Background The Federal Acquisition Process and Applicable Provisions To support its mission, DOD uses contracts to procure many different types of supplies (such as ships, planes, and munitions) and services (such as management, maintenance, and technical services). The federal acquisition process generally includes three phases: the pre-award phase, which includes acquisition planning and activities such as conducting market research and defining contract terms and conditions prior to soliciting proposals; the award phase, which includes activities such as soliciting offers from prospective contractors, evaluating prospective contractors’ proposals and qualifications, and awarding the contract; and the contract performance phase, which includes monitoring contract performance. Within these phases, contracting officials complete certain activities as provided by applicable federal statutes and the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR). These activities differ somewhat based on the unique circumstances of each contract, including, for example, whether a contract is awarded competitively through full and open competition or non-competitively through other than full and open competition, and whether negotiated procedures are used. (See fig.1.) Before awarding a contract in excess of the simplified acquisition threshold (generally $150,000 at the time of our review), the FAR requires contracting officials to review information in the Federal Awardee Performance and Integrity Information System (FAPIIS), which can include descriptions of a prospective contractor’s past safety and health violations. Furthermore, for competitively awarded acquisitions using negotiated procedures and expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold, agencies generally must evaluate prospective contractors’ past performance. Contracting officials enter and view performance assessments in the Contractor Performance Assessment Reporting System (CPARS). In evaluating past performance, agencies may review a contractor’s past performance assessments, which can contain information about prior safety incidents and may be used to support award decisions. While the FAR prescribes policies and requirements that apply to executive agencies, there can be wide variation concerning the acquisition practices at individual agencies. For example, USACE often can take advantage of a robust competitive market and frequently uses competitively awarded fixed-price contracts. NAVSEA, by contrast, operates within an industrial base that has far fewer participants that often are uniquely qualified to produce specific classes of ships. As a consequence, many of NAVSEA’s contracts are negotiated on a sole- source or limited competition basis. OSHA’s Oversight of Workplace Safety and Health Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act), OSHA sets and directly enforces occupational safety and health standards for the private sector in about half the states. The remaining states have chosen to set and enforce their own occupational safety and health standards for these employers under a state plan approved by OSHA. State standards and their enforcement must be “at least as effective” in providing safe and healthful employment as the federal standards. Most private sector employers, including federal contractors, are covered by the OSH Act and must comply with any applicable state or federal occupational safety and health standards. In addition to the OSH Act, several other federal laws require federal contractors, depending on the type and amount of the contract, to comply with occupational safety and health standards. OSHA and the states have approximately 2,100 compliance officers responsible for enforcing health and safety standards at more than 8 million worksites across the nation, which employ approximately 130 million workers. According to data provided by OSHA officials, in fiscal year 2017, OSHA and the states conducted about 76,000 inspections. A little less than half of these inspections were in the construction industry (about 34,000), and about one-fifth were in the manufacturing industry (about 14,000). OSHA and state occupational safety and health agencies conduct both programmed and unprogrammed inspections. Programmed inspections— which represented about 44 percent of all federal OSHA inspections in fiscal year 2017—are planned based on workplace injury incidence rates, previous citation history, or random selection. Programmed inspections include those conducted under OSHA’s emphasis programs, which focus on a particular safety or health hazard or a specific industry. OSHA’s nine current national emphasis programs include one on shipbreaking, which covers some companies with DOD contracts. In addition, OSHA has regional and local emphasis programs. Unprogrammed inspections— which represented the other 56 percent of all federal OSHA inspections in fiscal year 2017—are unplanned and are conducted in response to reports of imminent danger, fatalities, severe injuries, worker complaints, referrals from other government agencies, and catastrophic events that cause worker deaths and hospitalizations. Before beginning an inspection, OSHA or state compliance officers generally hold a brief opening conference to inform employer and employee representatives of the purpose of the inspection and their rights during the inspection, and provide a copy of the complaint, if applicable. After completing an inspection, if OSHA or state compliance officers determine that the employer has violated any safety or health standards, they may issue a citation, including a deadline for correcting the hazards, and related financial penalties (see fig. 2). If OSHA issues a citation, it is required to do so within 6 months of the occurrence of a violation. After receiving a citation, the employer may request an informal conference with OSHA officials to present evidence or views that they believe would support an adjustment to the citation or penalty, but an informal conference is not required. The employer may also contest the citation. Employers are required to certify that the hazards have been corrected by the deadline and provide supporting documentation. If they do not, OSHA may conduct a follow up inspection, and may issue additional citations and penalties if the hazards were not corrected. When an employer is inspected and OSHA finds violations, various factors might affect the number of violations identified. For example, an inspection with a narrow focus may identify fewer violations than a full inspection of the same worksite. OSHA officials said that construction inspections are often focused on a particular issue, such as protecting workers from falls or securing a trench, and thus may not be as comprehensive as a full inspection of a general industry facility. In addition, the number of violations identified during an inspection could be affected by factors such as company size, industry, and the presence of other safety oversight efforts. For example, OSHA officials said