[User]
Hey, I'm working on this collaborative marble run project with my students, and I need some help creating some parametric OpenSCAD files. The goal is to have a modular system of tracks and supports that can be easily customized and extended.

Specifically, I need a straight track piece. Here's the basic idea:

*   **Track:** It's essentially a rectangular channel with a semi-circular groove in the middle for the marble to roll in. The sides should be walls that keep the marble on track.
*   **Pegs:** It needs pegs on the bottom to connect to supports. There should be two pegs, evenly spaced along the length of the track.
*   **Supports:** Simple ring-shaped supports that the pegs snap into. These need to be robust and have a bit of a lip so the track stays put.

I need the following parameters for the track:

*   `track_radius`: Radius of the semi-circular groove.
*   `track_width`: Width of the rectangular channel.
*   `track_height`: Height of the rectangular channel walls.
*   `track_depth`: Thickness of the track (how far the track channel goes in, currently set to 1, but should be adjustable).
*   `track_length`: Length of the track.
*   `peg_radius`: Radius of the pegs.
*   `thickness_ring`: Thickness of the support rings.
*   `number`: Number of track pieces (not used in the design, but important for later).

For the supports:
*  They are currently modeled as a cylinder with a bore - that's perfect. The same `peg_radius` and `thickness_ring` parameters should control the sizing.
*   They should be placed exactly where the pegs are located.
*   They will likely need a z-offset so the track sits at the desired elevation.

I would like the parts to be modeled as separate modules - `track_straight()` and `support()`. It would also be nice if you could use the BOSL2 library for its `translate` and `rotate` functions and possibly its other features. Ultimately I'd like to be able to call the `track_straight` module multiple times to make long sections, so I need a loop in the final file.

I'm really just trying to get a basic piece going, so feel free to start simple. Let me know if you need clarification. Thanks a bunch!

[Assistant]
modular_peg_track_straight.scad:
```
track_radius=9;
$fn=100;
number=12;

track_width=15;			//25
track_height=11;		// 10
track_depth=1;		// dono
track_length=130; // 100

thickness_ring=2;
peg_radius=3.5;

module track_straight()
{

difference()
{

linear_extrude(height=track_length)
{

difference()
{
translate([-track_height/2,0])
square([track_height,track_width], center=true);

translate([track_radius-5,0])
circle(r=track_radius);

}
}

translate([-track_height,track_width/2+1,5*track_length/6])
rotate([90,0,0])
cylinder(r=peg_radius, h=track_width*2);

translate([-track_height,track_width/2+1,track_length/6])
rotate([90,0,0])
cylinder(r=peg_radius, h=track_width*2);

}
module support()
{
rotate([90,0,0])
difference()
{

cylinder(r=peg_radius+thickness_ring, h=track_width);
translate([0,0,-1])
cylinder(r=peg_radius, h=track_width*2+2);

}
}

translate([-track_height,track_width/2,5*track_length/6])
support();

translate([-track_height,track_width/2,track_length/6])
support();

}

for( i=[0:number-1])
{

translate([i*(track_height+peg_radius*2),0,track_width/2])
rotate([90,0,0])
track_straight();

}

// MARBLE
//sphere(r=7.5);
//

// Cut-out slot

cube([]);

```


[User]
Hey, I'm working on a project involving a modular marble run system for physics demonstrations and I need to generate some OpenSCAD files. I'd like to start with the basic mounting peg. It's based on a standard K'nex hub with some additional features.

Here's what I need for the base peg design:

*   **General Dimensions:** The overall length of the peg is about 150mm, it has a main body width of 22mm, and a height of 20mm. There's a 'tack indent' that has a depth of 1mm, and an offset between two cylinders of about 40mm. I will need to be able to specify the number of pegs I generate.
*   **Axle:** The peg has a 6mm axle (3mm radius) that protrudes out of the 'tack indent'. The axle length should be 20mm. I need a small amount of tolerance to ensure a good fit.
*   **Tack Indent:**  This is a key feature; It has a central hole for a thumbtack (radius of about 1.5mm and should be longer than the width of the peg) and a circular indent for a 1/2" magnet. The magnet indent should have a diameter of 13mm and a depth of 2mm with an additional small amount of tolerance for the magnet.
*   **K'nex Compatibility:** The overall structure should be compatible with standard K'nex hubs.
*   **Modular Placement:** The pegs need to be generated in a grid pattern, with alternating facing directions, and an offset between rows, which may vary from design to design.
*   **Parametric Design:** I need all these dimensions and placement to be customizable using parameters. This includes the number of pegs, the grid spacing, and the overall size of each peg component.

