[User]
Hey, I'm looking to design a parametric soap holder that clips onto a pipe, and I'd like it to be customizable for different pipe sizes and hand preferences. I've got some ideas based on an existing design, but I want to start fresh.

Essentially, the holder should have a clip mechanism that grips the pipe, and a recessed area to hold the soap.  I need to be able to set the diameter of the pipe it should grip, and whether the design should be for the left or right side of the pipe.  The clip part should have a circular profile on the inside to match the pipe, and a flat exterior where it meets the main body. I want to be able to control the wall thickness of the clip.

The recessed soap holding area should be a rounded rectangle shape, and it should be offset from the clip. There should be some pegs coming out of the back of the holder to provide support, in a pattern that makes it easy to print.

I want to make sure that the design is parametric - I need to be able to easily adjust the pipe diameter, overall size of the soap holder, clip wall thickness, the size of the soap holding recess, the height and depth of the holder, as well as the diameter, spacing, and height of the pegs. I also want to control the amount of blending radius.  The clip should have a fillet on the outside edge where it connects to the flat part.

The existing design I have used a `pcd_hole` module for the pegs, and `linear_extrude` and `offset` for some of the other parts. I'd want something similar, using a combination of cylinders, cubes, and 2D shapes, and `linear_extrude` for the height, and `difference()` for removing parts. I'd like to be able to adjust parameters that control how the fillet is constructed. The existing version uses `offset()` to do the fillets, along with `projection()` to make the clip.

Could you create the OpenSCAD files for me? I don't need any libraries that aren't built in to OpenSCAD itself.

[Assistant]
Soap_holder_Version_2.scad:
```
///OpenSCAD version version 2019.05 ////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////
// OpenSCAD File V2.0 by Ken_Applications   ////
//////     V2.0    20 - 03 - 2020       ////////
/////      V1.0    04 - 07 - 2019          /////
////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////
// version 2 rotated pipe grip 90 degrees for improved grip

Diameter_to_grip=20;
handed="right";//([left,right])

////////////////////////////////////////////////

module pcd_hole(num_holes, pcd_dia,hole_dia,hole_hgt) {
    for (i=[0:num_holes-1])
	rotate([0,0,i*360/num_holes])
	translate([pcd_dia,0,0])
	cylinder(d=hole_dia, h=hole_hgt,$fn=30);
}

if (handed=="right"){
$vpr = [55, 0, 226];
$vpt = [9, -60, 9];
$vpd=400;
}

if (handed=="left"){
$vpr = [62, 0, 300];
$vpt = [23, 73, -4];
$vpd=400;
}

clip_wall_thickness=5*1;
retangle_x=90*1;
retangle_y=65*1;

shift_x=retangle_x/2+Diameter_to_grip/2+clip_wall_thickness+1;

if (handed=="left"){
mirror([0,1,0]){
difference() {
pegs();
translate ([0, -shift_x, 50+20-13.5]) scale (v = [1, 1.4, 1])  sphere (d = 100);
}
}
}

if (handed=="right"){
mirror([0,0,0]){
difference() {
pegs();
translate ([0, -shift_x, 50+20-13.5]) scale (v = [1, 1.4, 1])  sphere (d = 100);
}
}
}

module pegs(){
translate ([0, -shift_x, 0]) {
pcd_hole(1,0,4,20);
pcd_hole(6,17,7,20);
rotate (a = [0, 0, 90])  pcd_hole(2,35,8,20);
rotate (a = [0, 0, 120])  pcd_hole(2,35,8,20);
rotate (a = [0, 0, -120])  pcd_hole(2,35,8,20);
}
}

module  inner(){
translate ([-3, -shift_x, 5])
rotate (a = [0, 0, retangle_x])
rotate (a = [-7, 0, 0]) {
linear_extrude (height = 25)
round2d(OR=12,IR=0) square ([ retangle_x,retangle_y ],center = true);
}
}

clip_height=20*1;
width_of_base=65*1;
depth_of_base=100*1;

module contor1(){
 translate([0,-dist_from_cl,0]) square([width_of_base,depth_of_base],true);
 rotate(90+180) contor();
}

////calculations//////////////
the_fillet_r=(clip_wall_thickness/2)-0.1;
outer_dia=Diameter_to_grip+(2*clip_wall_thickness);
dist_from_cl=((Diameter_to_grip/2)+(depth_of_base/2))+0.1;
grip_offset=Diameter_to_grip/2.7;
blend_radius=(Diameter_to_grip/3)-0.1;
move_bit=(Diameter_to_grip/2)+depth_of_base;
//////////////////////////////

module clip_cyl(){
difference(){
cylinder(h=2, d1=outer_dia, d2=outer_dia, center=false,$fn=100);
translate([0,0,-1])cylinder(h=clip_height, d1=Diameter_to_grip, d2=Diameter_to_grip, center=false,$fn=100);
translate([-width_of_base,grip_offset,-1]) cube([width_of_base*2,width_of_base,2],false);
    }
}

module contor(){
projection(cut = true)
clip_cyl();
}

module fillet(r) {
   offset(r = -r) {
     offset(delta = r) {
       contor1();
     }
   }
}

module fillet2(r) {
   offset(r = -r) {
     offset(delta = r) {
       clip();
     }
   }
}

module clip(){
fillet(blend_radius,$fn=100);
}

module clip_without_hole(){
linear_extrude(height=clip_height)
    fillet2(-the_fillet_r,$fn=100);
}

module finish(){
clip_without_hole();

for (x = [1:1:1-1] ){
translate([-x*center_line_distance,0,0]) clip_without_hole();
translate([-x*center_line_distance,-move_bit,0]) cube([x*center_line_distance,depth_of_base,clip_height],false);
}
}

module round2d(OR=3,IR=1){offset(OR)offset(-IR-OR)offset(IR)children();}

if (handed=="left"){
mirror([0,1,0]){
difference() {
finish();
inner();
}
}
}

if (handed=="right"){
mirror([0,0,0]){
difference() {
finish();
inner();
}
}
}

```
Soap_holder.scad:
```
///OpenSCAD version version 2019.05 ////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////
// OpenSCAD File V1.0 by Ken_Applications //////
/////          04 - 07 - 2019              /////
////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////

Diameter_to_grip=20;
handed="right";//([left,right])

////////////////////////////////////////////////

module pcd_hole(num_holes, pcd_dia,hole_dia,hole_hgt) {
    for (i=[0:num_holes-1])
	rotate([0,0,i*360/num_holes])
	translate([pcd_dia,0,0])
	cylinder(d=hole_dia, h=hole_hgt,$fn=30);
}

if (handed=="right"){
$vpr = [55, 0, 226];
$vpt = [9, -60, 9];
$vpd=400;
}

if (handed=="left"){
$vpr = [62, 0, 300];
$vpt = [23, 73, -4];
$vpd=400;
}

clip_wall_thickness=4*1;
retangle_x=90*1;
retangle_y=65*1;

shift_x=retangle_x/2+Diameter_to_grip/2+clip_wall_thickness+1;

if (handed=="left"){
mirror([0,1,0]){
difference() {
pegs();
translate ([0, -shift_x, 50+20-13.5]) scale (v = [1, 1.4, 1])  sphere (d = 100);
}
}
}

if (handed=="right"){
mirror([0,0,0]){
difference() {
pegs();
translate ([0, -shift_x, 50+20-13.5]) scale (v = [1, 1.4, 1])  sphere (d = 100);
}
}
}

module pegs(){
translate ([0, -shift_x, 0]) {
pcd_hole(1,0,4,20);
pcd_hole(6,17,7,20);
rotate (a = [0, 0, 90])  pcd_hole(2,35,8,20);
rotate (a = [0, 0, 120])  pcd_hole(2,35,8,20);
rotate (a = [0, 0, -120])  pcd_hole(2,35,8,20);
}
}

module  inner(){
translate ([-3, -shift_x, 5])
rotate (a = [0, 0, retangle_x])
rotate (a = [-7, 0, 0]) {
linear_extrude (height = 25)
round2d(OR=12,IR=0) square ([ retangle_x,retangle_y ],center = true);
}
}

clip_height=20*1;
width_of_base=65*1;
depth_of_base=100*1;

module contor1(){
 translate([0,-dist_from_cl,0]) square([width_of_base,depth_of_base],true);
 contor();
}

////calculations//////////////
the_fillet_r=(clip_wall_thickness/2)-0.1;
outer_dia=Diameter_to_grip+(2*clip_wall_thickness);
dist_from_cl=((Diameter_to_grip/2)+(depth_of_base/2))+0.1;
grip_offset=Diameter_to_grip/2.7;
blend_radius=(Diameter_to_grip/3)-0.1;
move_bit=(Diameter_to_grip/2)+depth_of_base;
//////////////////////////////

module clip_cyl(){
difference(){
cylinder(h=2, d1=outer_dia, d2=outer_dia, center=false,$fn=100);
translate([0,0,-1])cylinder(h=clip_height, d1=Diameter_to_grip, d2=Diameter_to_grip, center=false,$fn=100);
translate([-width_of_base,grip_offset,-1]) cube([width_of_base*2,width_of_base,2],false);
    }
}

module contor(){
projection(cut = true)
clip_cyl();
}

module fillet(r) {
   offset(r = -r) {
     offset(delta = r) {
       contor1();
     }
   }
}

module fillet2(r) {
   offset(r = -r) {
     offset(delta = r) {
       clip();
     }
   }
}

module clip(){
fillet(blend_radius,$fn=100);
}

module clip_without_hole(){
linear_extrude(height=clip_height)
    fillet2(-the_fillet_r,$fn=100);
}

module finish(){
clip_without_hole();

for (x = [1:1:1-1] ){
translate([-x*center_line_distance,0,0]) clip_without_hole();
translate([-x*center_line_distance,-move_bit,0]) cube([x*center_line_distance,depth_of_base,clip_height],false);
}
}

module round2d(OR=3,IR=1){offset(OR)offset(-IR-OR)offset(IR)children();}

if (handed=="left"){
mirror([0,1,0]){
difference() {
finish();
inner();
}
}
}

if (handed=="right"){
mirror([0,0,0]){
difference() {
finish();
inner();
}
}
}

```


[User]
I'd like to design a customizable round box using OpenSCAD. It needs to have a separate lid that fits snugly onto the base. Here's what I'm thinking for the parameters:

*   **`ins_dia`**: The inside diameter of the box (in millimeters).
*   **`wall_th`**: The wall thickness (in millimeters).
*   **`tb_th`**: The thickness of the top and bottom (in millimeters).
*   **`h`**: The total height of the base (from bottom to where the lid starts to go on), in millimeters.
*   **`insc`**: The height of the intersection, where the lid fits over the base, in millimeters.
*   **`clr`**: The clearance between the lid and the base (in millimeters). This is important for a good fit and will depend on my printer.

I'd like the OpenSCAD code to generate both the base and the lid, and they should be separate objects, with the lid translated on the X-axis so it doesn't overlap.

I would like to be able to change those parameters and have the box and lid adjust accordingly. The base needs to be a cylinder with the specified inner and outer diameters, with the intersection region having the required clearance. The lid should similarly be a cylinder with clearance to fit over the base.

Could you please generate the OpenSCAD code for this? I’m assuming that the default `$fn` for `cylinder()` will be sufficient for a smooth cylinder, but if you are including `$fn` explicitly, please use `$fn=200`. Thanks!

