies and procedures in place, including policies and procedures relating to IT best practices such as data encryption, multifactor authentication, and continuous monitoring; OPM's oversight of contractors providing IT services; and OPM's compliance with government-wide initiatives to improve cybersecurity." The 116 th Congress conference report ( H.Rept. 116-9 ) did not change any of these committee directives. The conference report included the following additional directive to OPM. Relocation of Human Resources Solutions (HRS) —The conference committee directed OPM to submit a report to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees within 30 days after the act's enactment on "the budgetary implications of moving HRS to [the General Services Administration] (GSA) and the legal authority under which it proposes to transfer the HRS function within the OPM Revolving Fund established by 5 U.S.C. §1304(e)(1) to GSA." The conferees directed OPM "to provide quarterly updates to the Committees on the status of the HRS program relocation and any other OPM program and office relocations." Section 619(a)(3), (4), and (5) of H.R. 6147 as passed by the House and the Senate in the 115 th Congress would have provided the mandatory appropriations for the health benefits, life insurance, and retirement accounts. According to the House Committee on Appropriations report that accompanied H.R. 6258 , "these are accounts where authorizing language requires the payment of funds." The House report stated that the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated $13.5 billion for the Government Payment for Annuitants, Employee Health Benefits; $49 million for the Government Payment for Annuitants, Employee Life Insurance; and $8 billion for Payment to the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 , H.R. 648 , and the enacted P.L. 116-6 included identical sections, resulting in a total of $21.628 billion in outlays. Office of Special Counsel56 The Office of Special Counsel (OSC) is an independent federal investigative and prosecutorial agency whose mission is to safeguard the merit system by protecting federal employees and applicants from prohibited personnel practices, especially reprisal for whistleblowing. The President's budget requested FY2019 appropriations of $26.3 million for the OSC. The agency's FTE employment level was estimated to be 144 for FY2019, an increase of 13 FTEs above the FY2018 enacted level of 131 FTEs. "For 2018 and 2019," the agency projected "intakes for whistleblower disclosure, Hatch Act, and prohibited personnel practice cases to follow recent trends and stabilize at around 6,000 total new cases received each year." The funding was requested to "enable OSC to meet rising demand for [the agency's] services, protect the growing number of whistleblowers in the VA [Veterans Affairs] and other agencies, protect the employment rights of returning service members, manage continually rising case levels, and protect the federal merit system from prohibited personnel and political practices." In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House would have provided the funding requested by the President. As passed by the Senate, H.R. 6147 would have provided funding of $26.5 million, $283,000 more than the President's request. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 , H.R. 648 , and the enacted P.L. 116-6 included $26.5 million in funding for the OSC. The 115 th Congress Senate committee report that accompanied S. 3107 included the following directive: Veterans Affairs (VA) C ases —Noting the significant increase in cases over the past several fiscal years and that "three-fourths of OSC's whistleblower disclosures that are substantiated in full or in part are from the VA," the committee expressed the expectation that, as the agency "continues to move toward a more cohesive internal structure through its 'One OSC' initiative," personnel resources could be allocated more effectively to address the caseload. The 116 th Congress conference report ( H.Rept. 116-9 ) did not change this directive. National Archives and Records Administration61 The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency created to preserve the U.S. government's records, oversee recordkeeping in various government agencies, and make government records publicly available. The Administration requested $376.8 million for NARA for FY2019. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House would have appropriated $390.7 million, whereas H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate would have appropriated $393.4 million. