Introduction The global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is affecting communities around the world and throughout the United States, with case counts growing daily. Containment and mitigation efforts by federal, state, and local governments have been undertaken to "flatten the curve"âthat is, to slow widespread transmission that could overwhelm the nation's health care system. The Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA, P.L. 116-127 ) is the second of three comprehensive laws enacted specifically to support the response to the pandemic. The first law, the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 ( P.L. 116-123 ), enacted on March 6, 2020, provides roughly $7.8 billion in discretionary supplemental appropriations to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Department of State, and the Small Business Administration. The law also authorizes the HHS Secretary to temporarily waive certain telehealth restrictions to make telehealth services more available during the emergency. The third law, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136 ), was enacted on March 27, 2020. In addition to a number of economic stimulus and other provisions, the CARES Act provides payment for or requires coverage of a COVID-19 vaccine, when available, for federal health care payment and services programs and most private health insurance plans; it also provides appropriations to continue support for federal, state, and local public health efforts, and for federal purchase of COVID-19 vaccines. The act also appropriates a $100 billion "Provider Relief Fund" to assist health care facilities and providers facing revenue losses and uncompensated care as a result of the pandemic. This CRS report describes the health provisions included in FFCRA as of the date of enactment, including relevant background information. Other divisions in the law contain provisions regarding HHS social services programs, federal nutrition programs, and other matters that are not within the scope of this CRS report. Other CRS reports summarize the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020, and the CARES Act, and will link to this report as they become available. Some provisions described in this report have been amended by the CARES Act, and in such cases, footnotes reference the relevant CRS expert who can answer questions about the amendments. This report will not otherwise be updated or changed to reflect subsequent congressional or administrative action related to the FFCRA health provisions. The Appendix contains a list of CRS experts for follow-up on further developments. FFCRA Overview Legislative History6 On March 14, 2020, the House amended and passed H.R. 6201 , the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, by a vote of 363-40. The House considered the measure under the suspension of the rules procedure, a process that allows for expedited consideration of measures that enjoy overwhelming support. The measure had been introduced on March 11, 2020, and referred to the Committee on Appropriations as the primary committee, as well as to the Committee on the Budget and the Committee on Ways and Means. The committees took no formal action on the legislation; the suspension of the rules procedure allows the House to take up a measure (even one in committee), amend it, and pass it, all with a single vote. To suspend the rules and pass the bill requires the support of two-thirds of those voting. On March 16, 2020, the House (by unanimous consent) considered and agreed to a resolution (H.Res. 904) that directed the Clerk to make changes to the legislation when preparing the final, official version of the House-passed bill. The process of preparing this version is called "engrossment." The engrossed version was sent to the Senate. The Senate considered the bill under the terms of a unanimous consent agreement that allowed for the consideration of three amendments and required the support of 60 Senators to approve any amendment and for final passage of the bill. The Senate did not agree to any of the amendments but passed the bill, 90-8, on March 18, 2020. The President signed the bill into law the same day. It became P.L. 116-127 . Provisions in Brief The Families First Coronavirus Response Act, among other things, increases appropriations to the Department of Defense, Indian Health Service (IHS), HHS, and Veterans Health Administration for testing and ancillary services associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or COVID-19. Through several provisions in FFCRA Divisions A and F, the act provides payment for or requires coverage of testing for the COVID-19 virus, along with items and services associated with such testing, such as supplies and office visits, without any cost sharing, for individuals who are covered under Medicare, including Medicare Advantage, traditional Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), TRICARE, Veterans health care, the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program, most types of private health insurance plans, the IHS, and for individuals who are uninsured (as defined under FFCRA). These coverage provisions are effective beginning on the date of enactment through any portion of the COVID-19 public health emergency (declared pursuant to Section 319 of the Public Health Service Act). The FFCRA prohibits private health insurance plans and Medicare Advantage plans from employing utilization management tools, such as prior authorization, for the COVID-19 test, or the visit to furnish it. FFCRA provides for an increase to all states, the District of Columbia, and territories in the share of Medicaid expenditures financed by the federal government, subject to specific requirements. It provides additional Medicaid funding to territories. FFCRA modifies requirements related to waiving certain Medicare telehealth restrictions during the emergency. Finally, it waives liability, with a narrow exception, for manufacturers, distributors, or providers of specified respiratory protective devices used for COVID-19 response. The Congressional Budget Office and the Joint Committee on Taxation provided a preliminary estimate of the budget effects of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act. Overall, the act is estimated to increase discretionary spending by $2.4 billion from emergency supplemental appropriations, to increase mandatory outlays by $95 billion, and to decrease revenues by $94 billion. These estimates are based on assumptions about the severity and duration of the pandemic, and they may vary substantially from final estimates to be provided later this year. Discretionary spending totals and CBO's estimates of mandatory outlays for health care programs in Division F are provided in the " Summaries of Provisions " section. Key Definitions Several key terms are referred to repeatedly throughout this report: emergency period, COVID-19 testing and testing-related items and services, and uninsured individuals. This section provides the technical definitions for those terms. Duration of Emergency Period Several provisions in Division F define the effective period of the authorized activity as "the emergency period defined in paragraph (1)(B) of section 1135(g)," or comparable construction, referring to a paragraph in Section 1135 of the Social Security Act (SSA). Section 1135 allows the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS Secretary) to waive specified requirements and regulations to ensure that health care items and services are available to enrollees in the Medicare, Medicaid, and CHIP programs during emergencies. Paragraph (1)(B) of SSA Section 1135(g) refers to "the public health emergency declared with respect to the COVID-19 outbreak by the Secretary on January 31, 2020, pursuant to section 319 of the Public Health Service Act [PHSA]." Hence, the referenced emergency period in provisions in Division F is the period during which this particular Section 319 public health emergency declaration âwhether initial or renewedâis in effect. However, while most Division F provisions are effective during any portion of the emergency period described above, those provisions bec a me effective as of the date of enactment of FFCRA , March 18, 2020, even though the emergency period began earlier. Division F provisions with different effective dates are so noted in the descriptions of the sections below. Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services Through several provisions in FFCRA Divisions A and F, the act provides payment for or requires coverage of testing for the COVID-19 virus, and items and services associated with such testing, such as supplies and office visits, without cost sharing. These coverage requirements apply to individuals who are covered under Medicare, traditional Medicaid, CHIP, TRICARE, Veterans health care, FEHB, the IHS, most types of private health insurance plans, and individuals who are uninsured (as defined below). COVID-19 Testing Provisions in Division F refer to COVID-19 testing in several ways: "In vitro diagnostic products (as defined in section 809.3(a) of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 or the diagnosis of the virus that causes COVID-19 that are approved, cleared, or authorized under section 510(k), 513, 515 or 564 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [FFDCA]"; "COVID-19 related items and services"; "in vitro diagnostic products"; "clinical diagnostic lab tests"; and "any COVID-19 related items and services." COVID- 19 stands for Coronavirus Disease 2019, the name of the pandemic disease. SARS-CoV- 2 is the scientific name of the virus that causes COVID-19. Diagnostic testing identifies the presence of the virus, which, in conjunction with clinical signs and symptoms, informs the diagnosis of COVID-19. In Vitro Diagnostics (IVDs) are medical devices used in the laboratory analysis of human samples, including commercial test products and instruments used in testing. IVDs may be used in a variety of settings, including a clinical laboratory, a physician's office, or in the home. IVDs are defined in FDA regulation as a specific subset of devices that include "reagents, instruments, and systems intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions ... in order to cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease ... [s]uch products are intended for use in the collection, preparation, and examination of specimens taken from the human body." As indicated by this definition, an IVD may be either a complete test or a component of a test, and in either case, the IVD comes under FDA's regulatory purview. FDA premarket review of IVDs may include Premarket Approval (PMA); notification and clearance (510(k)); authorization pursuant to de novo classification; or authorization for use in an emergency pursuant to an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) based on circumstances (e.g., a public health emergency determination) and the risk the device poses. Although the terms and definitions used to refer to COVID-19 testing vary throughout FFCRA, they do not necessarily reflect actual differences in the types of tests and ancillary services that are or must be covered. Some of these definitions and terms were amended in the CARES Act. In summarizing FFCRA provisions in this CRS Report, mention of any of these definitions of a COVID-19 test, as described above, is referred to as " COVID-19 testing ." Testing-Related Items and Services Sections in FFCRA Divisions A and F that refer to COVID-19 testing generally also refer to health care items and services furnished in relation to testing, such as supplies and office visits, although definitions vary. FFCRA Section 6001(a)(2) defines these ancillary services, in the context of private health insurance coverage, as [i]tems and services furnished to an individual during health care provider office visits (which term in this paragraph includes in-person visits and telehealth visits), urgent care center visits, and emergency room visits that result in an order for or administration of an in vitro diagnostic product described in paragraph (1), but only to the extent such items and services relate to the furnishing or administration of such product or to the evaluation of such individual for purposes of determining the need of such individual for such product. This definition could encompass additional diagnostic testing associated with the visit, which may include additional laboratory tests and imaging studies. However, it would not encompass treatment for COVID-19 illnesses . See the " Section 6001. Coverage of Testing for COVID-19 " section below regarding enforcement and implementation of this section's provisions. Applicable References Provisions in Division F that use language discussed above, comparable construction, or cross-reference, are as follows: Section 6001(a)(1)-(2), regarding specified types of private health insurance coverage. Section 6004(a)(1)(C), which amends SSA Section 1905(a)(3) regarding Medicaid medical assistance, and Section 6004(a)(2), which amends SSA Sections 1916 and 1916A regarding Medicaid cost-sharing. Both provisions refer to SSA Section 1905(a)(3), as amended. Section 6004(b)(1), which amends SSA Section 2103(c), regarding CHIP child coverage, and Section 6004(b)(2), which amends SSA Section 2112(b)(4), regarding CHIP pregnant women coverage. Both provisions reference SSA Section 1905(a)(3), as amended. Section 6006, regarding TRICARE, veterans health care, and federal civilian employee health coverage (FEHB), each referencing FFCRA Section 6001(a)(1)-(2). Section 6007, regarding IHS referencing FFCRA Section 6001(a)(1)-(2). In addition, appropriations provided in FFCRA Division A to the Defense Health Program, Veterans Health Administration, IHS, and the HHS Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund are to be used, in whole or in part, to pay for COVID-19 testing and related services, with reference to Section 6001(a) of the act. However, Division F sections pertaining to Medicare, Medicare Advantage, and the Medicaid and CHIP programs do not reference FFCRA Section 6001(a)(1)-(2) with respect to the definition of COVID-19 tests, administration of the tests, or related items and services, but rather amend the Social Security Act directly to require coverage of these things. Definition of the Uninsured Two provisions in FFCRA facilitate access to COVID-19 testing for "uninsured individuals": Division A, Title V, and Division F, Section 6004. Title V provides funding to the National Medical Disaster System (NDMS) that can be used to reimburse health care providers for costs related to COVID-19 testing for uninsured individuals, as defined in that section (and as explained below). Section 6004 provides states an option to use Medicaid as a vehicle to provide COVID-19 testing without cost to uninsured individuals, as defined in that section. The respective definitions of uninsured individuals are similar but not identical. In Title V, "uninsured individual" means an individual who is not enrolled in coverage in any of the following three categories: A federal health care program, as defined: This includes but is not limited to Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, TRICARE, and the VA health care system. Most types of private health insurance plans: This includes individual health insurance coverage and group plans, whether fully insured or self-insured. The explanation of these coverage types and the applicability of Section 6001 to them also apply to this provision. The Federal Employees Health Benefits ( FEHB ) Program: See the " Section 6006. Application with Respect to TRICARE, Coverage for Veterans, and Coverage for Federal Civilians " section below for background on FEHB. In other words, individuals enrolled in coverage in one of these three categories are considered insured and are not eligible for the testing assistance described in Title V. Note that individuals with certain types of private coverage may be considered uninsured, due to the coverage definitions cited. The definition of individual health insurance coverage does not include a type of coverage called short-term, limited duration insurance (STLDI) (see " Section 6001. Coverage of Testing for COVID-19 "). Thus, individuals with STLDI appear to be considered uninsured for the purpose of eligibility for assistance under Title V. Section 6004 includes additional groups in the definition of "uninsured individual" that applies under such sections. Specifically, for the purposes of Section 6004, uninsured individuals are defined as those who are not enrolled in (1) a federal health care program, as defined; (2) a specified type of private health insurance plan; or (3) FEHB. Such individuals are also not Medicaid-eligible under one of Medicaid's mandatory eligibility pathways (e.g., the poverty-related pregnant women and child pathways, or the Medicaid expansion pathway under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act [ACA; P.L. 111-148 , as amended]). The first three categories are defined and referenced the same way in Section 6004 as they are in Title V, although wording and punctuation differ slightly. See the discussion of Section 6004 in this report for more information about the additional criteria related to COVID-19 testing without cost-sharing under Medicaid. Summaries of Provisions Division AâSecond Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 This section describes the health care-related supplemental appropriations in FFCRA Division A for the Defense Health Program, the Veterans Health Administration, and HHS accounts, and applicable general provisions. All such appropriations are designated as an emergency requirement and, as a result, are not constrained by the statutory discretionary spending limits (often referred to as budget caps). Title II: Department of Defense, Defense Health Program The Defense Health Program (DHP) is an account in the Department of Defense budget that funds various functions of the Military Health System. These functions include the provision of health care services, certain medical readiness activities, expeditionary medical capabilities, education and training programs, medical research, management and headquarters activities, facilities sustainment, procurement, and civilian personnel. For FY2020, Congress appropriated $34.4 billion to the DHP. FFCRA appropriates an additional $82 million to the DHP for COVID-19 testing, administration of the test, and related items and services outlined in FFCRA Section 6006(a). (For a summary of this section, see " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Section 6006. Application with Respect to TRICARE, Coverage for Veterans, and