[Assistant]
round_box.scad:
```
/*
***Customizable Round Box***
K.Incekara
Jul 4, 2019
*/

/////Parameters/////
// Inside diameter of the box (mm).
ins_dia = 45;
// Wall thickness (mm).
wall_th = 5;
// Top-bottom thickness (mm).
tb_th = 3;
// Outside diameter of the box (mm).
out_dia = ins_dia + 2*wall_th;
// Height of the box from bottom to cover (mm).
h = 20;
// Height of the intersection of the body and the cover (mm).
insc = 10;
// Clerance between the cover and the box (mm).
clr = 0.2; //[0.05,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4]

/////Box/////
difference(){
    cylinder(h, out_dia /2 , out_dia /2, $fn=200);
    cylinder(h+1, ins_dia /2 , ins_dia /2, $fn=200 );
}
difference(){
    cylinder(h+insc, (ins_dia+wall_th-clr)/2, (ins_dia+wall_th-clr)/2, $fn=200);
    cylinder(h+insc+1, ins_dia /2 , ins_dia /2, $fn=200 );
}
cylinder(tb_th, ins_dia /2 , ins_dia /2, $fn=200 ); //bottom

//Cover//
translate([out_dia+10,0,0]){
difference(){
    cylinder(insc+tb_th+clr, out_dia/2, out_dia/2, $fn=200);
    cylinder(insc+tb_th+1, (ins_dia+wall_th+clr)/2, (ins_dia+wall_th+clr)/2, $fn=200 );
}
cylinder(tb_th, out_dia/2 , out_dia/2, $fn=200 ); //top
}
```


[User]
I'm looking to create a customizable hexagonal container in OpenSCAD, similar to the one described in the provided file. It needs to have a few key features:

**Basic Structure:**

*   The container should have a hexagonal shape, but I'd like to be able to control the number of sides that form the main body of the container. This will allow me to create other shapes such as a square or pentagon as well.
*   It should have a separate cap that fits snugly on top.
*   I need to be able to control the content's width and height, as well as the shape of the content area. The content area can be hexagonal or cylindrical.
*   I should also be able to control the wall thickness of the container.
*   It should have grips on the side, but I'd like to be able to specify how many of the sides have these grips (again, between 0 and the total number of sides). These grips should consist of repeating hooks on each side.
*   There should be a knob on the cap. I want to be able to set its width and height.
*   The container can be either bottomless, or have a bottom.

**Customization Options:**

*   I'd like to be able to select which parts to render (the full design, just the container, or just the cap).
*   I'd like to be able to specify the nozzle diameter of my 3D printer.
*   I also need to control the gap between the container and the cap.
*   And finally, I need to be able to control the render resolution, so that complex shapes can render smoothly.

**Specific design details for the grips:**

*   The grips should have a stop at each end of the grips.
*   The grips should be made up of repeated "hooks" in between the stops.
*   The number of hooks should be automatically calculated based on the dimensions of the container side.
*   All grip and stop dimensions should be based on the wall thickness and desired gap.

**Other considerations:**

*   I want to make sure that the dimensions are adjusted automatically to prevent invalid designs. For instance, if the nozzle width is set too high, the grip and gap width will be automatically adjusted to prevent issues with fabrication.

I'm looking for a parametric design so I can easily change these dimensions to get different containers. I don't need the "debug" code at the end of the provided file. I'd also like to use the `BOSL2` library, since it has some useful features. Let me know if you need any more clarification!

[Assistant]
HexagonalContainer.scad:
```
// Hexagonal puzzle

/* [Shape] */

// Content width (mm)
CONTENT_WIDTH = 50;

// Content height (mm)
CONTENT_HEIGHT = 60;

// Content shape
CONTENT_SHAPE = 1; // [0:Hexagonal,1:Cylindric]

// Container wall thickness (mm)
CONTAINER_THICKNESS = 0;

// Container grips width (mm)
CONTAINER_GRIP = 4;

// Knob diameter (mm)
KNOB_WIDTH = 15;

// Knob height (mm)
KNOB_HEIGHT = 10;

/* [Options] */

// Choose wich part to render
PART_TO_RENDER = 0; // [0:All,1:Container only,2:Cap only]

// Number of container sides
NB_SIDES = 4; // [0:6]

// Number of container sides with grip
NB_SIDES_WITH_GRIP = 6; // [0:6]

// The container has a bottom or not
CONTAINER_BOTTOMLESS = 0; // [0:With bottom,1:Without bottom]

/* [Advanced] */

// Printer nozzle width (mm)
PRINT_NOZZLE = 0.4; // [0:0.05:1]

// Distance between nestables parts (mm)
CONTAINER_GAP = 0.2; // [0:0.05:2]

// Precision of rendering (the lower the faster)
PRECISION = 100; // [10:10:200]

/* [Hidden] */

//
// Layout of one box side with grips
//
// o------o--------------------------------o---------o------------o
// | STOP |              Hook 1            | N Hooks |    STOP    |
// o------o--------------------------------o---------o------------o
// | Grip | Gap | Grip | Grip | Gap | Grip |   ...   | Gap | Grip |
// o------o--------------------------------o---------o------------o
//
$fn=PRECISION;
NB_GRIP = min(NB_SIDES,NB_SIDES_WITH_GRIP);
GAP = max(0,CONTAINER_GAP);
GRIP_MIN = max( (CONTAINER_GRIP-3*GAP)/2, 3*PRINT_NOZZLE);
SIDE_T = max( CONTAINER_THICKNESS, 3*PRINT_NOZZLE );
BOX_D = CONTENT_WIDTH+2*SIDE_T;
CONTENT_R = CONTENT_WIDTH/2;
BOX_R = BOX_D/2;
BOX_H = max ( 2*SIDE_T+GAP, CONTENT_HEIGHT );
SIDE_W_MIN = 2*BOX_R*tan(30); // External side width
KNOB_D = max ( KNOB_WIDTH, 5 );
KNOB_d = max ( KNOB_D*50/100, 3*PRINT_NOZZLE );
KNOB_H = max ( KNOB_HEIGHT, 5 );
KNOB_R = KNOB_D/2;
KNOB_r = KNOB_d/2;

//
// 3 grips width by hook and 2 for STOPs
//   = GRIP_MIN*(3*HOOKS_N + 2)
// 2 gaps by hook and 1 for STOPs
//   = GAP*(2*HOOKS_N + 1)
// SIDE_W = GRIP*(3*HOOKS_N + 2) + GAP*(2*HOOKS_N + 1)
//
// Minimum 1 hook or this don't work
//
HOOKS_N = max ( 1, floor ( (SIDE_W_MIN -GAP -2*GRIP_MIN)/(2*GAP+3*GRIP_MIN) ) );
GRIP = max ( 3*PRINT_NOZZLE, (SIDE_W_MIN - GAP*(2*HOOKS_N + 1)) / (3*HOOKS_N + 2) );
SIDE_W = GRIP*(3*HOOKS_N + 2) + GAP*(2*HOOKS_N + 1);
GRIP_W = 2*GRIP_MIN+3*GAP;

echo ( "HOOKS_N =", HOOKS_N );
echo ( "GRIP =", GRIP );
echo ( "SIDE_W =", SIDE_W );

// Draw a 2D hook
module hook() {
    polygon ( points = [
        [ 0*GRIP, 0*GRIP_MIN+0*GAP ],
        [ 0*GRIP, 2*GRIP_MIN+2*GAP ],
        [ 2*GRIP, 2*GRIP_MIN+2*GAP ],
        [ 2*GRIP, 1*GRIP_MIN+2*GAP ],
        [ 1*GRIP, 1*GRIP_MIN+2*GAP ],
        [ 1*GRIP, 0*GRIP_MIN+0*GAP ]
    ]);
}

// Draw a 2D stops
module stop() {
    polygon ( points = [
        [ 0*GRIP, 0*GRIP_MIN+0*GAP ],
        [ 0*GRIP, 2*GRIP_MIN+2*GAP ],
        [ 1*GRIP, 2*GRIP_MIN+2*GAP ],
        [ 1*GRIP, 0*GRIP_MIN+0*GAP ]
    ]);
}

// Draw a 2D wall
module wall( offset=0 ) {
    width = SIDE_W+2*offset*tan(30);

    polygon ( points = [
        [ 0, -BOX_R-0.01 ],
        [ -width/2-0.01, offset ],
        [ +width/2+0.01, offset ]
    ]);
}

module hexagon( o=0, h=BOX_H, n=6 ) {
    for ( n=[0:60:n*60-1] ) {
        rotate ( [ 0, 0, n ] )
        translate( [ 0, BOX_R, 0 ] ) {
            wall( o );
        }
    }
}

module side() {
    for ( n=[0:HOOKS_N-1] ) {
        translate( [ GRIP+GAP+n*(3*GRIP+2*GAP)-SIDE_W/2, 0, 0 ] )
            hook();
    }
    translate( [ GRIP+GAP+HOOKS_N*(3*GRIP+2*GAP)-SIDE_W/2, 0, 0 ] ) stop();
}

module box( h=BOX_H ) {
    for ( n=[0:60:60*NB_GRIP-1] ) {
        rotate ( [ 0, 0, n ] )
        translate( [ 0, BOX_R, 0 ] ) {
            linear_extrude ( height=h )
                side();
        }
    }
    linear_extrude ( height=h )
        hexagon( n=NB_SIDES );
}

module content_circle( o=0 ) {
    circle(r=CONTENT_R+o);
}
module content_hexagonal( o=0 ) {
    hexagon ( o=-SIDE_T+o );
}
module content_surface( o=0, s=CONTENT_SHAPE ) {
    if ( s==1 ) {
        content_circle( o=o );
    }
    else {
        content_hexagonal( o=o );
    }
}

module container( h=BOX_H, s=CONTENT_SHAPE ) {
    box_h = BOX_H + (CONTAINER_BOTTOMLESS ? 0 : SIDE_T);
    difference() {
        box(h=box_h);
        translate( [0,0,-h] )
            linear_extrude ( height=3*h )
            translate( [0,0,-SIDE_T] )
                content_surface(s=s);
    }
    if ( CONTAINER_BOTTOMLESS==0 ) {
        linear_extrude ( height=SIDE_T )
            content_hexagonal( o=SIDE_T );
    }
}

module knob( s=CONTENT_SHAPE ) {
    translate( [0,0,0] )
    linear_extrude ( height=KNOB_H/2, scale=1.6 )
        content_surface ( o=-CONTENT_R+KNOB_r, s=s );
    translate( [0,0,KNOB_H/2] )
    linear_extrude ( height=KNOB_H/8, scale=2/1.6 )
        content_surface ( o=-CONTENT_R+KNOB_r*1.6, s=s );
    translate( [0,0,KNOB_H/2+KNOB_H/8] )
    linear_extrude ( height=2*KNOB_H/8, scale=1 )
        content_surface ( o=-CONTENT_R+KNOB_r*2, s=s );
    translate( [0,0,KNOB_H/2+3*KNOB_H/8] )
    linear_extrude ( height=KNOB_H/8, scale=1/1.4 )
        content_surface ( o=-CONTENT_R+KNOB_r*2, s=s );
}

module cap( s=CONTENT_SHAPE ) {
    translate( [0,0,BOX_H+50] ) {
        translate( [0,0,0] )
        linear_extrude ( height=SIDE_T )
            content_surface ( o=SIDE_T+(GRIP_W-GAP)/2, s=s );
        translate( [0,0,-SIDE_T] )
        linear_extrude ( height=SIDE_T )
            content_surface ( o=-GAP, s=s );
        translate( [0,0,SIDE_T] )
        knob( s=s );
    }
}

if ( PART_TO_RENDER==0 || PART_TO_RENDER==1 ) {
    color( "grey" )
    container( h=BOX_H, s=CONTENT_SHAPE );
}
if ( PART_TO_RENDER==0 || PART_TO_RENDER==2 ) {
    color( "white" )
    cap( s=CONTENT_SHAPE );
}

// For debug
*
%
for ( n=[0:60:359] ) {
    shape = floor(rands(0,1.99,1)[0]);
    rotate ( [ 0, 0, n ] )
    translate( [ (BOX_D+GRIP_W)*cos(30), (BOX_D+GRIP_W)*sin(30), 0 ] )
    rotate( [0, 0, 120 ] ) {
        if ( PART_TO_RENDER==0 || PART_TO_RENDER==1 ) {
            container( h=rands(5,CONTENT_HEIGHT+20,1)[0], s=shape );
        }
        if ( PART_TO_RENDER==0 || PART_TO_RENDER==2 ) {
            cap(s=shape);
        }
    }
}

```


[User]
Hi, I need help designing a replacement bicycle handle. My daughter's handle fell apart, and I want to 3D print a new one in TPU. I've kind of sketched out the basic design, and I'd like it to be parametric so I can adjust it for different bikes if needed.