that in the construction industry they routinely cite both a general contractor and a subcontractor for the same violation, but do so to a lesser extent in other industries. Officials also noted that on USACE construction sites, both USACE and contractor representatives conduct safety inspections, which enhances employer compliance with both OSHA standards and the USACE Safety and Health Requirements Manual. Debarment for Violations of Safety and Health Standards DOL has authority under the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act to debar federal contractors in the construction industry from receiving federal contracts if they have committed “repeatedly willful or grossly negligent” violations of OSHA safety and health standards. However, as of October 2018, officials said that DOL had not debarred a construction contractor for this reason in the last 10 years. According to officials, DOL does not have debarment authority for violations of safety and health standards in industries other than construction, although it has debarment authority for other types of labor law violations. Some Defense Contractors Were Previously Cited for Serious Safety or Health Violations, but Total Incidence is Unknown Because Comprehensive Data Are Not Available Some Selected Companies with DOD Manufacturing or Construction Contracts in Fiscal Year 2017 Were Previously Cited for Serious Safety or Health Violations Of the 192 companies we selected with DOD manufacturing or construction contracts in fiscal year 2017, we found that a little more than half (106) were inspected by OSHA or state occupational safety and health agencies from fiscal years 2013 to 2017. Of the companies that were inspected, 59 had construction contracts, and 47 had manufacturing contracts in fiscal year 2017. During this 5-year time period, OSHA or state agencies conducted 609 inspections of these 106 companies. Most of these inspections (about 81 percent) were conducted by OSHA. The percentages of programmed and unprogrammed inspections of our selected companies from fiscal years 2013 to 2017 were similar to these percentages for all federal OSHA inspections in fiscal year 2017. (See fig.3.) OSHA’s enforcement policy is designed to focus OSHA’s inspection resources on the most hazardous workplaces. Officials told us that employers, including DOD contractors, may not be inspected if they do not meet OSHA’s criteria for programmed inspections and do not experience a safety or health incident that would lead to an unprogrammed inspection. In addition, officials said employers that participate in OSHA’s Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) must have high-quality safety and health programs, are exempt from regular programmed inspections, and are only inspected if OSHA is notified of a safety or health incident. According to OSHA officials, of the 86 selected companies that were not inspected by OSHA or state agencies from fiscal years 2013 to 2017, one currently participates in the VPP. Our analysis found that of the 106 selected companies that were inspected during this time period, 83 were cited for at least one safety or health violation of any type, and of those, 52 were cited for serious violations (when there was a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result, and the employer knew, or could have known with the exercise of reasonable diligence, of the hazard). Three companies were cited for at least one repeated violation. (See fig. 4.) However, we were unable to determine from the available data whether these safety and health violations occurred during work on a DOD contract because OSHA inspection data do not include that information. The 83 selected companies that were cited for workplace safety or health violations from fiscal years 2013 to 2017 had a total of 405 violations, including 195 serious violations, 7 repeated violations, and 203 violations of other types. These companies were assessed financial penalties totaling about $1.2 million over that time period, including about $742,000 in penalties for serious violations. In fiscal year 2017, the 83 companies previously cited for violations of any type had DOD contracts totaling about $113 billion, and the 52 companies previously cited for serious violations had DOD contracts of $46 billion (as measured by federal obligations). (See table 1.) Furthermore, for some of the selected companies cited for serious violations, the related OSHA inspection data described worker injuries or deaths. As previously noted, 52 of the selected companies were cited for a total of 195 serious violations from fiscal years 2013 to 2017. For some, but not all, of these serious violations, the related inspection data described accidents in which 7 workers died, 20 were hospitalized for severe injuries—including fractures, chemical burns, other burns, and amputations—and 4 had severe injuries that did not require hospitalization. According to the inspection data, the accidents in which 7 workers died included the following: a hydrogen blast in a melting chamber resulted in one worker being pinned under a 20,000 pound lid, another receiving second degree burns, and a third being killed; a barge capsized after a crane tilted over, and one worker drowned; a worker fell 98 feet from an elevator and was killed; a worker sustained a fatal electric shock when replacing jumper wires on a high voltage transmission corner tower, and another worker was injured; an autoclave exploded, striking and killing a worker with extreme a vessel became unmoored due to high winds and struck a pier which then collapsed, pulling two workers underwater, one of whom died. The Incidence of Violations among All Inspected Companies with DOD Contracts Is Unknown Because OSHA’s Data Do Not Consistently Include Corporate Identification Numbers While we could identify some selected companies with DOD contracts in fiscal year 2017 that were previously cited for safety or health violations, the incidence of these violations among all inspected companies with DOD contracts is unknown because data limitations prevent comprehensive matching of federal contracting data with OSHA inspection data. Specifically, the corporate identification numbers used in the federal contracting databases—the Employer Identification Number/Taxpayer Identification Number (EIN/TIN) and the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number—are not well-populated in OSHA’s database because OSHA has not designated them as required fields. OSHA officials are required to enter certain types of data in OSHA’s inspection database—such as the employer’s name and address, the type of inspection, and any violations that were identified during the inspection—and have the option to enter the employer’s EIN/TIN and DUNS number. However, at the time of our review, for manufacturing and construction inspections initiated from fiscal years 2013 to 2017, the EIN/TIN of the inspected company was entered in OSHA’s inspection data for about one-third of all inspections, and the DUNS number