it actually was light even in the darkness that was extremely highly energetic light Way Beyond the in Ultra ultraviolet so see we see the spectrum of light the rainbow the lowest frequencies that you see are the red frequencies and the highest frequencies are the Violet frequencies there is a frequency spectrum Beyond The Violet which is invisible to us we can't see it then if you go even more energetic it's X-rays and even more energetic than x-rays you have gamma rays gamma rays are extremely dangerous because they are ionizing radiation they will knock electrons out of your atoms in your body they will break chemical bonds they will mutate your DNA that's why gamma radiation is extremely hazardous so is extradiation so in the very early Universe when it was Just Energy it was extremely highly energetic photons uh very highly energetic gamma rays essentially then the universe expanded it cool a little bit as it cooled it it gave rise to matter and antimatter protons anti-protons neutrons


to matter and antimatter protons anti-protons neutrons anti-neutrons electrons and positrons that sort of thing but there was slightly more matter than antimatter so matter and antimatter when they meet they annihilate each other again give rise to Pure Energy again like an explosion yes an explosion of energy Pure Energy boom that sort of thing but those slight for whatever reason those slightly more matter than antimatter that's why when the universe expanded sufficiently we have more matter we don't encounter antimatter anywhere but we can create that in particle accelerators so this is what happened at certain yes we can create antimatter in CERN very minute quantities of that are created from time to time why don't you actually explain what happened at CERN and why it was such a big deal in the world of science and I remember before that experiment took place news media was saying that could this be the end of the Earth could half the planet get destroyed what's the logic so uh the latest uh instrument


what's the logic so uh the latest uh instrument particle accelerator that has been constructed and operationalized at CERN is called the Large Hadron Collider it takes extremely high energetic particles very accelerated accelerated to close to the speed of light like 0.99 times the speed of light almost the speed of light so these are subatomic particles they are accelerated and they are smashed together and we want to see what comes out of the smash the debris of the of the Collision right and the one particle everybody was looking for was the mysterious Higgs boson so there are 17 particles in the in the standard model of the in the certain model out of which we know that the photon exists the photon is the mass is the mediator of the electromagnetic force where the w and z bosons there are the mediators of the uh the the the weak nuclear force and so on but one boson one particle was missing which is the Higgs boson missing as in which we had never discovered we haven't we


in which we had never discovered we haven't we had never encountered it we had never seen it experimentally observationally theoretically we knew it exists theoretically it was post it was it was theorized by Peter Higgs in the 1960s and a bunch of other people other scientists that such a boson should exist otherwise the universe would not have mass but for a human life what's the point of discovering that we don't know what the application is of the Higgs boson yet or what is it uh the Higgs boson is what gives Mass to the universe there are certain particles that are massless the photon is massless Right some particles are massless some particles are very have very little mass and some particles are very massive why is it so so in Quantum field Theory there are no particles there are simply fields and the 17 particles of the standard model are 17 different fields and each proton each electron these particles are merely local disturbances in that infinite Universal Photon proton field Neutron field


in that infinite Universal Photon proton field Neutron field Etc so the universe is actually an illusion whatever we see is an illusion it's just fields that we are also part of fields so if such a Higgs boson did not exist then the universe would not have mass so the theory is this there is a boson there's a particle called the hex Boson which imbues the universe with mass certain particles interact weekly with the Higgs boson field with the Higgs field those particles have a small Mass some particles interact strongly with the Higgs field those particles have a large mass some particles simply don't interact with the wings field those particles are massless so that's the theory that was put forth in the 1960s and everyone was looking for this exposure because we had discovered other bosons like the W Boys on Z boson and so on this one particle was missing we had never found it experimentally and maybe it's because of what particle accelerators were not strong enough we're not powerful enough


were not strong enough we're not powerful enough but they did not accelerate the particles to high enough energies when you say particle what is a Layman supposed to visualize an atom let's say we are firing two protons at each other a proton is the uh nucleus of a hydrogen atom a hydrogen atom is a proton at the center and an electron going around it yeah you strip over the electron you're left with a proton that is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom let's take a a beam of protons you you accelerate that to 0.99 times the speed of light and you take another B1 protons coming in the opposite direction and you make them Collide and let's see what comes out of this big massive smash up it's a very highly energetic Smasher because it's almost at the speed of light um so because the particles are traveling with such incredible speeds their masses increase like we just discovered we just discussed right so we're gonna have a very massive


right so we're gonna have a very massive Collision and the mass of the Collision the energy that results out of it is much more than the energy of two protons because there is the energy of the of the uh the accelerator the speed also which which increases the energy so you may have some exotic particles that are formed temporarily just just fractional of momentarily in that collision and the and the large hydrogen collider has various instruments that record a photographs so to say a snapshot of what came out of the Collision what weird particles came out of it and because the LHC the larger known collateral is the most most energetic the the most powerful particle accelerator is it's it accelerates particles to the highest velocities ever achieved thus far so it was hoped that this part this uh experiment will help us see evidence of the Higgs boson and I think it was in 2012 or whatever year it was that we finally discovered this Higgs boson there's a new particle that appeared that had never


there's a new particle that appeared that had never been seen before and eventually it was confirmed that this is the missing and long sought after Higgs boson with journalists were calling the God particle so yeah that's what happened why is it called God Particle just it's just a name just for fun why is the Big Bang called The Big Bang the whole explosion but somebody called it a big bang I think it was Fred Hoyle who called it the big bang and this name caught on even though he meant it in a derogatory manner because he was trying to make fun of this Theory but it actually turned out to be true do we know how long back the Big Bang happened the Big Bang happened 13 Point nearly 13.8 billion years ago that's the best uh calculation that we have how do we know that how do we know that is a very good question so when we observe the universe let's say we take snapshots of galaxies right farther galaxies we see that the further a


right farther galaxies we see that the further a galaxy is away from us the more red shifted it is now what is redshift we know the Doppler effect when a train is coming towards us and and so it's uh putting out its siren the pitch is is shifted high it's highly shifted and the moment the train passes by you it goes lower in the shift yeah the sound changes even though it's the same uh sound so that is called the Doppler effect so when something is coming towards you and it's emitting waves those waves will be compressed and the frequency will be higher when that object is moving away from you it's emitting waves the waves will be stretched out and the frequency will be lower the same thing also applies to light light waves so when an object is coming towards you the frequencies the wavelengths of the light that are coming towards you are squashed together they are shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum so that is called Blue shift and when something


spectrum so that is called Blue shift and when something is receding away from you the frequent the wavelengths are stretched out and it everything appears more red so we have certain uh or certain frequencies like the like the uh sodium line you when you burn sodium when there is a when you take a snapshot of light from a Galaxy you know exactly where the sodium line is going to be because we know the frequency we can test it in the lab and various other elements also they have certain characteristic signature frequencies but when you look for it in this in a far away Galaxy you will see that the sodium line is shifted towards the red side and depending on how much it is shifted you know how fast it is receding away from us so for every Galaxy that you see which is far away you see that every Galaxy is redshifted which means the all the galaxies are moving away from us and the further a galaxy is away from us the more red shift it


galaxy is away from us the more red shift it is which means that the acceleration is expanding the further away it is the move the faster it is moving away from you so we know the universe is expanding all far other galaxies are moving further and further away from us and that acceleration that expansion is accelerating only the Andromeda galaxy is coming towards us it's going to collide with us with our galaxy in about two and a half billion years because it's too close to us that's why the gravitation attraction is overcoming the expansion of the universe does it matter that it will collide with our galaxy because there's that much space for all the stars to find their own space yes so what is going to actually happen is not a collision but a merger merger the Galaxy is mostly empty space so the stars are just going to pass through in the empty spaces there's going to be no Collision as far as it's it's extremely unlikely there will be an actual collision


it's extremely unlikely there will be an actual collision between anything So eventually there will be a gravitational dance which will last a few billion years then you will have the formation of a new Super Galaxy milk or whatever you want to call it that's what's going to happen wow so we know that the galaxies are getting further and further away from us so we know at what speed the universe is expanding if you extrapolate that back in time you know that the Universe if you go back in time it must be it must have been smaller and if you calculate this properly it works out to be about about 13.8 billion years what's at the edge of space the edge of space that's a good question so uh there is something called The Cosmic Horizon the cosmic Horizon is about 95 billion light years that's the diameter the diameter of the cosmic resin so the cosmic Horizon is a sphere with us at the center and that's how far we can see in the universe


that's how far we can see in the universe beyond that we can't see anything because beyond that the universe is expanding faster than the speed of light so that's what's happening so that's how far we can observe there is definitely a universe beyond what we can observe but it's forever lost to us we'll never be able to see that it's gone beyond our Cosmic Horizon and the cosmic Horizon is getting smaller all the time smaller body means smaller because the universe is expanding and at the edges it's expanding faster than the speed of light so all the galaxies are the edges are going beyond what we can observe eventually what's going to happen is we've in a few billion years we'll only be able to observe the Milky Way nothing else all the other galaxies will have gone wow this is a mind-bending think about it like this you have ballooned you blow it up you have points on the balloon as you blow the balloon the points go