The handle should have a cylindrical main body with an inner diameter that matches the handlebar, a certain thickness, and a specified width for the grip. I also want grooves on the outside to improve grip. These grooves should be a helical pattern. Additionally, I want some cylindrical grooves, perpendicular to the axis of the grip, for added grip.

At one end of the handle, I'd like a wider hand protector. This will be a rounded flat disk attached to the handle, with a text cap on the end. The text should be centered and extruded a bit.

I'd like the design to be adjustable, so I'll need parameters for things like:

*   `inner_diameter`: The inner diameter of the handle (to fit the handlebar).
*   `thickness`: The thickness of the handle material.
*   `groove_depth`: The depth of the grooves for grip.
*   `width_hold`: The width of the main handle grip.
*   `protector_diameter`: The diameter of the hand protector.
*   `protector_width`: The width of the hand protector disk.
*   `cap_text`: The text for the end cap.
*   `da`: The delta angle for the helical grooves.

I'd like to be able to select between two different parts: either the complete `handle`, or just the `text` section to preview the text.

For quality, I'd like parameters for `$fa` (minimum angle for fragments) and `$fs` (minimum fragment size), though I'm okay with those defaulting to relatively low values, like `$fa=20` and `$fs=2.5`. I would also like to be able to change the delta angle for the helix grooves (`da`).

I'm imagining a single .scad file for this, and don't need any external libraries for this design. Is that possible? I think I've got it all here, but let me know if anything isn't clear.

[Assistant]
bicycle_handle_compat.scad:
```
/* [Part] */

part = "handle"; // [handle,text]

/* [Measurements] */

// Handle inner diameter (measure your bicycle)
inner_diameter = 22;
// Handle thickness
thickness = 5;
// Handle groove depth
groove_depth = 2;
// Handle width
width_hold = 82;
// Hand protector diameter
protector_diameter = 42;
// Hand protector width
protector_width = 7;
// Cap text
cap_text = "TK";

/* [Quality] */

// Minimum angle for a fragment (STL was rendered with 10).
$fa = 20;
// Minimum size of a fragment (STL was rendered with 1).
$fs = 2.5;
// Handle groove delta angle (STL was rendered with 10).
da = 20;

/* [Hidden] */

inner_radius = inner_diameter / 2;
outer_radius = inner_radius + thickness;
groove_inner_radius = inner_radius + thickness - groove_depth;
protector_radius = protector_diameter / 2;

// **** geometry
if (part == "handle") {
  difference() {
    union() {

      // handle
      difference() {
        // outer cylinder
        cylinder(width_hold, outer_radius, outer_radius);

        // make hollow
        translate([0,0,width_hold * -0.05])
          cylinder(width_hold * 1.1, inner_radius, inner_radius);

        // make grooves (helix)
        groove_r = outer_radius + groove_depth * 0.5;
        groove_total_angle = 360*width_hold/10;
        union() {
          for (a = [0:da:groove_total_angle]) hull() {
            translate([cos(a)*outer_radius, sin(a)*groove_r, a / groove_total_angle * width_hold])
            sphere(groove_depth);
            translate([cos(a+da)*outer_radius, sin(a+da)*groove_r, (a+da) / groove_total_angle * width_hold])
            sphere(groove_depth);
          }
        }

        // make grooves (cylinders)
        union() {
        for (a = [0:45:360])
          translate([cos(a)*outer_radius, sin(a)*outer_radius, 0])
          translate([0,0,width_hold * -0.05])
            cylinder(width_hold * 1.1, groove_depth, groove_depth);
        }
      }

      // hand protector
      translate([0, 0, protector_width + width_hold])
        rotate_extrude(convexity = 10) {
          // 2d profile with fillets
          mirror([1,1])
          difference() {
            union() {
              square([protector_width, protector_radius], false);
              translate([protector_width,0,0])
              polygon(points = [[0,protector_radius], [protector_width/2,0], [0,0]]);
            }

            // fillet
            translate([-0.25 * protector_width, protector_radius - protector_width * 0.5])
              rotate([0,0,45])
              square(protector_width, false);
          }
        }
    }

    // carve text
    translate([0,0,protector_width + width_hold - protector_width * 0.3])
      linear_extrude(protector_width * 0.5)
        text(text = cap_text, size = 1 * protector_radius, font = "Impact", halign = "center", valign = "center", spacing = 1 );
  }
}
else if (part == "text") {
  linear_extrude(protector_width * 0.5)
    text(text = cap_text, size = 1 * protector_radius, font = "Impact", halign = "center", valign = "center", spacing = 1 );
}
```


[User]
Hey, I need some help designing a cat toy, kind of like a wand you can wave around. I have a basic idea in mind, but I want it to be parametric so I can easily change the size and stuff.

Essentially, I want a core cylinder with a smaller hole running through it, like a tube. Then, spiraling around that tube, I want thin, rectangular blades sticking out. These blades should be kind of angled as they spiral, giving a sort of "twisted" look. I want the height, core diameter, hole diameter, blade size, and spiral spacing to all be adjustable. Ideally, I could also tweak the angle of the blades.

For the materials, I'm thinking standard 3D printer stuff, so I'd like to be able to adjust for filament size.

The attached scad file shows roughly what I had in mind, but I'd like a more flexible version.

[Assistant]
emergency_cat_wand.scad:
```

height = 3;
layer_height = 0.3;
size = 40;
filament_size = 3.15; // Add 0.1mm to 0.2mm for tolerance

/* [Hidden] */

$fn=20;

difference(){
    cylinder(height, d=10);
    cylinder(height, d=filament_size);
}
for(h = [0:layer_height*2:height-layer_height])
    for(r = [0:20:360])
        rotate([0,0,r+h*8/layer_height])
        translate([1.5,0,h])
        cube([size,0.5,0.3]);
```


[User]
Hey there! I'm looking to get a custom sponge holder designed in OpenSCAD, and I was hoping you could help me out. I really like the design of the one I found on Thingiverse (I've included the details in the link below if it helps).

Essentially, I want a holder with a number of vertical panels that create slots for sponges to sit in. These panels are rectangular, and the overall shape of the holder should be curved at the base, almost like a shallow arc. I want to be able to customize the number of slots, the overall dimensions of the holder, the height and depth of the panels, the curve height, the thickness of the panels, the base thickness, and the size of the holes in the panels, which will be based on a hexagonal grid.

The core dimensions are:

*   **`slotCount`**: The number of sponge slots (and thus, panels).
*   **`depth`**: The depth of the holder (how far back it goes).
*   **`width`**: The total width of the holder, from edge to edge.
*   **`height`**: The height of each panel.
*   **`arcHeight`**: How far up the base curve should go.
*  **`thickness`**: The thickness of the vertical panels.
*  **`baseThickness`**: The thickness of the curved base.
*   **`latticeSpacing`**: The size of the hexagons in the honeycomb pattern.

The panels should be a frame with a honeycomb infill using hexagonal holes. I'd also like the base to be curved using some sort of arc calculation so that the panels actually stand up vertically from the arc base.

I’m aiming to be able to set all of those parameters so that I can tweak the design and make adjustments when needed. Let me know what you think. I think this is a simple enough build but I definitely would like it if I could customize all of those aspects!

[Assistant]
SpongeHolder.scad:
```
/*
David H. Brown, 2019

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
*/
// How many slots do you want?
slotCount=3;
// Total depth (along each panels)? (mm)
depth=60;
// Total width (between outsides of outer panels) of holder? (mm)
width=90;
// Height of each panel? (mm)
height=80;
// How far up should the base curve? (mm)
arcHeight=8;
// Panel thickness? (mm)
thickness=2;
// Base thickness? (mm)
baseThickness=4;
// Hexagon size? (mm)
latticeSpacing=12;

//https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/564058/calculate-the-radius-of-a-circle-given-the-chord-length-and-height-of-a-segment
supportRadius = (4*arcHeight*arcHeight+ width*width) / (8 * arcHeight);
panelSpan=width-thickness;

f1=1/10;//fudge for preview
f2=2*f1;//double fudge
module hex(xwidth,yheight,zthickness) {
    sidesInHexagon=6;
    difference(){
        //https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/undersized_circular_objects
        fudge=1/cos(180/sidesInHexagon);//30==180/6
        cylinder(d=(latticeSpacing+thickness)*fudge,h=zthickness,$fn=sidesInHexagon);
        translate([0,0,-f1]) cylinder(d=latticeSpacing*fudge,h=zthickness+f2,$fn=sidesInHexagon);
    }
}
module hexGrid(width,height,thickness) {
    xStep=latticeSpacing*cos(30);
    centerX=(width-floor(width/xStep)*xStep)/2;;
    centerY=(height-floor(height/latticeSpacing)*latticeSpacing)/2;
    intersection(){
        cube([width,height,thickness]);
        for(y=[-latticeSpacing:latticeSpacing:height]) {
            for(x=[0:1:ceil(width/xStep)]) {
                translate([x*xStep+centerX,y+((x%2)*latticeSpacing/2)+centerY,0]) hex(-1,-1,thickness);
            }
        }
    }
}
module frame(width,height,thickness) {
    difference(){
        cube([width,height,thickness]);
        translate([thickness,thickness,-f1]) cube([width-2*thickness,height-2*thickness,thickness+f2]);
    }
}

module panel(width,height,thickness) {
    frame(width,height,thickness);
    hexGrid(width,height,thickness);
}
module support(width,depth,height,thickness) {
    if(arcHeight<1) {
        translate([-width/2,0,0]) panel(width,depth,thickness);
    }
    else {
        intersection(){
            translate([-width/2,0,0]) scale([1,1,(arcHeight+thickness)/thickness]) panel(width,depth,thickness);
            supportCylinder(width,depth,height,thickness);
        }
    }
}
function arcHeightAt(x=0) = arcHeight<1 ? 0 : arcHeight+(cos(asin(abs(x)/supportRadius))*supportRadius)-supportRadius;
module supportCylinder(width,depth,height,thickness) {
    translate([0,0,-supportRadius+height]) rotate([270,270,0]) difference() {
        cylinder(r=supportRadius+thickness,h=depth, $fa=1);
        translate([0,0,-f1]) cylinder(r=supportRadius,h=depth+f2, $fa=1);
    }
}

union(){
for(i=[0:1:slotCount]) {
    panelX=-panelSpan/2+i*panelSpan/slotCount;
    panelZ= (0==i || slotCount==i) ? 0 : arcHeightAt(panelX);
    echo (i, panelX, panelZ);
    translate([panelX, 0, panelZ]) rotate([0,270,0])
      translate([0,0,-thickness/2]) panel(height,depth,thickness);
    }
support(width,depth,arcHeight,baseThickness);
}
```


[User]
I'm looking to create a design for a clipper comb storage rack, and I'd like to be able to customize it easily. I have a basic design in mind and would like to get some code written for it in OpenSCAD.

The rack should hold a series of clipper combs upright, with each comb having its own designated slot. The design will consist of a base, a back panel, and upright dividers. These dividers will both separate the combs and will have optional labels printed on them, making it clear which comb is stored where.