was entered for about 8 percent of all inspections (see fig. 5). OSHA has acknowledged that it is difficult to match records across different databases without corporate identification numbers. In addition, OSHA’s website with information about safety and health violations cannot currently be searched by a company’s EIN/TIN or DUNS number. OSHA makes information about violations publicly available on its website, which can be searched by company name and industry code, among other fields. However, when searching OSHA’s website by company name, interested parties may experience challenges obtaining relevant information because company names differ across databases. When we searched the OSHA website by company name as part of selecting USACE and NAVSEA contracts for review, we were unable to determine whether 18 of the 66 company names we searched had been inspected. For example, when we searched the OSHA website using the first word in one company’s name, the search results included 34 inspections, but none of the company names in the search results exactly matched the company name in the federal contracting data. OSHA officials said the EIN/TIN and DUNS numbers are not required fields because employers or their on-site representatives do not always have these numbers. Officials told us that smaller companies, such as small construction companies, are less likely to have these numbers than larger companies. When companies do have corporate identification numbers, officials said that the employer’s on-site representative who interacts with the OSHA compliance officer—such as a foreman—might not know these numbers, and OSHA officials may not have the opportunity to meet with other employer representatives who would be more likely to know these numbers. However, if an employer requests an informal conference with OSHA officials after being cited for a violation, the conference provides an opportunity for OSHA officials to obtain the employer’s corporate identification number from knowledgeable representatives. In addition, OSHA officials said requiring a corporate identification number in OSHA’s inspection database could prevent closing an inspection record and issuing any related citations if they were unable to obtain this number within the required six-month timeframe. Officials added that delays in issuing citations could also lead to delays in addressing workplace hazards, because employers are not required to begin addressing these hazards until they receive a citation. However, OSHA officials noted that if an employer’s EIN/TIN or DUNS number is not available during an inspection, the number can be added to the inspection database at a later time. Collecting corporate identification numbers as part of inspections could benefit both OSHA and users of OSHA’s website. OSHA officials said that the EIN is useful for collecting financial penalties from companies that have been cited for violations. In addition, OSHA officials told us that requiring the EIN/TIN or DUNS number in OSHA’s inspection database would make it easier to search for companies in OSHA’s online inspection data. According to federal internal control standards, management should externally communicate the necessary quality information to achieve the entity’s objectives. Quality information is appropriate, current, complete, accurate, accessible, and provided on a timely basis. Without exploring the feasibility of requiring a corporate identification number in OSHA’s inspection database and enabling OSHA’s website to be searched by that number, contracting officials and other interested parties are likely to experience challenges obtaining accurate information about companies’ safety and health violations. DOD Officials Have Several Opportunities to Address Workplace Safety and Health During the Acquisition Process, but May Not Have Complete Information Officials at DOD have multiple opportunities to address contractor safety throughout the acquisition process. For example, during the award phase, officials can consider safety information when they evaluate contractors’ past performance for contracts awarded competitively using negotiated procedures. However, not all contracting officials are aware that relevant contractor safety information is available on the OSHA website. During the contract performance phase, USACE and NAVSEA both take additional steps related to contractor safety and health, including accident prevention and accident reporting. Only USACE, however, has a practice of requiring contracting officials to assess contractor safety performance on construction contracts at the completion of the contract. As a consequence, safety performance information for other contracts across DOD may not be readily accessible to officials when awarding new contracts. While Not Required, DOD Can Consider Workplace Safety and Health in Various Ways Before Awarding Contracts The FAR does not specifically require contracting officials to consider information about prospective contractors’ records of safety performance before awarding a contract. Furthermore, DOD, Army, Navy, USACE, and NAVSEA policy and guidance do not specifically direct contracting officials to consider information about prospective contractors’ safety records before awarding contracts, according to officials. However, contracting officials have several opportunities to consider contractor safety and health records and other safety information during the pre- award and award phases of the contracting process. Developing requirements and drafting the solicitation. As part of acquisition planning, contracting and program officials develop requirements. In addition, when drafting a solicitation, the FAR or agency guidance may prescribe the use of certain clauses. For example, the FAR requires that fixed-price construction contracts above the simplified acquisition threshold include a provision related to workplace safety. Specifically, these contracts must include an Accident Prevention clause that requires the contractor to provide appropriate safety barricades, signs, and signals, and comply with OSHA safety and health standards, among other requirements. In addition, for DOD construction fixed-price contracts above the simplified acquisition threshold, this Accident Prevention clause requires contractors to comply with the USACE Safety and Health Requirements Manual. USACE contracting officials also told us that if contracts include work associated with asbestos abatement, lead abatement, or hazardous waste remediation, clauses specific to these areas are also included in the solicitation and resulting contract. NAVSEA also uses clauses as applicable to the specific work performed, for shipbuilding procurements or ship repair, in its contracts, and NAVSEA stated that many of these clauses are related to safety and environmental issues. Further, program officials can include specific requirements for unique or high-risk activities. For example, one of our selected NAVSEA contracts specified that the contractor must ensure that all