Pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in the neonate and in the child. 1. Pharmacokinetic of carbamazepine were made in 7 new-borns and in 5 children. They were hospitalized for epilepsy and were receiving drugs such as phenobarbital alone or in association with other antiepileptic drugs, but not with carbamazepine. 2. The drug was given by oral route with a mean dose of 17.2 mg.kg-1. 3. The determination of carbamazepine concentration in serum was made by gas liquid chromatography on a 50 microliter sample. 4. A one compartment body model was used to determine the pharmacokinetic constants with first order rate constants for absorption and elimination. 5. Absorption was generally delayed by about half an hour, the maximum concentrations ranging from 3.14 to 10 microgram.ml-1 at 2 and 9 hr after administration. The mean half-life for absorption was 1.42 +/- 0.34 hr. The mean half-life for elimination was 8.76 +/- 0.85 hr. The half-life for elimination was much shorter than those already described even in multiple dosing epileptic adult patients. The pharmacokinetic parameters were used to predict blood levels in chronic treatment in 3 children. The predicted steady state concentrations disagreed with the concentrations measured.


Nummular eczema of statis origin. The backbone of a morphologic pattern of diverse etiology. A total of 113 patients with nummular eruptions of unknown origin were collected over a period of 8 years. This number was reduced to 82 patients by exclusion of known clinical entities which became unmasked during the study. All 82 patients were found to have varicose veins and/or edema of the lower extremities. Autoeczematization may be the common denominator.


Immunologic and gastrointestinal abnormalities in dermatitis herpetiformis. Eighty patients with untreated dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) were studied. The final diagnosis was made after completion of immunofluorescence (IF) studies of the skin, iodine provocation tests and gastrointestinal investigations. IgA deposits in the skin and the HLA-DRw3 B-cell alloantigen can be demonstrated in nearly all cases of DH. Positive iodine provocation test and gastrointestinal abnormalities are present in about 78% of the cases. For diagnostic purposes tissue typing and intestinal biopsy is of value in addition to IF studies of the skin.


Zosteriform inflammatory metastatic carcinoma. A 57-year-old man presented with chest wall lesions and swelling of his left arm. The rapid onset of vesicular lesions in a dermatomal distribution resulted in an initial diagnosis of herpes zoster. Cutaneous biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma and further evaluation revealed a primary source of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Lymphatic spread of tumor cells is the most likely source of the zosteriform skin lesions, but other possibilities are discussed.


Subcutaneous chromomycotic abscesses caused by Phialophora gougerotii. Subcutaneous chromomycotic absesses due to phialophora gougerotii in a 50-year-old woman were characterized by subcutaneous abscesses adhering together through fistulous tracts, rupturing and leaving black crusts over multiple sinuses mimicking mycetoma. Reinfection occurred in contaminated excised lesions. Intradermal inoculation in different anemic patients caused abscesses in 14 days and healed without therapy in eight weeks. No spreading to other organs was found after intraperitoneal inoculation of mice for eight weeks.


Enzymatic dtermination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with gamma-cyanoaminobutyric acid aposynthase. A rapid alternative method is presented for the determination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P). The method involves the colorimetric analysis of thiocyanate liberated from S-cyanohomocysteine (Hcy (CN)) in the presence of cyanide when catalyzed by the pyridoxal-P dependent enzyme, gamma-cyano-alpha-aminobutyric acid (gamma-CNabu)-synthase (Hcy (CN) thiocyano-lyase [adding CN]). The rate of formation of thiocyanate is determined by the increase in absorbance at 470 nm on treatment of the enzymatic reaction mixture with FeCl3.


Side reactions in peptide synthesis. X. Prevention of O-acylation during coupling with active esters. Acylation of the hydroxyl groups in the side chains of serine, threonine or tyrosine occurs in coupling with active esters. This side reaction, which is quite pronounced in histidine-containing peptides, can be prevented with additives. From a series of compounds tested, 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol were the most effective.


Solid phase synthesis without repetitive acidolysis. Preparation of leucyl-alanyl-glycyl-valine using 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylamino acids. The utility of repetitive nonhydrolytic base cleavage of alpha-amino protective groups in solid phase peptide synthesis is shown by a preparation of the model tetrapeptide leucyl-alanyl-glycyl-valine on a p-benzyloxybenzyl ester polystyrene--1% divinylbenzene resin support. Nalpha-9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc: Carpino & Han, 1970, 1972) amino acids were coupled by the symmetrical anhydride procedure, followed by Fmoc group cleavage using 50% piperidine in methylene chloride. Quantitative removal of the Fmoc-tetrapeptide from the solid support was effected by treatment with 55% trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride. Homogeneous free tetrapeptide was obtained in 87% overall yield. The procedure is proposed to offer advantages over present solid phase methods which use acidolysis for repetitive alpha-amino group deblocking.


[21-arginine-A] insulin: a biologically active analog. An analog of sheep insulin which differs from the parent molecule in that the C-terminal amino acid residue of the A chain, asparagine, is replaced by arginine, has been synthesized and isolated in highly purified form. The [Arg21] A chain of sheep insulin was synthesized by the fragment condensation approach and isolated as the  S-sulfonated derivative. Conversion of the latter into the sulfhydryl form and interaction with the S-sulfonated B chain of bovine (sheep) insulin yielded [Arg21-A] sheep insulin, which was purified by chromatography on a carboxymethylcellulose column with an exponential sodium chloride gradient. The [Arg21-A] sheep insulin shows potencies of 10.5--12.5 IU/mg when assayed by the mouse convulsion method and 8.6 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay method (cf. 23--25 IU/mg for the natural hormone). It has been suggested that in the insulin molecule the A21 asparagine participates in salt bridge- and hydrogen bond-forming interactions which are critical in the biological activity of the hormone. Although the [Arg21-A] analog still retains these interactions, it is only ca. 50% as active as the natural hormone. It is speculated that other factors than the above mentioned interactions come into play, which involve the side chain of the A21 amino acid residue and affect the biological activity of the hormone.


The purification of peptides by partition chromatography based on a hydrophobicity scale. A study of the efficiency of partition chromatography for the purification of peptides as a function of structure has been undertaken. A series of 19 omission analogs of camel beta-endorphin and of some of its partial sequences have been synthesized with each analog missing only a single amino acid. Their chromatographic properties have been examined with use of the Martin hypothesis and the RM concept, and a hydrophobicity scale for the amino acid side chains was obtained. To a first approximation a correlation with the Tanford hydrophobicity scale for amino acids was found. A decrease in hydrophobicity has been observed with increasing chain length and is discussed in terms of column efficiencies required for the purification of synthetic peptides.


Rabbit lutropin: preparation, characterization of the hormone, its subunits and radioimmunoassay. The purification of rabbit lutropin is described. A product with a potency of 1.53 X NIH-LH-Sl was obtained as assayed by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay. In a homologous radioimmunoassay, which is described, rabbit lutropin has a potency 4.83 X NIH-LH-Sl. In a radioligand assay, utilizing labeled ovine lutropin as the trace, the relative potency was 0.47 X NIH-LH-Sl measured by 50% inhibition comparison since rabbit lutropin response in this system did not parallel ovine lutropin. A counter-current distribution procedure for separation of rabbit lutropin subunits is described. Amino acid composition of the isolated subunits and intact rabbit lutropin was determined. The carbohydrate composition of the latter is presented; only amino sugar determinations are available for the subunits. The NH2-terminal amino acids are phenylalanine (alpha subunit) and alanine (beta subunit). Preliminary data on COOH-terminal amino acids are provided.


Solid-phase active site inhibitors of proteinases. Phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone covalently attached to porous glass beads was synthesized to serve as a solid-phase active site directed inhibitor of chymotrypsin-like proteolytic enzymes. The solid-phase reagent inhibited 20 nmol of bovine chymotrypsin per gram of glass and covalently bound 30 nmol of protein per gram of glass. Sepharose-bound lysine chloromethyl ketones were synthesized to serve as inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes. Sepharose-MethionylLysyl chloromethyl ketone inactivated and bound about 6.8 nmol of enzyme per ml of settled gel. In a preliminary experiment, a cyanogen bromide cleavage of the methionine residues showed that it should be possible to release all peptides but the peptide containing the active-site histidine. The immobilized trypsin was also reduced, carboxymethylated and digested with chymotrypsin. The potential of the solid-phase approach is in the isolation of a specific serine proteinase and in the sequence determination of residues surrounding the active-site histidine.


Synthesis, characterization and fluorescence studies on N-alpha-dansylalanyllysyl trypsino (HIS-46)-methane. The 1-dimethylamino-5-naphthalene sulfonyl (dansyl) derivative of alanyllsyl chloromethane was synthesized and employed to introduce the fluorescent dansyl moiety specifically into the active site of trypsin via affinity labelling. The potential of dansylalanyllysyl chloromethane lies in its high degree of selectivity and markedly faster rate of enzyme inactivation when compared to previously synthesized, single residue affinity label chromophores. This permits the practical utilization of stoichiometric amounts of the inhibitor to achieve 100% inactivation of trypsin, even at high dilutions. The transfer of energy between the four tryptophan residues of trypsin and the bound dansyl group has been investigated in the fluorescent inhibitor-enzyme conjugate. From transfer efficiency measurements mean distances of 19.0 A and 19.3 A between the point of attachment of the dansyl group and the four tryptophan residues of trypsin have been calculated. These compare well with the mean value of 18.8 A derived from calculations based on crystallographic model studies.


The canine eye: the vessels of aqueous drainage. Lumenal castings of canine vessels of aqueous drainage, prepared by microvascular injection of room-temperature vulcanizing silicone or Batson's methacrylate corrosion compound No. 17, were viewed with a stereo dissecting microscope and by scanning electron microscopy. The pathways for aqueous drainage in the dog appear to extend radially from the interstices of the filtering meshwork, through the deep intrascleral venous plexus, to the midscleral venous circle of Hovius, which also serves choroidal venous drainage. Venous blood mixed with aqueous humor may egress the globe from the venous plexus of Hovius via the anterior ciliary vein or posterior vortex veins. The canine pathways of aqueous drainage are distinguished from those in the primate by the absence of Schlemm's canal and the intrascleral mergence of drainage routes for aqueous humor and uveal venous blood.