Here are the specifics of what I’m looking for:

*   **Comb Sizes/Quantities**: I need to be able to easily specify an array of numbers which will correspond to the sizes of the combs and also to how many slots I have in the rack. For example, `sizes = [1,2,3,4,6,8]` would mean I want 6 slots, for combs sized 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 (these numbers don't represent an actual unit, just a way of labelling the combs for my purposes).
*   **Spacing**: I need to define the spacing between the upright dividers. This will probably need to be a parameter that can be easily adjusted. I've been using 20mm, but depending on comb sizes, 25mm might be better.
*   **Text Labels**: I’d like the ability to toggle whether or not numbers are displayed on the uprights, corresponding to the comb sizes. These labels should be printed onto the uprights and are not intended as a visual decoration or sticker. This means that the uprights need to include text as a negative extrusion in the model.
*   **Dimensions**: I need parameters for the width, depth, and height of the upright dividers, as well as the depth of the text, size of the text, and the horizontal and vertical offsets for the text to position it on the uprights.
*   **Structure**: The design should have a base that the dividers are connected to, a back panel, and some reinforcing elements connecting the back panel to the base, as well as connecting the uprights to the base and also between the uprights themselves and the back panel.
*   **Printing**: The design needs to be easily printable without the need for supports.

I'd like this to be a parametric design, so all these values should be defined as variables at the beginning of the OpenSCAD file, and changing any one parameter should update the whole model. It would be great if the code was clean and easy to understand. I'm looking for all the OpenSCAD code necessary, so no libraries should be assumed.

[Assistant]
ClipperAttachmentStorage.scad:
```

// An array of single digit numbers, number of elements determines number of uprights, values are (optionally) printed on uprights
sizes = [1,2,3,4,6,8];

// Spacing between uprights, 20 is OK for combs #1-#4, try 25 if including #6 & #8
spacing = 25; //[20:30]

// Show text, true or false
showText = true;

// Upright Width
w = 45;
// Upright Depth
d = 3;
// Upright Height
h = 28;

// Text Depthtext parameters
textDepth = 1;
// Text Size
textSize = 18;
// Horizontal Offset, use to center text
textHOffset = 15;
// Vertical Offste, use to center text
textVOffset = 6;

count=len(sizes);

structure();

module structure() {
    // back
    translate([0,count*spacing*sin(45)+d,0])
    rotate([90,0,0])
    linear_extrude(d)square([w,count*spacing*sin(45)+d]);
    // base
    linear_extrude(d) square([w,count*spacing*sin(45)+d]);

    // Joint reinforcing (back to base)
    translate([0,count*spacing*sin(45),0])
    rotate([45,0,0])
    linear_extrude(d) square([w,d]);

    translate([0,sin(45)*d,d-sin(45)*d])
    rotate([45,0,0])
    union() {
        for (i=[0:1:count-1]) {
            // uprights
            translate ([0,i*spacing,0]) stand(i+1);
            // Joint reinforcing (uprights to structure)
            if (i < count) translate([0,i*spacing+d*(sin(45)+1),0]) rotate([45,0,0]) linear_extrude(d) square([w,d]);
        }
        // base for uprights
        linear_extrude(d) square([w,count*spacing]);
    }
}

module stand(i) {
    translate([0,d*(sin(45)-1),sin(45)*d])
    rotate ([-45,0,0])
    union() {
        difference()
        {
            linear_extrude(h) square([w,d]);
            if (i <= count && showText)
                translate ([textHOffset,textDepth,textVOffset])
                rotate([90,0,0])
                linear_extrude(textDepth) text(str(sizes[i-1]), size=textSize);
        }
        translate ([(w+d)/2,d,d/sin(45)])
        rotate ([0,-90,0])
        linear_extrude(d)
        polygon([[0,0],[spacing*sin(45)-d,0],[spacing*sin(45)-d,spacing*sin(45)-d]]);
    }
}
```


[User]
I'd like to create a Christmas tree ornament that's a spiraling sphere. I've seen some cool designs online and want to be able to customize it with a few parameters.

Specifically, I'd like to control the number of spiral "ribbons" that wrap around the sphere, the type of spiral (either a single or double helix), the overall diameter of the sphere, the wall thickness of the ribbons, and the width of the ribbons themselves.

For the spiral type, a single helix would be a continuous spiral wrapping around, and a double helix would be like two interwoven spirals. I need to be able to switch between these options.

I also need to have a flat base so it sits nicely on a surface, and a small loop at the top so it can be hung from a tree.

The parameters I need to control are:
*   **Number of ribbons:**  An integer value to specify how many ribbons wrap around.
*   **Spiral type:** A choice between single or double helix.
*   **Diameter:** The overall diameter of the sphere in mm.
*   **Wall thickness:** The thickness of the spiral ribbons. I need to easily specify nozzle sizes like 0.4mm, 0.8mm, and 1.2mm
*   **Ribbon width:** The width of the ribbon in mm.

Can you generate the necessary OpenSCAD code for this?  I'd like to be able to adjust these parameters easily when I create the model. I’m also really looking for something that minimizes the chance of getting CGAL errors. I don’t need any fancy text or logos and I'd prefer to keep it as simple as possible. I'd like to use the BOSL2 library for this. Thanks!

[Assistant]
Spiral_sphere_ornament.scad:
```
/*
SpiralSphere - Christmas tree ornament - Thingiverse Customizer compatible
2013-11-23 kowomike
*/

//Number of "ribbons"
ribbons=5; //[1:20]

//Spiral type
type=1; //[0:single helix (harder to print),1:double helix]

//Tree diameter at base [mm]
diameter=50; //[20:100]

//Wall thickness
wall=0.75; //[0.25:very thin (0.25 mm),0.4:1x nozzle (0.4mm),0.5:thin (0.5 mm),0.75:standard (0.75 mm),0.8:2x nozzle (0.8mm),1:thick (1 mm)],1.2:3x nozzle (1.2mm)

//Width of spiral ribbons [mm]
spiral_width=5; //[2:10]

/* [Hidden] */

//Calculate Twist angle
twist=360/ribbons*2;

difference () {
	union () {
        rotate ([0,0,360/ribbons/2])
        spiralsphere(number=ribbons,
                    radius=diameter/2,
                    wall=wall,twist=twist,
                    direction=-1,
                    spiral_width=spiral_width);
        if (type==1) {
            spiralsphere(number=ribbons,
                     radius=diameter/2,
                     wall=wall,twist=twist,
                     direction=1,
                     spiral_width=spiral_width);
        }
    }

    //Cut away base to become flat
    cube ([diameter,diameter,1],center=true);

}

//Add Flat baseplate
translate ([0,0,0.5])
cylinder (r=max(4,diameter/20),h=0.5,$fn=50);

//Hanger
translate([0,0,diameter+2])
rotate([90,0,0])
scale([1,1,1])
rotate_extrude(convexity = 10, $fn = 100)
translate([3, 0, 0])
circle(r = 1, $fn = 100);

module spiralsphere (number=6,radius=30,wall=0.5,twist=-90,direction=1, spiral_width) {

points=[[wall*0.5,0],
        [wall*0.5,radius-1],
        [wall*0.4,radius-0.6],
        [wall*0.2,radius],
        [0,radius],
        [wall*-0.2,radius],
        [wall*-0.4,radius-0.6],
        [wall*-0.5,radius-1],
        [wall*-0.5,0]];

intersection () {

for (i=[1:number]) {
    difference() {
        rotate ([0,0,i*360/number])
        linear_extrude($fa=1, $fs=0.5,
                   height = diameter,
                   twist = twist*direction)
        polygon(points);

        translate ([0,0,diameter/2])
        sphere(r=diameter/2-spiral_width);
    }

}
	translate ([0,0,radius])
	sphere(r=radius);
}

}

```


[User]
Hey, I have this wood design that I need to be able to resize and tweak, and I was hoping you could help me generate an OpenSCAD file (or files if that makes more sense). Basically, it's a wooden block with a plate attached to one of its faces. The block has a hole through it, and the plate has a slot that's kind of like a keyhole.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

*   **Block:** This is a simple rectangular prism. It has a hole drilled through it. The hole is centered along the length of the block, but it's offset from the block's vertical center.
*   **Plate:** This plate is attached to one face of the block. It's also a rectangular prism, but it’s longer and thinner than the block. It has a slot cut into it, like a keyhole, where the 'wide' part of the keyhole is at the end closest to the block, and the small slot extends out to the end.
*   **Orientation:**  The plate is connected to the block such that the wide part of the keyhole is adjacent to the block.

I'd like to be able to customize these dimensions:
*   The overall x, y, and z dimensions of the block
*   The y and z dimensions of the plate
*   The offset of the hole in the block (how far off center vertically it is).
*   The diameter of the hole
*   The width of the wide part of the keyhole slot in the plate.
*   The width of the shallow part of the keyhole slot in the plate.
*   The depth of the keyhole slot in the plate
*   the overall z depth of the plate

I think that's everything. Can you generate the OpenSCAD code for this? Please make it parametric, and be sure to include comments so I can figure out what's going on. I don't have a strong preference about using libraries, so use whatever makes sense.

[Assistant]
woodDraw.scad:
```
x = 50;
y_block = 25;
z_block = 30;
y_plate = 10;
z_plate = 100;
z_plate_hole = 80;
wide_plate_hole = 6;
shallow_plate_hole = 3;
hole_offset = 10;
diameter = 6.5;

rotate(180) union() {
    block(x, y_block, z_block, hole_offset, diameter);
    translate([0, - y_block/2 + y_plate/2, z_block]) plate(x, y_plate, z_plate, wide_plate_hole, shallow_plate_hole, z_plate_hole);
}

module block(x = 50, y = 25, z = 30, of = 10, diameter = 6.5) {
    translate([0, -y / 2, 0]) difference() {
        translate([-x/2, 0, 0]) cube([x, y, z], false);
        translate([0, of + (y-of)/2, -z * 0.5]) cylinder($fn = 90, r = diameter / 2, h=z * 2, center=false);
    }
}

module plate(x = 50, y = 10, z = 100, wide = 6, shallow = 3, z_hole = 80) {
    difference() {
        translate([-x/2, -y/2, 0]) cube([x, y, z], center=false);
        rotate(180) translate([0, 0, (z - z_hole) / 2]) linear_extrude(z_hole) translate([-wide/2, y/2, 0]) polygon(points = [
            [0, 0],
            [0, y/2],
            [wide, y/2],
            [wide, 0],
            [wide/2 + shallow/2, -y],
            [wide/2 + shallow/2, -y * 1.5],
            [wide/2 - shallow/2, -y * 1.5],
            [wide/2 - shallow/2, -y]
        ]);
    }
}
```


[User]
I need a parametric OpenSCAD design for a pool skimmer basket. I want to be able to customize the basket's dimensions and hole patterns, as well as print it in two parts for easier assembly. The design should be based on a truncated cone shape with holes, and a separate top ring that can be glued on.

Specifically, I need the following parameters:

*   **`height`**: The overall height of the basket.
*   **`top_width`**: The diameter of the top opening of the basket.
*   **`bottom_width`**: The diameter of the bottom of the basket.
*   **`top_overlap_outer`**: The outer radial overlap of the top ring relative to the basket body.
*   **`top_overlap_inner`**: The inner radial overlap of the top ring relative to the basket body.
*  **`thinnest`**: The thickness of the basket walls.
*   **`holesize`**: The diameter of the holes in the basket.
*   **`bottom_part`**: A boolean flag to generate only the bottom portion of the basket.
*   **`top_part`**: A boolean flag to generate only the top ring of the basket.

The basket should have:

*   Vertical rows of circular holes going down the sides.
*   Horizontal rows of circular holes around the sides.
*  A more dense and bold horizontal row around the sides as well.
*   A bottom piece with an array of small square holes
*  A bold cross on the bottom piece for structural support.
*   The top part needs to have a lip that fits over the basket body with the overlap parameters controlling the fit.

I will print the bottom and top as two separate pieces and join them with glue.

I'd like to be able to control the spacing between holes and the size of each hole based on the provided parameters.

Can you generate an OpenSCAD file or files to achieve this? I don't have any of the existing libraries downloaded, so if any are needed please let me know.