Coverage for Federal Civilians .") The additional funds are designated as emergency spending and are to remain available until September 30, 2022. Title IV: Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service The IHS within HHS is the lead federal agency charged with improving the health of American Indians and Alaska Natives. In FY2019, IHS provided health care to approximately 2.6 million eligible American Indians/Alaska Natives. IHS's FY2020 appropriation was $6.1 billion, with $4.3 billion appropriated to the Indian Health Services account, which supports the provision of clinical services and public health activities. The services provided at IHS facilities vary, with some facilities providing inpatient services, laboratory testing services, and emergency care, while others focus on outpatient primary care services. IHS does not offer a standard benefit package, nor is it required to cover certain services within its facilities or when it authorizes payment for services to its beneficiaries outside of the IHS system (see " Section 6007. Coverage of Testing for COVID-19 at No Cost Sharing for Indians Receiving Purchased/Referred Care "). FFCRA appropriates an additional $64 million for COVID-19 testing, administration of the test, and related items and services as specified in FFCRA Section 6007. (See " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Section 6007. Coverage of Testing for COVID-19 at No Cost Sharing for Indians Receiving Purchased/Referred Care .") The section also specifies that the additional funds are to be allocated at the discretion of the IHS director. The additional funds are designated as emergency spending and are to remain available until September 30, 2022. Title V. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund There is no federal assistance program designed purposefully to pay the uncompensated costs of health care for the uninsured and underinsured necessitated by a public health emergency or disaster. In general, there has been no consensus that doing so should be a federal responsibility. Nonetheless, Congress has provided appropriations for several limited mechanisms to address uncompensated health care costs in response to previous incidents. The health care needs of uninsured and underinsured individuals and the financial pressures many individuals and their health care providers are facing during the COVID-19 outbreak have spurred congressional interest in these approaches. Among other forms of assistance, the CARES Act ( P.L. 116-136 ) appropriates a $100 billion "Provider Relief Fund" to assist health care facilities and providers facing revenue losses and uncompensated care as a result of the pandemic. FFCRA uses the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Definitive Care Reimbursement Program as the mechanism for federal payment for COVID-19 testing and related services for uninsured individuals. Historically, NDMS has paid for health care items and services at between 100% and 110% of the applicable Medicare rate, and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has processed payments. To fund this approach, FFCRA provides $1 billion to the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund (PHSSEF), an account used in appropriations acts to provide the HHS Secretary with one-time or emergency funding, as well as annual funding for the office of the HHS Assistance Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR). Covered COVID-19 testing, administration of the test, and related services are as defined in Subsection 6001(a) of the act. (See " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services .") An uninsured individual is defined, for purposes of this section, as someone who is not enrolled in (1) a federal health care program, as defined; (2) a specified type of private health insurance plan; or (3) FEHB. (See " Definition of the Uninsured " for more information.) The additional funds are designated as emergency spending and are to remain available until expended. Title VI. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) of the Department of Veterans' Affairs (VA) provides health care to eligible veterans and their dependents who meet certain criteria as authorized by law. The VHA is funded through five appropriations accounts: (1) medical services, (2) medical community care, (3) medical support and compliance, (4) medical facilities, and (5) medical and prosthetic research. The first four accounts provide funding for medical care for veterans. FFCRA provides $60 million in supplemental appropriations for FY2020 to the VHAâ$30 million for medical services and $30 million for medical community careâfor COVID-19 testing, administration of the test, and related items and services for visits for veterans. (See " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Veterans .") The additional funds are designated as emergency spending and are to remain available until September 30, 2022. Title VII. General Provisions, Division A This title provides a reporting requirement (Section 1701) which states that each amount appropriated or made available by Division A is in addition to amounts otherwise appropriated for the fiscal year involved (Section 1703), and that unless otherwise provided, appropriations in Division A are not available for obligation beyond FY2020 (Section 1704). Title VII also includes Section 1702. This section was repealed in its entirety by Section 18115 of the CARES Act ( P.L. 116-136 ), which replaced it with a requirement for all laboratories carrying out COVID-19 testing to report testing data to HHS, as specified. An explanation of the repealed provision is provided here, for completeness. Section 1702: Repealed Generally, laboratories report testing results for specified diseases and conditions (called notifiable conditions ) directly to state or territorial (jurisdictional) health departments, pursuant to requirements in jurisdictional law. Through its National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), the HHS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) works with jurisdictions and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) to track national notifiable conditions, mostly infectious diseases and some noninfectious conditions (e.g., lead poisoning). Usually, such data are provided to CDC voluntarily. COVID-19 is a reportable disease in all reporting jurisdictions, and CDC receives data on COVID-19 cases and laboratory test results through NNDSS from all jurisdictions, as well as directly from some commercial laboratories. In addition, the FDA often includes, as a condition of an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), the requirement that laboratories carrying out the EUA test comply with all relevant state and local reporting requirements. FFCRA Section 1702 would have required all states and local governments receiving funding under Division A to report real-time and aggregated data on both testing (tests performed) and test results to the respective State Emergency Operations Center. These data would then have been transmitted to the CDC. Division FâHealth Provisions This section describes all of the provisions included in FFCRA Division F. Some provisions described below have been amended by the CARES Act ; in such cases, foot n otes reference the relevant CRS expert who can answer questions about the amendment s . In some cases, the amendments made by the CARES Act are substantial, in which case, the footnote may also provide a brief description of the amendment . Section 6001. Coverage of Testing for COVID-19 Private health insurance is the predominant source of health insurance coverage in the United States. In general, consumers may obtain individual health insurance coverage directly from an insurer, or they may enroll in a group health plan through their employer or another sponsor . Group health plan sponsors may finance coverage themselves (self-insure) or purchase (fully insured) coverage from an insurer. Covered benefits and consumer costs may vary by plan, subject to applicable federal and state requirements. The federal government may regulate all the coverage types noted above, and states may regulate all but self-insured group plans. Federal and state requirements may vary by coverage type. Some federal requirements apply to all coverage types noted above, while other federal requirements only apply to certain coverage types. Prior to the enactment of FFCRA, there were no federal requirements specifically mandating private health insurance coverage of items or services related to COVID-19 testing. In recent weeks, some states have announced relevant coverage requirements, and some insurers have clarified or expanded their policies to include relevant coverage. FFCRA newly requires most private health insurance plans to cover COVID-19 testing, administration of the test, and related items and services (see " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services "). The coverage must be provided without consumer cost-sharing, including deductibles, copayments, or coinsurance. Prior authorization or other utilization management requirements are prohibited. These requirements apply to individual health insurance coverage and to group plans, whether fully insured or self-insured. This includes plans sold on and off the individual and small group exchanges. Per