Elemental analysis of melanins from bovine hair, iris, choroid, and retinal pigment epithelium. According to recent theory on the structure of melanin, the sulfur content of melanin is a reflection of the amount of cysteine used in its manufacture. We compared the sulfur contents of melanins from hair, choroid, iris, and retinal pigment epithelium from black-haired cattle and separately from red-haired cattle. In black-haired cattle, sulfur contents of hair and ocular melanins were all between 0.60% and 0.94%, however, in red-haired cattle, hair melanin had a sulfur content (8.66%) different from those of choroid (0.94%) or RPE (1.72%) MELANIN. One may conclude that in an individual animal, ocular melanins can have different chemical structures from hair melanins. The clinical importance of this finding is discussed with regard to sympathetic ophthalmia.


Effect of phenylephrine on normal and regenerated endothelial cells in cat cornea. Topical commercial phenylephrine HCl (Neo-Synephrine 10%) has been shown to cause an increase in corneal thickness and reversible vacuolization of corneal endothelial cells in rabbits. Using an in vivo model of regenerated corneal endothelial cells in the cat, we compared the cytotoxicity of phenylephrine-HCl 10% to regenerated and to normal, nonregenerated cells. Following removal of the epithelium, topical application of the drug causes the appearance of anterior and posterior bands of stromal edema and reversible vacuolization in both normal and regenerated endothelial cells. Phenylephrine was not more damaging to the regenerated cells. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltrated between the regenerating cells 24 hr after treatment but did not appear to destroy them. Phenylephrine may therefore be implicated as a causative factor of corneal edema and postoperative inflammation.


ATP is released into the rabbit eye by antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. Antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve produces an irritative response in the rabbit eye characterized by ipsilateral miosis, hyperemia, elevated intraocular pressure, and a disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. The latter is a bilateral effect. The mediator or mediators involved in this response of the eye are unknown. Increased ATP levels in aqueous humor could be found after trigeminal stimulation. Treatment of rabbits with dipyridamole further increased ATP levels in aqueous humor after stimulation, confirming the findings of Holton that stimulation of sensory nerves causes a release of ATP. Intravitreal injections of ATP could not reproduce the ocular irritative response; however, an iridial hyperemia of long latency and an increase in aqueous humor protein levels were produced. The mechanism of this part of the reaction requires further study.


Rod sensitivity relative to cone sensitivity in retinitis pigmentosa. The present study evaluates rod sensitivity relative to cone sensitivity in retinitis pigmentosa patients. From perimetric measures of absolute thresholds to long- and short-wavelength stimuli, we find the results can be characterized in three different ways. For one group of patients it appears that only cone function is present in all parts of the visual field. For another group of patients, despite large losses in absolute sensitivity, rod sensitivity still exceeds cone sensitivity by at least the normal factor, suggesting concomitant rod and cone sensitivity losses. For a third group of patients it appears that central retinal thresholds are determined primarily by cones, midperipheral retinal thresholds determined by a composite of rod and cone function, and far- peripheral thresholds determined predominately by rods. The argument is put forward that the different groups of threshold results represent different disease mechanisms rather than different stages in the progression of a single disease process.


Cat optic nerve imaging with metrizamide. Metrizamide is a water-soluble, nonionic radiocontrast medium that penetrates better into narrow subarachnoid spaces than do oily contrast media or gas. We performed metrizamide optic nerve thecography on five cats with iatrogenic orbital lesions. Optic thecograms successfully demonstrated displacement of the optic nerve, obstruction of the optic nerve sheath subarachnoid space, and extravasation of the contrast medium from a punctured optic nerve sheath. Metrizamide-induced seizures could be prevented by intramuscular preadministration of diazepam.


Method of measuring aqueous humor flow and corneal endothelial permeability using a fluorophotometry nomogram. A new method of measuring aqueous humor flow and corneal endothelial permeability to fluorescein using a fluorophotometry nomogram is described. This method is compared to four other methods, two of which have been described previously. All five methods were carried out simultaneously in a group of 20 normal human subjects. All methods give closely comparable results in most of the eyes tested. A tabular comparison of the results of the nomographic method and the published results of other investigators, which are in good agreement, is given. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the nomographic technique are discussed.


Effect of intraocular irrigating solutions on intracellular membrane potentials and swelling rate of isolated human and rabbit cornea. Isolated human and rabbit corneas were incubated in glutathione bicarbonate Ringer solution (GBR), balanced salt solution (BSS), or 0.9% NaCl solution. The swelling rate of human corneas was 25.5 micron/hr in GBR and significantly increased to 32.7 in BSS and 66.1 in NaCl. The epithelial intracellular potential of human cornea was constant at about 60 mV up to 5 hr of incubation in GBR and decreased continuously to 40 mV in BSS and NaCl. Endothelial cell potentials were stable for up to 3 hr of incubation in GBR or BSS and decreased from a control value of about 18 mV to 10 mV 2 hr after bathing in NaCl. Qualitatively similar data were obtained in the isolated rabbit cornea. The results demonstrate the advantage of GBR as an intraocular irrigating solution.


Human platelet monoamine oxidase activity in glaucoma. Monoamine oxidase (MAO, E.C. 1.4.3.4) activity was determined by spectrophotofluorimetric assay of the reaction product of the artificial substrate kynuramine in platelets from venous blood samples from 50 outpatients with glaucomas and 47 sex- and age-matched controls. No significant differences were found between MAO activity in control subjects and that in subjects with glaucomas grouped according to diagnostic subcategories. Irrespective of ocular disease, women had significantly higher enzyme activity than men. Age-related changes in platelet MAO were inconsistent.


Saccades in extremes of lateral gaze.

Saccades in extremes of lateral gaze. Saccades (between targets at 30 degrees and 40 degrees) were recorded with DC electro-oculography in 10 normal subjects. Velocity-amplitude relationships were examined on the basis of abduction vs. adduction and centering vs. eccentric movement. In these small peripheral saccades the former pairing showed no consistent differences in peak velocity, whereas centering saccades were consistently faster than both eccentric movements and those made around primary position.


Study of the HLA antigen in Arab children with paralytic poliomyelitis. In 1974 and 1976, two outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in a vaccine-protected infant population in the Gaza Strip. To test the possibility of an increased susceptibility to the disease, the frequency of HLA antigens was studied in 58 of the affected children and compared with 113 control subjects. HLA-AW19 and -B7 were found more frequently in the affected children. These differences were not statistically significant but are consistent with the possibility that patients with the paralytic disease may have an HLA genetic makeup different from that of the rest of the population.


HLA antigens in the Arab population of the Gaza Strip. The HLA antigen system was studied in the Arab population of the Gaza Strip. The lymphocytes of 113 individuals were typed for 13 and 16 antigens at loci A and B, respectively. The distribution of the HLA antigens was found to be similar to that of an average Caucasoid Middle Eastern population. This was more marked when the tested population was compared with Arab populations living in northern Israel or originating from Lebanon, suggesting that they probably all share a common gene pool. The only noteworthy variation in the Gaza population was the high frequency of BW21, previously found only in Eritreans and Turks.


Rubella in Jerusalem. 2. Clinical and serologic findings in children with congenital rubella. Forty-eight children born with clinical and serologic manifestations of congenital rubella were followed for a three-year period. Expanded rubella syndrome, multiple anomalies and single defects were found, mostly in the child's first year of life. Some new organic problems were found at a later age in children who had initially been healthy but who had been followed up because of their high antibody levels to rubella. Of the 48 children, 15 (31%) were born to mothers who had had clinically and serologically diagnosed rubella during pregnancy. In 33 children (69%) the mother had had asymptomatic rubella. These findings emphasize the need to identify and immunize seronegative women before pregnancy.


Torsion of the spleen in a five-and-a-half-month-old infant. In this report, we describe torsion of the spleen in a five-and-a-half-month-old infant, thus far the youngest reported patient in the literature. Celiac angiography and tuftsin determination confirmed the clinical impression that the pathology was confined to the spleen. The infant underwent a splenectomy and made an uneventful recovery.


Osteogenesis by periosteal transplant. Experimental study of spinal fusion in rats. Autogenous transplantation of periosteum was performed in 60 rats. Periosteum was transferred from the femur to the spinal column in the region of thoracic vertebra 8 to lumbar vertebra 2. Follow-up included histological examination and microradiography. New bone formation occurred late and the bones were of a heterotopic nature; a solid arthrodesis was not achieved. Free periosteal grafts do not exhibit the relatively predictable behavior of periosteal flaps. Greater understanding at the biomolecular level may be required before free periosteal grafts can be introduced into routine clinical practice.


Nonoliguric acute renal failure.

Nonoliguric acute renal failure. The course of nonoliguric acute renal failure (ARF) in 11 patients was analyzed. The possible etiology of the renal failure was multiple in all cases and did not differ from that seen in oliguric acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Other than the urine volume, which ranged from 510 to 2,325 ml/day, there was no major clinical or biochemical difference between these cases of nonliguric ARF and those described for oliguric ATN. Creatinine clearance, however, was higher than anticipated in oliguric ATN and ranged from 2.8 to 15.0 ml/min. There was a direct relationship between creatinine clearance and daily urine volume. The essential difference between oliguric and nonoliguric renal failure appears to be the lesser degree of renal damage in the nonoliguric form.


Further evaluation of the effect of estrogen on tumor-associated immunity in prostatic cancer. Reactivity of leukocytes to allogeneic extracts of malignant prostate from patients with prostatic cancer, as evaluated by antigen-induced leukocyte-adherence inhibtion, was significantly suppressed in the presence of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate. The observed suppression of tumor-associated immunity in the presence of exogenous estrogen provides further evidence supporting earlier studies that demonstrated estrogenic suppression of nonspecific cellular responsiveness, as evaluated by phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocytic blastogenesis, and for the initally suggested concern over the efficacy of estrogenic therapy and its adverse effect on host cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness.