[Assistant]
skimmer.scad:
```
/* Height of basket */
height=80;
/* Top width of basket */
top_width=180;
/* Bottom width of basket */
bottom_width=140;
/* Outer overlap of top part */
top_overlap_outer=8;
/* Inner overlap of top part */
top_overlap_inner=7;
/* Thinnest of basket */
thinnest=3;//[2:7]
/* Size of the holes */
holesize=5;//[4:10]

/* Print bottom part? */
bottom_part=1; //[1,0]

/* Print top part? */
top_part=1; //[1,0]

module skimmerShape(customthinnest = thinnest, customheight = height) {
    difference() {
        cylinder(h=customheight,r1=bottom_width/2, r2=top_width/2);
        translate([0,0,-1]) cylinder(h=customheight + 3,r1=bottom_width/2-customthinnest, r2=top_width/2-customthinnest);
    }
}

module skimmerVerticalHoles() {
    difference() {
        skimmerShape();
        for (h = [holesize / 2:holesize * 1.2:height]) {
            translate([-top_width/2, -top_width/2, h]) cube([top_width, top_width, holesize]);
        }
        translate([-top_width/2, -top_width/2, height - holesize - 1]) cube([top_width, top_width, holesize + 2 ]);

    }
}

module skimmerhorizontalHoles() {
    difference() {
        skimmerShape();
        difference() {
            translate([0, 0, -1]) cylinder(h=height + 2, r1=top_width, r2=top_width);
            for (rotation = [0:5:179]) {
                rotate([0,0,rotation])  translate([-top_width / 2, -holesize/4, -1]) cube([top_width, holesize / 2, height + 2]);
            }
        }
    }
}

module skimmerhorizontalBold() {
    boldthin = holesize * 1.8;
    difference() {
        skimmerShape(customthinnest = thinnest  * 2.0);
        difference() {
            translate([0, 0, -1]) cylinder(h=height + 2, r1=top_width, r2=top_width);
            for (rotation = [0:90:170]) {
                rotate([0,0,rotation])  translate([-top_width / 2, -boldthin/2, -1]) cube([top_width, boldthin, height + 2]);
            }
        }
    }
}

module bottomholes() {
    difference() {
        translate([-top_width/2, -top_width/2, 0]) cube([top_width, top_width, thinnest]);
        for (x = [0:holesize * 1.2:top_width]) {
            for (y = [0:holesize * 1.2:top_width]) {
                translate([x -top_width / 2 + holesize * 0.1,y - top_width / 2 + holesize * 0.1,-1]) cube([holesize, holesize,thinnest + 2]);
            }
        }
    }
}

module bottom() {
    union() {
        intersection() {
            translate([0,0, -1]) cylinder(h=thinnest + 2, r=bottom_width/2);
            union() {
                bottomholes();
                boldthin = holesize * 1.8;

               translate([-boldthin / 2,-bottom_width/2,0]) cube([boldthin, bottom_width,thinnest * 2.0]);
                translate([-bottom_width/2,-boldthin / 2,0]) cube([bottom_width, boldthin,thinnest * 2.0]);

            }
        }
        difference() {
            translate([0,0, 0]) cylinder(h=thinnest, r=bottom_width/2);
            translate([0,0, -1]) cylinder(h=thinnest + 2, r=bottom_width/2 - 1.5 * thinnest);
        }
    }
}

module toppart() {
    difference() {
        difference() {
            translate([0,0,height - 1]) cylinder(h=thinnest * 1.5, r=top_width/2 + top_overlap_outer / 2);
            translate([0,0,height - 1 - 1 ]) cylinder(h=thinnest * 1.5 + 2, r=top_width/2 - top_overlap_inner);
        }
        translate([0,0,height + thinnest * 0.7]) cylinder(h=thinnest * 1.5,r=top_width/2 + 0.4);
    };
}

module skimmer_bottom() {
    skimmerVerticalHoles();
    skimmerhorizontalHoles();
    skimmerhorizontalBold();
    bottom();
}

$fn = 100;

if (bottom_part) {
    skimmer_bottom();
}

if (top_part) {
    translate([0,0,10]) toppart();
}

```


[User]
I'm looking for an OpenSCAD design for a tie hanger, and I have some specific requirements.

The hanger should have a hook at the top, sized to hang on a closet rod. The user should be able to specify the inner diameter of the hook, as well as how much extra space to add to the opening. I'd like to specify a thickness parameter for the whole design and a separate wall thickness that's used throughout. I'd like to add some reinforcing cylinders where the hook attaches to the rest of the hanger, too.

Below the hook, I want to have several rows for hanging ties. I need a parameter for the number of rows. The user should be able to specify if it's double-sided, and if it is, each row should be shifted outward a bit so that the ties on either side don't overlap vertically. There should be a parameter to control this shift amount as well. Each tie row has a flat section where the tie sits and a little hook at the end of the flat part. There need to be parameters for the width of that flat section, and the height of the hook part, and a parameter for the gap between the top of the hook and the bottom of the next tie row.

I'm also hoping to use hull() functions to keep the design rounded and not blocky. I want to be able to print this design without supports, if possible.

I don't have any pre-existing code to share, but I am hoping to keep the design fairly simple so I don't think any external libraries like BOSL or MCAD are needed.

[Assistant]
Tie_Hanger_v1.1.scad:
```

/* [General] */

// Thickness of the part in the Z dimension. Increase to make a sturdier part.
thickness=4; // [2:10]

// Thickness of the walls in the X and Y dimensions. Increase to make a sturdier part.
wall_thickness=5; // [3:8]

/* [Hook] */

// Inner diameter of the hook. Recommended to set this at least 0.5mm larger than the target rod.
hook_size=35.5; // [2:0.5:100]

// How much extra space to put in the hook opening. If set to 0, the opening will be exactly the same as Hook Size. Positive values will result in a larger opening, negative values will result in a smaller opening. Values lower than -(Hook Size / 2) would violate the geometry of the hook, so will automatically be changed to the lowest valid value.
hook_extra_space=0; // [-50:50]

/* [Tie Sections] */

// The number of tie rows on the hanger.
tie_count=8; // [1:20]

// Whether or not the hanger is double-sided.
double_sided=true; // [true,false]

// The width of each tie section flat area.
tie_section_width=40; // [20:60]

// The height of the hook at the end of each tie section.
tie_section_hook_height=2.5; // [1:0.5:5]

// The height of the gap above the tie section hook. Too small values will make it difficult to use.
tie_section_gap_height=9; // [1:10]

// Only works when Double Sided = true. Shift each layer of the tie section outward by this amount so that the ties are staggered.
tie_section_shift=0.5; // [0:50]

// https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3747855 remix of https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1759354
//Calculated
top_bar_y=wall_thickness/2;
each_bar_y_multiplier=-(wall_thickness+tie_section_hook_height+tie_section_gap_height);
tie_section_left_x=double_sided?(-(tie_section_width+wall_thickness*2)):-(tie_section_width+wall_thickness*2)/2;
tie_section_right_x=double_sided?(tie_section_width+wall_thickness*2):(tie_section_width+wall_thickness*2)/2;
real_hook_extra_space=(hook_extra_space<-(hook_size/2))?-(hook_size/2):hook_extra_space;

union() {
    // Main hook
    union() {
        // oster addition
        translate([2, 0, 0]) {
          cylinder(d=5,h=thickness);
        }
        // oster addition
        translate([-2, 0, 0]) {
          cylinder(d=5,h=thickness);
        }

        // Hook surround
        difference() {
            // Outside
            hull() {
                // Bottom of hook should be at 0,0
                translate([0,hook_size/2+wall_thickness,0]) cylinder(d=hook_size+wall_thickness*2,h=thickness,$fn=40);
                // Top of the hook should be above
                translate([0,hook_size/2+wall_thickness+hook_size/2+real_hook_extra_space,0]) cylinder(d=hook_size+wall_thickness*2,h=thickness,$fn=40);
            }
            // Inside (subtracted)
            hull() {
                translate([0,hook_size/2+wall_thickness,0]) cylinder(d=hook_size,h=thickness*3,center=true,$fn=40);
                translate([0,hook_size/2+wall_thickness+hook_size/2+real_hook_extra_space,0]) cylinder(d=hook_size,h=thickness*3,center=true,$fn=40);
            }
            // Opening (subtracted)
            translate([-(hook_size/2+wall_thickness+1),0,-1]) cube([hook_size/2+wall_thickness+1,hook_size+wall_thickness*1+real_hook_extra_space,thickness*3]);
        }

        // Ball on end of hook
        translate([-(hook_size+wall_thickness)/2,(hook_size+wall_thickness+real_hook_extra_space),0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
    }

    // Straight across top bar
    translate([0,top_bar_y,0]) {
        hull() {
            translate([tie_section_left_x,0,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
            translate([tie_section_right_x,0,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
        }
    }

    middle_support_x=double_sided?0:(tie_section_width+wall_thickness*2)/2;
    middle_support_left_x=double_sided?middle_support_x-tie_count*tie_section_shift:middle_support_x;
    middle_support_right_x=double_sided?middle_support_x+tie_count*tie_section_shift:middle_support_x;
    // Middle support 1 (left)
    hull() {
        translate([middle_support_x,top_bar_y,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
        translate([middle_support_left_x,top_bar_y+tie_count*each_bar_y_multiplier,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
    }
    // Middle support 2 (right)
    hull() {
        translate([middle_support_x,top_bar_y,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
        translate([middle_support_right_x,top_bar_y+tie_count*each_bar_y_multiplier,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
    }

    // Each tie section
    for (i = [0:tie_count]) {
        this_section_left_x=double_sided?tie_section_left_x-(i*tie_section_shift):tie_section_left_x;
        this_section_right_x=double_sided?tie_section_right_x+(i*tie_section_shift):tie_section_right_x;
        translate([0,top_bar_y + (i*each_bar_y_multiplier),0]) {
            // Cross bar for tie section
            hull() {
                translate([this_section_left_x,0,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
                translate([this_section_right_x,0,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
            }
            // Left hook
            hull() {
                translate([this_section_left_x,0,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
                translate([this_section_left_x,tie_section_hook_height,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
            }
            // Right hook
            hull() {
                translate([this_section_right_x,0,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
                translate([this_section_right_x,tie_section_hook_height,0]) cylinder(d=wall_thickness,h=thickness,$fn=40);
            }
        }
    }
}

```


[User]
I'm looking to create a customizable PTFE tube plug for my 3D printer. I'd like it to have a few specific features and be adjustable through parameters. Here's what I need:

First, the main part should be a plug that fits into the end of a PTFE tube. I need to be able to specify both the inner diameter (tube_id) and outer diameter (tube_od) of the tube it's meant to plug. I also need to control the depth of the plug that goes *into* the tube (tube_depth), as well as the depth of any space beyond the tube opening for filament (filament_depth). So, for example, the plug could extend beyond the tube to accommodate some exposed filament.

Secondly, the plug should have a lip or flange that sits on the outside of the tube to hold it in place. I want to be able to set the height (lip_height) and width (lip_width) of this lip. I'd also like some optional ribs on the inside of the plug that would help with grip if I print it in a flexible filament (this would need a boolean variable, "ribs", to enable or disable).

Third, I want to include an optional lanyard or tether. So, a boolean variable (lanyard) that lets me specify if it's there or not. If I enable it, I need to be able to set the width (lanyard_width), length (lanyard_length), and thickness (lanyard_thickness) of the tether. I'd like it to extend out from the edge of the plug.

Finally, I need to be able to control the overall wall thickness of the plug body (wall_thickness) and also a preview cutaway option for testing (cutaway). And of course, control the overall smoothness with a $fn variable, because sometimes I print things low-res and need it to run faster.

I want this to be fully parametric, meaning that I can change all these values from a customizer or from code.

Could you generate an OpenSCAD file for me that does all this? I'm pretty sure that I shouldn't need any external libraries.