I'm thinking of building off of this design later, so I'd like the code to be well-organized and easy to modify. Also, I'd like to be able to use some of the libraries as I add complexity to the design - specifically, I want to be sure that BOSL, BOSL2, and MCAD are available. I haven't used libraries before, so I'm not sure what exactly to expect for code formatting.

Could you create the OpenSCAD file(s) for this peg design with the described parameters and library support? I'm excited to get started with this.

[Assistant]
standard_axle_peg.scad:
```
l=150;
w=22;
h=20;
t=1;
g=40;
pegnumber=10;
$fn=50;

tolerance=0.1;
indent_hole_radius=6.5;
thickness=2;
axle_radius=3; //3
axle_length=20;

module peg ()
{
difference()
{
//tack indent
difference()
{
hull()
{translate([0,-g,0])
cylinder(r=axle_radius+1,h=2*t); //h/5 originally
cylinder(r=indent_hole_radius+thickness,h=2*t);}
//lip
translate([0,0,t])
cylinder(r=indent_hole_radius+tolerance,h=h);
}
//hole
translate([0,0,-h/2])
cylinder(r=1.5,h=w+5);
}

translate([0,-g,0])
cylinder(r=axle_radius-tolerance,h=axle_length); //h/5 originally
}

translate([0,1.5*g,0])
for (i=[0:2:pegnumber-1], j=[1:2:pegnumber])
{
translate([h*i,-g*(i()),0])
rotate([0,0,180*i])
peg();

translate([h*j,-g,0])
rotate([0,0,180*j])
peg();

}

for (i=[0:2:pegnumber-1], j=[1:2:pegnumber])
{
translate([h*i,-g*(i()),0])
rotate([0,0,180*i])
peg();

translate([h*j,-g,0])
rotate([0,0,180*j])
peg();

}
```


[User]
I'd like to create a modular marble run system, and I need a few different track pieces. I'm starting with a 90-degree curved piece that has the same cross-section as a straight track I'm planning to make.

For the 90-degree turn, the profile should have a rectangular base with a semi-circle removed along one edge. The rectangle should be 12mm tall and 15mm wide. We will remove a semi-circle of radius 10mm from one side. The track needs a thickness, or depth, of 1mm and a curve radius of 40mm. The curve will be created using a partial rotate extrude. This means rotating an input profile around an axis for less than 360 degrees. In this case, the profile rotates through 90 degrees. I want to include some pegs on the top and bottom to allow the track to connect with supports or other track pieces. The pegs should be 3.5mm in radius, and there should be a surrounding "collar" on the support with a thickness of 2mm. We can assume for now that any supports will match this. The straight sections will have the pegs on the top and bottom faces, but the curves will have them on the sides. The supports need to be on both ends of the track piece, so there will be a support peg at 0 degrees and one at 90 degrees. I need the supports centered, so for the curve, you should place one at 0 degrees, and the second at 90 degrees, both offset from the radius of the curve by the same amount. It will make sense to set the initial peg so that it would work with the straight track if one existed, for the second peg, you should rotate it using the same angle used for the extrusion. The straight tracks will also have the same peg arrangement, two pegs along the length, each with their own support collar.

I'd like to be able to specify how many curve pieces there are in the x and y directions. For this, I need parameters for `numberx` and `numbery`. The tracks should be arranged on a grid, offset by their radius multiplied by some factor to keep them from intersecting. For numberx=5, each curve piece should be offset by `curvature_radius*0.9` along the x-axis. For numbery=2, the offset should be by `curvature_radius*1.7` along the y-axis.

The code needs to use the `regular_shapes.scad` and `shapes.scad` modules from the MCAD library as well as `3D-PCB.scad`.