[Panniculitis nodularis febrilis non suppurative in metastasizing soft-tissue sarcoma]. Report of a 28-year-old female patient with a metastasizing soft tissue sarcoma confined to the oral mucosa and subcutis. The basic disease attracted clinical attention as a nodular febrile nonsuppurative panniculitis (Pfeifer-Weber-Christian disease). Perivascular tumor cells in the subcutis obviously induced localized fat necroses. Ultrastructurally, the pathological cells showed no indicative cytological characteristics other than a close association with reticulin fibers. Apparently, a metastasizing tumor disease can be concealed under the clinical picture of a nodular febrile non suppurative panniculitis--as a paraneoplastic syndrome.


[Management of recurrent herpes simplex using levamisole]. The therapeutic effect of levamisole was tested in a double blind and open clinical study in 30 patients with recurrent labial and genital herpes simplex. The frequency, the duration and the painfulness of the herpes eruptions were improved significantly under levamisole treatment. Agranulocytosis is an important adverse reaction which restricts the practical use of the substance. The increase of phagocytosis of granulocytes and macrophages and the normalization of defective cell mediated immune reactions are the supposed mechanisms of levamisole action.


[White nevus of the oral mucosa].

[White nevus of the oral mucosa]. A white sponge nevus of the oral mucosa is described in a 12-year-old girl and her 36-year-old mother. This anomaly, which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, deserves no treatment. Because of the bilateral involvement, which is found in the majority of cases, the white sponge nevus is often misdiagnosed as therapy-resistant thrush.


[Pilar tumor of the scalp. Case report and study of 59 cases]. The pilar tumor occurs mainly in elderly women. It is a solitary lesion, localized on the scalp in most cases. In spite of the usually long course of the disease, pilar tumors very rarely metastasize. Small tumors look like "sebaceous cysts", large and very large tumors are diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas. In these cases one could directly come to the right diagnosis if sex, age and localization do correspond. Microscopic examination reveals interlacing lobules of squamous eqithelium that undergo in their center abrupt keratinization of pilar or trichilemmal cysts. The pilar tumor, therefore, keratinizes like the middle portion of the outer root sheath. Our own case shows the typical above-mentioned clinical and histological signs of the pilar tumor.


[Multiple keratoacanthomas].

[Multiple keratoacanthomas]. Report of a 59 year old man who suffered from spontaneously healing multiple keratoakanthomas of the face and neck for five years. Multiple keratoakanthomas, multiple primary squamous-cell carcinomas with spontaneous healing and tumor-like keratoses probably are variants of the same disease. The etiology of multiple keratoakanthomas is unknown. Clinically as well as histologically they are similar to solitary keratoakanthomas and show spontaneous healing. Thorough clinical control of the patients is necessary because of the possible transformation into squamous cell carcinomas.


[Chordoma - a review and report of two cases (author's transl)]. Chordomas can be categorized into those of clival, cervical and sacrococcygeal origin. The clival chordomas are primarily discussed in this report. In defining pathological anatomy or histology, a differentiation of benign from malignant chordomas by histological means alone is impossible. A preoperative diagnosis is only possible if tumor grows into the nasopharynx and allows a tissue biopsy to be taken. These tumors are clinically malignant though strict anatomic criteria for malignancy such as nuclear polymorphia or atypia, mitoses and metastases are rarely observed. The therapeutic results of operation and radiation are compared. Each alone fails because of the high recurrence rate of the tumor so that their combination is preferred. Although the prognosis of this disease is poor, one of our patients who was treated with radiation and surgery had a survival time of 14 years.


[Long-term results of surgical therapy of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm (author's transl)]. Between 1965 and 1976, 95 patients with hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm have been operated according to the method developed by Fisch at the ENT-Clinic of the University of Zurich. 69 of the patients were followed over an interval of 1 to 12 years. 80% of the patients with hemifacial spasm and 65% of the patients with blepharospasm were free of symptoms or significantly improved. These results remained unvaried over an observation period of 6 to 12 years. The motility of the face was preserved to a very high degree in spite of extensive resection of peripheral facial nerve branches.


[The width of the internal auditory meatus in Bell's palsy. A radiological-tomographical study (author's transl)]. 44 patients with ischemic facial paralysis were studied and tomograms made of both petrous bones. An attempt was made to establish the normal averages of various portions of the internal auditory meatus (fundus, middle, porus) from frontal projections. In addition, a comparison of each portion of the internal auditory meatus was made between diseased and healthy sides. Of patients studied, one third showed a narrowing of the internal auditory meatus on the involved side. A correlation between narrowing of the bony internal auditory meatus and the occurrence of an ischemic facial paralysis could not be established. However, such cannot be totally excluded as a contributing factor in the origin of a Bell's palsy.


[Cranial mucormycosis with thrombosis of the sinus cavernosus (author's transl)]. A case of mucormycosis in a 45 year-old woman with uncontrolled diabetes is reported. Following dental extractions, the patient presented with total ophthalmoplegia, chemosis and complete sensory loss of the right fifth cranial nerve. Exophthalmus was not present. Although a fungal infection was suspected, administration of Amphotericin B was avoided because of renal insufficiency. After temporary clinical improvement with high doses of antibiotics, signs of right seventh and eighth cranial nerve paralysis and of thrombosis of the right ophthalmic artery developed. The patient expired after six days. Autopsy disclosed extensive mucormycosis with involvement of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, soft tissues and bones of face and orbit, cranial nerves, meninges and base of the brain, as well as mycotic thrombosis of the right cavernous sinus and the internal carotid, ophthalmic and maxillary arteries. The spread of infection is detailed, and the importance of an early diagnosis is stressed.


[Multichannel monopolar ERA (author's transl)]. Six channel monopolar recordings are superior to single channel bipolar recordings when considering equal phased potentials, partially missed or only partially occurring potentials. It is hoped that additional information concerning defects of speech or behaviour in disorders of communication and coordination can be gained by mapping topographically excitation of the neural population.


The controversial relationship between loudness discomfort levels and acoustic reflex thresholds. Controversy presently exists concerning the relationship between loudness discomfort levels (LDL's) and acoustic reflex thresholds (ART's). In this study, LDL's and ART's were obtained for two groups of ten normal-hearing adult subjects and one group of ten adult subjects with bilateral sensorineural hearing losses. The procedure involved obtaining LDL's and ART's under earphones and under sound field conditions for four different acoustic stimuli: pure tones, warble tones, spondaic words, and speech spectrum noise. One group of normal-hearing subjects and the hard-of-hearing group of subjects were given "too loud, uncomfortably loud, or annoyingly loud" LDL instructions while a second group of normal hearing subjects were instructed to respond when a sound "first starts to become uncomfortable." Results indicated that LDL's, irregardless of instructional pattern, were reported at consistently higher sound pressure levels than the ART's, for all groups of subjects. The magnitude of the differences between the LDL's and ART's varied according to LDL instrucitons, type of test stimulus, hearing sensitivity of the subjects (normal hearing or hard-of-hearing) and transducer used for stimulus presentation. The results of this study demonstrate that ART's correlate too poorly with the LDL to permit ART's to be used as an objective measure of loudness discomfort.


The influence of hearing aid nonlinear distortion on two auditory tasks. A study is reported which examines the influence of hearing aid nonlinear distortion on multitone pitch perception. Normal-hearing subjects produced results indicating that hearing aid-generated harmonic and intermodulation components did significantly affect pitch judgments. Substantial differences in the amount of distortion between the two test aids was not, however, a critical factor. A follow-up study using closed-set intelligibility materials in noise further confirmed that relatively large measurable differences in nonlinear distortion between hearing aids do not seem to have the clinical significance which is often presumed.


Central masking effects on spondee threshold as a function of masker sensation level and masker sound pressure level. Thirteen subjects with normal hearing and thirteen with sensorineural hearing loss were tested with spondaic words to determine their spondee thresholds in the presence of several levels of contralateral noise. Results indicate that the threshold shift ascribed to central masking is a function of the sensation level of the noise. Recommendations for clinical application are made.


Loudness and the acoustic reflex: normal-hearing listeners. The relationships among most comfortable listening level (MCL), loudness discomfort level, and the acoustic reflex to speech were studied on normal-hearing listeners using earphones and sound field test conditions. Recorded sentence materials were presented monaurally in quiet and, in the sound field, in the presence of 55 dB SPL cafeteria noise. The results indicate the MCL in the quiet sound field at approximately 70 dB SPL with the acoustic reflex occurring at 16 dB higher intensity. The earphone MCL was 7 dB lower than in the sound field, a finding that may reflect a real reverse in usual earphone/sound field results or simply calibration factors particular to the speakers and test room used in this study. The AR to speech seems to occur at approximately equal intensities between the MCL and LDL tested in quiet. The MCL is elevated by noise whereas the acoustic reflex remains at a constant level, indicating that no absolute relationship exists between loudness and the AR.


Hearing impaired clinic--a one-year survey. The Hearing Impaired Clinic was established at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati for the purpose of integrating a multifaceted effort of habilitation of the child with a hearing impairment. This article discusses the rationale for such a clinic and presents the data obtained from the first year that the clinic was functioning. Details of audiological and otological evaluations indicate that there is still a significant delay in the habilitation of these children that could be countered by a greater awareness of the significance of hearing loss in the young child.


Stapedius reflex decay in normal hearing subjects. The fatigue of the stapedius reflex was studied in 100 normal ears. Stimulus frequencies 500 and 1000 Hz were used,and the decrement of the stapedius reflex at 5, 10, and 15 dB above the reflex threshold was estimated. No decrement at all (less than 10% decay 10 sec after the onset of a stimulus 10 dB above the reflex threshold) was present in a majority of the ears. Between 27 and 58% of the ears showed reflex decay depending on variations of different factors such as stimulus frequency, intensity of the stimulus, and the method to register the reflex. Reflex decay was more often seen at 1000 Hz than at 500 Hz stimulus frequency. Reflex decay was also more often seen 5 dB above the reflex threshold than at higher intensity levels. The reflex decay thus observed in normal ears was generally small and did only very occasionally reach values which can be regarded as pathological.


Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and mode of breathing on canine airway secretions. Airway secretions were collected from the upper trachea of eight healthy nosebreathing mongrel dogs under general anesthesia, and the electrolytes and osmolality of these secretions were determined. Compared to plasma, secretions contained 15% higher Na+ and 33% higher Cl-, were 18% higher in osmolality, but had a lower Na+/Cl- throughout the 6-h experiments. When six nose-breathing dogs were exposed to air at 28.5 degrees C and 95% relative humidity, secretion osmolality became lower, but Na+/Cl- remained unchanged. In four other dogs, secretions approached the osmolality of plasma when inspired air was at 36.4 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. These secretions contained 22% higher Cl- and a lower Na+/Cl- than plasma. The differences between airway secretions and interstitial fluid suggest that secretions are formed by active Cl- transport. In another four dogs, secretion osmolality was higher with mouth breathing than breathing through the nose. Inasmuch as humidified and warmed air lowered and mouth breathing raised the osmolality of airway secretions, we postulate that the hyperosmolality of secretions results from water loss from the airway surface during conditioning of inspired air.


PGA1 and PGF2 alpha metabolism by pig pulmonary endothelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts. To determine the cellular site for uptake and degradation of circulating prostaglandins (PGs) by the lung, the metabolism of PGA1 and PGF2 alpha was studied in pig lung slices, smooth muscle preparations, and pulmonary valves, as well as in isolated and cultured endothelial cells and cultured fibroblasts. Formation of 15-keto metabolites of both PGA1 and PGF2 alpha by lung slices was confirmed. No evidence of PGF2 alpha degradation could be found in any of the remaining preparations. For PGA1, however, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity was detected in the three smooth muscle preparations studied (trachea, aorta, pulmonary artery) and found to be similar to that measured in lung slices. But the inhibitory effect of diphloretin phosphate and bromcresol green was much more marked in smooth muscle tissues than in lung slices, which suggested that PGA1 metabolism by the lung was not due to smooth muscle cells. Endothelial cells, freshly isolated and cultured, originating from the pulmonary artery and from the aorta, formed a PGA1-glutathione adduct, poorly extractable in ethyl acetate. This reaction, also present in cultured fibroblasts, was inhibited by ethacrynic acid. The cellular site responsible for the pulmonary degradation of circulating PGs remains undetermined.


Effects of physical training and adiposity on glucose metabolism and 125I-insulin binding. Eighteen young male subjects, aged 18-30 yr, with maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) varying between 36 and 80 ml.kg-1.min-1, were studied. Between 20 and 120 min after injection, tolerance to iv glucose (20 g/m2) was not affected by VO2max but the insulin response was very significantly reduced in the better trained subjects. 125I-insulin binding to monocytes was found to be greater in the best trained subjects. Simple correlation analysis indicates that both VO2max and adiposity are related to plasma glucose and plasma insulin levels as well as to 125I-insulin binding. Because VO2max is negatively correlated to percent of body fat, a partial correlation analysis was made. Results indicate that the differences observed in athletes with regard to glucose and insulin levels and 125I-insulin binding are related to reduced adiposity rather than to enhanced VO2max.


Transit-time analysis of the forced spirogram in healthy children and adults. Mean transit time (MTT), coefficient of variation (COV), and index of skewness (IOS) of transit times were measured, with the more conventional derivatives of the forced expiratory spirogram, in 178 healthy people aged 6-71 yr breathing air, and in 18 healthy adults breathing 20% oxygen in helium (O2He) in addition. Breathing O2He very significantly altered MTT and all derivatives with dimensions of flow or time, but altered COV and IOS very little. Between 6 and 30 yr mean MTT, after adjustment for expired volume, remained constant and then increased to 71 yr. Mean COV and IOS increased from 6 to 71 yr, though with an apparent change in rate during the early teens. The results suggest that whereas the resistance of large airways falls in proportion to growth of the lungs, small-airway resistance becomes less uniform during both childhood and adult life.


Forearm and finger blood flow responses to passive body tilts. Ten to fifteen healthy subjects, ages 18--30 yr, were used to assess the correlation of forearm blood flow with graded passive body tilts and vascular resistance and also to discern the relative effects of body tilts on finger blood flow. In the head-up tilts forearm blood flow and arterial blood pressure fell progressively, whereas forearm vascular resistance and pulse rate increased. In the head-down tilts the forearm blood flow and the arterial blood pressure increased, whereas the forearm vascular resistance and pulse rate decreased. These changes were found to be significantly correlated with the different tilt angles and with one another. In a preliminary study it was found that infrared heating of the carpometacarpal region produced finger vasodilatation similar to the forearm vasodilatation observed by Crockford and Hellon (6). However, unlike forearm blood flow, finger blood flow showed no appreciable response to either the head-up or head-down tilts. This indicates that the sympathetic tone and the volume of blood in the finger are not appreciably altered by this test procedure at least 1 min after the body tilt is assumed.


Hemodynamics in teenagers and asthmatic children during exercise. Seventeen normal teenagers and eight asthmatic children were studied during submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. A modification of a noninvasive multiple gas rebreathing method was utilized for the estimation of pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc), diffusing capacity (DL), oxygen consumption (VO2), functional residual capacity (FRC), and pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC). Significant increases in Qc, DL, VO2, and heart rate occurred in both groups of subjects. Regression equation of Qc equaled 6.0 + 0.0078 VO2 (ml/min) in the teenagers and 3.39 + 0.0082 X VO2 (ml/min) in the asthmatic children. The values of DL as a function of VO2 in both groups were similar to previously reported data. No significant changes in FRC or VTPC occurred in either group during exercise. This method appears to be an acceptable noninvasive way of studying exercise physiology in healthy or sick children.


Oxygen consumption by chick embryos exposed to mechanical (shaking) stress. Stage 34 (8-day) and 41 (15-day) chick embryos (Gallus gallus; in ovo) were exposed (3 min) to two separate amounts of mechanical (shaking) stress. Oxygen consumption determinations, following a temperature equilibration period (60 min), were made on entire, intact eggs using a Warburg apparatus equipped with 130-ml flasks modified to hold the egg. Shaking at 300 excursions per minute (epm) resulted in depressed O2 consumption by stages 34 and 41. Only stage 34 embryos had markedly depressed O2 consumption values when shaken at 100 epm. When exposed to 300 epm and reincubated for either 1, 2, or 4 hr prior to O2 consumption determinations stage 34 embryos, following an early return to control levels exhibited a marked fall in O2 consumption by 4 h reincubation. The stage 41 embryos, on the other hand, demonstrated a gradual rise to control O2 consumption levels by 4 h reincubation. Oxygen consumption has now been shown for the first time in an embryonic system (at two distinct developmental stages) to be functionally impaired by mechanically induced stress.


Cardiovascular response to acute aquatic and treadmill exercise in the untrained rat. The cardiovascular effects of acute aquatic (AE) and treadmill (TE) exercise were determined in untrained adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were exercised to exhaustion or for a maximum of 5 min with either exercise mode and data collected during the last minute of exercise were compared to preexercise rest data. Heart rate and cardiac output increased only with TE; arterial pressure remained stable during both protocols. Regional blood flow was determined by the radioactive microsphere technique. Coronary flow increased only with TE. Skeletal muscle flow, determined in six muscle groups, increased more with TE (97 to 587%) than with AE (-44 to 260%) (flow in the quadriceps group decreased during AE). Flow to the skin and splanchnic regions decreased; cerebral flow increased in both groups. Blood gas data suggest lactic acidosis and hyperventilation only with TE. These data indicate that 1) the cardiovascular effects of acute, exhaustive bouts of AE and TE in the rat are not comparable, and 2) the hemodynamic changes occurring with exhaustive TE in rat, as in man, involve a shunting of blood to the regions of demand and away from the nonessential circulations.


Effects of oxone inhalation on work performance and VO2 max. Ozone (O3) at near ambient smog alert levels has previously been shown to cause alterations in pulmonary function and exercise response in humans. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of O3 administered during graded bicycle exercise to volitional fatigue on work performance and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Nine subjects performed three tests each while breathing either 0.00, 0.15, or 0.30 ppm O3. Forced vital capacity, residual volume, maximal midexpiratory flow rate, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were assessed before, immediately after, and 4 h after exercise. O3 exposure resulted in no significant effect on maximal work rate, anaerobic threshold, or any pulmonary function parameter. However, maximal expired minute ventilation was decreased (P less than 0.05) in a dose dependent fashion. Thus, exercise ventilation during maximal work was a more sensitive indicator of the effects of O2 exposure than were standard pulmonary function tests. Although subjective symptoms of discomfort were reported more frequently with increased O2 level, it was concluded that exposure of healthy young men to as much as 0.30 ppm O2 for no more than 30 min of progressively incremented exercise to volitional fatigue, is insufficient to cause a significant decrease in work capacity or V02 max.


Influence of cardiac output on intrapulmonary shunt. The effect of changing cardiac output on intrapulmonary shunt was studied in the setting of hemorrhagic pulmonary edema induced by intravenous oleic acid in 17 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs. The dogs were mechanically ventilated and cardiac output was alternately depressed and augmented using either pharmacologic means or mechanical alteration of venous return. Following oleic acid, the measured ventilation-perfusion distributions, as measured by the multiple inert gas elimination technique, demonstrated a two-compartment blood flow distribution consisting of shunt and normal units. Changes in cardiac output were not associated with change in the shape of the distributions but there was a significant linear correlation between the level of cardiac output and the shunt fraction. The shunt fraction also varied directly with the mixed venous partial oxygen pressure and inversely with the pulmonary vascular resistance. These data suggest that shunt and nonshunt vessels behave differently in response to alterations of blood flow and emphasize that any interpretation of changes in shunt in the setting of diffuse lung injury must be interpreted in light of changes in cardiac output.


CO2 and exercise tidal volume.