balloon as you blow the balloon the points go further and further away from each other and if you make it fast enough they're gonna go away faster from each other at the speed of light or faster than the speed of light so if you are at one of the points and you have all the surrounding points and it's expanding eventually those surrounding points will go further and further and further away eventually they will no longer be visible that's how you can visualize that wow are we just fungus on a planet that's suited to Growing fungus like like where do we stand as human beings like what is the earth um somewhere along the timeline of the universe in these 13.8 billion years uh there was a massive star which exploded that was uh kind of that gave rise to our son if I'm not mistaken what preceded us on in this exact part of the universe where we exist so stars are typically uh born out of self-gravating clouds of dust and


born out of self-gravating clouds of dust and gas self gravitating means they have a center of gravity and they're all moving around that so it typically takes the shape of a disc now where does this cloud of gas and dust come from it typically comes from the uh outcome of a supernova explosion which is the death of a star but even that star came out of a cloud of gas and dust so where does that cloud of gas and dust come from another Supernova explosion and if you keep winding back go back to the Big Bang the origin of the universe so our sun is most likely a second or third generation star right so so uh the solar system was born out of a protost teller or proto-solar disk uh the formation of the solar system happened about 4.6 billion years before today and the Earth the proto-earth the very rudimentary hot molten gaseous Earth was first born most likely around 4.5 billion years before today and it looked and felt very different from what


today and it looked and felt very different from what it is today it was extremely hot it was very hostile to any kind of life you can imagine uh it was molten there was like volcanic activity all around there was an atmosphere there was no water initially most likely the atmosphere was extremely different from what it is today it was completely toxic a whole different cocktail of gases and then there was something called the late heavy bombardment a massive amount of meteors Etc impacted the Earth and most likely it is these meteors that brought in the water but uh this happened in a burst like as someone took a gun and fire it towards us what happened over time uh this was all part of the evolution of the solar system so initially as the solar system formed there was this massive there were lots of planets lots of ancient planets that formed and many of them collided together and burst into pieces lots of debris and there were ancient rocks from the


of debris and there were ancient rocks from the previous solar system that were still around so all of this was swirling together in this massive chaotic mixture and because of that there was a period of a few hundred million years where there was this massive constant bombardment of meteors on the earth basically our solar system was a lot more Rocky than it is today it was more chaotic it was it was very rudimentary and it was still forming the planets were still shifting positions some of them were colliding there must have been many many more planets at the time slowly what happened is that the gas giants reached the the orbits where they are today and they shepherded lots of asteroids out of our way so there are there's a there's an asteroid built between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter so that probably is an ancient destroyed planet but those asteroids have been shepherded out of our our way by the gravity of Jupiter and Saturn and there are these uh


of Jupiter and Saturn and there are these uh Trojan asteroids that are also shepherded by Jupiter they lie on the LaGrange points right uh they are called Trojan asteroids because they sit on the LaGrange points of Jupiter I'm not sure where the name came from I I don't remember right now but there is something called the garage points so these are points of equilibrium between the gravity of a planet and the Sun so you can place an object in a LaGrange point which is either between the Earth and the Sun or behind the Earth and the Sun or at 60 degrees angles in the orbit and the same goes for Jupiter and other uh planets as well so Jupiter has these LaGrange points where you have a clusters of of asteroids which are called Trojan asteroids I think human beings don't understand how much Jupiter and Saturn protect us from cataclysms yes like as in the Earth would have been destroyed of Jupiter and Saturn didn't exist yes um so many more questions you


didn't exist yes um so many more questions you know all this and these kind of podcasts humble you out a lot like you just realize how insignificant you are and the grand scheme of things in the grand scheme of time like if you think of the time your grandfather was young which is what like 70 years ago which is what in the grand scheme of things he probably exists at the same time as you when you look at it from a macro scale yes you know it makes you realize how insignificant the events around you are today there is this very famous image from Hubble also from the James Webb Telescope it's called The Pillars of Creation you can put that on the screen so there are these massive pillars of dust that exist far away in a certain region of space these pillars they look like fingers okay and if you look at the tip of each finger it's twice as wide as our solar system and it looks this much this this just this large in the image so that


this this just this large in the image so that tells you that even though our solar system is so vast and we understand so little of it it's actually that small and completely insignificant in the grand scheme of things what do we not understand about our solar system we don't know how many planets are there oh really really yes like there could be more like undiscovered way more than we imagine further than Pluto or further than Pluto we are discovering new minor planets all the time first we thought it was only up to flew up to Pluto then we discovered something called Iris further away from Pluto which is bigger than Pluto we have discovered said now we've discarded lots and lots of these objects and there is most likely something much more massive out there which is distorting in the orbits of far away solar system objects in the Caper belt Etc but it's all revolving around our sun yes the same Sun that we see yes why are we not taught this in


we see yes why are we not taught this in science textbooks I have no idea maybe it's it's something that happened very recently so these discoveries have happened typically in the past 15 20 years maybe science textbooks are updated every 200 years or something I don't know what it is so it takes a little bit of time you know wow um [ __ ] do we know what's on these planets are these These are classified as minor planets nowadays it's a bureaucratic thing what tag you put on what thing Pluto was one of the planets earlier now they're classy reclassified it as a minor planet and then there are Planet toys and planetesimals and what not Caper belt objects and plants and opinion objects all kinds of various categories they've created but these are all solar system objects in orbit around the Sun and most likely Way Beyond the orbit of Pluto there is something unknown out there a massive object more massive than the earth most likely which is causing the orbits of the


most likely which is causing the orbits of the objects that orbit so far away to be uh inclined at a certain angle which would not happen otherwise so it looks like there is something more much more massive out there at least one super Earth kind of planet but it's so far away or maybe it's so dark that we can't see it why do people call it super Earth because it's mass is is most likely going to be a multiple of that of Earth okay but three four times maybe ten times possibly why don't you call it super Jupiter because it may not be a gaseous parent it may be a terrestrial Rocky kind of planet possibly possibly more and more maybe it's a black hole really it's a small black hole in orbit around the Sun that would explain why it's not visible who knows it's a possibility and our physicist is actively looking for these Mysteries astronomers are actively looking for planet nine or Planet X whatever you want to call it they are but thus far they have found


call it they are but thus far they have found nothing maybe it's the closest Wormhole for all you know possible wow okay mind bent already um anything else that fascinates you about our solar system um I think everything is fascinating I'm fascinated with with Venus it's our closest I think it's one it's either Mars or Venus which is the clothes maybe maybe Venus it is a very Earth-like planet almost the same mass but one day on Venus is I don't know how many years on earth like the rotation speed is very very slow and it rotates in the opposite direction as what Earth and other planets rotate and the atmosphere is about 300 times thicker than that of Earth and there is a constant rain that falls on Venus its sulfuric acid rain there's lightning it's it's a torrid environment it's hot enough to melt lead the atmospheric pressure is about 300 times of Earth it's very reflective and yeah it's it's a mystery you know why did this planet


it's a mystery you know why did this planet become like that what kind of it's clearly a runaway greenhouse effect that happened on this planet right so that's a mystery and there are various uh moons of Jupiter and Saturn that could Harbor life because they seem to have under surface subsurface oceans of liquid water we can see that on certain places in in certain moons then there is this moon of Saturn called Titan that has hydrocarbon lakes and it seems to have it clearly has a very thick atmosphere the highgens probe did touch down on Titan we for the first time so over the surface of this Moon looks like and there are many more Mysteries out there so it's a fascinating place our own solar system we understand so little about it it's quite possible that there could be microbial life on some of these moons because there is liquid water out there there is a geothermal activity on these moons yeah it's even possible that there could have been Life on


it's even possible that there could have been Life on Mars in the past because we know there is there was flowing water in oceans on Mars there are so many Mysteries the solar system itself is incredibly fascinating you know you spoke about there being microbial life on these Moons for all you know there could be something larger than microbial life maybe some sea monsters down there um we had an astronaut on the show and I was talking to her about the progress of science when it comes to space exploration and she said that it kind of improves in steps you know you make your way to the moon now you're figuring out how to make your way to Mars sent a man on moon now figure out how to send human beings to Mars uh then you figure out like the next step gradually being a scientist and you know kind of just I'm expecting a very practical dry answer from you but either I'm going to ask you the question um do you think that we will


you the question um do you think that we will scientifically Advance a lot over a thousand years or 2000 years and figure out how to explore these moons and explore Mars much more deeply and for all you know maybe what if we find some kind of compound that can protect you from the atmosphere of Venus and a descendo robot there first do you think all this is possible I think we already have the technology to send human beings to Mars the only question is can we bring them back alive the technology already exists to send people on Mars Mars but right now the the risk factor is high when it comes to sending humans anywhere we want to make the risk as low and as close to zero as possible right so when they sent humans to the Moon that itself was quite risky but thankfully there were there were no casualties there was there were no accidents of course Apollo 13 was a near disaster but it was they called it a Successful Failure because they were able to bring the