required safety and emergency devices, such as emergency escape breathing devices, were onboard the ship before the contractor conducted sea trials. Soliciting and evaluating offers from prospective contractors. For contracts awarded competitively using negotiated procedures, contracting officials are required to identify the factors on which they will evaluate prospective contractors’ proposals and their relative weights. Contracting officials can designate safety in the solicitation as among the criteria that they will use to evaluate proposals and require prospective contractors to submit related information. For example, solicitations for two of our selected contracts included aspects of safety in the evaluation of certain factors. Safety also may be considered during the evaluation of contractor past performance. For acquisitions following negotiated procedures that are expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold, the FAR generally requires an evaluation of prospective contractors’ past performance, which can include compliance with safety requirements on past contracts. The evaluation must include past performance as an evaluation factor unless the contracting officials document the reason past performance is not an appropriate evaluation factor for the acquisition. In evaluating past performance, the contractor’s performance assessments in CPARS may be reviewed and used by contracting officials to support future award decisions. For example, for one NAVSEA contract, the assessments identified instances when the contractor’s safety program failed to comply with NAVSEA’s safety standards. In noncompetitive acquisitions following negotiated procedures, there is no requirement that there be evaluation criteria that include past performance. In these situations, opportunities for considering safety issues may be limited to the responsibility determination. Determining that contractors meet responsibility standards. Prior to contract award, contracting officials must determine that prospective contractors are “responsible,” which is also known as the responsibility determination. The responsibility determination has several required elements, some of which may include consideration of workplace safety and health. For example, before awarding a contract, contracting officials must: determine that prospective contractors have the necessary organization, experience, accounting and operational controls, and technical skills, or the ability to obtain them, which may include assessing whether contractors have applicable safety programs; and determine that prospective contractors have a satisfactory performance record which for contracts that will be in excess of the simplified acquisition threshold includes reviewing and considering prospective contractors’ performance and integrity information in FAPIIS, which may include information about proceedings related to safety and health violations. For one of our selected contracts, the FAPIIS search result in the contract file described OSHA safety and health violations. While they were not required to do so, none of the responsibility determinations for our six selected contracts contained information about workplace safety. If contracting officials considered safety when making this determination, we did not locate it in the contract files. Information on Safety in Performance Assessments Varies and Can Be Incomplete The information available to contracting officials in the federal contracting databases about contractors’ past performance varies by DOD component. Specifically, USACE has a practice of requiring officials to assess and rate contractors’ performance on construction contracts with respect to safety, among other required factors, in CPARS at the completion of the contract. USACE contracting officials enter a safety performance rating—exceptional, very good, satisfactory, marginal, or unsatisfactory—and provide a supporting written narrative in a specific tab in CPARS. As a result, information on safety performance is summarized in a single location within CPARS, and thus, readily accessible to federal contracting officials, including those at DOD, when a previous USACE construction contractor is considered for future contract awards. For all other DOD contracts, according to officials we interviewed, information on contractors’ safety performance may be included in various places throughout CPARS, but is not required to be summarized as a separate rating in a single location. The contract file documentation we reviewed illustrated these differences. For two of our selected USACE contracts, we found that this safety performance rating was available to officials for their consideration when awarding the contract. Based on our review of the contract file for one of these contracts, source selection officials identified less than satisfactory comments related to the safety performance rating in CPARS. As a result, they considered the rating, as well as the actions explained by the contractor to mitigate the safety issues. These officials determined that the corrective actions were sufficient, according to the documentation we reviewed. In contrast, for one of our selected NAVSEA contracts, we found that the past performance assessments in CPARS contained no information about workplace safety or health—either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. The past performance for the remaining NAVSEA contract file for which we obtained a CPARS report contained information on workplace safety and health—for example, the assessments noted corrective action requests were submitted for safety incidents. According to federal internal control standards, management should use quality information—information that is complete and accessible—to achieve its objectives. Without a safety performance rating for contractors in industries with relatively high rates of occupational injuries, such as manufacturing or ship building and repairing, contracting officials may lack complete, readily accessible information on prospective contractors’ workplace safety performance. As a result, DOD may miss opportunities to address safety and health concerns when awarding contracts in these high-risk industries—for example, by considering whether and how prospective contractors resolved or mitigated violations or safety issues on prior contracts. In addition, DOD contracting officials may not be aware that the OSHA website is a resource for additional information about contractors’ workplace safety and health records. Since CPARS only includes past performance assessments for federal government contracts, contracting officials may not know about OSHA violations committed by companies during work that took place outside of these contracts, or when the company was not a federal contractor. DOD officials told us that they expect contracting officials to use their discretion in evaluating safety performance; however, DOD has not advised its contracting officials that the OSHA website is a resource for additional