CO2 and exercise tidal volume. In progressive exercise increased tidal volume (VT) accompanies increased ventilation (VE) until a VT plateau is reached. We observed in 13 subjects a correspondence between the arrival of the VT plateau and the anaerobic threshold (AT). To examine this association between a mechanical event (the VT plateau) and a metabolic event (the AT), we changed those variables that change at the AT and looked for changes in VT. We found in 13 subjects that CO2 addition to prevent alveolar hypocapnia during cycle ergometer exercise progressing to exhaustion in 12-15 min significantly elevated the VT plateau (mean increase 4.4%; P less than 0.01) as compared with a spontaneous test that induced a mean end-tidal carbon dioxide tension fall of 5.5 Torr. This VT increase was mediated by a significant increase in inspiratory time (TI; P less than 0.02); both the ratio of TI to the total breath duration (TI/Ttot) and the mean rate of inspired airflow (VT/TI) were unchanged at matched VE. Changing other variables known to change at the AT--blood lactate ion concentration and alveolar oxygen tension--left ventilatory pattern unchanged. These results suggest that hypocapnia in severe exercise measurably lowers the VT plateau in normal man.


Rapidity of compensatory lung growth following pneumonectomy in adult rats. The rapidity with which lung growth was initiated following pneumonectomy was investigated using rats (330 g) in which lung weight-to-body weight ratio and lung cell size had stabilized. Following removal of the left lung, right lung weight increased from 823 to 1.161 mg within 7 days. Right lung weight in sham-operated animals did not change significantly. At day 7, right lung weight-to-body weight ratio in pneumonectomized rats was equal to that of both lungs in sham-operated animals; these values remained equal through day 14. Growth of individual lobes of the right lung was generally in proportion to their initial weights. Dry-to-wet weight ratio in either lung of sham-operated or pneumonectomized animals was unchanged, as compared to unoperated controls. Total right lung RNA and protein increased significantly by day 2 and reached levels equal to those in both lungs of sham-operated animals by day 7. Synthesis of lung proteins, estimated during 120 min of perfusion in situ, was elevated 25% on day 3. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA increased somewhat on day 2 and was elevated fourfold on day 3, corresponding with the initial accumulation of total DNA within the lung. These observations suggested that increased cell size may accompany early compensatory growth following pneumonectomy, but that the major portion of the response involved cellular hyperplasia.


Diagnostic significance of selected serum enzymes in a rat heatstroke model. A total of 171 untrained, unacclimatized, and unanesthetized rats were either exercised to exhaustion at one of four ambient temperatures (5, 20, 26, or 30 degrees C), or were restrained and heated at an ambient temperature of 41.5 degrees C until their core temperatures reached a preselected end point between 41.0 and 43.3 degrees C. The serum levels of creatine phosphokinase (CRK) and two transaminases (SGOT and SGPT) were determined at 30 min, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h posttreatment. Peak enzyme activity for CPK was noted primarily at the 30-min sampling period and at 24 h for the transaminases. The data indicated that under these conditions a) the transaminase SGOT was elevated in the serum as a consequence of the extent and duration of prior hyperthermia, b) the transaminase SGOT was released in moderate amounts after exhaustive exercise but reached its greatest activity levels following hyperthermia, and c) the activity of CPK was increased by the duration of exhaustive exercise and was less sensitive than either transaminase to prior hyperthermia. As a result, each of the three experimental conditions: a) exercise without hyperthermia, b) exercise with hyperthermia, and c) sedentary hyperthermia, produced a unique pattern of serum enzyme activity that would appear useful in diagnosing a variety of heat- and/or work-induced disorders.


Wind speed limits to work under hot environments for clothed men. Four heat-acclimated clothed young adult men exercised (treadmill) at metabolic rate of 191 W.m-2 (27% VO2 max), under five air temperatures (Ta) between 36 and 53 degrees C and three wind velocities (v), 1, 2, and 4 m.s-1, for 2 h. The 2nd h of each experiment involved progressive increases in the ambient vapor pressure (Pa) to force an upward inflection of the rectal temperature (Tre). The Tre point of inflection identified the critical Pa (Pcrit) for each Ta. The average mean skin temperature (Tsk = 36 degrees C for all Pcrit. Straight-line isotherms for Tsk = 36 degrees C, which agreed with the negative regressions of the Pcrit on Ta, represented the limits of exposure for Ta less than or equal to 44 degrees C. The slope characteristics of the isotherms corresponded with skin wettedness (w) of 0.94, 0.71, and 0.58, respectively, for v of 1, 2, and 4 m.s-1. For Ta greater than 44 degrees C the limit line corresponded with steeper negative regressions indicating a lower w than for Ta less than or equal to 44 degrees C. Despite the increase in the ambient evaporative capacity due to the higher v the limit lines describing exposure limits were not significantly different either at Ta less than or equal to 44 degrees C for v of 2 and 4 m.s-1 or at Ta greater than 44 degrees C for all three v.


Pulmonary effects of acute and chronic antigen exposure of immunized guinea pigs. Subdivisions of lung volume and pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung and chest wall were measured in guinea pigs immunized to ovalbumin before and after acute (group 1) and chronic (group 2) antigen exposure. The histopathology produced in chronically exposed animals was also assessed. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and studied in a pressure-sensitive body plethysmograph, using a fluid-filled esophageal catheter to measure transpulmonary pressure (PL). Functional residual capacity (FRC) was determined by the Boyle's law technique; total lung capacity (TLC) was defined as the lung volume at a PL of 30 cmH20, and residual volume (RV) was defined as the lung volume at a transrespiratory pressure of -50 cmH2O. Acute antigen challenge of group 1 animals resulted in a decrease in TLC (22%), and increases in FRC (20%) and RV (110%), suggesting combined bronchoconstriction and alveolar duct constriction. Chronic antigen exposure of group 2 animals resulted in minimal changes in subdivisions of lung volume and PV curves, and produced a histological lesion resembling allergic alveolitis rather than asthma.


Demonstration of regional phase differences in ventilation by breath sounds. We measured phase and amplitude of compensated breath sounds (Ib/Tn), which are indexes of regional ventilation, with two microphones placed near the apex and base 10 cm apart on the chest wall, lateral to the right anterior axillary line in four seated normal subjects. We compared phase and amplitude of Ib/Tn with phase and amplitude of esophageal pressure changes (Pes) measured by two balloons positioned 10 cm apart and at approximately the same horizontal levels as the microphones. When breathing tidally below closing volume (CV), apical Ib/Tn was louder and earlier than basal Ib/Tn, whereas basal Pes was greater and earlier than apical Pes. Above CV basal Ib/Tn was louder than apical and the phase differences either disappeared or followed phase differences in PES. The results suggest that below CV, ventilation of lower zones lags behind upper ones probably due to airway closure. Pes measurements indicate that this may lead to an amplification of pleural pressure swings at the base. Above CV, all airways are open, the ventilation of lower zones is greater than that of upper zones, and the sequence of ventilation follows the sequence of pleural pressure changes.


Effect of exercise on nasal mucous velocity and nasal airflow resistance in normal subjects. Nasal mucous velocity and nasal airflow resistance were measured in nine healthy subjects before, during 5 min, and 1 h after submaximal exercise of 20 min with a cycle ergometer set in such a way that heart rate ranged from 125 to 135 beats/min. Nasal mucous velocity rose from a base line of 7.6-12.7 mm/min during exercise and returned to the base-line value 5 and 60 min after exercise. The mean expiratory nasal airflow resistance at a flow of 0.4 l/s decreased from a base line of 1.6-0.6 cmH2O . (l/s)-1 during exercise and returned to the baseline value 5 and 60 min after exercise.


Use of an exponential function for elastic recoil. To improve the quantitative representation of elastic recoil, an exponential function (V = A - B exp (-KP), where V is the lung volume, P is the recoil pressure, and A, B, and K are constants), has been fitted to static pressure-volume (PV) data by a least-squares technique using a digital computer. The PV points below about 50% total lung capacity (TLC) usually deviate from an exponential expression. Increasing the lower volume limit to which the exponential was fitted from 40 to 75% of TLC in 20 subjects, increased K and B/A significantly. Residual variance was lowest (approx 1.0 +/- 0.5%) when the lower volume limit was between 50 and 60% TLC. The PV points in the lower volume range deviated significantly less from exponential in a group of older subjects than for young subjects. The coefficient of variation of K and B/A for duplicate studies in 10 subjects was 9 and 14%, respectively. For inflation PV data, K was significantly lower and A significantly higher than for deflation. For PV data obtained after a submaximal inspiration, K did not change significantly. From this exponential function, the PV curve above 50% TLC can be satisfactorily described by K, B/A, and recoil pressure at TLC; other conventional parameters may be derived.


A system for rapid measurement of lung function in small animals. A semiautomated system has been developed to facilitate the rapid measurement of a variety of pulmonary functional parameters in small animals. They include lung volumes, mechanics, flow-volume curves, nitrogen washout curves, and diffusing capacity. The animals are anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated mechanically. The construction of the system is described in detail and the results obtained on rats are compared with those published by other investigators.


A noninvasive technique for measurement of changes in specific airway resistance. A simple noninvasive technique for measuring specific airway resistance (airway resistance X thoracic gas volume) in unanesthetized guinea pigs is described. Specific airway resistances measured by this technique correlated well (r = 0.81) with the resistances obtained using a pleural catheter pressure measurement over a wide range of airway resistances. This range of resistances was generated by exposing the pigs to an aerosolized histamine bronchial challenge. The average specific airways resistance in unchallenged pigs was 1.24 +/- 3.47 cmH2O/s, somewhat lower than found by others, probably reflecting in part our larger pigs and in part some uncertainty in the absolute value of resistance inherent in our measurement technique. This technique is particularly useful in bronchial challenge experiments because of its sensitivity to acute changes in airway resistance.


Calculation of ventilation needs for confined cattle. Fundamental to maintaining a healthy environment in a mechanically ventilated livestock building is a continuous flow of air, with at least 4 exchanges per hour to remove moisture and aerosol contaminants. A correctly designed fresh air intake system is mandatory for uniform air distribution. Proper insulation is essential. Supplemental heat may be required to permit continuous ventilation while maintaining an ambient temperature suitable for preserving animal health.