a Successful Failure because they were able to bring the astronauts back alive to the Earth so the technology existed to send people to the moon in the 19 late 1960s we already have the technology to send people to Mars Mars but the only thing is we'll be able to bring them back alive that's the thing technology improves iteratively you first send a spacecraft in orbit around the Moon you do that successfully then the next step is you try to make it land on the moon you make that work then you will have a return Mission you make it land on the moon then it comes back to Earth with some samples you do that then you can have a much more larger spacecraft maybe a moon base then you can start sending humans there then with Mars also you do the same thing you first send an uncrewed Mission to Mars send it in orbit around the planet and bring it back if that works you make it land take back some samples and bring it back then possibly you will send humans there and


it back then possibly you will send humans there and the third thing so it's always a step-by-step step-by-step thing I think within the next by 2040 I'm sure somebody will have landed on Mars most likely I'm sure Elon Musk will want to be the first person to make this happen I think it's quite likely that by 2040 if everything is fine if the geopolitical climate is all good then we will be able to see humans landing on Mars and hopefully coming back and by the end of the century you could have permanent bases in Mars possibly it's quite possible now why do you spoke about sending people to Venus Etc in the future you could have Technologies where you can have skin coverings that are like 5 or 10 or 20 atoms thick and that can protect you from the vacuum of space and from the atmosphere of Venus whatever it might be like yeah it's possible uh I mean who predicted smartphones 30 years back right like you don't know where Science and Technology can take


like you don't know where Science and Technology can take us in saying that have they've got samples back from the Moon right yes what did they discover in those samples they discovered that uh the moon's uh rocks are pretty similar to that of the Earth which kind of indicates that the moon was born out of a collision between the Earth and some ancient planet and a lot of Earth material was ejected it went into Earth orbit in the form of a ring or so and eventually it coalesced into what is now the moon so the composition of the moon seems to be quite similar to that of the Earth but of course there are some some dissimilarities for instance the surface top soil layer of the Moon which is called the regolith is most likely highly abundant in helium-3 which is an isotope of helium which could be an extraordinarily good future nuclear fuel for Fusion reactors which is why there is a geopolitical race that's going to ignite about going back going back to the moon going


ignite about going back going back to the moon going to ignite yes uh the Chinese claim to have discovered some new mineral on the moon which seems to have a good potential of being used as a fuel in the future which is the same thing or something else I don't know exactly I don't think it's the same thing okay yeah so there is a massive amount of of resources on the moon there is water on the moon water is one of the most precious Commodities in space why because you need to eat to sustain life and it's very expensive to put one kilo of anything into orbit from the Earth but if you already have hundreds of tons thousands of tons of water on the moon why bring it from the earth from the from the earth just use it whatever is over there so that's why this the polar region of the Moon where you have certain craters that are permanently in Shadow and which clearly have water those regions are going to become Prime geopolitical real estate for future


going to become Prime geopolitical real estate for future lunar exploitation exploration the first time water was discovered was in 2009 or 10 when the chandrayaan Explorer did a certain experiment it crashed a probe into a crater and what came out included water um [Music] um if you had to just move to the surface of the Moon right now in this moment what would we see we would see desolation we would see a a surface that is full of dust grayish dust It is believed it is supposed to smell kind of like gunpowder somehow yeah it's it's soft but it's a the below the surface layer is quite compact of the Moon there are moon Quakes from time to time little little earthquakes small ones and the Horizon isn't as far as the Earth's Horizon is so typically if you if you look out to the Horizon on the earth it's about I don't know seven kilometers away seven miles whatever it is yeah on the moon it's much less much much much lesser


the moon it's much less much much much lesser because the moon has a much smaller diameter and the gravity is about one-sixth of that of the earth so if you can jump let's say three feet on the earth you will be able to jump 18 feet high on the on the moon that's how it is and obviously there is no atmosphere there so you have to wear protective equipment the spacesuit and all that and and uh there is no Afterglow of the atmosphere that we see in on the earth in the earth over here the atmosphere itself glows because of a light that is diffused by the clouds and the dust and all that on the moon the moment the sun sinks below the Horizon it's dark all out and the sky is black and you can see stars shine but they don't twinkle they just points of light in space because there is atmosphere so that's the kind of environment you have on the moon you can't look directly at the sun when you're on the


look directly at the sun when you're on the moon no you can't you'll basically burn your eyes you'll go blind so what did these guys do when they they have these wisers the the Apollo Astronauts that went to the moon they had these visors that had gold coating which ensures that even if you by mistake inadvertently look at the sun it's not gonna destroy your vision so much Fascination I have with space technology in general like even if they had to take photos with the camera what kind of camera could like survive in that kind of temperature one space yes they had to all the equipment that they took there was purpose built for uh for being able to function in the vacuum of space right so in those days you do not have the kind of cameras we have today they had film cameras so they had to take specially purpose designed film cameras for that even the first time the Soviets the first time humanity saw a picture of The Far Side of the Moon was when


picture of The Far Side of the Moon was when the Soviets had sent a probe around the moon so that probe was the first probe that the space cover the first spacecraft to to circumnavigate the moon and take pictures of the far side and it took those pictures on that the tape film you know the old film camera kind of thing and then it relate that back to the Soviets and I think the Americans were able to intercept that so they also got images of The Far Side of the Moon pretty grainy but it's the first time on that let's talk about The Far Side of the Moon so is is it correct that there is half the moon which never sees the light of the day because of its nature of revolution and rotation so um the Earth and the moon are locked in a tidal resonance it's a phenomenon that you see with various systems that have a parent object and a moon so that is something that comes out of the classical physics so what happens is that the the


classical physics so what happens is that the the rotation of the Moon matches equally with the time it takes for the moon to take to do one orbit of the Earth which is why if you're not you only see one side of the moon but The Far Side of the Moon is not dark it also gets sunlight but we never get to see it in the past we could see it but right now we are tidally locked so it's it's a it's a phenomenon that happens because of the laws of physics very simple gravitational physics so The Far Side of the Moon was first seen only in the 1970s or 1960s most likely the Soviets first saw it and it's a very interesting place the the features are quite different from what we see on the side that is visible to us the most interesting thing about The Far Side of the Moon is that it is completely silent what I mean by that is that there is no noise coming from the earth electromagnetic noise if you are on the near


earth electromagnetic noise if you are on the near Side of the Moon this all kinds of broadcasts in telecasts and all this electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic waves and radio waves all that is complete constantly bombarded over there because of all the terrestrial and space broadcasts that we have on the earth we have FM stations we have radio stations we have uh free to Air TV transmission Transmissions all kinds of things it's like when you're at the top of a really tall building you can hear all the roads around you around you yes but on the far side of the moon there is absolutely nothing coming from the earth so if you want to build any kind of Observatory The Far Side of the Moon is the best place for that because there is no interference any noise in a signal coming from the earth that will interfere with your observations what else do you think is there I don't think there's anything special there are no aliens why else science fiction story I would certainly Place alien artifacts on the other


I would certainly Place alien artifacts on the other side of the moon where we can't see them but yeah now we have sent uh we have taken pictures of that place or the part of the Moon and thus far we have not discovered anything that is unusual or that we'll be like whoa what the hell is that it's just a continuation of what's on the yeah side yes um let's speak about cataclysmic events because as Randall Carlson says when we look at the surface of the Moon we see craters we think that oh [ __ ] the moon's taken up beating from all these meteor showers but if you were to strip Earth of all its oceans and forests and buildings and study the surface of our planet it's probably even more uh dented than that of the Moon if you were to take away all the oceans all the surface features like uh forests Etc you will most likely find nothing I'll tell you why the Earth is tectonically active the earth below this below the


is tectonically active the earth below this below the crust of the earth there is this massive ocean of magma which is molten rock and because of the activity of the magma the flowing of the magma it's swirling flowing all the time it sometimes comes out of the Earth's surface through fissures and cracks and those are volcanoes and because of that there is this tectonic activity there are these uh plates tectonic plates on the surface of the Earth that are constantly moving around it's it's like if the Earth's crust was an eggshell you've basically cracked the eggshell into different parts yes it cracks and and moves around then reforms reseals and cracks again it's constantly moving around it this process takes millions of years tens of millions of years but typically after a hundred or so million years even if there were meteor impacts they would go below the surface and they would disappear forever there are certain features on the surface of the planet where you do see meteor impacts there


of the planet where you do see meteor impacts there is one in I think Sudbury in South Africa which may possibly be the oldest known meteor crater on the planet there is one in manikuagan in Canada there is uh there are a couple of those in Canada and uh there is there are a few of them under the surface of the sea there could be one of the coast of Mumbai called the Shiva crater there is one of the yukatan peninsula half on the peninsula half in the Gulf of Mexico which happened 66 million years ago which coincides with the disappearance of the non-avian dinosaurs so it is most likely a sign of what happened where is this it's in the Gulf of Mexico it is in the Yucatan Province peninsula of Mexico half the crater is on land it's buried under the surface and half of it is is more than half of it is in the sea it's it's below the surface of the ocean and the impact the epicenter of the crater