the definition of individual health insurance coverage cited in the act, the requirements do not apply to short-term, limited-duration plans. The requirements do apply to grandfathered plans , which are individual or group plans in which at least one individual was enrolled as of enactment of the ACA (March 23, 2010), and that continue to meet certain criteria. Plans that maintain their grandfathered status are exempt from some federal requirements, but FFCRA specifies that Section 6001 applies to them. The coverage requirements in this act apply only to the specified items and services that are furnished during the emergency period described in the act (see " Duration of Emergency Period "), as of the date of enactment (March 18, 2020). Subsection (b) states that the Secretaries of HHS, Labor, and the Treasury are required to enforce this section's provisions as if the provisions were incorporated into the PHSA, Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), and Internal Revenue Code (IRC), respectively. Subsection (c) states that those Secretaries also have authority to implement the provisions of this section "through sub-regulatory guidance, program instruction, or otherwise." CBO preliminarily estimates that Section 6001 will decrease federal revenues by $4 million and increase federal outlays by $7 million over the FY2020âFY2022 period. Section 6002. Waiving Cost Sharing Under the Medicare Program for Certain Visits Relating to Testing for COVID-19 Medicare Part B covers physicians' services, outpatient hospital services, durable medical equipment, and other medical services. Most physicians, providers, and practitioners are subject to limits on amounts they can bill beneficiaries for covered services, and they can bill the beneficiary for only the 20% coinsurance of the Medicare payment rate plus any unmet deductible. Part B also covers outpatient clinical laboratory tests provided by Medicare-participating laboratories, such as certain blood tests, urinalysis, and some screening tests, including the test for the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. These services may be furnished by labs located in hospitals and physician offices, as well as by independent labs. Beneficiaries have no coinsurance, co-payments, or deductibles for covered clinical lab services. FFCRA eliminates the Medicare Part B beneficiary cost-sharing for provider visits during which a coronavirus diagnostic test is administered or ordered during the emergency period (see " Duration of Emergency Period "). Beneficiaries are not responsible for any coinsurance payments or deductibles for any specified COVID-19 testing-related service, defined as a medical visit that falls within the evaluation and management service codes for the following categories: office and other outpatient services; hospital observation services; emergency department services; nursing facility services; domiciliary, rest home, or custodial care services; home services; or online digital evaluation and management services. The elimination of beneficiary cost-sharing for COVID-19 testing-related services applies to Medicare payment under the hospital outpatient prospective payment system, the physician fee schedule, the prospective payment system for federally qualified health centers, the outpatient hospital system payment system, and the rural health clinic services payment system. The HHS Secretary is to provide appropriate claims coding modifiers to identify the services for which beneficiary cost-sharing is waived. The HHS Secretary is allowed to implement this section by program instruction or otherwise. CBO preliminarily estimates that enacting Sections 6002 and 6003 will increase direct spending by $6.7 billion over the FY2020-FY2022 period. Section 6003. Coverage of Testing for COVID-10 at No Cost Sharing Under the Medicare Advantage Program Medicare Advantage (MA) is an alternative way for Medicare beneficiaries to receive covered benefits. Under MA, private health plans are paid a per-person monthly amount to provide all Medicare-covered benefits (except hospice) to beneficiaries who enroll in their plan. In general, cost sharing (copayments and coinsurance) under an MA plan must be actuarially equivalent to cost sharing under original Medicare, but cost sharing for a specific item or service may vary from amounts required under original Medicare. Private plans may use different techniques to influence the medical care used by enrollees, such as requiring enrollees to receive a referral to see specialists, or requiring prior approval or authorization from the plan before a service will be paid for. FFCRA requires MA plans to cover COVID-19 testing, the administration of the test, and related items and services during the emergency period (see the sections " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Duration of Emergency Period "). Plans are prohibited from charging cost sharing for those items and services, and are prohibited from using prior authorization or other utilization management techniques, with respect to the coverage of the test or ancillary services. The HHS Secretary is allowed to implement this section by program instruction or otherwise. CBO preliminarily estimates that enacting Sections 6002 and 6003 will increase direct federal spending by $6.7 billion over the FY2020-FY2022 period. Section 6004. Coverage at No Cost Sharing Under Medicaid and CHIP Medicaid Background Medicaid is a federal-state program that finances the delivery of primary and acute medical services, as well as long-term services and supports, to a diverse low-income population. Medicaid is financed jointly by the federal government and the states. States must follow broad federal rules to receive federal matching funds, but they have flexibility to design their own versions of Medicaid within the federal statute's basic framework. This flexibility results in variability across state Medicaid programs. Medicaid coverage includes a variety of primary and acute-care services, as well as long-term services and supports (LTSS). Not all Medicaid enrollees have access to the same set of services. An enrollee's eligibility pathway determines the available services within a benefit package. Most Medicaid beneficiaries receive services in the form of what is called traditional Medicaid. In general, under traditional Medicaid coverage, state Medicaid programs must cover specific required services listed in statute (e.g., inpatient and outpatient hospital services, physician's services, or laboratory and x-ray services) and may elect to cover certain optional services (e.g., prescription drugs, case management, or physical therapy services). Under alternative benefit plans (ABPs), by contrast, states must provide comprehensive benefit coverage that is based on a coverage benchmark rather than a list of discrete items and services, as under traditional Medicaid. Coverage under an ABP must include at least the essential health benefits (EHBs) that most plans in the private health insurance market are required to furnish. States that choose to implement the ACA Medicaid expansion are required to provide ABP coverage to the individuals eligible for Medicaid through the expansion (with exceptions for selected special-needs subgroups), and are permitted to extend such coverage to other groups. Beneficiary cost sharing (e.g., premiums and co-payments) is limited under the Medicaid program. States can require certain beneficiaries to share in the cost of Medicaid services, but there are limits on (1) the amounts that states can impose, (2) the beneficiary groups that can be required to pay, and (3) the services for which cost sharing can be charged. CHIP Background The State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is a federal-state program that provides health coverage to uninsured children and certain pregnant women with annual family income too high to qualify for Medicaid. CHIP is jointly financed by the federal government and states, and is administered by the states. Like Medicaid, the federal government sets basic requirements for CHIP, but states have the flexibility to design their own version of CHIP within the federal government's framework. As a result, CHIP programs vary significantly from state to state. States may design their CHIP programs as (1) a CHIP Medicaid expansion, (2) a separate CHIP program, or (3) a combination approach, where the state operates a CHIP Medicaid expansion and one or more separate CHIP programs concurrently. CHIP benefit coverage and cost-sharing rules depend on program design. CHIP Medicaid expansions must follow the federal Medicaid rules for benefits and cost sharing. For separate CHIP programs, the benefits are permitted to look more like private health insurance, and states may impose cost sharing, such as premiums or enrollment fees, with a maximum allowable amount that is tied to annual family income. Regardless of the choice of program design, all states must cover emergency services, well-baby and well-child care including age-appropriate immunizations, and dental services. FFCRA Provision FFCRA adds COVID-19 testing and related services the list of Medicaid mandatory services under traditional Medicaid benefits for the period beginning March 18, 2020, through the duration of the public health emergency as declared by the HHS Secretary pursuant