Poor growth performance associated with hypocupremia in Hawaiian feedlot cattle. Poor feedlot performance in native Hawaiian feedlot cattle was investigated. Cattle were first noticed to be affected 40 to 60 days after arrival at the feedlot, as judged by their retarded growth, when compared with penmates. Marked hypocupremia was detected in all 10 cattle examined, irrespective of time in the feedlot. Clinical signs and upper digestive tract lesions in 8 of the 10 cattle suggested secondary involvement of bovine papular stomatitis. The poor performance was attributed primarily to the hypocupremia, as a result of molybdenum-accentuated copper deficiency in forage on the ranch of origin.


Effect of carbadox on growth, feed utilization, and development of nasal turbinate lesions in swine infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Carbadox in combination with sulfamethazine did not interfere with the activity of sulfamethazine in clearing experimentally induced Bordetella bronchiseptica nasal infection. Evaluations in three field cases of infectious atrophic rhinitis indicated that carbadox in the feed was as effective as chlortetracycline + sulfamethazine + penicillin for improving growth rate and feed efficiency, as compared with nonmedicated controls, and in reducing the prevalence of lesions of infectious atrophic rhinitis.


Clinical observations on eperythrozoonosis. Eperythrozoonosis was diagnosed in 23 herds of swine. Icterus and anemia were the major diagnostic criteria, with low packed cell volumes confirming the clinical impression of anemia. Indirect hemagglutination titers provided an indirect measure of infection rates and appeared to correlate positively with severity of signs. Treatment with oxytetracycline and arsanilic acid controlled the disease, but only when combined with efforts to limit transmission of the causative organism through control of lice.


Porcine toxoplasmosis in Indiana.

Porcine toxoplasmosis in Indiana. Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed at necropsy in a 4-week-old pig from a litter of 16 born to a clinically normal sow. Multifocal acute necrosis of blood vessels and parenchyma was found in the small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain. Numerous tachyzoites, ultrastructurally indistinguishable from Toxoplasma gondii, were found in lesions. The affected pig and seven other littermates died after diarrhea had developed within 1 to 2 weeks of birth. The most likely source of infection was oocysts from cats on the farm.


Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in California swine. In a serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in 891 swine from 20 California counties, 478 (54%) were seronegative, 153 (17%) were nonspecific reactors, and 260 (29%) were seropositive. Most of the titers (81%) were low, ie, from 1:64 to 1:128, but a few (2%) were high, ie, 1:1024 or greater.


A generalized mechanics of articular swings. II. From kinematics to cadavera. The kinematics of swings at joints can be described fully by means of two simple ratios and the angle at which the total operative force vector pulls upon a bone. The ratios can be applied to individual muscles, thus linking structural and functional myology in an exact way. The 'spurt' and 'shunt' types of muscle are sharply distinguished, both kinematically and anatomically.


An ultrastructural study of the testis and epididymis of the rat after treatment with prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha). Intratesticular injections of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha caused damage to germ cells and exfoliation of part of the damaged germinal epithelium into the epididymis. Membrane-bound granular bodies and localized swellings were also seen in some of the myoid cells in experimental animals. However, the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells remained unaffected.


Cytology of the arcuate nucleus in newborn male and female rats. Five coronal levels of the arcuate nuclei in newborn male and female rats were examined with the transmission electron microscope. The nuclei from male and female neonates appear similar in all respects. All levels exhibit a significant population of round to oval cell profiles with large centrally located nuclei and scant cytoplasm which contains predominantly ribosomes, sparse mitochondria, and a few short cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. These organelle-poor cell profiles resemble neuroblasts in other parts of the developing CNS. The arcuate nuclei of neonates also exhibit some cell profiles with the variety and quantity of organelles characteristic of mature neurons in the arcuate nuclei of adult rats. In addition, the neonatal arcuate nuclei show a paucity of synapses with apparent immaturity of those present, and numerous structures identified as growth cones. Definitive macroglia are not present in the arcuate nuclei of newborn rats.


The structure of the roof of the fourth ventricle in pigeon and chick brains by light and electron microscopy. The hindbrains and meninges of the pigeon and chick have been examined by light and electron microscopy. Serial section histology of the skull with the brain and meninges intact has shown that the caudal end of the roof of the fourth ventricle consists of an extensive membranous pouch which projects caudally and dorsally into the subarachnoid space. Electron microscopy of selected areas of the membranous pouch in pigeon has shown it to consist of two components: ependymal cells and pial tissue. The membrane ependymal cells are squamous, adjacent cells being linked by intermediate junctions. At the junction with the surface of the medulla the ependymal cells are continuous with the ventricular ependyma, and at the choroid plexus they are continuous with the choroid plexus epithelium. These results are discussed in relation to the fluid spaces in and around the hindbrain.


The afferent and efferent myelinated fibres of the avian cervical vagus. The numbers and diamters of the myelinated fibres in the cervical vagus have been studied in normal birds and after midcervical and intracranial vagotomy. The mean total number of myelinated fibres was about 9066 in the right cervical vagus and 8535 in the left. In the right nerve about 4223 of these fibres were afferent and 4843 were efferent; of the afferent fibres about 520 had their cell bodies in the proximal vagal ganglion (or distal glossopharyngeal ganglion) and 3703 in the distal vagal ganglion. In the left cervical vagus, about 4132 afferent fibres had their cell bodies in the distal ganglion, and there were probably about 3883 efferent fibres. The largest fibres in the cervical vagus were usually about 7 micrometer in diameter, fibres of 3 micrometer or less comprising from 72% to 89% of the total.


Evidence for a haematogenous origin of some of the macrophages appearing in the spinal cord of the rat after dorsal rhizotomy. A single dose of colloidal carbon was given intravascularly to young adult rats in order to label circulating monocytes. Two days after injection dorsal rhizotomies were performed on the fifth to eighth cervical nerves on the right side. The rats were killed 1, 3, 4 and 8 days later. Electron microscopic examination of the spinal cord showed wide-spread tissue degeneration on the operated side in the dorsolateral fasciculus, the dorsal horn and the dorsal neuronal white column, the changes in the last named being the most severe. A variety of non-neuronal elements was found in the dorsolateral fasciculus and dorsal horn. These included astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia-like cells, plasma cells, mast cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Monocytes and macrophages were most common 3 and 4 days after operation. Some of these cells carried intracytoplasmic carbon particles. Carbon-labelled monocytes were observed in blood vessel lumina, perivascularly and in the neuropil. Monocytes crossing blood vessel walls were also encountered, indicating that the neuropil monocytes were derived from circulating cells. Macrophages were characterized by pleomorphic phagosomes which seemed to be composed largely of myelin remnants. The presence of carbon particles in their cytoplasm, and also their general similarity to monocytes, suggested that they originated from the latter. Local microglial cells were considered to be another source of macrophages. Indeed, there were present some microglia-like cells which were regarded as 'activated microglia' as they showed morphological resemblances to microglia on the one hand and to macrophages on the other. In particular their cytoplasm always included phagosomes. It is concluded that the macrophages which appear in the altered spinal cord following rhizotomy are derived both from circulating monocytes and from indigenous microglia.


An electron microscopic study of the pericytes of the developing capillaries in human fetal brain and muscle. Capillaries of the developing cerebral cortex were examined by electron microscopy and compared with those developing in the superior rectus oculi muscle. The pericytes of cerebral vessels were found to be of very elaborate form and involved in complex 'peg and socket' relationships with endothelial cells. They were numerous and formed an almost complete investment of the endothelium. In the muscle, by contrast, pericytes were rare, although often of complex form. Cerebral capillaries were always completely and closely invested by neuropil, in marked contrast to the very loose connective tissues in the vicinity of muscle capillaries. The significance of the findings is discussed.


The permeability of rat palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture. The intercellular permeability barrier of neonatal rat palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture for periods up to 24 days was studied ultrastructurally using the tracers horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum nitrate. At all time intervals examined the limit of penetration of the tracers corresponded to the level at which the membrane-coating granules were being discharged. However, in the cultured mucosa, extrusion of granules occurred closer to the granular cell-keratin junction after 6 and 12 days in vitro than at other time intervals. This probably is a reflexion of the higher rate of tissue turnover at these times. It is concluded that a permeability barrier comparable with that described in vivo is produced by the epithelium during maintenance inorgan culture and is further evidence of the functional integrity of the tissue in vitro.


The role of periosteal tension in the growth of long bones. Vertical or circumferential periosteal incisions were made over one tibia of anaesthetized rats, supplemented by localized periosteal stripping in two of the experimental groups. The rats were killed 5 weeks later and tibial lengths measured. Circumferential periosteal division plus periosteal elevation produced the greatest ipsilateral increase in tibial length. In this group of rats the alignment of cortical blood vessels provided evidence that sliding of the periosteum and a release of periosteal tension are associated with the gain in length. However, anisomelia, though not seen following vertical periosteal division alone, did occur after vertical division and periosteal stripping. This supports suggestions that both growth plate decompression and vascular phenomena influence skeltal growth rates after trauma.


The effects on the rat uterus and placenta of ovariectomy at day 10 of pregnancy. A study was made of the changes in morphology and in nuclear incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the rat uterus and placenta after ovariectomy at day 10 of gestation. There was some individual variation between different animals in the results of the ovariectomy, but in general the effects on both maternal and fetal tissues were more severe than those reported to follow ovariectomy at later stages of pregnancy. Even in the animals where there was extensive placental survival 2 or 3 days after the ovariectomy, normal differentiation of the placental labyrinth did not occur and the fetuses failed to survive. Ovariectomy had a pronounced effect on the proliferative activity of uterine epithelial cells. The high labelling index in the control animals up to day 12 was markedly reduced in the ovariectomized animals; after day 13, however, the labelling index of the controls was reduced to a level lower than that of the ovariectomized animals. Nuclear labelling occurred in the glandular epithelium from two days after ovariectomy, but was never present in the controls. There was a marked reduction in the percentage of labelled nuclei in the uterine muscle and in the metrial gland after ovariectomy. In the metrial gland this was associated with a reduction in the number of typical granulated cells and with the appearance of numerous small round cells. It is suggested that the latter represented metrial gland cell precursors which had undergone impairment of their normal differentiation process.