[Assistant]
partial_extrude_40radius.scad:
```
use <../MCAD/regular_shapes.scad>;
use <../MCAD/shapes.scad>;
include <../3D-PCB/3D-PCB.scad>;

curvature_radius=40;
angle_rotation=90;

numberx=5;
numbery=2;

track_radius=10;
$fn=100;

track_width=15;			//25
track_height=12;		// 10
track_depth=1;		// dono
track_length=100; // 100

thickness_ring=2;
peg_radius=3.5;

module curve()
{
translate([0,0,track_width/2])
union()
{
partial_rotate_extrude(angle_rotation, curvature_radius, 10)
{
rotate([0,0,180])
difference()
{
translate([-track_height/2,0])
square([track_height,track_width], center=true);

translate([track_radius-5,0])
circle(r=track_radius);

    }}

translate([curvature_radius+track_height+peg_radius,peg_radius+thickness_ring,-track_width/2])
support();

rotate([0,0,angle_rotation])
translate([curvature_radius+track_height+peg_radius,-(peg_radius+thickness_ring),-track_width/2])
support();
}}

for (i=[0:numberx-1], j=[0:numbery-1])
{
    translate([curvature_radius*0.9*i, curvature_radius*1.7*j,0])
    curve();
}

module pie_slice(radius, angle, step) {
	for(theta = [0:step:angle-step]) {
		rotate([0,0,0])
		linear_extrude(height = radius*2, center=true)
		polygon(
			points = [
				[0,0],
				[radius * cos(theta+step) ,radius * sin(theta+step)],
				[radius*cos(theta),radius*sin(theta)]
			]
		);
	}
}

module partial_rotate_extrude(angle, radius, convex) {
	intersection () {
		rotate_extrude(convexity=convex) translate([radius,0,0]) child(0);
		pie_slice(radius*2, angle, angle/5);
	}
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------

module track_straight()
{

difference()
{

linear_extrude(height=track_length)
{

difference()
{
translate([-track_height/2,0])
square([track_height,25], center=true);

translate([track_radius-5,0])
circle(r=track_radius);

}
}

translate([-track_height,track_width/2+1,5*track_length/6])
rotate([90,0,0])
cylinder(r=peg_radius, h=track_width*2);

translate([-track_height,track_width/2+1,track_length/6])
rotate([90,0,0])
cylinder(r=peg_radius, h=track_width*2);

}
module support()
{
rotate([90,0,0])
difference()
{

cylinder(r=peg_radius+thickness_ring, h=track_width);
translate([0,0,-1])
cylinder(r=peg_radius, h=track_width*2+2);

}
}

translate([-track_height,track_width/2,5*track_length/6])
support();

translate([-track_height,track_width/2,track_length/6])
support();

}

// MARBLE
//sphere(r=7.5);
//

//track_straight();

module support()
{
rotate([0,0,90])
difference()
{

hull()
{
cylinder(r=peg_radius+thickness_ring, h=track_width);
translate([-(peg_radius+thickness_ring),peg_radius+thickness_ring,0])
cube([(peg_radius+thickness_ring)*2,1,track_width]);

}
translate([0,0,-1])
cylinder(r=peg_radius, h=track_width*2+2);

}
}

```
build.scad:
```
import("example012.stl", convexity=3);
```


[User]
I'd like to create a customizable knob, like the one I use on my oven, using OpenSCAD. I need it to be parametric so I can easily adjust it for different appliances.

Here's what I'm looking for:

The knob should have a cylindrical base, a rounded top on that base, and a handle that sticks out. It needs a hole in the bottom to fit onto a peg, and that peg can be either flat on one side or two sides. The hole should be a little bit bigger than the peg to account for plastic shrinkage during printing.