to Section 319 of the PHSA (see the sections " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Duration of Emergency Period "). States and territories are prohibited from charging beneficiary cost sharing for such testing, or for testing-related state plan services furnished during this period. FFCRA also permits states to extend COVID-19 testing, testing-related state plan services, testing-related visit and the administration of the testing without cost sharing (as referenced earlier in this provision) to uninsured individuals during the specified public health emergency period. For the purposes of this provision, uninsured individuals are defined as those who are not Medicaid-eligible under one of Medicaid's mandatory eligibility pathways (e.g., the poverty-related pregnant women and child pathways, or the ACA Medicaid expansion pathway), and who are not enrolled in (1) a federal health care program (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, or TRICARE); (2) a specified type of private health insurance plan (e.g., individual health insurance coverage and group plans, whether fully insured or self-insured); or (3) FEHB (see " Definition of the Uninsured "). The law provides 100% federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP or federal matching rate) for medical assistance and administrative costs associated with uninsured individuals who are eligible for Medicaid under this provision. The law also requires CHIP programs (regardless of program design) to cover COVID-19 testing for CHIP enrollees for the period beginning March 18, 2020, through the duration of the public health emergency period as specified (see the sections " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Duration of Emergency Period "). States are prohibited from charging beneficiary cost sharing for such testing, or for testing-related visits furnished to CHIP enrollees during this period. CBO preliminarily estimates that Section 6004 will increase direct federal spending by a total of $1.9 billion in FY2020 and FY2021. Section 6005. Treatment of Personal Respiratory Protective Devices as Covered Countermeasures In 2005 Congress passed the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act), which authorizes the federal government to waive liability (except for willful misconduct) for manufacturers, distributors, and providers of medical countermeasures, such as drugs and medical supplies, that are needed to respond to a public health emergency. The act also authorizes the federal government to establish a program to compensate eligible individuals who suffer injuries from administration or use of products covered by the PREP Act's immunity provisions. FFCRA explicitly adds to the list of PREP Act-covered countermeasures any personal respiratory protective device that is (1) approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); (2) subject to an emergency use authorization (EUA); and (3) used for the COVID-19 response, retroactive from January 27, 2020, and through October 1, 2024. The CARES Act, Section 3103, amends this provision to define a covered personal respiratory protective device as one that "is approved by [NIOSH], and that the Secretary determines to be a priority for use during a public health emergency declared under section 319." This amendment removes the requirement for an FDA authorization and extends PREP Act authority to these devices during both the COVID-19 emergency period and any future public health emergencies declared pursuant to PHSA Section 319. CBO did not provide an estimate of this provision. Section 6006. Application with Respect to TRICARE, Coverage for Veterans, and Coverage for Federal Civilians TRICARE Under Chapter 55 of Title 10, U.S. Code , the Department of Defense administers a statutory health entitlement to approximately 9.5 million beneficiaries (i.e., servicemembers, military retirees, and family members). These entitlements are delivered through the Military Health System (MHS), which offers health care services in military hospitals and clinicsâknown as military treatment facilitiesâand through civilian health care providers participating in TRICARE. With the exception of active duty servicemembers, MHS beneficiaries may have a choice of TRICARE plan options depending on their status and geographic location. Each plan option has different beneficiary cost-sharing features, including annual enrollment fees, deductibles, copayments, and an annual catastrophic cap. FFCRA requires the Secretary of Defense to waive any TRICARE cost-sharing requirements related to COVID-19 testing, administration of the test, and related items and services provided during an associated health care office, urgent care, or emergency department visits during the emergency period (see the sections " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Duration of Emergency Period "). Veterans All veterans enrolled in the VA health care system are eligible for a standard medical package that includes laboratory services. Currently, some veterans are required to pay copayments for medical services and outpatient medications related to the treatment of a nonservice-connected condition. Any health service or medication provided in connection to the treatment of a service-connected condition or disability is always furnished without cost sharing. In addition, the VA does not charge copayments for preventive screenings, such as those for infectious diseases; cancers; heart and vascular diseases; mental health conditions and substance abuse; metabolic, obstetric, and gynecological conditions; and vision disorders, as well as regular recommended immunizations. Generally, laboratory services are also expressly exempt from copayment requirements. FFCRA requires the VA Secretary to waive any copayment or other cost-sharing requirements related to COVID-19 testing, administration of the test, and related items and services for visits during the emergency period (see the sections " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Duration of Emergency Period "). Federal Civilians The FEHB Program provides health insurance to federal employees, retirees, and their dependents. Cost-sharing requirements (e.g., deductibles, co-payments, and coinsurance amounts) vary by plans participating in the FEHB Program. For some services, such as the preventive care services outlined in the ACA, plans are not allowed to impose cost sharing. FFCRA requires that no federal civil servants enrolled in a health benefits plan or FEHB enrollees may be required to pay a copayment or other cost sharing related to COVID-19 testing, administration of the test, related items and services for visits during the emergency period (see the sections " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Duration of Emergency Period "). Section 6007. Coverage of Testing for COVID-19 at No Cost Sharing for Indians Receiving Purchased/Referred Care IHS provides health care to eligible American Indians/Alaska Natives either directly or through facilities and programs operated by Indian tribes or tribal organizations through self-determination contracts and self-governance compacts authorized in the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDEAA). IHS also provides services to urban Indians through grants or contracts to Urban Indian Organizations (UIOs). The services provided vary by facility, and IHS does not offer a standard benefit package, nor is it required to cover certain services that its beneficiaries may receive at facilities outside of IHS. When services are not available at an IHS facility, the IHS facilities may authorize payment through the Purchased Referred Care Program (PRC). Generally, PRC requires prior approval except in cases of emergency. PRC funds are limited, and as such, not all PRC claims are authorized and PRC is not available to UIOs. To be authorized, claims must meet medical priority levels, individuals must not be eligible for another source of coverage (e.g., Medicaid or private health insurance), and individuals must live in certain geographic areas. FFCRA requires IHS to pay for the cost of COVID-19 testing and related items and services, as described in Section 6001(a), without any cost-sharing requirements, from the date of enactment (i.e., March 18, 2020) throughout the emergency period (see the sections " Definitions of COVID-19 Testing and Related Services " and " Duration of Emergency Period "). This requirement applies to any Indian receiving services through the IHS including through UIOs. It also specifies that the requirement to waive cost-sharing requirements applies regardless of whether the testing and related services were authorized through PRC. Section 6008. Temporary Increase of Medicaid FMAP Medicaid is jointly financed by the federal government and the states. The federal government's share of a state's expenditures for most Medicaid services is called the federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP) rate, which varies by state and is designed so that the federal government pays a larger portion of Medicaid costs in states with lower per capita incomes relative to the national average (and vice versa for states with higher per capita incomes). Exceptions to the regular FMAP rate have been made for certain states, situations, populations, providers, and services. In the past, there were two