information on workplace safety records. For one of our selected contracts, the contracting official told us he was not aware of a past OSHA violation when determining contractor responsibility. According to the contracting official, OSHA issued the citation for non-Navy work performed at the contractor’s commercial shipyard. Several contracting officials told us that they would likely only consider violations they deemed relevant, for example, those that occurred at the facility where the contract will be performed. However, without knowing that a past violation occurred, the official we interviewed for our selected contract may not have had the opportunity to consider all of the available information when evaluating the contractor or addressing potential safety issues. Moreover, contracting officials for the six USACE and NAVSEA contracts we reviewed said they have not sought information about contractor safety and health violations from the OSHA website, and several were unaware that the website contained information on violations. Without being made aware that the OSHA website is a resource for additional information, contracting officials may not have the opportunity to utilize all of the available information about prospective contractors’ safety history. As a result, DOD contracting officials may miss opportunities to consider safety and health concerns when they are awarding new contracts. Selected Components Take a Variety of Steps to Address Contractor Workplace Safety During Performance of the Contract Officials from our two selected components—USACE and NAVSEA—also identified various actions they may take during the contract performance phase related to the workplace safety of their contractors. For example, according to officials, during the contract performance phase, USACE and NAVSEA oversee contractors’ compliance with contract requirements related to workplace safety and health. The steps they take may include ensuring that contractors submit accident prevention plans, when required, and conducting safety inspections, among other actions. Monitoring for OSHA violations. As mentioned above, the FAR requires a clause regarding compliance with safety and health standards to be included in certain federal construction contracts. USACE officials told us that this is monitored as a reportable item while work is being conducted, and that if violations occur during the performance of the contract, the contracting official is to enter information about the violations into CPARS. An Army official also told us that the Army recently implemented a system to track OSHA violations, but that it did not yet contain any data. Accident prevention. The FAR requires compliance with the USACE Safety and Health Requirements Manual for certain DOD construction contracts. According to the manual and USACE officials, USACE does not allow construction to begin until officials have reviewed and accepted the contractor’s accident prevention plan, including changes if necessary. For example, the contract documentation we reviewed for a dredging contract included a memorandum outlining changes that were to be addressed in the accident prevention plan (for example, outlining credentials for the safety officer on the site). According to the manual, USACE requires contractors’ submitted accident prevention plans to be job-specific and include work to be performed by subcontractors. NAVSEA may require contractors to submit an occupational health and safety plan for ship repair work. For example, one of the files we reviewed for a maintenance, modernization, and repair contract for a certain class of ships included a safety plan—a required deliverable under the contract—covering topics such as fall protection, evacuation procedures, and accident notification. Inspections. The USACE manual requires daily safety inspections of contractors’ worksites by both contractor and USACE personnel, and officials told us that USACE procedures require these inspections to be entered in USACE’s Resident Management System. The manual also requires the accident prevention plan or the USACE project safety and occupational health plan to provide for “frequent” safety inspections of the work sites, material, and equipment to ensure compliance with the plan and the USACE manual. For one of the USACE contracts we selected for review, CPARS documentation provided by USACE officials indicated that USACE staff noted repeated issues with safety requirements, including exposed live electrical wiring, lack of adequate lighting, and improper use of extension cords. This CPARS example indicates that the contractor worked to increase safety compliance. Finally, USACE’s manual states that when an employee is deemed to be in imminent danger, contractor or USACE officials must immediately stop the unsafe work being performed. For NAVSEA, officials told us that safety requirements and oversight responsibilities will vary depending on the type of work involved. For new construction, the Navy Supervisor of Shipbuilding, Conversion, and Repair (SUPSHIP) oversees safety. For repair and maintenance, the Regional Maintenance Centers are charged with safety oversight, among other administrative responsibilities. At both organizations, if problems are found, personnel issue corrective action requests. For example, a regional maintenance center staff member issued a corrective action request because the contractor failed to monitor the use of personal protective equipment and a contractor employee fell through a deck opening. As previously noted, the CPARS assessments for one of our selected contracts specifically noted that safety corrective action requests had been issued to that contractor. NAVSEA officials told us that quality assurance staff also have regular meetings with the contractors and monitor workplace safety. Accident reporting. USACE policy is to investigate and report USACE accidents in order to prevent recurrences and to comply with OSHA, DOD, Army, and other requirements. USACE regulation requires contracting officials to inform contractors of their responsibilities for accident reporting and investigation, and ensure all accidents that occur within their area of responsibility are investigated and reported. USACE also collects information about accidents at contractors’ worksites, and disseminates summaries of incidents on a regular basis. For example, one summary described a fall by a contractor employee resulting in stitches and a broken nose. The summary reminds USACE personnel of the importance of protective equipment to prevent this type of incident. USACE officials also told us that they have on-site engineers who would typically address any safety concerns directly with the contractor and inform the contracting official responsible for entering information into CPARS. Navy policy requires significant problems, including severe personnel injuries, to be reported to the NAVSEA Commander through the use of trouble reports. In addition, the SUPSHIP supervisor implements hazard identification and reporting