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 would have appropriated $393.4 million, whereas H.R. 648 would have appropriated $391.3 million. P.L. 116-6 appropriated $391.3 million. Approximately $27.2 million of NARA's funding is dedicated to paying down debt due to the construction of the Archives II facility, resulting in lower net total figures appearing in the committee reports. National Credit Union Administration64 The National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) is an independent federal agency funded largely by the credit unions it charters, insures, and regulates. The NCUA manages the Community Development Revolving Loan Fund (CDRLF), established in 1979, to assist officially designated low-income credit unions in providing basic financial services to low-income communities. Low-interest loans and grants are made available to assist these credit unions. Loans are normally repaid in five years, although shorter repayment periods may be considered. Grants have been provided for a variety of purposes including improving operations and technical assistance. In addition to funds provided for specifically in appropriations acts, earnings generated from the CDRLF may be available to fund loans or grants. In the 115 th Congress, the President requested no money be appropriated for the CDRLF in FY2019, whereas House-passed H.R. 6147 and Senate-passed H.R. 6147 would both have appropriated $2 million, the same amount as appropriated in FY2018. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 and H.R. 648 both included $2 million, as did the enacted P.L. 116-6 . Office of Government Ethics65 The Office of Government Ethics (OGE) is an independent federal agency, established by the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, charged with promulgating rules and regulations pertaining to financial disclosure, conflict of interest, and ethics in the executive branch. OGE is headed by a director who is appointed to a five-year term by the President with Senate confirmation. OGE provides education and training to executive branch ethics officials. According to OGE, it "does not adjudicate complaints, investigate matters within the jurisdiction of Inspectors General and other authorities, or prosecute ethics violations." For FY2019, the President's request for OGE was $16.3 million, a $0.1 million decrease from the FY2018 enacted amount. In the 115 th Congress, the House-passed H.R. 6147 would have appropriated $17 million and the Senate-passed H.R. 6147 would have appropriated $16.4 million. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 would have appropriated $16.4 million, whereas H.R. 648 would have appropriated $17 million. P.L. 116-6 ultimately appropriated $17 million for OGE. Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board68 The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) was originally established in 2004 by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act as an agency within the Executive Office of the President. PCLOB was reconstituted as an independent agency within the executive branch by the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007. The five-member board assumed its new status on January 30, 2008; its FY2009 appropriation was its first funding as an independent agency. The board is directed to (1) ensure that privacy and civil liberties concerns are appropriately considered in the development and implementation of laws, regulations, and executive branch policies related to protecting the nation against terrorism; (2) review the implementation of laws, regulations, and executive branch policies related to protecting the nation from terrorism, including information-sharing guidelines; and (3) analyze and review actions the executive branch takes to protect the nation from terrorism, ensuring that the need for such actions is balanced with the need to protect privacy and civil liberties. In addition, the board is directed to (1) advise the President and the heads of executive branch departments and agencies on issues concerning, and findings pertaining to, privacy and civil liberties; and (2) provide annual reports to Congress detailing the board's activities during the year. Upon request, board members appear and testify before congressional committees. For FY2019, the President requested $5 million for the PCLOB, compared with $8 million appropriated in FY2018. In the 116 th Congress, the House-passed H.R. 6147 and the Senate-passed H.R. 6147 both included the requested $5 million, as did H.R. 21 and H.R. 648 in the 116 th Congress. The enacted P.L. 116-6 appropriated the requested $5 million for the PCLOB. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board72 The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) was created by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley) as a nonprofit corporation to provide independent oversight of audits of companies listed on public exchanges. Amendments in the Dodd-Frank Act provided that the PCAOB is generally funded outside the appropriations process through the annual accounting support fees assessed on public companies and other issuers, as well as fees on brokers and dealers registered with the SEC. Sarbanes-Oxley created a merit scholarship for undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in accredited accounting degree programs that was to be funded by monetary penalties imposed by the PCAOB, notwithstanding other requirements of the act. The scholarship program is administered by an outside vendor under the rules established by the PCAOB. For FY2018, P.L. 115-141 , Division B, Section 620 specified that not more than $1 million should be spent on such scholarships. In the 115 th Congress, Section 620 of the Senate-passed version of H.R. 6147 would have provided for an "amount not exceeding the amount of funds collected by the Board as of December 31, 2018, including accrued interest, as a result of the assessment of monetary penalties" for these scholarships in FY2019. The committee report on this language estimated this amount at $1 million. The Administration did not submit any funding request for these scholarships in FY2019, nor was any included in H.R. 6147 as passed by the House. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 , H.R. 648 , and the enacted P.L. 116-6 all include the same Section 620 language noted above, and H.Rept. 116-9 attributes the same $1 million in spending resulting from it in FY2019. Securities and Exchange Commission76 The SEC administers and enforces federal securities laws to protect investors from fraud, to ensure that corporate securities' sellers disclose accurate financial information, and to maintain fair and orderly trading markets. The SEC's budget is set through the normal appropriations process, but, under the Dodd-Frank Act, the agency's appropriations are offset by fees it collects from securities exchanges on stock sales and certain other securities transactions on those exchanges. The collections go directly to the Treasury Department. To achieve the offset, the act requires the agency to adjust its fees, making the agency's budget deficit-neutral. The President's FY2019 request for the SEC totaled $1.699 billion, with $40.8 million of that intended for lease costs for the relocation of the SEC's New York Regional Office headquarters. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House would have appropriated a total of $1.696 billion, as would H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate; both would have included $37.2 million for leasing the new headquarters. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 would have appropriated $1.696 billion, whereas H.R. 648 would have appropriated $1.712 billion. P.L. 116-6 appropriated $1.712 billion, including $37.3 million for the New York Regional Office lease. In addition to amounts approved in the regular appropriations process, the Dodd-Frank Act also established an SEC reserve fund to enable the agency to plan for certain long-term expenses, potentially freeing up other funds for agency use in areas such as enforcement and regulation. The reserve fund is funded by the agency's traditional collections on registration fees. In any single fiscal year, the fund cannot exceed $100 million nor can the SEC collect more than $50 million in fees for the fund. Any excess collections go to the Treasury Department. For FY2019, the President requested $25 million be rescinded from the reserve fund. In the 115 th Congress, neither H.R. 6147 as passed by the House nor H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate would have rescinded any monies from the reserve fund. In the 116 th Congress, the House-passed bills did not include such rescission language and neither did the enacted P.L. 116-6 . Selective Service System77 The Selective Service System (SSS) is an independent federal agency operating with permanent authorization under the Military Selective Service Act. It is not part of the Department of Defense, but its mission is to serve the military's emergency manpower needs by conscripting personnel when directed by Congress and the President. Most males aged 18 through 25 and living in the United States are required to register with the SSS. The induction of men into the military via Selective Service (i.e., the draft) terminated in 1973 and has not been renewed. In January 1980, President Carter asked Congress to authorize standby draft registration of both men and women. Congress approved funds for male-only registration in June 1980. Women are now allowed to serve in combat units and occupations, which may lead to the modification of registration to include women. SSS's funding has remained relatively stable over previous years in terms of absolute dollars, but it has decreased in terms of inflation-adjusted funding. For FY2019, the President requested $26.4 million in funding. The 115 th Congress House-passed and Senate-passed versions of H.R. 6147 would have appropriated $26 million, and the same amount was included in the 116 th Congress H.R. 21 and H.R. 648 . P.L. 116-6 appropriated $26 million for SSS. This represents a $3.1 million increase over the $22.9 million appropriated for SSS in FY2018. Small Business Administration80 The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers a number of programs intended to assist small businesses. For example, the SBA (1) guarantees loans made by banks and other financial institutions to small businesses; (2) makes low-interest loans to small businesses, nonprofit organizations, and households that are victims of natural disasters and acts of terrorism; (3) finances training and technical assistance programs for small business owners and prospective owners; (4) oversees several small business federal contracting programs, and (5) serves as an advocate for small business within the federal government. The President requested an appropriation of $834.1 million for the SBA for FY2019 ($628.9 million if recommended increases in fees and a $50 million rescission is approved). The request included $265 million for salaries