temporary FMAP exceptions to provide states with fiscal relief due to recessions. They were provided through the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JRTRRA, P.L. 108-27 ) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5 ). To be eligible for both of these temporary FMAP increases, states had to abide by some requirements. These requirements varied in the two FMAP increases, but for both increases, states were required to maintain Medicaid "eligibility standards, methodologies, and procedures" and ensure that local governments did not pay a larger percentage of the state's nonfederal Medicaid expenditures than otherwise would have been required. FFCRA provides an increase to the FMAP rate for all states, the District of Columbia, and the territories of 6.2 percentage points for each calendar quarter occurring during the period beginning on the first day of the emergency period (i.e., January 1, 2020) and ending on the last day of the calendar quarter in which the last day of the public health emergency period ends (see " Duration of Emergency Period "). States, the District of Columbia, and the territories will not receive this FMAP rate increase if (1) the state's Medicaid "eligibility standards, methodologies, or procedures" are more restrictive than what was in effect on January 1, 2020; (2) the amount of premiums imposed by the state exceeds the amount as of January 1, 2020; (3) the state does not maintain eligibility for individuals enrolled in Medicaid on the date of enactment (i.e., March 18, 2020) or for individuals who enroll during the emergency period through the end of the month in which the emergency period ends (unless the individual requests a voluntary termination of eligibility or the individual ceases to be a resident of the state); or (4) the state does not provide coverage (without the imposition of cost sharing) for any testing services and treatments for COVID-19 (including vaccines, specialized equipment, and therapies). FFCRA adds another condition for the FMAP rate increase. Specifically, states, the District of Columbia, and the territories cannot require local governments to fund a larger percentage of the state's nonfederal Medicaid expenditures for the Medicaid state plan or Medicaid disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments than what was required on March 11, 2020. CBO preliminarily estimates that Section 6008 will increase direct spending by about $50.0 billion over the FY2020-FY2022 period. Section 6009. Increase in Medicaid Allotments for Territories Medicaid financing for the territories (i.e., America Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) is different than the financing for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Federal Medicaid funding to the states and the District of Columbia is open-ended, but the Medicaid programs in the territories are subject to annual federal capped funding. Federal Medicaid funding for the territories comes from different sources. The permanent source of federal Medicaid funding for the territories is the annual capped funding. Currently, the Medicaid annual capped funding for the territories is supplemented by additional funding for FY2020 and FY2021 that was provided through the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 ( P.L. 116-94 ). FFCRA increases the additional funding available for each territory for FY2020 and FY2021. The aggregate additional funding for the territories increases from $3.0 billion to $3.1 billion for FY2020 and $3.1 billion to $3.2 billion for FY2021. CBO preliminarily estimates that Section 6009 increases the allotment amount, and thus direct spending, by $204 million over the FY2020-FY2021 period. Section 6010. Clarification Relating to Secretarial Authority Regarding Medicare Telehealth Services Furnished During COVID-19 Emergency Periods Medicare coverage under Part B (fee-for-service) for telehealth services is defined under SSA Sec. 1834(m), which places certain conditions on such care including who can furnish and be paid for the service, where the patient is located (the originating site), where the physician is located (the distant site), and the types of services that are covered. Recent legislation has modified some of the conditions under which telehealth services may be furnished under Medicare. The Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act ( P.L. 116-123 ), Division B, Sec. 102, added certain Medicare telehealth restrictions to the list of applicable conditions for which the Secretary could temporarily waive or modify program requirements or regulations during the COVID-19 emergency period. (See " Duration of Emergency Period ".) The provision also defined a qualified telehealth provider, requiring a prior relationship within the past three years between the patient and the provider under Medicare. FFCRA expands the definition of a qualified provider to include those who had provider-patient relationships within the past three years outside of Medicare. Appendix. CRS Experts and Contact Information Below is a list of the health care provisions in FFCRA with the name and contact information for the CRS expert on that provision. In some cases, more than one expert contributed to a section, in which case their topics of expertise are also included.


Introduction The global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is affecting communities around the world and throughout the United States, with case counts growing daily. Containment and mitigation efforts by federal, state, and local governments have been undertaken to flatten the curve âthat is, to curb widespread transmission that could overwhelm the nation's health care system. Federal response efforts have included the enactment of laws to provide authorities and supplemental funding to prevent, prepare for, and respond to the pandemic. This report focuses on supplemental FY2020 discretionary appropriations provided to programs and activities traditionally funded by the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies (LHHS) appropriations bill. As of the date of this report, LHHS supplemental appropriations for COVID-19 response have been provided in four separate supplemental appropriations measures: Title III, Division A, of the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 ( P.L. 116-123 ), enacted on March 6, 2020. Title V, Division A, of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA, P.L. 116-127 ), enacted on March 18, 2020. Title VIII, Division B, of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136 ), enacted on March 27, 2020. Title I, Division B, of the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (PPPHCEA, P.L. 116-139 ), enacted on April 24, 2020. In total, LHHS has received roughly $280 billion in supplemental discretionary appropriations from these COVID-19 response measures. These funds are in addition to roughly $195 billion in regular FY2020 LHHS discretionary appropriations provided in Division A of P.L. 116-94 , the FY2020 LHHS omnibus appropriations act that was enacted on December 20, 2019. Unlike the annual discretionary appropriations, however, these additional funds were designated as an "emergency requirement" and thus were effectively exempted from otherwise applicable budget enforcement requirements (such as the statutory discretionary spending limits). Overall, the COVID-19 supplemental funds have increased FY2020 LHHS discretionary appropriations by approximately 143%. Legislative History The relevant legislative history of each of the four enacted laws containing LHHS supplemental appropriations is detailed below. P.L. 116-123 (H.R. 6074), Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 In the weeks leading up to the supplemental appropriations action in Congress, Alex Azar, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), took administrative steps to allocate existing funding to COVID-19 response efforts. These included issuing a determination on January 25, 2020, allowing the allotment of $105 million from the Infectious Diseases Rapid Response Reserve Fund (IDRRRF). He also reportedly informed Congress on February 2 that he would potentially exercise his authority to transfer $136 million in existing funds within HHS to increase the budgetary resources of several operating divisions and offices that were tasked with COVID-19 response. In response, the Chair of the House Appropriations Committee, Representative Nita Lowey, and the Chair of the LHHS Subcommittee, Representative Rosa DeLauro, sent the Secretary a letter expressing concern that budgetary resources available to HHS at that time would not be sufficient. On February 24, 2020, the Trump Administration sent Congress a request for supplemental appropriations of $1.25 billion for the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund (PHSSEF) at HHS. The request letter included a number of other proposals, largely but not exclusively related to re-purposing existing funds toward response efforts. All told, the Administration estimated needing to allocate approximately $2.5 billion toward COVID-19 response efforts. (For the most part, amounts for other LHHS aspects of the request generally were unspecified in the publicly released request letter.) Several days after the Administration's request, the Chair of the House Appropriations Committee introduced H.R. 6074 on March 4, 