Here are the specific parameters I think I'll need:
*   `knob_height`: The total height of the knob.
*   `knob_diameter`: The outer diameter of the knob.
*   `knob_base_cylinder_height`: The height of the straight cylindrical part of the base.
*   `knob_base_inset_height`: The height of the hollowed-out cone inside the bottom of the knob.
*   `knob_base_rounded_height`: The height of the rounded part of the base.
*   `knob_handle_thickness`: The thickness of the handle.
*   `pin_diameter`: The diameter of the peg at its widest point.
*  `pin_diameter_flat`: The width of the peg measured perpendicular from the flat side(s)
*   `pin_height`: The height of the peg.
*   `knob_handle_rotation`: The rotation of the handle around the z axis, relative to the flat side of the pin.
*   `pin_double_sided`: A way to specify if the peg has one or two flat sides (e.g., "yes" or "no").
*   `shrinkage_allowance`: A value to increase the size of the peg hole to compensate for material shrinkage.

I'd like the design to be a single `.scad` file.

[Assistant]
Oven_Knob.scad:
```
// The total height of the knob.
knob_height = 15;

// The outer diameter of the knob.
knob_diameter = 24;

// The height of the part of the knob base that is totally vertical.
knob_base_cylinder_height = 3;

// If you want the inside of the bottom of the knob to be a hollowed out cone, you can set the height of the hollow.
knob_base_inset_height = 3;

// The height of the rounded top of the knob base.
knob_base_rounded_height = 2;

// The width of the knob handle.
knob_handle_thickness = 4;

// The width of the pin at its widest point.
pin_diameter = 6.5;

// The width of the pin, perpendicular from the flat side(s)
pin_diameter_flat = 5.3;

// The height of the pin.
pin_height = 8;

// The knob is parallel with the flat side of the pin by default, but you can specify an arbitrary rotation.
knob_handle_rotation = 0;

// Does the pin have two flat sides?
pin_double_sided = "no"; // [yes:Yes, no:No]

// Depending on your printer and your filament, the plastic may shrink after printing. Use this variable to increase the size of the peg hole radius in case it shrinks more than a tolerable amount.
shrinkage_allowance = 0.25;

module knob(
    knob_height=0,
    knob_diameter=0,
    knob_base_cylinder_height=0,
    knob_base_rounded_height=0,
    knob_handle_thickness=0,
    pin_diameter=0,
    pin_diameter_flat=0,
    pin_height=0,
    knob_handle_rotation=0,
    pin_double_sided="no",
    knob_base_inset_height=0,
    shrinkage_allowance=0) {

    real_knob_handle_thickness = max(knob_handle_thickness, pin_diameter + 1.5);
    real_pin_double_sided = (pin_double_sided == "yes" ? true : false);
    real_knob_base_inset_height = min( knob_base_inset_height, knob_base_cylinder_height + knob_base_rounded_height - 1 );
    // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_cap
    sphere_radius = ( pow( knob_diameter / 2, 2 ) + pow( knob_base_rounded_height, 2 ) ) / ( 2 * knob_base_rounded_height );

    $fs = .5;
    $fa = .5;

    difference() {
        union() {
            // The base of the knob.
            cylinder(r=knob_diameter / 2, h=knob_base_cylinder_height);

            // The rounded top of the base of the knob.
            intersection() {
                translate([0, 0, -sphere_radius + knob_base_rounded_height + knob_base_cylinder_height])
                    sphere(r=sphere_radius, $fa = 1);
                translate([0, 0, knob_base_cylinder_height])
                    cylinder(r=knob_diameter / 2, h=knob_base_rounded_height);
            }

            // The handle.
            intersection() {
                rotate([0, 0, knob_handle_rotation]) translate([-real_knob_handle_thickness / 2, 0, 0]) rotate([0, 90, 0]) minkowski() {
                    cylinder(r=knob_height, h=real_knob_handle_thickness);
                    sphere(r=1);
                   }
                translate([0, 0, (knob_height+1)/2]) cube([knob_diameter, knob_diameter, knob_height+1], true);
               cylinder(r=knob_diameter / 2, h=knob_height+10);
            }

        }

        // The pin hole.
        translate([0, 0, real_knob_base_inset_height]) intersection() {
            cylinder(r=(pin_diameter / 2) + shrinkage_allowance, h=pin_height, $fs = .5);

            translate([0, 0, pin_height / 2]) {
                if (real_pin_double_sided) {
                    cube([pin_diameter_flat + (2 * shrinkage_allowance), (pin_diameter + (2 * shrinkage_allowance)), pin_height], true);
                }
                else {
                    translate([(pin_diameter - pin_diameter_flat) / 2, 0, 0])
                    cube([pin_diameter_flat + (2 * shrinkage_allowance), (pin_diameter + (2 * shrinkage_allowance)), pin_height], true);
                }
            }
        }

        cylinder(r1=knob_diameter/2-1, r2=pin_diameter/2+shrinkage_allowance, h=real_knob_base_inset_height);
    }
}

knob(
    knob_height=knob_height,
    knob_diameter=knob_diameter,
    knob_base_cylinder_height=knob_base_cylinder_height,
    knob_base_rounded_height=knob_base_rounded_height,
    knob_handle_thickness=knob_handle_thickness,
    pin_diameter=pin_diameter,
    pin_diameter_flat=pin_diameter_flat,
    pin_height=pin_height,
    knob_handle_rotation=knob_handle_rotation,
    pin_double_sided=pin_double_sided,
    knob_base_inset_height=knob_base_inset_height,
    shrinkage_allowance=shrinkage_allowance
);
```