Ovulation in the guinea-pig. I. The ruptured follicle. Guinea-pig ovarian follicles were studied by light and electron microscopy. All freshly ruptured follicles showed small blood vessels within the stratum granulosum as well as amongst the cells of the theca interna. The evidence suggests that the marked increase in the size of the preovulatory follicle stretches the basement membrane between theca interna and stratum granulosum to breaking point at several places and the resultant passage of blood from the theca interna into the stratum granulosum flushes out the oocyte.


The growth of elastic cartilage.

The growth of elastic cartilage. Level lines of the specific growth rate and field lines of the gradient of the specific growth rate of developing ear cartilage have been computed. A single centre of maximum specific growth rate occurs in the midline and moves with time from the tip towards the base. Its movement is consistent with the progressive increase in area of the ear cartilage and with its consequent changes in form. The relationships of the centre for maximum specific growth rate to other maxima for the rates of production of cellular material, intercellular material, cell surface area and for material derivatives of intercellular volume fraction, cell volume fraction and cell surface density are discussed.


An electron microscope study of the respiratory epithelium in the lungs of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). The respiratory epithelium in the lungs of the common fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) has been studied by electron microscopy. The entire pulmonary gas-exchange area is covered by a continuous epithelium, the cells of which are all of the same type and are termed 'pneumonocytes'. Typically, each pneumonocyte is squamous and has attenuated sheets of cytoplasm which extend over the pulmonary capillaries. Its free surface bears squat microvilli, and osmiophilic inclusion bodies and other organelles are prominent in the cytoplasm. The lateral cell walls have numerous desmosomes and interdigitating cytoplasmic processes. Many cells send cytoplasmic processes deep into the substance of the lung septa. The morphological evidence suggests that the pneumonocytes are responsible for the secretion of pulmonary surface-active agents and for maintaining the integrity of the gaseous diffusion membrane.


Differentiation in normal human buccal mucosa epithelium. The epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa was studied by light and electron microscopy and stereological procedures in twenty punch biopsies of 10-15 years old females. Morphometric point counting techniques were employed in order to estimate the density of cell membranes in the superficial third of this epithelium. Observations and data suggested that (1) there is a dense and regular papillary body of slender connective tissue papillae which bifurcate within and penetrate the basal two thirds of the epithelium; (2) the epithelium comprises two major cell compartments, namely (a) the formative and proliferating basal and suprabasal cells, and (b) the differentiated but maturing spinous, and the subsurface and surface cells; (3) the major step in differentiation occurs at the boundary between suprabasal and lower spinous cells; (4) cytoplasmic composition is a reliable indicator of differentiation, which occurs prior to cell flattening; and the relative density of filamentous networks is an indicator of maturation; while cell flattening may be the sign of adaptation to functional needs, i.e. distensibility.


The ultrastructure of eosinophil granules of the black-necked crowned crane. The fine structure of the granules of circulating eosinophil leucocytes was studied in five adult black-necked crowned cranes. The interna within these granules showed various crystalline arrangements. Optical diffraction patterns of the crystals revealed linear arrangements measuring 6.2 and 3.8 nm and often, when these arrangements were superimposed, a hexagonal pattern was observed. Bundles of microfilaments measuring 5-7 nm in diameter were found frequently in crystal-containing granules. Staining with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and various other cytochemical procedures gave results similar to those obtained previously in the shag and the duck. The PTA stain and peroxidase reaction product were found only in the externum of the granules whereas the acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase were located within the crystalline matrix and in or between the microfilaments. As with shag eosinophil granules, those of the crane did not appear to contain histone arginine and in this respect they differed from those of the duck and the fowl.


The teratogenic effect of acetaldehyde: implications for the study of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Pregnant mice were injected intravenously with either saline alone (controls) or 1% or 2% acetaldehyde in saline, on days 7, 8 and 9 of gestation. The uterine contents were examined either on day 10 or on day 19. Acetaldehyde-treated females had more resorptions both at mid-gestation and at term, though no significant difference in maternal weight gain was observed. Experimental embryos examined on day 10 were smaller, and had a higher incidence of developmental delay, as compared to controls. Anomalies of closure of the cranial and caudal regions of the neural tube were the most commonly noted defects. When examined on day 19, acetaldehyde-treated fetuses were significantly smaller and weighed less than controls. These results suggest a role for acetaldehyde in the production of some of the teratogenic effects of ethanol manifested in the fetal alcohol syndrome.


An electron microscopic study of human olfactory mucosa. Two intranasal biopsies of human olfactory mucosa were studied with the electron microscope, after confirming with the light microscope that they were in fact from the olfactory region. It was noted that the end of the dendrite of the human olfactory cell is flat or dome-shaped, and is not a bulb-like projection (olfactory vesicle). Moreover, the cilia are in the long axis of the olfactory cell, perpendicular to the epithelial surface, and do not lie parallel to it as described in some species. The supporting cells had multiple long microvilli, and definite points of contact with the olfactory cells; they appeared to spread their secretion over the microvilli in a novel manner, producing a layer of regularly spaced, spike-like granules.


Observations on some ultrastructural features of normal pulmonary blood vessels in collapsed and distended lungs. In this paper we describe certain special features of the pulmonary vasculature of rats from both distended and collapsed lungs. Evaginations of medial smooth muscle cells are a generalised response to contraction and are absent from distended lungs. They form at surfaces of low tissue pressure, such as the intima of veins and the adventitia of arteries. Contacts between endothelium and smooth muscle are common, particularly in veins, and often terminate in tight junctions. We also describe a variety of cystic spaces. Those between the endothelium and elastic lamina of pulmonary arteries are probably a fixation artefact. Those within the endothelium, except discoid bodies, are all extracellular spaces, and are not vacuoles as they may seem to be at first sight.


Postnatal development of rat soft palate. The stratified squamous epithelium lining the oral surface of the soft palate is keratinized and serves as a masticatory organ. Taste buds develop from the cells of the stratified squamous epithelium lining the oral surface during the first 3 weeks of life, and after this no new buds are formed. They are present in the median and paramedian regions of the soft palate: 30% are in the epithelium of fungiform papillae, the remainder being in the surface epithelium. Only 6% of the taste buds are in the vicinity of glandular pits. Glands begin to develop from the deeper portion of tubular invaginations of the stratified squamous epithelium lining the soft palate and grow  by pouching, resulting in the development of glands with large irregular pouches. The glands are lined by tall columnar cells and secrete mucus; they are absent from the lateral regions of the posterior third of the soft palate.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of arprinocid in feed. Arprinocid [9 - (2 - chloro - 6 - fluorophenylmethyl)-9H-purin-6-amine] is determined in feed by high pressure liquid chromatography with a silica column and ultraviolet detection. The drug is extracted from the feed into chloroform in the presence of pH 7 phosphate buffer, transferred to 0.1N HCl, and separated from interfering substances by partitioning with hexane. The acidic solution is neutralized, and the analyte is extracted into chloroform for injection into the chromatograph. This procedure has been applied to feeds containing 0.0030--0.0090% arprinocid with a precision of less than 5% relative standard deviation at the 0.0060% formulated concentration level. The results of this chromatographic procedure also correlate with those from a colorimetric analysis.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of naphthaleneacetic acid residues in apples. An ion-suppression reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for determining naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) residues in apples. Samples are extracted with acidic chloroform, filtered through pre-acidified Hy-Flo Supercel, and cleaned up by acid-base partitioning. The extract can be successfully chromatographed on either a muLiChrosorb NH2 or muBondapak C18 column and quantitated by using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 220 nm. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (20 + 80) buffered to pH 3.5 (MULiChrosorb column) or pH 5.2 (MUBondapak column) and flowing at 1.0--2.0 ml/min. Recoveries ranged from 86 to 98%. The minimum detectable amount was 0.5 ng, which easily permitted the quantitation of 0.01 ppm NAA in 50 g sample. A fluorometric detector was 4 times as sensitive, using an excitation wavelength of 220 mm and monitoring the emission at 340 nm. For this detector, the minimum detectable amount was 0.12 ng NAA.


Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of benzoic acid in soy sauce. Proteins and other interfering substances are precipitated from soy sauce, using sodium tungstate under acidic conditions. After centrifugation, the supernate is successively extracted with ethyl ether to isolate the benzoic acid in the organic solvent. The ethyl ether extract is washed with dilute HCl. Benzoic acid is then quantitatively determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Recovery of sodium benzoate added to soy sauce ranged from 94 to 104%.


Sample homogenization procedure for determination of lead in canned foods. To improve the homogeneity of canned foods before Pb determination, composited samples or single can contents (150--500 g) are treated with an equal weight of dilute nitric acid, and then thoroughly blended in a high efficiency, probe-type Polytron homogenizer; subsamples are then either dry-ashed or wet-ashed in preparation for analysis. Within-can variability is reduced from the 20--50% coefficient of variation range obtained with conventional blending procedures to a coefficient of variation of less than 5% by using the proceudre described. Precision data for Pb, using both the probe-type and conventional blade-type homogenizers, are compared. The procedure described for Pb determination was used to analyze a number of canned products. Data indicate that the Polytron plus dilute acid procedure improves overall Pb homogeneity for subtle as well as severe initial Pb heterogeneity.


Minicolumn detection method applied to almonds: collaborative study. The minicolumn screening method for aflatoxins was collaboratively tested on naturally contaminated almonds. The nuts were extracted, and the extract was cleaned up and applied to a Velasco-type minicolumn. This permits the detection of total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) as a fluorescent band on the Florisil layer of the column. The results of 20 collaborators are presented. Samples containing 0, 2, 5, 10, and 25 ng aflatoxin/g were analyzed. Ninety-six per cent of the samples containing 5--25 ng total aflatoxins/g and 83% of the negative samples were correctly identified. The method has been adopted as official first action for detection of total aflatoxin levels of greater than or equal to 5 ng/g.


Instability of PR toxin in blue cheese.