processes and ensures the collection, evaluation and reporting of data for the determination of contractor award fees and past performance data bases. SUPSHIP also assesses the overall effectiveness of contractor safety and health management systems and provides safety program assessments for quarterly reviews. Finally, the SUPSHIP Operations Manual provides that SUPSHIP personnel who are aware of any major or willful contractor violation of federal, state, or local laws and regulations (for example, recurring/major unsafe work practices) will report these violations. Personnel training. According to a USACE official, USACE requires the designated quality control manager for each worksite to take the USACE Construction Quality Management course before being approved to work on a project. The course aims to ensure that construction is performed according to plans and specifications, on time, within budget, and in a safe work environment. In addition, contractor safety managers are required by the USACE manual to be on all project sites for USACE construction contracts and must complete certain OSHA training or equivalent training. This program provides training on the recognition, avoidance, abatement, and prevention of workplace hazards. According to officials, NAVSEA recommends that its personnel working in acquisition of defense systems or maintenance of ships and aircraft undergo acquisition safety training. A NAVSEA contracting official told us that the first draft of this training has been developed and will be required training for NAVSEA contracting personnel. Officials said that the aim of this training is ensure that safety is considered when developing contract requirements. Conclusions DOD obligates hundreds of billions of dollars each year on contracts, including those for work in high-risk industries such as construction and ship building and repairing, and some companies have received DOD contracts after being cited for serious workplace safety or health violations. Even if these violations did not occur during work on a DOD contract, they could be relevant to decisions about new DOD contracts, for example, when a prospective contractor has not previously received federal contracts or when past performance information does not address workplace safety. However, the incidence of serious safety and health violations among all inspected DOD contractors remains unknown because OSHA does not require a corporate identification number in its inspection data. Furthermore, OSHA’s website currently cannot be searched by a corporate identification number. Without these enhancements to OSHA’s inspection data and website, DOD contracting officials and other interested parties are likely to experience challenges obtaining accurate information about contractors’ workplace safety and health records. In addition, DOD contracting officials may be unaware of OSHA’s website because DOD has not advised them that this resource exists. Despite some data limitations, OSHA’s website currently can be used to obtain information about contractors’ workplace safety and health records in some cases. While DOD contracting officials are not required to consider information about contractors’ workplace safety and health before awarding contracts, they have multiple opportunities to do so. Unless DOD provides information about OSHA’s website to contracting officials, they may remain unaware that this resource exists, and may miss opportunities to consider safety and health concerns when awarding new contracts. Furthermore, some DOD contracting officials may lack readily accessible information on contractors’ past workplace safety performance because DOD does not require a safety performance rating for contracts department-wide. One of the DOD components we selected has a practice of requiring construction contractors’ performance to be rated with respect to workplace safety at the completion of each contract. However, DOD does not require a safety performance rating for other components’ construction contracts or contracts in other industries with similarly high rates of occupational injuries, such as manufacturing. Without exploring the feasibility of requiring a department-wide safety performance rating for all contracts in high-risk industries, DOD may miss opportunities to reduce risks by considering safety concerns when awarding new contracts in these industries. Recommendations for Executive Action We are making three recommendations, including one to OSHA and two to DOD. Specifically: The Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health should explore the feasibility of requiring a corporate identification number in its inspection database and enabling its website to be searched by that number. This should include exploring the following issues: which corporate identification number would be most appropriate to options for obtaining this number from employers; and options for entering this number in its database that would prevent or minimize delays in closing inspection records. (Recommendation 1) The Secretary of Defense should provide information to contracting officials to advise them that the OSHA website is a resource for information about contractors’ workplace safety and health records. (Recommendation 2) The Secretary of Defense should explore the feasibility of requiring a safety performance rating for contracts in industries that have relatively high rates of occupational injuries, such as manufacturing, construction, and ship building and repairing. (Recommendation 3) Agency Comments and Our Evaluation We provided a draft of this report to DOL and DOD for review and comment. DOL’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and DOD provided written comments, which are reprinted in appendixes II and III, respectively. With respect to our first recommendation that OSHA explore the feasibility of requiring a corporate identification number in its database and enabling its website to be searched by that number, OSHA did not state whether it agreed with our recommendation. OSHA acknowledged the potential utility of obtaining a unique identifier from each employer and said it will continue to promote the collection of Employer Identification Numbers (EIN) or Tax Identification Numbers (TIN) whenever possible by issuing a revised memorandum to field staff to reinforce the importance of collecting this information. OSHA stated that it does not view EINs as confidential or protected from disclosure. However, OSHA expressed concerns about protecting TINs and Social Security Numbers from disclosure, and noted that it would not be able to make a data field available for public search if it contained either of these numbers. OSHA also raised concerns about the financial cost associated with redesigning the agency’s data system. We encourage OSHA to explore options for addressing these concerns as it further considers how to implement our recommendation. With respect to our second and third recommendations that DOD provide information to contracting officials about the OSHA website and explore the feasibility of requiring a safety performance rating for contracts in high-risk industries, DOD agreed with both recommendations and identified implementation timelines. We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of the Department of Labor, the Secretary of the Department of Defense, and other interested parties. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact William T. Woods at (202) 512-4841 or woodsw@gao.gov, or Chelsa Gurkin at (202) 512-7215 or gurkinc@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix IV. Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology This report examines (1) the incidence of prior serious safety or health violations among selected companies with Department of Defense (DOD) manufacturing and construction contracts, and (2) how DOD and selected DOD components address contractor workplace safety and health during the acquisition process. To describe the incidence of prior serious safety or health violations among selected companies with DOD manufacturing and construction contracts, we matched federal contracting data to the Department of Labor’s (DOL) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspection data for selected contractors, interviewed OSHA officials, and reviewed relevant OSHA policy. Our data matching process is described below. To describe how DOD and selected DOD components address contractor workplace safety and health during the acquisition process, we selected two military departments (Army and Navy) and two components within these departments (the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA)). We interviewed officials from DOD and these departments and components, and reviewed relevant DOD and component-level policy and guidance. To provide illustrative examples, we selected a non-generalizable sample of three USACE and three NAVSEA contracts, reviewed relevant contract file documentation, and interviewed knowledgeable contracting officials. Our criteria for selecting contracts and our review of contract file documentation are described below. While this review primarily focused on the award phase of the contracting process, NAVSEA and USACE officials also provided some information on the pre-award and contract performance phases of the contracting process, which we include in this report where relevant. For example, we interviewed USACE and NAVSEA safety officials about safety oversight practices during the contract performance phase. We also obtained examples of safety- related requirements for each of our selected contracts by interviewing contracting officials and reviewing contract documentation. To address both objectives, we reviewed relevant federal laws and regulations. Data Matching To describe the incidence of prior serious safety or health violations among selected companies with Department of Defense (DOD) manufacturing and construction contracts, we matched federal contracting data to OSHA inspection data. OSHA categorizes a violation as “serious” when there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result, and the employer knew, or could have known with the exercise of reasonable diligence, of the hazard. Specifically, we matched contracting data from the Federal Procurement Data System- Next Generation (FPDS-NG) and the System for Award Management (SAM) to inspection data from the Occupational Safety and Health Information System (OIS) and Integrated Management Information System (IMIS). We assessed the reliability of the federal contracting data and OSHA inspection data by (1) performing electronic testing of relevant data elements, (2) reviewing existing information about the data and the systems that produced them, and (3) collecting information from federal officials knowledgeable about the data. Based on these reviews, we found the employer identification information in the federal contracting data, obligation amounts in the federal contracting data, and the OSHA inspection data to be sufficiently reliable for our purposes. First, we used FPDS-NG data to select the 100 companies with the largest DOD manufacturing contracts and the 100 companies with the largest DOD construction contracts (as measured by federal obligations) in fiscal year 2017. We focused on the manufacturing and construction industries because they have relatively high rates of occupational injuries, according to data from DOL’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and over half of DOD contract obligations in that year were for contracts in these industries, according to FPDS-NG data. Next, we identified duplicate or related companies, and entities that were not private companies with DOD contracts performed within the United States, and narrowed this list of 200 companies to 192 companies. In fiscal year 2017, DOD obligations for contracts with these 192 companies accounted for about 79 percent of DOD’s obligations for contracts in the manufacturing and construction industries and about 46 percent of DOD’s total contract obligations. Then, to determine whether the 192 companies had been inspected by OSHA or state occupational safety and health agencies from fiscal years 2013 to 2017, we used automated matching procedures that compared the Employer Identification Numbers (EINs) and company names entered in the federal contracting databases to those entered in OSHA’s inspection databases. Specifically, we used FPDS-NG to identify the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) numbers for our selected companies, and then used SAM to identify the EINs that corresponded to each of those DUNS numbers. Next, we matched those EINs to the EINs in the OSHA inspection data. We considered a company to be a match if the EINs were identical and either (1) the company names were the same or similar, or (2) the company names were different, but we identified a relationship between the two company names, such as a parent company/subsidiary relationship, through an internet search. Using this process, we initially identified 90 selected companies that were inspected by OSHA from fiscal years 2013 to 2017. After completing this matching process, we sent a list of the remaining companies that we were unable to match to OSHA for review. Specifically, we asked OSHA officials to identify whether those companies were inspected from fiscal years 2013 to 2017, and provide inspection numbers for those companies that were inspected. OSHA officials reviewed this list and reported that OSHA had inspected some of the unmatched companies, and provided related inspection numbers. We then added those inspections to our analysis, which brought the total number of selected companies inspected by OSHA during this time period to 106 of 192. Our results are not generalizable to all companies that were awarded DOD manufacturing and construction contracts in fiscal year 2017. That year, about 29,000 companies had DOD manufacturing or construction contracts, and we reviewed a non-generalizable sample of 192 companies. In addition, limitations