and expenses, $192.5 million for entrepreneurial development and noncredit programs, $155.2 million for business loan administration, $4 million for business loan subsidy costs, $21.9 million for the Office of the Inspector General, $9.1 million for the Office of Advocacy, and $186.5 million for disaster assistance. The Administration also requested authorization levels of $30 billion for the 7(a) loan guaranty program, $7.5 billion for the 504/CDC loan guaranty program, $4 billion for the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program, and $12 billion for SBA-guaranteed trust certificates for the SBIC program. In addition, the Administration requested a number of program revisions, including (1) authorization to increase SBA loan guarantee program levels that are established in the act and do not require budget authority by not more than 15% after notifying, in writing, the Committees on Appropriations and Small Business of both Houses of Congress at least 15 days in advance; (2) a permanent rescission of $50 million in prior year unobligated subsidy balances from the 504/CDC loan guarantee program; (3) an "update" of fee structures to offset $155 million in business loan administration expenses, including increases in the 7(a) loan guarantee program's upfront and annual servicing fees; and (4) an increase in the SBAExpress program's maximum loan amount from $350,000 to $1 million. The 115 th Congress House-passed H.R. 6147 would have appropriated $741.88 million for the SBA for FY2019, $92.2 million less than the Administration's request. Of the appropriated amount, $268.5 million was for salaries and expenses, $251.9 million was for entrepreneurial development and noncredit programs, and $31.308 million was for disaster assistance. The remaining budget account amounts, authorization levels, and rescission followed the request. The House-passed bill also would have repealed an expedited disaster assistance program authorized under the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008. It would not have authorized the SBA to increase loan guarantee program authorization levels beyond those established in the act, nor authorized changes to SBA fee structures, nor increased the SBAExpress program's maximum loan amount. The 115 th Congress Senate-passed H.R. 6147 would have appropriated $699.3 million for the SBA for FY2019, $134.8 million less than the Administration's request. Of the appropriated amount, $267.5 million was for salaries and expenses, $241.6 million was for entrepreneurial development and noncredit programs, and no funding was provided for disaster assistance. The remaining budget account amounts and authorization levels followed the request. It did not address the rescission, authorize the SBA to increase loan guarantee program authorization levels beyond those established in the act, increase SBA fee structures, or increase the SBAExpress program's maximum loan amount. The Senate-passed H.R. 6147 would have prohibited SBA assistance to businesses headquartered in the People's Republic of China or for which more than 25% of the company's voting stock is owned by affiliates that are citizens of the People's Republic of China; required the SBA to study whether the provision of matchmaking services with various outside entities would enhance existing SBA veterans entrepreneurship programs; and required the SBA to work with federal agencies to review each Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization's efforts to comply with the requirements under Section 15(k) of the Small Business Act (relating to assisting small businesses obtain federal contracts). In the 116 th Congress, P.L. 116-6 appropriated $715.37 million for the SBA, $134.8 million less than the Administration's request (with the difference primarily due to lower appropriations for disaster assistance). The act provided $267.5 million for salaries and expenses, $247.7 million for entrepreneurial development and noncredit programs, $155.15 million for business loan administration, $4 million for business loan credit subsidies (for the Microloan program), $21.9 million for Office of Inspector General, $9.12 million for the Office of Advocacy, and $10 million for disaster assistance. The act also set authorization levels of $30 billion for the 7(a) loan guaranty program, $7.5 billion for the 504/CDC loan guaranty program, $4 billion for the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program, and $12 billion for SBA-guaranteed trust certificates for the SBIC program, as requested by the Trump Administration. In addition, the act included a permanent rescission of $50 million in prior-year unobligated subsidy balances from the 504/CDC loan guarantee program, repealed the expedited disaster assistance loan program, and established a System Modernization and Working Capital Fund (IT WCF) to, among other goals, improve, retire, or replace existing information technology systems to enhance cybersecurity and transition to other innovative commercial platforms and technologies. The SBA was authorized to transfer, after receiving advance approval of the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations, not more than 3% of its funding under the salaries and expenses