[Assistant]
PTFE_Tube_Plug.scad:
```
/**
* PTFE Tube Plug for plugging the ends of PTFE tubes, or any tube, really.

* @author Brian Alano
* @license This software is licensed by Brian Alano under the Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution, Non-Commercial, Share-Alike license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
* @requires OpenSCAD version 2019.05
* @since 2019-07-14
* @version 1.1
*
* Version 1.1
* thicker retaining ring
*/
/* [Basic] */
//PTFE tube inner diameter
tube_id = 2.0; // [0.0 : 0.1 : 25.0]
//PTFE tube outer diameter
tube_od = 4.0; //[2.0 : 0.05 : 25.0]
//Include a lanyard?
lanyard = "yes"; //[no, yes]
//Preview in cutaway view?
cutaway = "no"; //[no, yes]
/* [Cap] */
wall_thickness = 2.0; //[0.2 : 0.1 : 25.0]
tube_depth = 10.0; //[0.0 : 0.1 : 25.0]
filament_depth = 10.0; // [0.0 : 0.1 : 25.0]
lip_height = 2.0; // [0.0 : 0.1 : 25.0]
lip_width = 2.0; // [0.0 : 0.1 : 25.0]
// Ribs may help grip PTFE if printed with flexible filament
ribs = "yes"; //[no, yes]
/* [Lanyard] */
lanyard_width = 4.0; // [0.1 : 0.1: 8.0]
lanyard_length = 40; // [1 : 100]
// The more brittle your filament, the thinner the lanyard should be
lanyard_thickness = 1.0; //[0.1 : 0.1 : 3.0]
/* [Rendering] */
//Higher is more round, but slower to generate
$fn=32;

/* [Hidden] */
epsilon = 0.01;

main();

module add() {
    cap_height = tube_depth + filament_depth;
    cap_od = tube_od + wall_thickness*2;
    lip_od = cap_od + lip_width*2;

    // lip
    cylinder(h=lip_height, d=lip_od);
    // main cap
    cylinder(h=cap_height, d=cap_od);
    // top chamfer
    translate([0, 0, cap_height]) cylinder(h=wall_thickness, d1=cap_od, d2=cap_od - wall_thickness*2 );
    // lanyard
    if (lanyard == "yes") {
        translate([0, -lanyard_width/2, 0]) cube([lanyard_length, lanyard_width, lanyard_thickness]);
        translate([lanyard_length, 0, ,0]) cylinder(h=lip_height, d = cap_od);
    }
}

module subtract() {
    // tube cutout
    cylinder(h=tube_depth + filament_depth, d=tube_id);
    // chamfer the tube hole
    translate([0, 0, -epsilon]) cylinder(h=wall_thickness/2, d1=tube_od + wall_thickness/2, d2 = tube_od);
    // filament cutout
    translate([0,0,-epsilon]) cylinder(h=tube_depth + epsilon, d=tube_od);
    // chamfer the filament hole
    translate([0, 0, tube_depth-epsilon])     cylinder(h=tube_od, d1=tube_od, d2 = 0);
    // ribs
    if (ribs == "yes") {
        for(i=[wall_thickness/2:wall_thickness/2:wall_thickness*1.5]) {
            translate([0, 0, i]) cylinder(h=wall_thickness/4, d=tube_od + wall_thickness/2);
        }
    }
    // lanyard cutout
   translate([lanyard_length, 0, -epsilon]) cylinder(h=lip_height + epsilon*2, d=tube_od);
    // cutaway preview
    if (cutaway == "yes") {
        translate([0, -25, -epsilon]) cube([200, 50, 100], center=true);
    }
}

module main() {
    difference() {
        add();
        subtract();
    }
}

```


[User]
I'm looking to create a customizable box that I can print in vase mode. I need to be able to control the inner width, depth, and height of the box, as well as the lid overlap and the tolerance between the lid and the box. I'd like the option to choose between a rectangular and a cylindrical shape for the box. If it's cylindrical, I need to be able to control the number of segments. The wall thickness needs to be a parameter, and I need it to be a single wall thickness (since it will be vase mode), so no infill or top layers. And the lid should have a lip that helps it fit on the box nicely. The main thing is, the code must be parametric and not hard-coded with fixed values.

Ideally, I want to be able to generate the box, the lid, or both at the same time as separate models. I'm not sure what the best way to do that is, but it should be clear. Can you help with this?

[Assistant]
Vase_mode_box.scad:
```
/* Customizable vase mode box
 * By DrLex, v1.1 2020/05
 * Released under Creative Commons - Attribution - Share Alike license */

/* [General] */
// What model to generate. When using 'both', don't forget to split into two parts before starting vase mode prints.
render = "both"; //[box, lid, both]

/* [Dimensions] */
// Inner width of the box. All dimensions are mm.
width = 50.0; //[1:0.1:250]

// Inner depth of the box.
depth = 25.0; //[1:0.1:250]

// Inner height of the box.
height = 70.0; //[1:0.1:250]

// Overlap of the lid when placed on the box.
lid = 25.0; //[1:0.1:50]

// Total extra gap between the box and lid. You may need to try a few different values to get a perfect fit that is neither too loose nor too tight.
tolerance = 0.1; //[0:0.01:1]

// Wall thickness of the box. You must set wall thickness for vase mode in your slicer program to this same value when printing, and also set number of bottom layers such that vase mode starts above this height.
wall = 0.60; //[0.2:0.01:2]

/* [Shape] */
// Box shape
shape = "rectangle"; //[rectangle, cylinder]

// Number of segments for the cylinder shape
cylinder_segments = 64; //[3:128]

/* [Hidden] */
box_width = width + 2 * wall;
box_depth = depth + 2 * wall;
box_height = height + wall;
lid_width = box_width + tolerance + 2 * wall;
lid_depth = box_depth + tolerance + 2 * wall;
lid_height = lid + wall;
ridge_h = 0.8;
ridge_a = 30;  // angle of the ridge
ridge_r = tan(ridge_a) * ridge_h;  // cone radius needed to obtain angle

if(shape == "rectangle") {
    shift_box = render == "both" ? -(box_depth + 6) : -box_depth/2;
    shift_lid = render == "both" ? 6 : -lid_depth/2;

    if(render == "box" || render == "both") {
        translate([-box_width/2, shift_box, 0]) cube([box_width, box_depth, box_height]);
    }

    if(render == "lid" || render == "both") {
        translate([-lid_width/2, shift_lid, 0]) {
            cube([lid_width, lid_depth, lid_height]);
            translate([0, 0, lid_height]) hull() {
                cylinder(ridge_h, 0, ridge_r, $fn=4);
                translate([lid_width, 0, 0]) cylinder(ridge_h, 0, ridge_r, $fn=4);
                translate([lid_width, lid_depth, 0]) cylinder(ridge_h, 0, ridge_r, $fn=4);
                translate([0, lid_depth, 0]) cylinder(ridge_h, 0, ridge_r, $fn=4);
            }
        }
    }
}
else {
    shift_box = render == "both" ? -(box_depth/2 + 6) : 0;
    shift_lid = render == "both" ? lid_depth/2 + 6 : 0;

    if(render == "box" || render == "both") {
        scale_y_b = box_depth / box_width;
        translate([0, shift_box, 0]) scale([1, scale_y_b, 1]) cylinder(box_height, box_width/2, box_width/2, $fn=cylinder_segments);
    }

    if(render == "lid" || render == "both") {
        scale_y_l = lid_depth / lid_width;
        translate([0, shift_lid, 0]) {
            scale([1, scale_y_l, 1]) {
                cylinder(lid_height, lid_width/2, lid_width/2, $fn=cylinder_segments);
            }
            // unfortunately hull cannot make a 3D shape out of two 2D circles, so make a 3D contraption instead
            translate([0, 0, lid_height]) scale([1, scale_y_l, 1]) hull() {
                cylinder(ridge_h/2, lid_width/2, lid_width/2, $fn=cylinder_segments);
                undo_scale = (lid_width/2 * scale_y_l + ridge_r) / (scale_y_l * (lid_width/2 + ridge_r));
                scale([1, undo_scale, 1]) cylinder(ridge_h, 0, lid_width/2 + ridge_r, $fn=cylinder_segments);
            }
        }
    }
}

```


[User]
I'd like to create a vase using superformula shapes and a bezier curve for the profile, similar to the example I found on Thingiverse. I'm looking for a parametric OpenSCAD design, that lets me control the overall shape, thickness, and twist of the vase.

Specifically, I want to use the dotSCAD library for some of the geometric operations, like superformula generation, bezier curves, and the polysections module. It seems to handle some of the more complicated math stuff. I'm going to need parameters for:

*   **Superformula Shape:**
    *   `phi_step`: The angular increment for the superformula points.
    *   `m`: The "m" parameter for the superformula, used twice in the function for the x and y axis.
    *   `n`: The "n" parameter for the superformula, used for the x axis.
    *   `n3`: The "n3" parameter for the superformula, used for the y axis.
*   **Offset:**
    *   `d`: This controls how thick the walls of the vase will be.
*  **Curve:**
    *  `r1`: The x radius of the first control point on the bezier curve.
    *  `r2`: The x radius of the second control point on the bezier curve.
    *  `h1`: The z height of the first control point on the bezier curve.
    *  `h2`: The z height of the second control point on the bezier curve.
    *  `t_step`: The "time" step for drawing the bezier curve.
*  **Twist:**
    *   `twist`: The amount of twist to apply to the vase as it goes up.

I'd like to see how to set the initial shape and also have the ability to change the way the profile scales, so ideally the bezier curve points could be adjusted via variables. The output should be a solid vase with a consistent wall thickness. I'm thinking to implement this, you could make the outer wall from one set of `polysections` and the inner wall from another and take the difference. Finally, if you can include an example call to the `superformula_vase` module with some test parameters, that would be great.