and the impact the epicenter of the crater is mostly is close to the Village of that's why they call it the chip crater and that is the crater that most likely contributed to the uh extinction of the non-avian Dinosaurs the avian dinosaurs are still with us of course okay lots of stuff to unpack here I always wondered how asteroids which are maybe even like 100 kilometers in diameter how does an asteroid like that hurt the Earth in terms of 100 kilometers is not that much when you look at the Earth's size and then someone told me okay take a bullet and throw it at someone with your hand it won't do any damage then put it on a gun and throw it and then see kind of damage it does that's what people don't understand about momentum that momentum is also an outcome of velocity these asteroids are kind of surging through space at very high velocities and hitting Earth like bullets when an asteroid hits the surface of the Earth and there aren't too many that


surface of the Earth and there aren't too many that hit the surface of the Earth in our timelines when was the last massive asteroid hit I think it was some somewhere in the early 20th century in Russia somewhere in Siberia uh I can think of two events one was in 1908 1908 or the the it was somewhere in Siberia I forget the name of that thing um okay I can't I can't remember the name but I'm sure you can put that on the screen and the more recent one was the chilia binsk meteor which meteorite which exploded over chiliabinsk it's a town in Siberia hundreds of buildings were damaged Windows exploded all over the place there was this massive shock wave that shook the entire city and the meteor some parts of it actually broke through the ice and and hit a lake and they were able to recover some parts of the video right yeah Randall Carlson keeps saying that with that technology is available we should go out then destroy these meteors


available we should go out then destroy these meteors which are kind of on collision course with the Earth uh because if we actually put our time and resources towards it that technology is about 10 years away which is not that long and it gives us enough time to protect ourselves and we as human civilization don't understand how harmful meteor showers can be on us like if it could wipe out entire races of dinosaurs we don't even understand what it could do to us and even uh the most recent Ice Age which is about 10 000 BC around that time 11000 BC um was supposedly theoretically caused because of some sort of an asteroid hitting the Earth the younger driest impact yeah yeah um wow so much to talk about yourself and this is actually the juice of this particular episode for me um firstly let's just begin with what an asteroid impact can do to our planet for those people who don't know much about the subject right so um if you go out and and look at


so um if you go out and and look at the night sky on a clear on a clear night with no light pollution if you stare at the sky for let's say one hour you're gonna see at least five or six meteor Trails it's that common and approximately a hundred tons of meteor dust falls on the planet every single day so we have impacts but most of these are micro impacts sometimes you have impacts on the ocean that people Miss because the oceans cover two-thirds of the of the surface area of the of the planet so there are lots of impacts that we never see but they happen which if they happen on land they'd be very harmful a not very harmful typically these are not very very massive impacts but a typical meteorite or asteroid when it hits the Earth or when it enters the Earth's atmosphere relative to the Earth it typically travels between 30 to 70 kilometers per second not per hour per second it's way faster than a bullet that's that's way


way faster than a bullet that's that's way faster than Hypersonic missiles it's it's the speed is incredible at that speed when it enters the Earth's atmosphere it compresses the atmosphere so so so much that it it becomes uh it becomes hot enough to actually burn the atmosphere the air molecules start glowing and vibrating and vibrating and that is what causes the long meteor trail that we observe because the meteor essentially starts evaporating it in in within a fraction of a second most of it evaporates now if it is large enough the meteor May get so superheated that instead of evaporating in a long streak it evaporates all of a sudden in an explosive explosion like a bomb yeah it's like a nuclear bomb in the sky depending on the size and some some of these are so big that they actually impact the Earth while they are in that bomb State yes there is an explosion but some part of it does impact the earth now if a meteor or if


does impact the earth now if a meteor or if an asteroid is let's say 10 meters wide that's what gives rise to the tunguska kind of event 1908 which did a lot of damage yes it did a lot of damage it flattened about I don't know how many square kilometers of forest massive amount so a 10 meter asteroid flattened out it was like a small office building kind of thing but still I mean it flattens out it flattened several thousand square kilometers of forest wow that's this is what people need to understand this is the universe that we live in yes and there is [ __ ] out like if you're scared of sharks in the ocean look up for a minute anyway go on yeah so if you have a small office building kind of let's say one small Bungalow kind of meteor meteorite it's gonna flat flatten several thousand kilometers square kilometers of forest or whatever it impacts yeah most likely it will explode in the air itself but the explosion


will explode in the air itself but the explosion will flatten everything but if you have a kilometer wide asteroid that's gonna be life-changing the the asteroid that hit the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico the checksula blasteroid was approximately 10 kilometers in diameter between 8 and 10 to 12 kilometers in diameter the effect of that impact was incredible the crater is more than 130 kilometers in diameter the Creator the impact crater this impact caused tsunamis that are like several kilometers high and these tsunamis were supersonic tsunamis they were traveling faster than the speed of sound and these tsunamis Circle The Globe multiple times the atmosphere itself burned up for a few hours the temperature on the surface of the planet was more than 100 degrees Celsius very few very little life survived this and then there was much of the Earth's crust evaporated in the impact went up into the atmosphere cooled down and then started falling back on the earth like molten magma and lava and


on the earth like molten magma and lava and this and then there was this big Global nuclear winter kind of thing where all the soot that was thrown out in the air circled the atmosphere for about 10 years so for about 10 years there was no sunlight so if you're a living being on the planet at the time of an asteroid impact what do you experience initially you will see nothing if you're on the other side of the planet then you will experience uh supersonic hurricanes first of all storms that come pass through faster than the speed of sound then you will have enormous three to three kilometer tall tsunamis there are again Supersonic in nature then of course the temperature will rise very fast maybe more than 100 degrees Celsius so unless you've got very thick skin or you can burrow deep down on the Underground you're gonna perish in that yeah then there will be the ensuing nuclear winter which means for for a decade or so there is there's going to be no


or so there is there's going to be no sunlight so all the vegetation will die out if the vegetation dies out whatever life has survived animal life has survived most of it will die out because if there's no vegetation the herbivorous animals die if the herbivorous animals die the carnivorous animals die so very little survives out of this you have one thing I found fascinating about this whole conversation is the fact that our ancestors existed at the same time as the dinosaurs and we were the shrews back then yes this is even before we became monkeys yes like as in the what monkeys are to us shrews are probably two monkeys yes how did shrews which are great great grandparents survive this kind of an impact they dug under the Earth most likely these were like uh mice like shrew-like mole like creatures and somehow they managed to survive they must have dug deep under the ground and held out there for maybe a few days until the temperatures


there for maybe a few days until the temperatures came back to somewhat normal and then they managed to somehow survive the next decade which was almost no sunlight and Incredibly freezing temperatures because there's no sunlight they must have survived by Scavenging around eating rotting carcasses whatever it is dinosaurs of dinosaurs of whatever they found and they somehow survived and finally when sunlight broke through there eventually was new vegetation and these were the only creatures that had survived the this was the dawn of the mammals the mammals became a thing after this event uh how has the most ancient dinosaur in the world today the crocodile survived a nuclear apocalypse like this crocodiles most likely survived because they would have escaped underwater but crocodiles are not dinosaurs crocodiles are a completely distinct species dinosaurs did survive the avian dinosaurs survived they are all around us they are the birds if you look at the skeleton skeleton of a bird it's essentially the


skeleton skeleton of a bird it's essentially the same as a skeleton of a dinosaur the closest relative of the T-Rex is your common chicken you know so birds are dinosaurs the dinosaurs that lived more than 66 million years ago they had feathers most of them had feathers and they have now discovered that in the fossil record most likely even the T-Rex when it was young when it was juvenile it would have been covered in feathers but as they grew larger the feathers would have maybe dropped off or something but most dinosaurs were feathered dinosaurs and birds are those that survived the avian dinosaurs so while I wish to speak a lot more about dinosaurs this is technically halfway through the conversation I wanted to have with you and I feel it's too heavy by this point we've done a very dense conversation by now I'm gonna divide this particular podcast into two parts second part let's talk about the story of the Earth from dinosaurs onwards and there's a lot to unpack there


dinosaurs onwards and there's a lot to unpack there as well uh considering that we spoke about asteroid showers as the last kind of element of this first podcast what would you like to tell the listeners about space in general the universe in general a place in the cosmos well space is mostly empty and yet it's not empty uh if you go through space you will find that there is radiation all over the place and that radiation is at a temperature of 2.25 degrees Kelvin which is 2.25 degrees above absolute zero which is the absolute coldest temperature anything you get now this radiation that you find in outer space is the Afterglow of the first light after the big bang and this first light after the big bang emerged about between 250 and 300 million years after the big bang until that time the universe was completely dark why is it so let me explain why when we think of the sun we think of an extraordinarily luminous ball of light but if you were to go inside the sun beyond