Instability of PR toxin in blue cheese. PR toxin was unstable in solvent extracts of blue cheese and in strongly acidic solutions. However, it was appreciably stable over a 2.5 hr period in moderately acidic methanol-water extracts (pH 2--3) of blue cheese. Using this extraction mixture, it was determined that PR toxin was not stable in blue cheese itself. PR toxin reacted with model neutral and basic amino acids and the formation of PR imine from PR toxin in the presence of blue cheese was demonstrated. While PR imine added to blue cheese could be recovered on analysis after 5 min, over a 2--5 day period it too was unstable in the cheese.


Rapid automated turbidimetric assay for chlortetracycline hydrochloride, using Leuconostoc mesenteroides as the test organism. A rapid turbidimetric assay has been developed for chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC-HCl) in finished animal feeds and feed supplements, using Leuconostoc mesenteroides as the test organism. Two modifications are presented: The incubation period of modification 1 is 2.5 hr and the sensitivity of the assay is 0.03 microgram CTC-HCl/assay tube. Modification 2 has a sensitivty of 0.01 microgram CTC-HCl/assay tube and requires an incubation period of 3.5 hr. For 21 feed formulations, the turbidimetric method recovered 95.7% of label claim. Recoveries of CTC-HCl standards from the same feeds ranged from 93.4 to 134% with a mean of 103%. The relative standard deviation among day-to-day duplicates is 3.50% for the faster modification and 1.63% for the more sensitive modification.


High pressure liquid chromatographic detection and estimation of furazolidone and nitrofurazone in animal feeds. The feed sample is extracted with acetone or dimethylformamide-acetone (1 + 1) and the filtered extracts are evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in chloroform and transferred to a silica gel column. The nitrofurans are eluted with methanol-chloroform (50 + 50). A portion of the eluate is evaporated to dryness and the residue is redissolved in a small volume of methanol. Aliquots of the methanolic solution are injected into a liquid chromatograph with a muBondapak C18 column, using 30% acetonitrile as the eluting solvent and ultraviolet detection at 365 nm. Several samples spiked with 0.5--50 ppm furazolidone or nitrofurazone and 2 commercial samples were analyzed by the proposed method.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sugars in various food products. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed which is fast, simple, specific, and reliable over a wide range of sugar concentrations in a variety of food matrices. With few exceptions, sample preparation is simple, requiring only a water-ethanol extraction, followed by a rapid mini-column cleanup before injection into the HPLC system. The majority of samples can be prepared for analysis within 1--1 1/2 hr, and the following sugars are separated in less than 45 min: fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, melibioals, chocolate products, chocolate sirups, cookies, health food products, molasses, preserves, processed fruits, and soy protein products.


Gas-liquid chromatographic test for honey adulteration by high fructose corn sirup. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed to detect the addition to honey of high fructose corn sirup (HFCS). Samples are derivatized directly with trimethylsilane, cholestane is added as an internal standard, and the levels of maltose (includes other minor disaccharides) and isomaltose are determined after chromatography on OV-17. Domestic and imported honey samples (115) contained 2.00% maltose and 0.71% isomaltose. HFCS samples (21) contained 1.50% maltose, and 2.09% isomaltose. A discriminatory equation was developed (D = 2.73 - 5. 35 (Isomaltose/maltose)) and, when applied to the data for these samples and 37 adulterated samples, 81.4% of authentic honey samples and 78.4% of samples known to be adulterated with HFCS were correctly classified.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of nitrofurazone in milk. A rapid high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) screening method for the quantitative determination of nitrofurazone in milk has been developed. The drug is extracted with ethyl acetate from a 2.0 ml milk serum sample, the organic layer is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in the mobile phase and injected into the liquid chromatogarph. A reverse phase muBondapak C18 column is used with monitoring at 365 nm. The detection limit is 5 ppb and recoveries are 57--67%. Mass spectroscopic confirmation of the HPLC nitrofuran peak is described.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure is described for determining 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA) compounds in oysters at the 2 ppb level. These compounds are extracted from shellfish with acetonitrile and partitioned into petroleum ether; the petroleum ether is removed and the residue is saponified. The aromatic compounds are isolated by passing the saponifeid residue through silica gel and further purified and fractionated by muStyragel gel permeation chromatography. The in-ividual PNAs are then quantitatively determined by using a reverse phase HPLC column coupled to fluorescence, spectrophotometric, and 254 nm absorbance detectors in series. Recoveries from spiked samples generally were greater than 80%.


Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric indentification of chlorinated trifluorotoluene residues in Niagara River fish. Several unknown halogenated compounds were detected in Niagara River fish using a method similar to the AOAC multiresidue method for chlorinated pesticides in high-moisture foods. From gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GLC/MS) data and GLC retention times on 3 columns, 7 of the compounds were identified as 4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.17--2.0 ppm), 2-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.002--0.1 ppm), 3,4-dichloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.02--0.28 ppm), 2,4-dichloro-alpha,alpha-alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.02--0.17) ppm), 2,3-dichloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (trace-0.005 ppm), 2,6-dichlorotoluene (not quantitated), and 2,4,5-trichlorotoluene (0.31 ppm was found in the only sample quantitated). Other isomers of tri- and tetrachloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene and di-,tri-, and tetrachlorotoluene were also present in these samples. Recoveries of the specific chlorinated trifluorotoluenes identified in these samples ranged from 86 to 108%.


Identification and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of aryl phosphate residues in environmental samples. Aryl phosphates are widely used as flame retardant plasticizers and hydraulic fluids. Laboratory exposures of rainbow trout to a commercial phosphate hydraulic fluid in a flow-through system resulted in substantial biomagnification. Aryl phosphate residues in fish are extracted and cleaned up by the AOAC method for pesticides in fatty foods, and are detected by phosphorus-selective gas-liquid chromatography. Residues of several aryl phosphate mixtures were detected in fish near industrial sites at concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 1 ppm (edible portion basis).


Colorimetric determination of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in contact lens solutions. A rapid colorimetric method is presented for the quantitative determination of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in contact lens solutions. The method is simple, requires no sample pretreatment, and uses only a small volume of sample. The procedure is based on the measurement of the net absorbance of a poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)- Congo red complex at 545 nm. An accuracy of greater than +/- 4% was obtained for the concetnration ranges usually found in contact lens solutions with a minimum detection level of 10 ppm. The method is useful as a screening procedure for solutions of unknown composition and as a quality assurance procedure for routine determinations.


Spectrophotometric analysis of binary mixtures of sulfonamides. Different methods for analyzing binary mixtures by using 2 wavelengths are reviewed. The absorbance ratio calculated at 2 wavelengths, not including the isoabsorptive point, was a quadratic function of relative concentration. The curve-fitting process using orthogonal polynomials was applied to obtain the quadratic equation. An absorbance ratio can be used as a rapid purity index for sulfacetamide sodium in the presence of sulfanilamide. Sulfacetamide sodium has been determined in eye drop preparations.


Gas-solid chromatographic determination of moisture in lyophilized pharmaceutical products. A gas-solid chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of low levels of moisture in individual lyophilized vials of pharmaceutical products. Dry ethanol, which contains methanol as the internal standard, is injected through the septum of the vial to dissolve the lyophilized contents.  An aliquot of this solution is then withdrawn and injected onto a Porapak QS column at 110 degrees C where the components are separated and detected using thermal conductivity detection. A solvent blank correction allows quantitation of the water in the individual vial. The method is conveniently applied to samples containing as little as 50 microgram water/vial, and as many as 25 vials can be assayed/day. A simple technique is also described for removing water from the ethanol solvent to less than 100 ppm, using a molecular sieve.


Crown gall teratoma formation is plasmid and plant controlled. Experiments using different species of the plant Nicotiana and strains of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens showed that teratoma formation from crown galls was dependent on the combination of bacterial Ti plasmid and host plant used.


Comparison of the membrane composition of Spiroplasma citri and the corn stunt Spiroplasma. Components of membranes isolated from Spiroplasma citri and corn stunt spiroplasma grown at 28 degrees C were analyzed. On a protein basis, lipid phosphorus was lower and cholesterol was higher in S. citri. Only minor differences between the two species were found in fatty acid composition, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase, and adenosine triphosphatase.


Variation in the structure and bacteriophage-inactivating capacity of Salmonella anatum lipopolysaccharide as a function of growth temperature. Growth temperature affects both the structure and the phage-inactivating capacity of Salmonella anatum A1 lipopolysaccharide. Whereas S. anatum cells normally synthesize smooth lipopolysaccharide when grown at physiological temperature (37 degrees C), a partial smooth-rough transition occurs when cells are grown at low temperature (20 to 25 degrees C). The synthesis at low growth temperature of lipopolysaccharide molecules lacking O-antigen was detected both by increased sensitivity of cells to the rough-specific bacteriophage Felix O-1 and by fractionation of oligosaccharides derived from lipopolysaccharide by mild acid hydrolysis. Growth temperature-induced changes in the structure of S. anatum A1 lipopolysaccharide also affected its ability to inactivate epsilon15, a bacteriophage that binds initially to the O-antigen portion of the molecule. Purified lipopolysaccharide prepared from cells grown at low growth temperature exhibited a higher in vitro phage-inactivating capacity than did lipopolysaccharide prepared from cells grown at physiological temperature (37 degrees C).


Analysis of corynomycolic acids and other fatty acids produced by Corynebacterium lepus grown on kerosene. The saponifiable carboxylic acids of the extracellular product of Corynebacterium lepus grown on kerosene have been isolated and characterized. About 25% of these acids were a mixture of simple, saturated fatty acids ranging from C13 to C24 and including both even and odd homologues. The distribution of these acids was bimodal, with maxima at C15 and C21. The other 75% of the acids was a mixture of corynomycolic acids [R1--CH(OH)--CH(R2)--COOH] ranging from C28 to C43. The R1 alkyl fragments varied from C16 to C25, and R2 fragments varied from C6 to C14. Both even and odd corynomycolic acid homologues were observed, and the distribution had a single pronounced maximum at C32 and C33. Bacterial utilization of the carboxylic oxidation products of the kerosene substrate is suggested to account for the wide distribution in chain length of these saturated fatty acids and for the observation of both even and odd homologues.