[User]
Okay, so I'm looking to design a replacement part for my vise, and I'd like to do it parametrically in OpenSCAD. I'm basing the design off of a previous version I made, which I'll describe, and I have some specific changes I want to incorporate.

The part is essentially a modified sphere with a central cylindrical hole and some additional features for mounting and stability. The previous version was made with these dimensions:

*   **Overall Sphere Diameter (d):** 31.5 mm
*   **Central Axis Diameter (axis_d):** 14 mm
*   **Wall Thickness (wall):** 3 mm
*   **Bolt Hole Diameter (bd):** 7.5 mm
*   **Vertical Position of Bottom (bottom_z):** -10 - 12.8 - 7.5 mm (which is -30.3 mm total)
*   **First Notable Z Level (z1):** bottom_z + 28 - 3 mm
*   **Second Notable Z Level (z2):** z1 + 8 mm
*  **Smooth:** 72, for smoother edges.

Here's a breakdown of what the part looked like. It was a kind of subtractive design. I began with a sphere, and then I cut it with a bunch of cylinders and cuboids.

The major cuts were:

*   A sphere to form the basic shape, then I subtracted from this sphere.
* A central cylindrical hole that goes from z=-50mm to z=50mm with a diameter of `axis_d` (14mm).
* a central hole that goes from z=-40mm to z=0 with a diameter of 20.7mm.
* A hole that goes through the bottom at `bottom_z`, using a cylinder with a diameter of `bd` (7.5mm), going to z=-50mm.
* A second, shorter cylinder, with a diameter of 11mm placed inside the 7.5mm diameter hole, starting d/2+wall-1 above the cylinder that goes through the bottom, going down 3mm.
* A rectangular cuboid that goes through the part at an angle for a bolt, that starts at `z1`, and has x-dimension 22, y-dimension 50, and z-dimension 30.
*  A rectangular cuboid that cuts out the bottom to form the pad where it mounts to the vise.

Now, here are the changes I want in the new, parametric design:

1.  **Remove the 90-Degree Rotation Cutout:** In the previous design, I had a cutout to allow for 90-degree rotation of the central axis, but I want to remove this feature for more rigidity. The old code includes this via the `hull` function. I don't want that in the new model.
2.  **Thicker Bolt Support Pad:** I want to make the bolt support pad thicker. In the old code, it was a cylinder with diameter of bd (7.5mm), going through from z=-30.3mm to z=-50mm. I then made it a thicker pad by using a second, thinner cylinder that only cuts 3mm, starting at a z-height of d/2+wall-1 above the bottom hole. I want to keep this general approach, but I don't want to rely on a fixed depth. Instead, let's make the bolt support pad cylinder go down further. In fact, we could let the user specify how deep it should go by introducing a parameter.