but if you were to go inside the sun beyond the atmosphere of the sun inside deep into the interior of the sun it's dark it's dark then imagine that can you believe it let me explain why the sun is incredibly dense at the very core of the Sun there is this interior core layer of the Sun the core region of the sun where hydrogen atoms are squeezed together by the force of gravity and they are fused together into helium atoms right this process gives off photons which are particles of the light essentially but these are extremely high energy photons called gamma rays now the sun is so dense the material in the sun is so dense at the core that this light if it tries to travel anywhere it hits another atom and it hits and it gets it gets absorbed then it's emitted again and before it can go whenever it gets absorbed again this happen again this happens again and again and again so essentially what I'm saying is that a photon that is


what I'm saying is that a photon that is born in the core of the Sun in the interior of the interior of the Sun takes between a hundred thousand to a million years or maybe more to exit the sun wow wow my God and then it takes it just eight minutes to reach the Earth and give this planet life yes and give it culture and give it religion and all of the wars that we fight yes so the light we are seeing right now was born maybe a million or maybe more years before today it took that long for it to come out of the Sun the universe was once as dense and more dense than the Sun so it's only after it expanded to a certain limit that the first light was able to flow freely and that is the first light of the universe and the in the cold radiation that you find in outer space that 2.5 2.25 Kelvin temperature radiation is the Afterglow of that first light because the universe has expanded so much it's been stretched out


universe has expanded so much it's been stretched out and redshifted into almost nothingness but it's still there and we can measure it this has been one mind-bending episode I am sure I want to stop it at this point because the theme for this conversation was life in general what is the origins the scientific origins of Life why are we here there's going to be no answer to that question at least until the end of part two this is the end of part one another epic episode thank you and I think part two we're gonna cover everything from dinosaurs to the story of evolution to Mega fauna to possibly answering that question about what is life so thank you for another epic recording sir most welcome that's right we cut it short because it was just getting too heavy and sometimes as a podcaster I can't make content that's 10 steps ahead of the audience I can only make it eight steps ahead of the audience I know this is a very heavy episode I'm assuming that we've had AC


very heavy episode I'm assuming that we've had AC on the show so much that you guys are comfortable with him speaking about such deep Concepts in this much detail um this is one of those episodes that even I'll keep going back to over time just the kind of brush up some of my scientific Concepts because trust me the deeper you get into science the deeper you understand life and honestly the more humble you feel about your own existence make sure you don't miss part it was even more fun than this one this one was slightly more technical the slightly deeper part more episodes just like this follow us on Spotify every episode's available on Spotify 48 hours before it's available anywhere else in the world give me some scientists recommendations drop your comments and don't miss part to everybody I'll see you later [Music]


like in this Valley Civilization most of it is in Pakistan a lot of it is in India unfortunately most of it that is in India is still underground in fact I am working on an excavation in rakhi gari the entire Village is on a mount and on top of that mount is a heavily populated Village it also had a port which is found in Gujarat called lothal if you go to the National Archives of India and you see the the library of texts okay take 9 to 10th century and you see the variety that came out sheerism brahmanism vaishnavism shakta Buddhist jainas just their variety of texts the philosophy that came out of India it was mind-bogglingly deep I cannot tell you Randy I used to come out of my classes and my brain was exhausted in places like Cambodia Thailand Indonesia Japan even alike why did they build a big Vishnu Temple anchor what before a Vishnu Temple was built in Cambodia they worshiped


Temple was built in Cambodia they worshiped Shiva for 200 years so why did they switch to Vishnu immediately and why did Vishnu not stick around because as soon as that particular King died they suddenly switched to Tantric Buddhism why this was one of the most fun conversations of the year and therefore it became one of my favorite conversations of the year because we went extremely deep with the conversation but in a bit of a light-hearted way we debated some points and overall at the end of this episode I was left a much more enriched human being with much more enriched perspectives especially when it comes to history the people who have the biggest say in the world of historical debate according to me archaeologists who dedicate the entire life to understanding the past of humankind this one's a fantastic mind-bending episode Anika man is on the runway show for the first time because she's definitely a TRS All-Star and I use that statement with a lot of caution not everyone's


that statement with a lot of caution not everyone's a TRS all stuff we've probably got five or six cumulatively and she's one of five or six best guests that we've had on the show you'll know why at the end of this particular episode for more episodes just like this make sure you follow us on Spotify for Spotify Spotify exclusive which means that every episode is available on Spotify 48 hours before it's available anywhere else in the world and come on breaking down history on the ranveer show enjoy yourselves [Music] thank you honey come on I'm so pumped about this conversation now you get to see the real run weird because I've been holding back like [ __ ] since we've been talking outside my God teach me about archeology in history what's up hey man how are you doing thanks for having me that sounds so good good where do you actually begin this subject of archeology though you know in pre-history I think which means a lot you take it way way way back the


a lot you take it way way way back the first time man found another man's things you know wow I never thought of that that is how archeology began the first time man found another man's things wow which is supposedly been which is supposedly went oh well I cannot tell I think the first recorded man finding another man's thing comes from the colonialists um take India for example uh the archaeological Survey of India is the main archaeological Vanguard of the country the institution of the country right but it was founded by the British who was the British who was this guy called Alexander Cunningham he wasn't an archaeologist he was a British officer but what what made him an archaeologist he was actually a treasure hunter right so he went around on a hathi on UT you know on an elephant on a camel all around the country from Kashmir to kanyakumari he was the guy who found both Gaia when he found both Gaya both Gaya was not Buddhist it was it was


both Gaya was not Buddhist it was it was by it was inhabited by Shiva worshipers growing trees on the Pinnacles of the temple but he found it but he didn't find it as something oh I'm going to find it and preserve it he's like oh my God what a treasure I found so let's get these Treasures safeguarded so that we can keep it who was we the institution at the time so that's how archeology essentially began finding Treasures yeah are there still a lot of treasures left to be found oh so many countless Treasures shipwrecks um you know um so I run a project called Global explorer that does satellite remote sensing for archeology or in short space archeology it looks at you you look at Uber satellite view imagery on your phone right all of that is satellite imagery so when you look at satellite imagery from the top and you come down to the Earth and you look under the surface of the Earth you find uh and part of


surface of the Earth you find uh and part of our project we found that only 10 of archeology has been discovered what is archeology it is the history of humans human history the true extent of human history has not yet been uncovered and India is number one in being old okay we are like absolutely number one in being old anywhere you dig you will find something um so yeah you know there's a lot of people who believe that India's number one in being old because of Indian Pride okay but if we just break away from Indian pride and patriotism for a minute and actually look at the science of it is it because we're sort of an equatorial country and when the ice ages happened uh like it's a possibility that our land wasn't covered by the ice you know there is some truth to what you're saying because there's this book called early Indians written by this guy called Tony Joseph right he's not an archaeologist or an anthropologist but he did a good job in


an anthropologist but he did a good job in collecting facts from secondary sources primarily so I'm not a big fan of secondary sources secondary sources are if you've written a book I'm quoting you but what you've written a book you have read the shastras you've gone to the site that's primary sources first-hand information's primary sources your interpretation of those are is secondary sources so when Tony Joseph wrote that book early Indians he was writing about the earliest humans in India and the one conclusion that he came up to was that India was always heavily populated so I think it could match your theory of like during the Ice Age you know was it more convenient for people to flourish in big numbers in India because of the kind of climactic conditions that existed I would say yes but if you actually study the geography of the globe like where in a tropical Zone subtropical yeah subtropical yeah but doesn't that like patch spread across the whole globe yes so why don't we look at Iran


globe yes so why don't we look at Iran Mesopotamia these places that share um latitude with us yeah as equally populated actually they also have been equally populated and if you look at the earliest interactions of the earliest civilizations they're very much Iran Mesopotamia India Egypt and why is that it's because of that subtra not tropical but subtropical region that they existed in why do we love the Mediterranean so much because the climate is so congenial to all times of the year so in India also while like I come from Delhi where we have four distinct Seasons whereas you come from Bombay which has one season with a dash of rain and with a dash of coal I mean sweatshirt coal right so um over here you could nicely exist throughout the year no problem it suits all climates um so that that logic holds true for subtropical areas where it's convenient to be living long term in this area without moving you know like in Mongolia people would go to warmer


know like in Mongolia people would go to warmer terrains in the summer in the winter and stay in colder terrains in the summer you know so we don't have that in India people don't need to buy although the British when they came to India when they came to Delhi they formed their summer capitals in the Hills because they couldn't take the heat so yeah um but again why is India considered the oldest when actually even probably Mesopotamian regions like which I'm assuming is Iran they're contemporary okay it was at the same time Mesopotamia and Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan civilization were contemporary they were trading with each other we have Mesopotamian seals in our country we have Indus Valley Civilization seals in Mesopotamia Iran played a very big role I mean Iran came up a little bit later because they were still hunter-gatherer nomadic for a long time in fact if you look at how the Mughal Empire was formed in India and how Iran played Iran was like you know