and business loans program accounts to the IT WCF. The amounts transferred to the IT WCF shall remain available for obligation through September 30, 2022. United States Postal Service84 The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) generates almost all of its funding—nearly $70 billion annually—by charging mail users for the costs of the services it provides. Congress, however, does provide annual appropriations to compensate USPS for revenue it forgoes in providing free mailing privileges to the blind and overseas voters. Congress authorized appropriations for these purposes in the 1993 Revenue Forgone Reform Act (RFRA). This act also permitted Congress to provide USPS with a $29 million annual reimbursement until 2035 to compensate for lost revenue providing additional below-cost postal services during the RFRA's phase-in period. Funds appropriated to the USPS for the annual reimbursement and revenue forgone are deposited in the Postal Service Fund (PSF), which is an off-budget revolving fund comprised of revenue from the sale of postal products and services. The PSF is used to pay the operating expenses of USPS, the U.S. Postal Service Office of Inspector General (USPSOIG), and the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC). The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act (PAEA), which was enacted on December 20, 2006, first affected the postal appropriations process in FY2009. Under the PAEA, both the USPSOIG and the PRC must submit their budget requests directly to Congress and to OMB. The law requires that funding for these two agencies must be provided out of the Postal Service Fund. The law further requires that USPSOIG's budget be treated as a component of USPS's budget, whereas the PRC's budget, like the budgets of other independent regulators, is treated separately. Table 6 summarizes the different appropriations for the USPS. Payment to the Postal Service Fund for Revenue Forgone For FY2019, the President requested $55.2 million for the Postal Service Fund, which is about $2.9 million less than the USPS's FY2018 appropriation. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House would have appropriated 58.1 million, whereas H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate would have appropriated $55.2 million. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 , H.R. 648 , and the enacted P.L. 116-6 included $55.2 million for the Postal Service Fund. U.S. Postal Service Office of Inspector General For FY2019, the President requested $234.7 million for the USPSOIG, which is about $10.4 million less than the USPSOIG's FY2018 appropriation. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House and as passed by the Senate would both have appropriated $250 million. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 , H.R. 648 , and the enacted P.L. 116-6 included $250 million for the USPSOIG. Postal Regulatory Commission For FY2019, the President requested $15.1 million for the PRC, which is about $0.1 million less than the PRC's FY2018 appropriation. In the 115 th Congress, both the House- and Senate-passed versions of H.R. 6147 would have appropriated $15.2 million, the same as the PRC's FY2018 appropriation. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 , H.R. 648 , and the enacted P.L. 116-6 included $15.2 million for the PRC. USPS Policy Provisions The President's FY2019 Budget contained several "operational reforms to reduce costs and improve revenue," including discontinuing six-day mail delivery and reducing delivery frequency to five days where there is a business case to do so; allowing USPS to shift to centralized and curbside delivery where appropriate; authorizing a one-time postal rate increase; and ensuring flexibility of the rate-setting process. In the 115 th Congress, the House-passed and Senate-passed versions of H.R. 6147 included several long-standing postal policy provisions. For example, the bills both would have required USPS to continue six-day mail delivery; required USPS to continue providing mail for overseas voting and mail for the blind free of charge; prohibited appropriated funds from being used to charge a fee to a child support enforcement agency seeking the address of a postal customer; and prohibited funds from being used to consolidate or close small rural and other small post offices. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 , H.R. 648 , and the enacted P.L. 116-6 included the same long-standing postal policy provisions as the House- and Senate-passed versions of H.R. 6147 , but did not include the policy reforms requested in the President's FY2019 Budget. United States Tax Court100 A court of record under Article I of the Constitution, the United States Tax Court (USTC) is an independent judicial body that has jurisdiction over various tax matters as set forth in Title 26 of the United States Code . The court is headquartered in Washington, DC, but its judges conduct trials in many cities across the country. The USTC was appropriated $50.7 million in FY2018. The President requested $55.6 million for FY2019. In the 115 th Congress, both the House- and Senate-passed versions of H.R. 6147 would have appropriated $51.5 million. In the 116 th Congress, H.R. 