So, I need a parametric OpenSCAD design that will allow me to adjust the following parameters:

*   `d`: Overall sphere diameter.
*   `axis_d`: Diameter of the central axis hole.
*   `wall`: Thickness of the part's wall.
*   `bd`: Diameter of the bolt hole.
*   `bottom_z`: Vertical position of the bottom of the part (though this could be calculated from other parameters if we can make assumptions that are safe.)
*    `bolt_pad_depth`: The depth of the bolt support pad (relative to bottom\_z)
*   `smooth`: Number of segments used for curves.
*   The other z-heights and dimensions can be expressed as a function of these parameters or directly defined in the new version of the code.

I think that should be enough to get started. The key is that I want a parametric design where I can easily change these dimensions without needing to hardcode values like in the old design.

[Assistant]
vise_part.scad:
```
d = 31.5;
axis_d = 14;
wall = 3;

bd = 7.5;

bottom_z = -10-12.8-7.5;

z1  = bottom_z + 28-3;
z2 = z1+8;
smooth = 72;//360;

module cutout(){

//part to cutout
 union(){
sphere(d=d,$fn=smooth);
//hull(){
//cylinder(50, axis_d/2,axis_d/2);

//rotate([0,90,0])
//cylinder(50, axis_d/2,axis_d/2);
//}
cylinder(50, 20.7/2,20.7/2,$fn=smooth);

translate([0,0,-40])
cylinder(40,d/2,d/2,$fn=smooth);

translate([0,0,-10-12.8-1])
rotate([-90,0,0])
cylinder(50,bd/2,bd/2,$fn=smooth);

translate([0,0,-10-12.8-1])
rotate([-90,0,0])
translate([0,0,d/2+wall-1])
cylinder(3,bd/2,11/2,$fn=smooth);

translate([-11,-50,-30+z1])
cube([22,50,30]);

translate([-4,-4-28-1.5,-20])
cube([8,8,50]);

translate([-25,-25,-10+bottom_z])
cube([50,50,10]);
}
    }

difference(){
    union(){
sphere(d=d+2*wall,$fn=smooth);
translate([0,0,bottom_z])
cylinder(10+12.8+7.5,d/2+wall,d/2+wall,$fn=smooth);

translate([0,0,-10-12.8-1])
rotate([-90,0,0])
cylinder(20,bd,bd,$fn=smooth);

hull(){
translate([-15,-40,z1])
cube([30,40,8]);

translate([-15,0,-30])
cube([30,1,8]);
}

    };

  cutout();
}

```


[User]
Okay, I need to design some parametric hooks for 3/4" PVC pipe, and I'd like to be able to attach magnets to them as well for use on a magnetic surface, like a whiteboard. I've got a rough design in mind, but I want to make it more flexible and easily adaptable.

Essentially, the hook needs to clamp onto the PVC pipe and have a flat area where a magnet can be attached. I'd like it to be a single, printable piece - no assembly needed. Also, it would be great if we could have some way to adjust the hook's grip on the pipe. The current design I made for the quick and dirty implementation works by just cutting a section of pipe out of a cylinder which has a clamp. In order for a more secure grip, the ends of the cut area could have lips or some other method of grip enhancement. I'd like the basic design to be something like a cylinder with a chunk cut out for the pipe to sit in, and then some kind of support arm where the magnet can be attached.

Here's a breakdown of the parameters I'm thinking about:

*   **`pipe_diameter`**: This should control the diameter of the PVC pipe the hook is designed for, with a default of 26.67mm (approximately 3/4" schedule 40 PVC pipe).
*   **`hook_thickness`**: The thickness of the hook material itself, a default of maybe 2mm?
*   **`magnet_diameter`**: The diameter of the magnet we want to use. I'm using 1/2" magnets right now but it would be useful to make this configurable.  Default could be 12.7mm
*   **`magnet_thickness`**: The thickness of the magnet, something like 3mm would be a good default.
*   **`clamp_angle`**: How much of the cylinder is cut out to create the pipe holding area, maybe 120 degrees as a default, but adjustable from something like 90 to 180 degrees.
*    **`magnet_offset`**: The distance the magnet will sit from the centre of the pipe, this may change based on the design. 25mm could be a good default.
*   **`magnet_support_thickness`**: The thickness of the support arm/plate for the magnet, perhaps 2mm as a default.
*   **`lip_height`**: How tall the lips at the ends of the cut are, perhaps 2mm as a default.
*   **`lip_width`**: How far to extend these lips, this could be a small number, like 1mm.
*   **`magnet_hole_tolerance`**:  The extra size added to the magnet's hole, in mm, for a good fit (e.g., 0.2mm).
*   **`hook_length`**:  The length of the pipe contact, this could also effect the length of the cut out, default is something like 20mm.