[Assistant]
superformula_vase2.scad:
```

/* [Superformula] */
phi_step = 0.025;
m = 8;
n = 5;
n3 = 8;

/* [Offset] */
d = 0.1;

/* [Curve] */
r1 = 1;
r2 = 2;
h1 = 5;
h2 = 8;
t_step = 0.025;
twist = 90;

module superformula_vase(phi_step, m, n, n3, d, r1, r2, h1, h2, t_step, twist) {

    function cal_sections(shapt_pts, edge_path, twist) =
        let(
            sects = path_scaling_sections(shapt_pts, edge_path),
            leng = len(sects),
            twist_step = twist / leng
        )
        [
            for(i = [0:leng - 1])
            [
                for(p = sects[i])
                    rotate_p(p, twist_step * i)
            ]
        ];

    superformula = shape_superformula(phi_step, m, m, n, n, n3);

    edge_path = bezier_curve(t_step, [
        [1, 0, 0],
        [4, 0, 3],
        [2, 0, 4],
        [r1, 0, h1],
        [1, 0, 6],
        [r2, 0, h2],
    ]);

    offseted = bijection_offset(superformula, d);

    edge_path2 = [for(p = edge_path) p + [d, 0, 0]];
    superformula2 = trim_shape(offseted, 3, len(offseted) - 1, epsilon = 0.0001);

    sections = cal_sections(superformula, edge_path, twist);
    outer_sections = cal_sections(superformula2, edge_path2, twist);

    difference() {
        polysections(outer_sections);
        polysections(sections);
    }

    linear_extrude(d)
        rotate(twist - twist / len(sections))
            polygon(superformula2);
}

superformula_vase(phi_step, m, n, n3, d, r1, r2, h1, h2, t_step, twist);

/**
 * The dotSCAD library
 * @copyright Justin Lin, 2017
 * @license https://opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html
 *
 * @see https://github.com/JustinSDK/dotSCAD
*/

function __to_degree(phi) = 180 / PI * phi;

/**
* rotate_p.scad
*
* @copyright Justin Lin, 2017
* @license https://opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html
*
* @see https://openhome.cc/eGossip/OpenSCAD/lib-rotate_p.html
*
**/

function _q_rotate_p_3d(p, a, v) =
    let(
        half_a = a / 2,
        axis = v / norm(v),
        s = sin(half_a),
        x = s * axis[0],
        y = s * axis[1],
        z = s * axis[2],
        w = cos(half_a),

        x2 = x + x,
        y2 = y + y,
        z2 = z + z,

        xx = x * x2,
        yx = y * x2,
        yy = y * y2,
        zx = z * x2,
        zy = z * y2,
        zz = z * z2,
        wx = w * x2,
        wy = w * y2,
        wz = w * z2
    )
    [
        [1 - yy - zz, yx - wz, zx + wy] * p,
        [yx + wz, 1 - xx - zz, zy - wx] * p,
        [zx - wy, zy + wx, 1 - xx - yy] * p
    ];

function _rotx(pt, a) =
    let(cosa = cos(a), sina = sin(a))
    [
        pt[0],
        pt[1] * cosa - pt[2] * sina,
        pt[1] * sina + pt[2] * cosa
    ];

function _roty(pt, a) =
    let(cosa = cos(a), sina = sin(a))
    [
        pt[0] * cosa + pt[2] * sina,
        pt[1],
        -pt[0] * sina + pt[2] * cosa,
    ];

function _rotz(pt, a) =
    let(cosa = cos(a), sina = sin(a))
    [
        pt[0] * cosa - pt[1] * sina,
        pt[0] * sina + pt[1] * cosa,
        pt[2]
    ];

function _rotate_p_3d(point, a) =
    _rotz(_roty(_rotx(point, a[0]), a[1]), a[2]);

function _rotate_p(p, a) =
    let(angle = __to_ang_vect(a))
    len(p) == 3 ?
        _rotate_p_3d(p, angle) :
        __to2d(
            _rotate_p_3d(__to3d(p), angle)
        );

function _q_rotate_p(p, a, v) =
    len(p) == 3 ?
        _q_rotate_p_3d(p, a, v) :
        __to2d(
            _q_rotate_p_3d(__to3d(p), a, v)
        );

function rotate_p(point, a, v) =
    is_undef(v) ? _rotate_p(point, a) : _q_rotate_p(point, a, v);

/**
* polysections.scad
*
* @copyright Justin Lin, 2017
* @license https://opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html
*
* @see https://openhome.cc/eGossip/OpenSCAD/lib-polysections.html
*
**/

module polysections(sections, triangles = "SOLID") {

    function side_indexes(sects, begin_idx = 0) =
        let(
            leng_sects = len(sects),
            leng_pts_sect = len(sects[0]),
            range_j = [begin_idx:leng_pts_sect:begin_idx + (leng_sects - 2) * leng_pts_sect],
            range_i = [0:leng_pts_sect - 1]
        )
        concat(
            [
                for(j = range_j)
                    for(i = range_i)
                        [
                            j + i,
                            j + (i + 1) % leng_pts_sect,
                            j + (i + 1) % leng_pts_sect + leng_pts_sect
                        ]
            ],
            [
                for(j = range_j)
                    for(i = range_i)
                        [
                            j + i,
                            j + (i + 1) % leng_pts_sect + leng_pts_sect ,
                            j + i + leng_pts_sect
                        ]
            ]
        );

    function search_at(f_sect, p, leng_pts_sect, i = 0) =
        i < leng_pts_sect ?
            (p == f_sect[i] ? i : search_at(f_sect, p, leng_pts_sect, i + 1)) : -1;

    function the_same_after_twisting(f_sect, l_sect, leng_pts_sect) =
        let(
            found_at_i = search_at(f_sect, l_sect[0], leng_pts_sect)
        )
        found_at_i <= 0 ? false :
            l_sect == concat(
                [for(i = found_at_i; i < leng_pts_sect; i = i + 1) f_sect[i]],
                [for(i = 0; i < found_at_i; i = i + 1) f_sect[i]]
            );

    function to_v_pts(sects) =
            [
            for(sect = sects)
                for(pt = sect)
                    pt
            ];

    module solid_sections(sects) {

        leng_sects = len(sects);
        leng_pts_sect = len(sects[0]);
        first_sect = sects[0];
        last_sect = sects[leng_sects - 1];

        v_pts = [
            for(sect = sects)
                for(pt = sect)
                    pt
        ];

        begin_end_the_same =
            first_sect == last_sect ||
            the_same_after_twisting(first_sect, last_sect, leng_pts_sect);

        if(begin_end_the_same) {
            f_idxes = side_indexes(sects);

            polyhedron(
                v_pts,
                f_idxes
            );

            // hook for testing
            test_polysections_solid(v_pts, f_idxes);
        } else {
            range_i = [0:leng_pts_sect - 1];
            first_idxes = [for(i = range_i) leng_pts_sect - 1 - i];
            last_idxes = [
                for(i = range_i)
                    i + leng_pts_sect * (leng_sects - 1)
            ];

            f_idxes = concat([first_idxes], side_indexes(sects), [last_idxes]);

            polyhedron(
                v_pts,
                f_idxes
            );

            // hook for testing
            test_polysections_solid(v_pts, f_idxes);
        }
    }

    module hollow_sections(sects) {
        leng_sects = len(sects);
        leng_sect = len(sects[0]);
        half_leng_sect = leng_sect / 2;
        half_leng_v_pts = leng_sects * half_leng_sect;

        function strip_sects(begin_idx, end_idx) =
            [
                for(i = 0; i < leng_sects; i = i + 1)
                    [
                        for(j = begin_idx; j <= end_idx; j = j + 1)
                            sects[i][j]
                    ]
            ];

        function first_idxes() =
            [
                for(i = 0; i < half_leng_sect; i = i + 1)
                    [
                       i,
                       i + half_leng_v_pts,
                       (i + 1) % half_leng_sect + half_leng_v_pts,
                       (i + 1) % half_leng_sect
                    ]
            ];

        function last_idxes(begin_idx) =
            [
                for(i = 0; i < half_leng_sect; i = i + 1)
                    [
                       begin_idx + i,
                       begin_idx + (i + 1) % half_leng_sect,
                       begin_idx + (i + 1) % half_leng_sect + half_leng_v_pts,
                       begin_idx + i + half_leng_v_pts
                    ]
            ];

        outer_sects = strip_sects(0, half_leng_sect - 1);
        inner_sects = strip_sects(half_leng_sect, leng_sect - 1);

        outer_v_pts =  to_v_pts(outer_sects);
        inner_v_pts = to_v_pts(inner_sects);

        outer_idxes = side_indexes(outer_sects);
        inner_idxes = [
            for(idxes = side_indexes(inner_sects, half_leng_v_pts))
                __reverse(idxes)
        ];

        first_outer_sect = outer_sects[0];
        last_outer_sect = outer_sects[leng_sects - 1];
        first_inner_sect = inner_sects[0];
        last_inner_sect = inner_sects[leng_sects - 1];

        leng_pts_sect = len(first_outer_sect);

        begin_end_the_same =
           (first_outer_sect == last_outer_sect && first_inner_sect == last_inner_sect) ||
           (
               the_same_after_twisting(first_outer_sect, last_outer_sect, leng_pts_sect) &&
               the_same_after_twisting(first_inner_sect, last_inner_sect, leng_pts_sect)
           );

        v_pts = concat(outer_v_pts, inner_v_pts);

        if(begin_end_the_same) {
            f_idxes = concat(outer_idxes, inner_idxes);

            polyhedron(
                v_pts,
                f_idxes
            );

            // hook for testing
            test_polysections_solid(v_pts, f_idxes);
        } else {
            first_idxes = first_idxes();
            last_idxes = last_idxes(half_leng_v_pts - half_leng_sect);

            f_idxes = concat(first_idxes, outer_idxes, inner_idxes, last_idxes);

            polyhedron(
                v_pts,
                f_idxes
            );

            // hook for testing
            test_polysections_solid(v_pts, f_idxes);
        }
    }

    module triangles_defined_sections() {
        module tri_sections(tri1, tri2) {
            hull() polyhedron(
                points = concat(tri1, tri2),
                faces = [
                    [0, 1, 2],
                    [3, 5, 4],
                    [1, 3, 4], [2, 1, 4], [2, 3, 0],
                    [0, 3, 1], [2, 4, 5], [2, 5, 3]
                ]
            );
        }

        module two_sections(section1, section2) {
            for(idx = triangles) {
               tri_sections(
                    [
                        section1[idx[0]],
                        section1[idx[1]],
                        section1[idx[2]]
                    ],
                    [
                        section2[idx[0]],
                        section2[idx[1]],
                        section2[idx[2]]
                    ]
                );
            }
        }

        for(i = [0:len(sections) - 2]) {
             two_sections(
                 sections[i],
                 sections[i + 1]
             );
        }
    }

    if(triangles == "SOLID") {
        solid_sections(sections);
    } else if(triangles == "HOLLOW") {
        hollow_sections(sections);
    }
    else {
        triangles_defined_sections();
    }
}

// override it to test

module test_polysections_solid(points, faces) {

}

function __to3d(p) = [p[0], p[1], 0];

function __lines_from(pts, closed = false) =
    let(
        leng = len(pts),
        endi = leng - 1
    )
    concat(
        [for(i = 0; i < endi; i = i + 1) [pts[i], pts[i + 1]]],
        closed ? [[pts[len(pts) - 1], pts[0]]] : []
    );

function __line_intersection(line_pts1, line_pts2, epsilon = 0.0001) =
    let(
        a1 = line_pts1[0],
        a2 = line_pts1[1],
        b1 = line_pts2[0],
        b2 = line_pts2[1],
        a = a2 - a1,
        b = b2 - b1,
        s = b1 - a1
    )
    abs(cross(a, b)) < epsilon ? [] :  // they are parallel or conincident edges
        a1 + a * cross(s, b) / cross(a, b);

function __m_scaling_to_3_elems_scaling_vect(s) =
     let(leng = len(s))
     leng == 3 ? s : (
         leng == 2 ? [s[0], s[1], 1] : [s[0], 1, 1]
     );

function __m_scaling_to_scaling_vect(s) = is_num(s) ? [s, s, s] : __m_scaling_to_3_elems_scaling_vect(s);

function __m_scaling(s) =
    let(v = __m_scaling_to_scaling_vect(s))
    [
        [v[0], 0, 0, 0],
        [0, v[1], 0, 0],
        [0, 0, v[2], 0],
        [0, 0, 0, 1]
    ];

/**
* bijection_offset.scad
*
* @copyright Justin Lin, 2019
* @license https://opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html
*
* @see https://openhome.cc/eGossip/OpenSCAD/lib-bijection_offset.html
*
**/

function _bijection_inward_edge_normal(edge) =
    let(
        pt1 = edge[0],
        pt2 = edge[1],
        dx = pt2[0] - pt1[0],
        dy = pt2[1] - pt1[1],
        edge_leng = norm([dx, dy])
    )
    [-dy / edge_leng, dx / edge_leng];

function _bijection_outward_edge_normal(edge) = -1 * _bijection_inward_edge_normal(edge);

function _bijection_offset_edge(edge, dx, dy) =
    let(
        pt1 = edge[0],
        pt2 = edge[1],
        dxy = [dx, dy]
    )
    [pt1 + dxy, pt2 + dxy];

function _bijection__bijection_offset_edges(edges, d) =
    [
        for(edge = edges)
        let(
            ow_normal = _bijection_outward_edge_normal(edge),
            dx = ow_normal[0] * d,
            dy = ow_normal[1] * d
        )
        _bijection_offset_edge(edge, dx, dy)
    ];

function bijection_offset(pts, d, epsilon = 0.0001) =
    let(
        es = __lines_from(pts, true),
        offset_es = _bijection__bijection_offset_edges(es, d),
        leng = len(offset_es),
        last_p = __line_intersection(offset_es[leng - 1], offset_es[0], epsilon)
    )
    concat(
        [
            for(i = 0; i < leng - 1; i = i + 1)
            let(
                this_edge = offset_es[i],
                next_edge = offset_es[i + 1],
                p = __line_intersection(this_edge, next_edge, epsilon)
            )
            // p == p to avoid [nan, nan], because [nan, nan] != [nan, nan]
            if(p != [] && p == p) p
        ],
        last_p != [] && last_p == last_p ? [last_p] : []
    );

function __ra_to_xy(r, a) = [r * cos(a), r * sin(a)];

function __to2d(p) = [p[0], p[1]];

function __in_line(line_pts, pt, epsilon = 0.0001) =
    let(
        pts = len(line_pts[0]) == 2 ? [for(p = line_pts) __to3d(p)] : line_pts,
        pt3d = len(pt) == 2 ? __to3d(pt) : pt,
        v1 = pts[0] - pt3d,
        v2 = pts[1] - pt3d
    )
    (norm(cross(v1, v2)) < epsilon) && ((v1 * v2) <= epsilon);

/**
* shape_superformula.scad
*
* @copyright Justin Lin, 2017
* @license https://opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html
*
* @see https://openhome.cc/eGossip/OpenSCAD/lib-shape_superformula.html
*
**/

function _superformula_r(angle, m1, m2, n1, n2 = 1, n3 = 1, a = 1, b = 1) =
    pow(
        pow(abs(cos(m1 * angle / 4) / a), n2) +
        pow(abs(sin(m2 * angle / 4) / b), n3),
        - 1 / n1
    );

function shape_superformula(phi_step, m1, m2, n1, n2 = 1, n3 = 1, a = 1, b = 1) =
   let(tau = PI * 2)
   [
        for(phi = 0; phi <= tau; phi = phi + phi_step)
            let(
                angle = __to_degree(phi),
                r = _superformula_r(angle, m1, m2, n1, n2, n3, a, b)
            )
            __ra_to_xy(r, angle)
   ];

/**
* path_scaling_sections.scad
*
* @copyright Justin Lin, 2019
* @license https://opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html
*
* @see https://openhome.cc/eGossip/OpenSCAD/lib-path_scaling_sections.html
*
**/

function path_scaling_sections(shape_pts, edge_path) =
    let(
        start_point = edge_path[0],
        base_leng = norm(start_point),
        scaling_matrice = [
            for(p = edge_path)
            let(s = norm([p[0], p[1], 0]) / base_leng)
            __m_scaling([s, s, 1])
        ],
        leng_edge_path = len(edge_path)
    )
    __reverse([
        for(i = 0; i < leng_edge_path; i = i + 1)
        [
            for(p = shape_pts)
            let(scaled_p = scaling_matrice[i] * [p[0], p[1], edge_path[i][2], 1])
            [scaled_p[0], scaled_p[1], scaled_p[2]]
        ]
    ]);

function __reverse(vt) = [for(i = len(vt) - 1; i >= 0; i = i - 1) vt[i]];

/**
* bezier_curve.scad
*
* @copyright Justin Lin, 2017
* @license https://opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html
*
* @see https://openhome.cc/eGossip/OpenSCAD/lib-bezier_curve.html
*
**/

function _combi(n, k) =
    let(
        bi_coef = [
               [1],     // n = 0: for padding
              [1,1],    // n = 1: for Linear curves, how about drawing a line directly?
             [1,2,1],   // n = 2: for Quadratic curves
            [1,3,3,1]   // n = 3: for Cubic Bézier curves
        ]
    )
    n < len(bi_coef) ? bi_coef[n][k] : (
        k == 0 ? 1 : (_combi(n, k - 1) * (n - k + 1) / k)
    );

function bezier_curve_coordinate(t, pn, n, i = 0) =
    i == n + 1 ? 0 :
        (_combi(n, i) * pn[i] * pow(1 - t, n - i) * pow(t, i) +
            bezier_curve_coordinate(t, pn, n, i + 1));

function _bezier_curve_point(t, points) =
    let(n = len(points) - 1)
    [
        bezier_curve_coordinate(
            t,
            [for(p = points) p[0]],
            n
        ),
        bezier_curve_coordinate(
            t,
            [for(p = points) p[1]],
            n
        ),
        bezier_curve_coordinate(
            t,
            [for(p = points) p[2]],
            n
        )
    ];

function bezier_curve(t_step, points) =
    let(
        pts = concat([
            for(t = 0; t < ceil(1 / t_step); t = t + 1)
                _bezier_curve_point(t * t_step, points)
        ], [_bezier_curve_point(1, points)])
    )
    len(points[0]) == 3 ? pts : [for(pt = pts) __to2d(pt)];

/**
* trim_shape.scad
*
* @copyright Justin Lin, 2019
* @license https://opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html
*
* @see https://openhome.cc/eGossip/OpenSCAD/lib-trim_shape.html
*
**/

function _trim_shape_any_intersection_sub(lines, line, lines_leng, i, epsilon) =
    let(
        p = __line_intersection(lines[i], line, epsilon)
    )
    (p != [] && __in_line(line, p, epsilon) && __in_line(lines[i], p, epsilon)) ? [i, p] : _trim_shape_any_intersection(lines, line, lines_leng, i + 1, epsilon);

// return [idx, [x, y]] or []
function _trim_shape_any_intersection(lines, line, lines_leng, i, epsilon) =
    i == lines_leng ? [] : _trim_shape_any_intersection_sub(lines, line, lines_leng, i, epsilon);

function _trim_sub(lines, leng, epsilon) =
    let(
        current_line = lines[0],
        next_line = lines[1],
        lines_from_next = [for(j = 1; j < leng; j = j + 1) lines[j]],
        lines_from_next2 = [for(j = 2; j < leng; j = j + 1) lines[j]],
        current_p = current_line[0],
        leng_lines_from_next2 = len(lines_from_next2),
        inter_p = _trim_shape_any_intersection(lines_from_next2, current_line, leng_lines_from_next2, 0, epsilon)
    )
    // no intersecting pt, collect current_p and trim remain lines
    inter_p == [] ? (concat([current_p], _trim_shape_trim_lines(lines_from_next, epsilon))) : (
        // collect current_p, intersecting pt and the last pt
        (leng == 3 || (inter_p[0] == (leng_lines_from_next2 - 1))) ? [current_p, inter_p[1], lines[leng - 1]] : (
            // collect current_p, intersecting pt and trim remain lines
            concat([current_p, inter_p[1]],
                _trim_shape_trim_lines([for(i = inter_p[0] + 1; i < leng_lines_from_next2; i = i + 1) lines_from_next2[i]], epsilon)
            )
        )
    );

function _trim_shape_trim_lines(lines, epsilon) =
    let(leng = len(lines))
    leng > 2 ? _trim_sub(lines, leng, epsilon) : _trim_shape_collect_pts_from(lines, leng);

function _trim_shape_collect_pts_from(lines, leng) =
    concat([for(line = lines) line[0]], [lines[leng - 1][1]]);

function trim_shape(shape_pts, from, to, epsilon = 0.0001) =
    let(
        pts = [for(i = from; i <= to; i = i + 1) shape_pts[i]],
        trimmed = _trim_shape_trim_lines(__lines_from(pts), epsilon)
    )
    len(shape_pts) == len(trimmed) ? trimmed : trim_shape(trimmed, 0, len(trimmed) - 1, epsilon);

function __to_3_elems_ang_vect(a) =
     let(leng = len(a))
     leng == 3 ? a : (
         leng == 2 ? [a[0], a[1], 0] :  [a[0], 0, 0]
     );

function __to_ang_vect(a) = is_num(a) ? [0, 0, a] : __to_3_elems_ang_vect(a);