India and how Iran played Iran was like you know how the Vatican is for the Christians so for the Muslims who are coming to India Iran played that role of the high Capital the high culture right so they were nomadic for a long time till they came to India and settled and if you look at the history of India everyone was in Sir Christopher Columbus he got lost and then he found America but where was he going to he was coming to India every route map wanted to come to India not only in the early civilized earliest civilization but up to the most contemporary civilizations they want to come to India WhatsApp is making big business in India everyone even big businesses want to come to India right now there's something about the popular the consistent population of India the climate of India the richness of the land of India and by that I mean minerals everything that you need in life you have in this country we're actually very fortunate um [Music] parallel Breakaway uh you know the Indian military is supposed to


uh you know the Indian military is supposed to be like one of the most high quality militaries in the world just because of the variety of terrains in this country and the variety of situations which also probably makes it conducive for all the things that you're saying that it's like a bunch of countries built into one country correct uh which is just geography yeah an outcome of geography in saying that because this is our English podcast uh I don't want to dive too deeply into India I feel like we'll do that on a Hindi conversation uh I want to get like a bit of a world view from an archaeologist's eyes so what is uh the consensus on the human story like everyone knows this thing about how Homo sapiens originated in Africa common sapiens sapiens yeah Homo sapiens and then Homo sapiens sapiens yeah you need to explain that as well as a part of your answer so if if early man originated in Africa they went into the Gulf and


originated in Africa they went into the Gulf and then into India yeah is that a correct way of looking at things and then I'm assuming this happened over like thousands of years and people gradually settled then moved on yes um so could you could you kind of dictate that entire story in terms of the first time a homo sapien was born to a monkey well you know in the beginning of this podcast I said only 10 of human history has ever been found right everything that we know about us as humans uh we have put together from everything that we have found from the past and if everything that we found from the past is only 10 of what existed in the past so most of our information is conceived it's like how we know about space right we don't know enough about space it's vast it's hidden it's not visible to the naked eye same thing with archeology same thing with the human history you know it's not visible to us uh we have not found all the evidence


to us uh we have not found all the evidence what we've put together the consensus the global consensus that we come up to that yes most evidence has been found in Africa humans existed in Africa there were multiple great migrations that happened how do we know that that how do we know that it actually originated in Africa no we I don't think we should ever in terms of History I don't think we should ever make strong statements that this is a fact we should say this is a fact for now because this is what we found now we could find something later that could change the course of our understanding of human history and we need to be open to that like we could all be parts of alien races just coming together on this one this thing is such a trigger for most archaeologists you know I always say this so I remember I was sitting in Goa one day and I had this huge debate and I got reminded of ancient times in India when the Buddhists and the


times in India when the Buddhists and the Hindus like shankaracharya debating with the Buddhists you know trying to say that what is valid in philosophy and all of this so I was having this philosophical debate with a gentleman in Goa who had gone deep into this whole alien theory in archeology and human civilization and I kept repeating one thing I said you know I would love to accept your perspective if you give me hard evidence not circumstantial evidence now what is circumstantial evidence circumstantial evidence is oh you look like you have curly hair could you be South Indian that is circumstantial evidence but what is hard evidence is if I take your DNA and do an ancestry scientific analysis on you then I say oh maybe you are South Indian right so that is the difference between circumstance so this whole alien theory is full of circumstantial I don't think think there's any evidence actually it's all theories right and I said this is the one thing that grinds


and I said this is the one thing that grinds my guess that that um that makes me not accept what you're saying is that you're totally discounting the human feet the whole theory of aliens coming here that oh my God this building is so odd we can't make it now so maybe humans didn't make them at all aliens made them I am not so I'm not going to accept that analogy so easily I think humans are capable of great things they build forts and cabins on top of completely difficult terrains right Machu Picchu the pyramids right you come to India they are they are carving out uh a thousand lingas on the Tunga badra riverbed you know somewhere near hampi um and if you say that no humans cannot do this they're not capable of it I'm I'm not gonna accept that so easily I think we're capable of great things yeah okay let's let's come back to that Ancient Man uh Theory so where the world of archeology stands right


Theory so where the world of archeology stands right now it's a universal assumption that it began in Africa yeah why has that become an assumption like I'm actually just trying to learn I'm not doubting it I'm just trying to understand I still wouldn't call it an assumption I think I would change that word into those that is the evidence we have so that's the fact that we are with right now those facts lead us to that conclusion but as we discover more like for example earlier this year there were prehistoric caves that were found in India just outside Delhi near faridabad now ranges they're the oldest mountain ranges of the world essentially right the shortest Hills but the oldest mountain ranges because completely windy eroded and they found prehistoric paintings over there so what is the evidence of the kind of man that lived there now that those caves don't have any bone fragments or anything so we can't tell anything about the people that live there but when we look at


the people that live there but when we look at the paintings and the drawings inside the caves what we can positively say is that they had a mind and they had an imagination right so everything that we say about very very very early man is based on a very a small set of data sets so we we are what we are trying to do here you and I is romanticizing those small data sets and say that oh man came from Africa I say what we know right now is man came from Africa but man could have emerged in different parts of the world as well because the climactic conditions of Africa as they were they did exist in other parts of the world now div depends on the now why do we have so much evidence from Africa do you know why because when Africa was partitioned by the colonialists and they went there they investigated the land in that way but certain countries that did not have colonialists coming there they are not investigated in that way so the way we write um so many


that way so the way we write um so many parts of Southeast Asia Papua New Guinea for example uh Sumatra you know Indonesia Cambodia Thailand still did see the colonialists the French the the British the Portuguese coming in over there but there are so many islands of this country that have broken away from the main landmass that still have human civilization living there the Andaman Central in nice Island I can never pronounce that right but they have the most um pure human civilization uh human kind living there I don't want to call it civilization because we don't know much about them right um so but we haven't investigated that so how can we jump to those conclusions when we don't have the entire range of evidence that can positively say that this is in fact the only fact we could have multiple facts and 90 of history is either lost or not found yet lost not found destroyed because of urbanization you know all of that um so you know when you actually see a cross section of the Earth


when you actually see a cross section of the Earth the crust of the earth is probably just like an eggshell yeah like as thin as an eggshell and then the yolk and the egg white is inside correct which is the magma Etc yeah now just in that egg shell is there still a lot to be dug up oh huge amounts huge amounts let me give you an example when Delhi Delhi has been a capital of the Indian civilized the South Asian civilization for a long time a seat of capital starting from indraprastha you know going to the Mughal Capital going to the British Capital going to the current day contemporary capital and many rules in the current day contemporary Capital have happened as well just recently we saw India Gate completely the central Vista completely revitalized it was recently open looks beautiful but that area of Delhi the central Delhi area is so rich with evidence you go to Old Fort purana Kila in Delhi when you enter Old Fort in Delhi you go up a


you enter Old Fort in Delhi you go up a hill why is there a hill in Delhi Hill comes on Hill comes on the Western Southern side of Delhi but here why it's on a hill because it's on a mound it is one of the most important excavation sites for Delhi you go down to pre-history so when you when you dig through purana killer and you have a the ASR has a museum called the archaeological site Muse Museum over there when you dig down you see the you know like rings on a tree you see layers of human history there you know so yeah uh the the crust is full of let's not even just call it human activity it's full of living activity dinosaurs everything right dinosaurs mammoths um you know Tigers different kind of animals that are now extinct we don't know anything about them it is the crust that holds all of them their bones are decomposing their teeth their hair are decomposing within that and in this decomposing layer also remain


within that and in this decomposing layer also remain relics like the relics of the Buddha so when the Buddha died what did they do they took different parts of the why why did we build stupas what has tupas can you go inside there and there's a big Hall inside no it is a structure of Stucco brick and stone that has a small little room underneath it you know the stupa comes like a sphere and there's a line that goes down to sure there's a small room underneath it and in that room you keep a relic either a hair of the Buddha himself the tooth of the Buddha and when Ashoka came to power he took it out from where it was originally housed and then redistributed it around the country sanchistupa even up to Thailand they have relics of the Buddha so I come to the Buddha because not only do humans have rituals of putting and stashing away their things but even animals when they die when a dog


things but even animals when they die when a dog dies what does a dog do I don't know if you've ever had a pet but I'm a crazy dog lady so a dog when it feels sick it always goes in a corner and sits you've seen it in the movies and the dog is dying you know it goes into the forest and hides so it wants to pass away in peace so imagine as living beings have come about in how many corners have how many lives been lived and how many lives have been stashed away in the ground you know intense and we're just getting started yeah um we spoke about how it's possibly originated in Africa human life um this whole thing about migration of man all across the globe Etc I've read so much about it lately especially keeping this global warming and Global freezing or global cooling periods in mind uh I mean and please correct me if I'm wrong but the basic theory is that the Earth keeps going into warming and