21 , H.R. 648 , and the enacted P.L. 116-6 included $51.5 million for the USTC. General Provisions Government-Wide101 The FSGG Appropriations Act includes general provisions applying government-wide. Most of the provisions include language that has appeared under the General Provisions title for several years because Congress has decided to reiterate the language rather than make the provisions permanent. An Administration's proposed government-wide general provisions for a fiscal year are generally included in the Budget Appendix. Among the new provisions proposed for FY2019 were the following: If new budget authority provided in FY2019 appropriations acts exceeds the discretionary spending limit for any category set forth in Section 251(c) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 because of estimating differences with CBO, the OMB Director will make an adjustment to the FY2019 discretionary spending limit in such category in the amount of the excess. The total of all such adjustments would not exceed 0.2% of the sum of the adjusted FY2019 discretionary spending limits for all categories. (Section 736, FY2019 budget proposal, Section 745 of H.R. 6147 as passed by the House, Section 748 of H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate, Section 748 of H.R. 21 as passed by the House, Section 747 of H.R. 648 as passed by the House, and Section 747 of P.L. 116-6 .) The head of a covered agency that has established an Information Technology System Modernization and Working Capital Fund (IT Fund) may transfer funds appropriated in this or any other act that become available upon or after this act's enactment date to such agency's IT Fund for the purposes specified in Section 1077 of P.L. 115-91 . Requirements for notification about the transfer apply. Amounts transferred to an agency's IT Fund would remain available for three fiscal years. (Section 737 of the FY2019 budget proposal. Not included in H.R. 21 as passed by the House, H.R. 648 as passed by the House, and P.L. 116-6 .) None of the funds made available by this act could be used to implement, administer, or enforce a rule issued pursuant to Section 13(p) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which requires the SEC to promulgate rules requiring issuers with conflict minerals that are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured by such person to disclose annually whether any of those minerals originated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or an adjoining country. (Section 747 of H.R. 6147 as passed by the House. Not included in H.R. 21 as passed by the House, H.R. 648 as passed by the House, and P.L. 116-6 .) A pay adjustment of 1.9% for 2019 was authorized for federal civilian employees paid under the General Schedule, allocated as 1.4% base pay adjustment and 0.5% locality pay adjustment. (Section 749 of H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate, Section 749 of H.R. 21 as passed by the House, Section 748 of H.R. 648 as passed by the House, Section748 of P.L. 116-6 .) Cuba Sanctions106 The Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) administers the main body of Cuba embargo regulations, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations, which were first issued in 1963, and have been amended many times over the years to reflect changes in U.S. policy toward Cuba. In the 115 th Congress, H.R. 6147 as passed by the House included two FSGG provisions in Division B that would have tightened U.S. economic sanctions on Cuba. Section 128 provided that no funds made available by the act could have been used to approve, license, facilitate, authorize, or otherwise allow the use, purchase, trafficking, or import of property confiscated by the Cuban government. The provision appears to have been aimed at prohibiting the importation of rum and tobacco products by authorized U.S. travelers as accompanied baggage. Section 129, which relates to trade sanctions on Cuba, provided that no funds made available by the act could have been used to authorize a general license or approve a specific license with respect to a mark, trade name, or commercial name that is substantially similar to one that was used in connection with a business or assets that were confiscated by the Cuban government unless the original owner expressly consented. The provision, which would have prohibited OFAC from licensing the payment of trademark registration fees, relates to a long-standing dispute between a Cuban company and the Bermuda-based Bacardi Limited over the Havana Club trademark. In January 2016, OFAC issued a specific license for the Cuban company to make payments related to the renewal of the Havana Club trademark, and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office subsequently renewed the Havana Club trademark until 2026. Both Cuba provisions had been included in House Appropriations Committee version of the FY2018 FSGG appropriations bill, H.R. 3280 , but were not included in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 ( P.L. 115-141 ). H.R. 6147 as passed by the Senate did not include either Section 128 or Section 129. In the 116 th Congress, neither H.R. 21 nor H.R. 648 included either section and nor did the enacted P.L. 116-6 .