in the data do not allow a determination of whether the safety and health violations we identified occurred during work on a DOD contract because OSHA data do not include that information. Our counts of violations include only those in citations issued by OSHA or state agencies to our selected contractors as determined by our matching process, and only those that resulted from closed inspections where the violations and penalties are considered final. In addition, our counts of violations exclude any in citations issued only to subcontractors. According to OSHA officials, in certain circumstances, OSHA may cite both a prime contractor and a subcontractor for a violation, but in these cases the data would be recorded under two separate inspection numbers, which may or may not be linked in OSHA’s database. As a result, we did not attempt to identify inspections and violations for subcontractors. Furthermore, our counts of violations might exclude those in citations issued to any of the selected contractors’ subsidiaries or locations not identified by our matching process. We counted inspections and violations at the parent company level. Many of the companies we selected had multiple locations, and some may have had subsidiaries. OSHA inspections take place at the local worksite level. As a result, the number of violations we report reflects the total number of violations we identified across the selected companies’ various locations or subsidiaries that were inspected from fiscal years 2013 to 2017. To the extent that our matching process did not capture every company location or subsidiary, our findings may underestimate the actual number of inspections and violations among our selected companies. Contract Selection and Review of Contract File Documentation To provide examples of how selected DOD components address contractor workplace safety and health during the acquisition process, we selected a non-generalizable sample of three USACE and three NAVSEA contracts. To select these contracts, we first identified the 50 companies with the largest DOD construction contracts and the 50 companies with the largest DOD manufacturing contracts (as measured by federal obligations) in fiscal year 2017. Because our review focused on USACE and NAVSEA, we narrowed this list to USACE construction contractors (45) and NAVSEA shipbuilding or ship repair contractors (18). Next, we searched OSHA’s online inspection data to determine whether these contractors were cited for serious workplace safety or health violations within the last five years (fiscal years 2013 to 2017). Then, we selected the three USACE contractors and the three NAVSEA contractors that had the highest number of serious violations for closed OSHA inspections. We counted serious violations at the parent company level, which may include violations at different company locations. For example, OSHA violations we identified for one selected contractor occurred during both tank manufacturing and ship repair at different locations within the United States. After selecting these six companies, we identified the new USACE and NAVSEA contracts that were awarded to each selected company in fiscal years 2017 and 2016. We selected contracts that were awarded in fiscal year 2017 or 2016 because we expected that documentation for those contracts would be more readily available than for contracts awarded in previous years. Starting with the contracts that were awarded in fiscal year 2017, we selected one contract for each of these six contractors that had the highest total contract value (including base and all options) and provided diversity with respect to the contracting office that awarded the contract and the location where the work was performed. We excluded contracts that were for design or planning, rather than actual construction, shipbuilding, or ship repair. We also considered the proximity of the violation dates to the contract award date, and excluded contracts where all of the violations occurred after the contract was awarded, or immediately before the contract was awarded. In three cases, to satisfy these inclusion and exclusion criteria, it was necessary to select a contract that was awarded in 2016 and/or a contract that had the second highest total value. Each of our six selected contracts had a total contract value that was above the simplified acquisition threshold, which for the timeframe of our sample was generally above $150,000. (See table 2.) Of these six contractors, two had prior OSHA violations that occurred at the same location where the work on the selected contract was performed. However, we were unable to determine from the available data whether these violations occurred during work on a prior DOD contract, because OSHA data do not include that information. For each of the six selected contracts, we reviewed available relevant documentation in the contract file to determine how, if at all, officials considered information about contractors’ workplace safety and health in awarding the contract. These documents—depending on the type of source selection—included the contract solicitation, source selection plan, evaluation of contractor proposals, and the responsibility determination. In addition, we interviewed the contracting officials who awarded each of the six contracts to discuss how and why they considered available information about contractors’ workplace safety and health before awarding the contract, including whether this information was considered as part of the responsibility determination. We also determined whether prior OSHA violations were recorded in the Federal Awardee Performance and Integrity Information System (FAPIIS), to the extent these records were saved in the contract file. In addition, we obtained and reviewed Contractor Performance Assessment Reporting System (CPARS) reports for any information about occupational safety and health performance on past contracts, such as comments on safety practices or accidents, or the presence of safety ratings, as available in the files. The results of this review of contract file documentation cannot be generalized. We conducted this performance audit from February 2018 to February 2019 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. Appendix II: Comments from the Department of Labor Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Defense Appendix IV: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments GAO Contacts Staff Acknowledgments In addition to the contacts named above, Betty Ward-Zukerman (Assistant Director), Caitlin Croake (Analyst-In-Charge), Amy Sweet, Sonja Bensen, and Cathy Roark made key contributions to this report. Also contributing to this report were Marie Ahearn, Blake Ainsworth, Hiwotte Amare, Vincent Balloon, James Bennett, Linda Collins, Sarah Cornetto, Holly Dye, Andrea Evans, Laurier Fish, Suellen Foth, Kristen Jones, Sheila McCoy, Jean McSween, Diana Moldafsky, Stacy Ouellette, Anh Nguyen, Jason Rodriguez, Almeta Spencer, Kelly Turner, Kristin Van Wychen, Alyssa Weir, and Eve Weisberg.