is that the Earth keeps going into warming and cooling periods certainly which dictate water levels on the earth which hides and exposes land masses absolutely for example uh where North America is connected to Russia right now uh it's just a thin piece of land right now I think it's barely even land it's just water right now yeah but it actually used to be a connected landmass a massive landmass and the human migration happened that way that what said is that they originated Out of Africa came to India spread all over Asia then went into North America and went up to South America and Europe also happened bad really yeah uh is that accurate and have they been able to predict this human migration because of uh kind of finding out the timelines of relics that are found I think it's geography and history that goes together if you if you figure out the history of geography that means you see how land masses have also evolved on their own how ridges are found how clefs are formed


own how ridges are found how clefs are formed how Cliffs are formed how okay you're talking about Russia and America in 2017 I took a 9 000 kilometer road trip around this country by myself right I went to you know where India connects with Sri Lanka uh that area is very similar you know uh to what you're talking about between Russia and um America because there uh where the RAM setu and all they say right I don't know about that about the Ram setu or anything but I can say that the landmass over there is so shallow that up to the most recent past Sri Lanka and India were connected visibly you see uh that area is called dhanushkoti dhanushkodi is close to a small town called rameshwaram where apj Abdul Kalam came from rameshwaram is a holy city and then dhanushkodi was a Portuguese uh sorry a Dutch um Outpost and in uh earlier times when the Dutch was there a terrible tsunami came and totally washed that


a terrible tsunami came and totally washed that place off now that place looks like a dystopic landmass absolutely stunning I cannot tell you how beautiful India is by the way when I took this trip around this country but when I went there I remember to go to that area we had to go via an RTV bus you know those High um suspension buses on an RTV bus to that area in the water and while I was on that bus I saw in a distance about it it felt like about two kilometers out in the water there was a man in his Lungi folded up just walking on the water it looked like he was walking on the water but the water is so shallow so the history of geography plays a very important role in understanding movement of living creatures for that matter does it also play a role in explaining things like Atlantis hey man let's talk about dwarka because like recently in India of the Gujarat course there are so many cities that have so much actually


there are so many cities that have so much actually recently in the news so many cities have emerged out of the water because water has just dried out you know uh close to them so um you know when I was a child I used to love the story of Atlantis you'll have to give the people a 101 on the story on the story of Atlantis it's a mythical realm that drowned underwater after long time short story but I can give you a story about Indian Atlantis that is dwarka right just off the course of Gujarat it was um a city a well-planned city that could have been a dockyard a huge trading port for the country essentially with the rest of the world especially Africa and Europe and Central Asia and all of that that eventually got submerged underwater um I currently work with the archaeological Survey of India and underwater archeology is a big priority for us where you need to go underwater and see what is there how what is the extent of that land mass how big


what is the extent of that land mass how big did India look in the past or how different did it look in the past why are you saying priority priority because it is a I mean it's the main what is the Mandate of the archaeological Survey of India it's three things exploration excavation conservation so exploration of the underwater Heritage also is a priority for the country there aren't so many experts in Marine archeology actually when I did my first Masters I studied the school of Oriental and African studies I went there primarily because they had a course in Marine archeology unfortunately for me I think but unfortunately for me the professor who was teaching it went on a sabbatical so I actually ended up specializing in esoteric Indian religions or Tantra in South Asia and Southeast Asia so yeah is dwarka and all these like submerged parts of India a point of interest for the global world of archeology as well like are they looking at this particular region of the world


are they looking at this particular region of the world as the next big historical digging site not as I wouldn't call it the next big but a very important site of Interest so we have a terminology in archeology called AI area of Interest right uh why are they important first of all because they're the first Connecting Point with other civilizations dwarka that could have been submerged right now could have been a point a port where other people were interacting with India so from that global perspective they play a very critical role like Indus Valley Civilization most of it is in Pakistan a lot of it is in India unfortunately most of it that is in India is still underground in fact I'm working on an uh excavation in rakhi gari rakhi gari is in Hisar in haryana and it's a village the entire Village is on a mound that means the entire Village lives on a civilization that existed probably uh 10 000 BCE now we call it uh before Common Era early it


now we call it uh before Common Era early it used to be before Christ but now we call it before Common Era and CE instead of a d is called Common Era so 1000 BCE the people that were staying there you know um that area has filled up with dust so thus there is a mound that is found and on top of that mound is a heavily populated Village and we are conducting excavations over there so the reason I'm talking about Indus Valley civilizations because that is the first civilization of India that had Direct contacts with the rest of the world it also had a Port which is found in Gujarat called lothal so places like lothal that were receiving people from Mesopotamia from Central Asia and from where all we don't even have the evidence because we can't read the Harappan script right otherwise we would know a lot more information um they serve a very important role in showing human interactions you see human interactions that are transcontinental wow okay um why are we


that are transcontinental wow okay um why are we taught in history textbooks that it's only 2500 or 3000 years old like I remember these numbers and I remember reading them in fifth standard thinking to myself that you honestly can't be that uh short if Ancient Man apparently originated three lakh years ago yeah you know a textbooks simplify information for what can be absorbed I don't mean to justify what's what information is in our textbook but it is very um subjective to the audience right but once you get into Academia and you really truly get into history right and history is one of those subjects it's either for you or it's not if it either makes you sleep or stay up at night right for me it made me stay up at night um for some people space makes them stay up and because the vastness of it is so Grand right so I see history in the same way the vastness of it the Uncharted Territory of it is so Grand but still it's in our control


it is so Grand but still it's in our control we're still here we don't need a rocket ship to go there you know so it it really gets me very excited um but what I said in the beginning we have 10 of the evidence that we need to truly understand our origin story so when you condense that for a eighth standard kid or if standard kit you really are giving very basic information and the most legitimate information that is more information comes out the person has the capability of expanding their interpretative skills but at least let us give them most basic like the earliest evidence of civilization of man early history of man and civilizational history of man have a big gap and that Gap is not because early man was not civilized or was a barbarian is because maybe we don't have so much evidence if you go to the cave paintings that are found around the world the quality of them is so fantastic you see Bisons and the way they they make cattle they make bow wines they


they they make cattle they make bow wines they make up you know animals of prey in the kind of detail that they make it and the way they show that man together are hunting and gathering in those paintings I think there is a certain organizational level that we are not um you know revealing so much because we just don't have the information for it it's all interpretative right so yeah okay fair does the world of archeology now uh still believe that uh in terms of the geography of the Indus Valley Civilization that it was around the north India and Pakistan area because I think I read somewhere that apparently now they're discovering that even places like Banaras which are far more on the East were existing at the same time as the Indus Valley uh civilization as in what we're told was the Indus Valley Civilization yam the Indus Valley Civilization spread in India is very vast most of it is unexcavated sites or mildly excavated sites uh rakhi gari is


mildly excavated sites uh rakhi gari is one of them dhola Vira I want to talk about dholavira for a second okay because it also comes near a sea area it is on the india-pakistan border in Gujarat you know the place ran of Kutch right it's a salt desert probably the most difficult place for not only man to live but man to grow food to eat or drink water but right in the center of this desert back in 2000 or even 1 500 BCE not only did man stay there but built a citadel built an entire civilization learned technique to filter salty water uh we have water all around us but not a drop to drink that's what you see about say about ocean water but they found a way to filter out that water grow food create uh trade objects and set up an entire city there how did they do that when I went to dholavira I went there for a week-long survey with my team from America within the first day evening my heal


from America within the first day evening my heal store you know when you have too much dry your skin cracks my heel stores I wondered how did Man live here so many many many many many years ago and it baffles like it blew my mind about the human capability so that's when people say oh you know in the middle of a salt desert someone has come and set up an entire maybe aliens did it I was like no man that's just rude you know come on like I think we can do this right so it really is um human history goes back and back but again I cannot say this enough what we found is so little the theories that we're trying to weave are so Grand that maybe we found a lot more they would be even grander right okay do you believe in this whole Consciousness Revolution that apparently happened I think it was in 25 000 BCE where suddenly cultures are developing I think I read about it in sapiens if I'm not I think


about it in sapiens if I'm not I think cultures started developing far earlier than that if you look at prehistoric cave paintings uh not only in India but around the world and the way they flourished right um there is a beautiful mind that is creating them so I think humans and their mind and their intellectual power their knowledge their thirst for newer experiences existed right when they started hunting I think you know to hunt an animal that looks much bigger than you takes a lot of guards you know even if it is a herbivore for that matter even if you're hunting like a grass eating animal but it's larger than you it's uh stronger than you it's probably a herd animal most herbivores are herd animals but for man to think that I'm going to kill this and I'm gonna eat this while he is with his friends is a grand idea so Consciousness I think developed very very early on but this is just my personal opinion what is this Theory though because


just my personal opinion what is this Theory though because I think even Graham Hancock has spoken about this on Joe Rogan's podcast he said that he's attributed this expansion of the human mind to psychedelics like Ayahuasca magic mushrooms these things I've had both experiences I've had an Ayahuasca experience I've had a psilocybin experience with shamans I felt like a different person after both and I can totally understand where this Theory comes from because I've seen the changes in my own mind higher levels of self-assurance higher levels of creativity Etc I'm not recommending that people go for these things but in saying that I want to ask you if you believe that psychedelics have actually played a role in The Human Experience so in India for example uh you're a yoga practitioner right Consciousness is the main thing that a lot of yoga practice helps expand tap into breathing exercises clear your mind uh breathing exercise and certain yoga uh varieties can open up your mind and take