```


[User]
I'm looking to create a customizable gimbal system for a 3D printer, and I have a pretty specific idea based on something I saw. I want to use ball bearings instead of just round pegs for the joints, and I'd like the design to be parametric so I can easily adjust the size of the bearings. Additionally, I'd like to have an option to make the middle gimbal slide along the X/Y axes, as opposed to being fixed like a traditional CV joint.

Here are the specifics:

1.  **Ball Bearing Size:** The design should be driven by a `ball_diam` parameter, which will represent the diameter of the ball bearing used. I will also need to account for print tolerances when it comes to making the holes the ball bearings sit in.
2.  **Gimbal Spacing:** There should be a `gimbal_distance` parameter to control the spacing between the faces of the gimbals. This is important to make sure they don't bind or slip.
3.  **Ball Positioning:** I need a `ball_to_gimbal_radius` parameter to control how far out the balls are placed relative to the center of the gimbal.
4. **Sliding Feature:** I want a `allow_slide` boolean parameter which allows me to switch between a traditional CV-joint style gimbal, and a version that allows the middle gimbal to slide on the X/Y axes.
5.  **Base Shape:** The base of the gimbals should use a purcell style shape. I have a 2D representation of it (in separate .stl files for single and double versions) that I need to import. I'd like to call these "The_Purcellx1_FLAT.stl" and "The_Purcellx2_FLAT.stl".

The final output should consist of two modules. One is a module called `ballz` which creates the ball bearing and the associated cylindrical base that attaches to the purcell base, and takes a `slide` boolean parameter. The other is the `purcell` module that imports the flat bases and adds the `ballz` features, and takes a `x` parameter as well as a `slide` boolean parameter. The `x` parameter will determine which purcell base to use and the `slide` parameter will determine if the ballz components allow sliding.

Ultimately, I need to be able to instantiate three `purcell` objects: one to represent the center, and one each on either side.

I am using OpenSCAD and would prefer the design to be created directly from code, without relying on importing any pre-existing libraries other than the stl files I mentioned.

[Assistant]
gimbal_v3.scad:
```
// ball diameter (mm)
// I always choose a slightly larger diameter than the measured ball to account for print differences. I noticed than whenever I prin holes, I need to add 0.4 mm to obtain the actual measure I want
ball_diam = 4.4;

// gimbal distance (mm)
// controls the distance between the gimbals when everything is assembled
// if the value is too low, the gimball faces will be too close and can touch each other while pivoting
// if the value is too high, the balls will not sink far enough into the gimbal and the jerk caused by the z rods rotating can cause the balls to slip out
gimbal_distance = 0.8;

// ball to gimbal radius
// increase this to move the balls further out
// decrease to move the balls in
ball_to_gimbal_radius = 9;

// allow slide
// allow the middle gimbal to slide on X/Y
allow_slide = false;

// variables below should not be modified

purcell_height = 5;
purcell_diam = 24;
ball_cap_diam = ball_diam * 0.7;
ball_sink = (ball_diam - gimbal_distance) / 2;

module ballz(slide = false) {
    if (slide == false) {
        for (angle = [0 : 180 : 180]) {
            rotate([0,0,angle]) translate([ball_to_gimbal_radius, 0, 0])
            union() {
                sphere(d=ball_diam, $fn=0, $fa=6, $fs=0.3);
                cylinder(d=ball_cap_diam, h=min(purcell_height, ball_diam) * 4, $fa=6, $fs=0.15, center = true);
            }
        }
    } else {
        rotate([0,90,0]) cylinder(d=ball_diam, h=purcell_diam+1, $fa=6, $fs=0.15, center = true);
    }
}

module purcell(x=1, slide = false) {
    difference() {
        if (x==1) {
            import("The_Purcellx1_FLAT.stl");
        } else {
            rotate([0,0,90]) import("The_Purcellx2_FLAT.stl");
        }
        translate([0,0,purcell_height + ball_diam / 2 - ball_sink]) ballz(slide = slide);
        if (x==1) {
            rotate([0,0,90]) translate([0,0,-ball_diam / 2 + ball_sink]) ballz();
        }
    }
}

purcell(x=1, slide = allow_slide);

translate([25,0,0]) purcell(x=2, slide = allow_slide);

translate([-25,0,0]) purcell(x=2);
```