2020. The measure passed the House that same day by a vote of 415-2, passed the Senate on March 5 by a vote of 96-1, and was signed into law ( P.L. 116-123 ) on March 6. According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), P.L. 116-123 provided a total of $7.8 billion in supplemental appropriations in Division A, of which roughly $6.4 billion (about 83%) was for LHHS accounts and activities. (Division B contained authorization provisions related to certain LHHS programs and activitiesâproviding the HHS Secretary authority to temporarily waive or modify the application of certain Medicare requirements with respect to telehealth services. The mandatory spending budgetary effects of these provisions are outside the scope of this report.) P.L. 116-127 (H.R. 6201), Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA) A second COVID-19 response measure was developed by Congress and the Administration soon after the first was enacted. Initially, H.R. 6201 was introduced by the Chair of the House Appropriations Committee on March 11, 2020. The House amended and passed the measure by a vote of 363-40 on March 14, but further alterations to the final legislative package were negotiated over the next two days. On March 16, the House (by unanimous consent) considered and agreed to a resolution ( H.Res. 904 ) that directed the Clerk to make changes to the legislation when preparing the final, official version of the House-passed bill ( engrossment ). The engrossed version was sent to the Senate and ultimately passed without amendment by a vote of 90-8 on March 18. The President signed the bill into law ( P.L. 116-127 ) the same day. Division A of P.L. 116-127 was estimated by CBO to provide a total of $2.5 billion in supplemental appropriations, of which $1.25 billion (approximately 51%) was for LHHS accounts and activities. (Other divisions of the act contained authorization provisions that in some cases relate to LHHS programs and activitiesâfor instance, provisions providing a 6.2% increase to the federal matching assistance percentage for Medicaid and certain other programs. The mandatory spending budgetary effects of such provisions are outside scope of this report.) P.L. 116-136 (H.R. 748), Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) On March 17, 2020, the Administration released a second request for FY2020 supplemental appropriations of $45.8 billion for COVID-19 response, of which $11.1 billion was for LHHS accounts and activities. Over the next several days, Congress and the Administration negotiated the scope and scale of this legislative response, which was expected to involve authorities and additional funding for numerous programs across the federal government. The legislative vehicle that was ultimately chosen for this package was H.R. 748 , an unrelated measure that had been passed previously by the House. Prior to when a deal was reached between Congress and the Administration, the Senate voted on March 22 (47-47) and March 23 (49-46) not to invoke cloture on the motion to proceed to H.R. 748 . The measure was ultimately laid before the Senate by unanimous consent and passed with a substitute amendment by a vote of 96-0 on March 25. The House subsequently took up the Senate amendment on March 27, and agreed to it by a voice vote. The bill was signed into law ( P.L. 116-136 ) by the President that same day. According to CBO, P.L. 116-136 provided about $330 billion in supplemental appropriations in Division B, of which $172.1 billion (approximately 57%) was for LHHS accounts and activities. (Division A contained authorization provisions that in some cases relate to LHHS programs and activitiesâfor instance, $1.320 billion in mandatory funds for the HRSA health centers program. The mandatory spending budgetary effects of such provisions are outside the scope of this report.) P.L. 116-139 (H.R. 266), Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (PPPHCEA) About three weeks after the enactment of the CARES Act, Congress and the President came to an agreement that, among other provisions, provided additional supplemental appropriations to HHS for the Provider Relief Fund and to support COVID-19 testing. The legislative vehicle that was used for the agreement was H.R. 266 , an unrelated appropriations bill that had been passed previously by the House. On April 21, 2020, the measure was laid before the Senate by unanimous consent and passed with a substitute amendment by voice vote. The House adopted the Senate version of the proposal on April 23 by a vote of 388-5. The President signed the bill into law ( P.L. 116-139 ) the following day. According to CBO, P.L. 116-139 provided $162.1 billion in supplemental appropriations in Division B, of which $100 billion (approximately 62%) was for LHHS. (Division A contained no provisions related to LHHS programs and activities. The mandatory spending budgetary effects of the authorization provisions in Division A are outside the scope of this report.) Funding Overview As previously mentioned, LHHS has received in total roughly $280 billion in supplemental discretionary appropriations from the COVID-19 response measures ( Table 1 ). HHS received funding in all four supplemental appropriations acts, whereas the Department of Labor (DOL), the Department of Education (ED), and entities funded under the Related Agencies (RA) heading received funding in the third supplemental only. HHS received the vast majority of all LHHS COVID-19 supplemental fundsâ$248 billion, or 89%. ED received the second-largest shareâ$31 billion, or 11%. DOL and RA received approximately 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively. The remainder of this report provides highlights for HHS, DOL, ED, and RA, and includes a detailed table ( Table 2 ) organized by department or agency and by account, program, or activity. Department of Labor The majority of DOL funds ($345 million) in the third measure are for dislocated worker assistance through activities authorized by the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA). Specifically, the DOL funds are for the WIOA National Reserve, which provides National Dislocated Worker Grants (NDWGs) to states and localities to assist with worker dislocation resulting from natural disasters and mass layoffs. These funds are generally expected to address workforce-related effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Department of Health and Human Services The majority of HHS funds (93%) in the supplemental appropriations measures have been appropriated to the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund (PHSSEF). The PHSSEF account is used by the HHS Secretary for one-time or short-term funding, such as emergency supplemental appropriations, and for some ongoing public health preparedness activities in the Office of the HHS Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR). Accounts at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) received approximately 3% of the supplemental HHS appropriations provided in the COVID-19 response measures. Accounts at the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) received a similar amount. Remaining funds were provided in smaller amounts to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Administration for Community Living (ACL), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). While amounts shown in Table 2 are displayed as appropriated, readers should note that the first, third, and fourth COVID-19 supplemental appropriations acts authorized HHS to transfer funds made available in these acts, provided the transfers are made to prevent, prepare for, and respond to the pandemic. (This broad authority giving HHS discretion over certain transfers is in addition to provisions in these three measures that direct HHS to make specific transfers.) The first measure broadly allowed for HHS to transfer funds among accounts at CDC, NIH, and PHSSEF. The third measure allowed for transfers among amounts at CDC, PHSSEF, ACF, ACL, and NIH. The fourth measure allowed for transfers among accounts at CDC, NIH, PHSSEF, and the Food and Drug Administration, but limited the amounts available for such transfers (e.g., it excluded from this authority $75 billion provided to the PHSSEF for the "Provider Relief Fund"). The acts require HHS to notify the House and the Senate appropriations committees 10 days in advance of such transfers. PHSSEF The PHSSEF received about $232 billion in funding across the four measures. This accounts for 83% of all LHHS funds provided in the acts (and 93% of the HHS funds in the LHHS titles of the bills). These PHSSEF funds may support various activities, including health care surge capacity and the development and purchase of medical countermeasures, including vaccines. In general, PHSSEF supplemental funding has been provided for four main sets of activities. Medical Countermeasures and Surge Capacity: The first and third measures each provided funding to support the development, and in some cases federal purchase, of COVID-19 medical countermeasures, such as diagnostic tests, treatments, vaccines, and medical supplies, as well as for healthcare workforce and other surge capacity activities. In total, approximately $30.4 billion has been provided for these activities. Note that the bills also specify that some of these funds are to be transferred elsewhere (e.g., to other