uh varieties can open up your mind and take you to transformative transcendental meditative States right if you use breathe pure oxygen for 10 minutes you could get high right um so talking about just Consciousness and expanding that certainly if you have the Right Aid you could do that man has been doing that for a long time whether it's using drugs or whether it's using just air around you and your body practice um other than that when you go to the text when you do a Hoven for example in Hindu rituals we have a heaven and we put water gangajal uh you offer it to the gods and stuff like that there was a term that was used for it called soma right there are certain brands that are called soma right now but Soma was uh considered by most Scholars and I say Scholars not only High Scholars here in India but also indologists indology by the way is the study of India through its primary texts you do not uh study about India from anything


texts you do not uh study about India from anything else other than what was written in India by the person not his scribe but by the person which is what like right yoga Sutra umiti um all the sadhana manuals the ramayana the Mahabharata are actually other kind of texts they are like prose and poetry essentially but philosophical deeply philosophical texts that came out from kashmiri chevism from Banaras from South India you know so many texts I mean if you go to the National Archives of India and you see the the library of texts just in one century period okay take nine to ten century and you you see the variety that came out from him and forget Hinduism brahmanism vaishnavism shakta Buddhist jainas just their variety of texts so I studied indology right I went to the University of Oxford did an M Phil In classical Indian religion where my main study was reading Sanskrit and translating manuscripts over there so when you study that and you


over there so when you study that and you see human philosophy like the philosophy that came out of India it was mind-bogglingly deep I cannot tell you Randy I used to come out of my classes and my brain was exhausted because in one shloka the depth that it took you to the human mind of understanding your Consciousness this whole practice if you just go into Indian texts of understanding consciousness of breaking it down unpacking it it will blow your mind like for example what like in terms of I'm sure this happened at least five years ago my um uh Oxford um it happened 2015. [Music] [ __ ] ten years ago man I've stayed in your head like they they are my life's principles essentially so let me give you an example yeah one of my favorite Scholars is this scholar called abhinava Gupta from Kashmir he functioned in the 19th century he wrote a very important books called the Tantra Sara and the Tantra loka he talked about


Sara and the Tantra loka he talked about shebism he was a worshiper of Lord Shiva is he alive he functioned in the 19th century oh yeah okay sorry Gupta sounds like a modern so yeah no no no no no no he is very different than that um but he wrote this text and this is what I studied when I was at Oxford we were translating this text and he talked about kashmiri shebism kashmiri chefism what is chevism is the worship of the cult of Shiva and all his Associated deities Ganesha Parvati all of that and in that he formulated a theory and I'm not going to get into it right now because it's too deep and also one needs to understand how does one practice and study their religion you have to be initiated into it they're different ways right but he came up with this theory of the three kashyapism right where he placed the female identity very much at the center of the male identity okay now let's


at the center of the male identity okay now let's take this is a philosophy okay this is the mind now let's look at material culture what things we can see tangible things if you see an index structure it is generally pyramidal in nature never Square do you ever see a square temple in India no even buddhistam both Gaya it's triangular almost phallic there is another kind of Temple that is called the yogini temple or the female Temple you know how it is it is circular the parliament of India you've seen the Parliament building it's circular it is designed after the yogini temple the yogini temple is circular and the male Temple is phallic and that is the union that leads to Creation you see this is a philosophy that India made into 3D now when we look at these temples around us right um you look at any important Temple okay if you look at the South Indian temples you look at the East Indian temples you look at the West Indian


the East Indian temples you look at the West Indian temples you look at the jaina temples which are they don't have so many gods and goddesses outside them but they are highly geometrical psychedelically geometrical but each design has a very vital meaning of philosophy behind it you look at the kajrao temples we talk about the khajra temples a lot you know the imagery out there the they have nothing on the odisha temples if you go to konak the vantage point of the absolutely outrageous sexual imagery that exists on that and the angle that you can see from and what the sculpture is making you see and why is it outside and not inside the temple there's very deep meaning behind it and this is the deep meaning that sex is just a fringe layer of life and then as you go in sex leads to Creation number one and yes sex is part of normal life everyday life so what you see outside the temple is essentially a cosmology of activities


the temple is essentially a cosmology of activities of gods of goddesses of methunna couples you know couples in Amorous love and all of that it is a representation a of our society but be also for universe that churns the ocean in such a way that leads to the austerity of the central sanctum inside a temple when you go to the very Central sanctum inside the temple you'll see it is the most simple the most unadorned space you know it looks like a kutia you know like how old houses may have been completely no design just a deity in the center and a deep in front of it why it is because when you look outside the grandness of it leads you inside to The Silence of the god right but you look at Greece for example you could be standing right in the center of the Parthenon right which is pillars pillars pillars but you feel like you can't see it you have to go far and see it that's when you see the


go far and see it that's when you see the entire cosmology of it but in an Indian temple for example you have to keep it keeps drawing you in because outside there is this replete imagery but there's so much that you have to come close and focus on it and once you focus on it and you go around what do you do what is the ritual of going to a temple you go to a temple you bow your head you look for a Ganesha statue you put your right shoulder to the Ganesha statue and then you go around the temple once you go around and circum ambient is the process of circumambulation you go around the temple then you go inside the temple then you spend a moment in the mandapa of the temple that is the outside Terrace of the inside inner sanctum you stand there you pray to the god you go inside and then you pray to the god what is the main thing that you do to the to while you praying to the god


do to the to while you praying to the god you do darshan right they always say I'm going to do darshan what is darshan you look at the eyes of the god when a temple is made for example the last ritual that is done to open the temple to the public is incising the eyes of the God because you are supposed to look into the eyes of the god and make your prayers that is for the Common Man the initiate however and depends on the level of initiates right um uh has a different form of practice as well and depends on the realm that you are from are you a shakta are you a Sheva are you a vaishnava are you do you say Jai Shri Ram do you say om namah shivaya or do you say Ma you know because you're an Indian archaeologist um working with the archaeological Survey of India I'm assuming you've gone to a lot of temples all over the country uh have there been temples where parts of them are not allowed to


been temples where parts of them are not allowed to be excavated or not allowed to be explored yeah there are what is the reason for that instability of the structure okay there's nothing like you know how in uh they say that the pyramids you unlock a part of it and curses get unlocked there's one in India also no there's a temple in the South yeah temple in the South where there is walls of wealth inside it gold wealth and all of that and the door looks like it's a very cursed door I've not been to that site myself I also think that's a bit of a conspiracy theory but there are several parts I mean see so okay this is a joke we make in the ASI they say it bhangar fort in Jaipur is haunted right nothing happened to that man there is a guard there's a security guy there every single day day and night nothing happened to him but yet you know there are certain having said that I'll say another thing Angkor Wat which


said that I'll say another thing Angkor Wat which is the largest temple in the world in it's in Cambodia um the way the temple was made okay there are many things I want to say about that Temple but the way the temple is made there was this one scholar called Eleanor Monica she did a study on the movement of energy around the temple she measured that Temple and she found the temple to have very precise um Dimensions very precise down to the decimal you know and then when you go to a temple like I said earlier you circumambulate the temple so when a flow of people of devoted devotees happens constantly over decades and over centuries in a certain way energy gets channelized right so she even took scientific instruments over there to measure is there a certain energy movement of energy and she did find that so like I said earlier there are various forces that exist beyond our capability to access and we must test use our signs to see if they they


must test use our signs to see if they they do exist in that way so there are many places that we can't go to because they are unstable um there are many places we can't go to because people's beliefs are so strong that you cannot make it a scientific inquiry lab you have to allow continuity of worship or whatever so yeah that happens all the time one supplemental question here is are there uh secret or hidden Chambers in a bunch of these temples slash places of worship there are many chambers that are shut to the public for example in the Red Fort the most beautiful part of the Red Fort is the Queen's hamam it is the most delicately carved marble of the Queen's Bath and nobody's allowed to go there and why it's because the marble is so soft over there that if General traffic got there all the time it would all crack and you know gray and it would just disintegrate so there are many chambers in many places the other thing is


many chambers in many places the other thing is in a lot of Mughal monuments in and around Delhi you know even if you go as far as Sunni path some of them came up with tunnels that lead all the way to Delhi you see and those chambers are shut for example right they're shot for security reasons and stuff like that so there are many things like that but if you're talking about are they shut because of spiritual inhabitation or some kind of metaphysical reasons at the ASI we believe not uh at the ASI we put things out of access primarily to conserve them and to stabilize the monument gotcha um okay we just spoke about God and the metaphysical realm and everything that's outside the material run this mic you and me Human Society human civilization what I've understood is you do believe in some sort of a higher power or things beyond what the eyes can see your ears can hear etc etc uh we're getting into history is the vastness of