federal agencies for the care of persons under federal quarantine) or reserved for specific purposes or activities (e.g., deposits to the Strategic National Stockpile). These activities may be carried out by various ASPR components, especially the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) for countermeasure development and procurement. COVID-19 Testing for the Uninsured : The second supplemental measure included $1 billion to provide reimbursements for COVID-19 testing and related services for persons who are uninsured. In addition, the fourth measure specified that up to $1 billion out of the amounts appropriated for broader COVID-19 testing purposes (discussed below) may be used to cover the costs of testing for the uninsured. Both measures provide for these payments to be made according to the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) definitive care reimbursement mechanism. However, the program is administered by HRSA. Provider Relief Fund: The third and fourth supplemental measures each provided funding for a "Provider Relief Fund" to assist health care providers and facilities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These funds are intended to reimburse eligible health care providers for health care-related expenses or lost revenues that are attributable to COVID-19. The measures define eligible providers broadly as any that provide "diagnoses, testing, or care for individuals with possible or actual cases of COVID-19." In total, $175 billion has been appropriated for the Provider Relief Fund. COVID-19 Testing , Surveillance, and Contact Tracing : The fourth supplemental measure provided $25 billion to augment national capacity for COVID-19 containment, including expanded testing capacity, and workforce and technical capacity for disease surveillance and contact tracing. The bill directed HHS to reserve some of these funds for specific purposes (e.g., not less than $11 billion is for states, localities, territories, tribes, tribal organizations, urban Indian health organizations, or health service providers to tribes). In addition, the bill specified that certain funds are to be transferred to other agencies and accounts (e.g., $600 million is to be transferred to the FDA for diagnostic, serological, antigen, and other tests). In addition to the activities specified above, PHSSEF appropriations in the first, third, and fourth supplemental measures called for some portion of the funds to be transferred to other agencies or accounts for particular activities. For instance, some PHSSEF funds are required to be transferred to the HRSA for health centers, rural health, the Ryan White HIV/AIDS program, and health care systems. Other HHS Funding Further public health-related funding for preparedness and response was appropriated to the CDC ($6.5 billion) and NIH ($1.8 billion) in the first and third supplemental measures. In addition, the fourth supplemental explicitly directed certain PHSSEF appropriations to be transferred to CDC and NIH for COVID-19 response activities. When accounting for these transfers, total funding directed to the CDC would come to not less than $7.5 billion and total funding directed to NIH would come to not less than $3.6 billion. The CDC funding was intended, among other things, to support grants, or cooperative agreements with grants to states, localities, tribes and other entities, for public health activities (e.g., surveillance, infection control, diagnostics, laboratory support, and epidemiology), as well as for global disease detection and modernization of public health data collection. The funds may also be used to support public outreach campaigns, and provide guidance to physicians, health care workers, and others. Most of the NIH funding was provided to several institutes to support basic scientific research as well as research on potential vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics related to COVID-19. ACL received a total of $1.2 billion in the second and third response measures. The majority of this funding ($750 million) was spread across a variety of activities that the agency undertakes to help provide meals to low-income seniors. SAMHSA received $425 million in the third measure, with $250 million for Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics, $50 million for suicide prevention programs, and not less than $15 million for Indian Tribes. The measure specified that not less than $100 million be made available as emergency response grants for state governments for crisis intervention services, mental health and substance use disorder treatment, and recovery supports for individuals affected by the pandemic. CMS received $200 million in the third measure. At least half of this appropriation was to be spent on additional infection control surveys for federally certified facilities with populations vulnerable to severe illness from COVID-19. ACF received $6.3 billion in the third measure. These funds were directed to a number of human services programs. For instance, the Child Care and Development Block Grant received $3.5 billion to provide continued assistance to child care providers in the event of decreased enrollment or program closures. These funds may also be used to support child care facilities that are open and operating, including those providing care for the children of essential workers. Several other ACF programs received funding, including the Community Services Block Grant ($1 billion), Head Start ($750 million), and the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program ($225 million). Department of Education Almost all of the $30.925 billion in supplemental ED appropriations provided in the third measure are for the Education Stabilization Fund (ESF). The ESF is composed of three emergency relief funds: (1) a Governor's Emergency Education Relief (GEER) Fund (Â§18002), (2) an Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund (ESSERF; Â§18003), and (3) a Higher Education Emergency Relief (HEER) Fund (Â§18004). The third measure provided a total of $30.750 billion for the ESF and specified that these funds are to remain available through September 30, 2021. The GEER Fund may be used to provide emergency support through grants to local educational agencies (LEAs) that the state educational agency (SEA) or governor determines to have been the most significantly impacted by COVID-19. Emergency support may also be provided through grants to institutions of higher education (IHEs) serving students within the state that the governor determines to have been the most significantly impacted by COVID-19. A governor may also choose to provide emergency support to any other IHE, LEA, or education-related entity within the state that he or she deems "essential for carrying out emergency educational services" to students for a broad array of purposes ranging from any activity authorized under various federal education laws to the provision of child care and early childhood education, social and emotional support, and the protection of education-related jobs. Funds from the ESSERF are to be awarded to states based on their relative shares of grants awarded under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as amended. SEAs are required to provide at least 90% of the funds to LEAs to be used for myriad purposes such as any activity authorized under various federal education laws (e.g., ESEA), coordination of preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic, technology acquisition, mental health, and activities related to summer learning. Funds retained by the SEA must be used for emergency needs, as determined by the SEA, to address issues in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and for administration. The HEER Fund is to distribute funds to IHEs to address needs directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including, but not limited to, transitioning courses to distance education and grant aid to students for their educational costs such as food, housing, course materials, health care, and child care. Related Agencies The Social Security Administration (SSA) received the largest amount ($300 million) among the related agencies. These funds were provided to the SSA Limitation on Administrative Expenses account to support the salaries and benefits of all SSA employees affected as a result of office closures. The funds are also to be used for costs associated with telework, phone, and communication services for employees; for overtime costs and supplies; and for processing disability and retirement benefit workloads and backlogs. Detailed LHHS Programs and Activities Supplemental Amounts Table 2 displays funding directed to LHHS programs and activities, as enacted, across the four COVID-19 supplemental appropriations acts. It is organized by department or agency and by account, program, or activity. The table also indicates a number of cases in which appropriations language reserved funds within a particular account for specific programs or activities, or directed that funds be transferred to other accounts. It makes note of instances in which these reservations are for not less than (NLT) or not more than (NMT) a certain dollar amount. In cases where the bill text calls for transfers, funds are shown in the account to which they were appropriated, not in the account to which they are to be transferred.