The design needs to be robust enough for general use, and should print well without support. I think that the pipe hole could probably be a bit bigger than the pipe to allow for variability in PVC size.

I'm hoping for a fully parametric design that I can adjust for different pipe sizes and magnet configurations, and with that the clamp on the pipe may need to be configured as well. I'm thinking the best approach here would be an OpenSCAD file with all these parameters at the top, and then a single module for the hook itself. Could you generate that for me? I'd like it to be pretty clear how all the parameters interact with the design. I do not require any libraries.

[Assistant]
pipe.scad:
```

$fn=100;
hole_radius=6;
pipe_diameter=14; //actually radius
thickness=2;

module pipe()
{

difference()
{
cylinder(r=pipe_diameter+thickness, h=hole_radius*4);
translate([0,0,-0.5])
cylinder(r=pipe_diameter, h=hole_radius*4.1);
translate([-(pipe_diameter+thickness)*2,-(pipe_diameter+thickness),-1])
cube([(pipe_diameter+thickness)*2,(pipe_diameter+thickness)*2,hole_radius*5]);

}

difference()
{
union()
{
translate([-pipe_diameter*3,pipe_diameter+thickness,hole_radius*2])
rotate([90,0,0])
cylinder(r=hole_radius*2, h=thickness);
translate([-pipe_diameter*3,pipe_diameter,0])
cube([pipe_diameter*3,thickness, hole_radius*4]);
}

translate([-pipe_diameter*3,pipe_diameter+thickness/2,hole_radius*2])
rotate([90,0,0])
cylinder(r=hole_radius, h=thickness*2);

translate([-pipe_diameter*3,pipe_diameter+thickness+1,hole_radius*2])
rotate([90,0,0])
cylinder(r=1, h=thickness*2);

}
}

for (i=[0:4])
{

translate([0,pipe_diameter*3*i,0])
pipe();
}

//cylinder(r=pipe_diameter, h=hole_radius*2);
```


[User]
Hi, I'm working on a project for teaching technical drawing in primary school, and I'd like to generate some 3D models using OpenSCAD that can be used for isometric and orthographic projection exercises. I have a basic structure in mind, but I need a parametric design so that I can easily create various shapes.

The core of the shape will be a combination of three rectangular prisms, or "cubes". These cubes are all joined such that they all have a common back face. We will call the length of the back face "C". We can also consider this to be the "width" of the overall model, because it is the widest face.

The first cube will have a depth of "D" and a height of "H1". This cube's corner is located at the position [-C/2,-(E+D-I)/2,-max(H1,H2,H3)/2]. The values C, D, E, I, H1, H2 and H3 are all parameters.

The second cube will be offset along the x axis by parameter "A" from the first cube, and it has a depth of "E" and a height of "H2". It extends in the positive direction along the X-axis, stopping at position C-A-B along that axis where "B" is another parameter. The second cube also rests on the same Z-level as the first cube, and the Y-level should align such that the top face of the cube is coplanar with the top face of the first cube.

The third cube will be offset along the x axis by parameter "G", and along the negative Y-axis by a distance of "I". This cube has a depth "I" and a height of "H3". It extends in the positive direction along the X-axis, stopping at position C-G-F along that axis where "F" is another parameter. The third cube also rests on the same Z-level as the first and second cube.

In addition to the main body, I want to create holes through the object. The first hole is a cylinder that is centered through the object, and this is also a parameter. It has a radius of "CR" and it should extend through the entire object. It should be located at position CX, CY, CZ, and it has a rotation of CXr, CYr, CZ along each axis respectively. We will use $fn=100 in the cylinder's definition.

The second hole is a rectangular prism, or "cube", and it is also a parameter. This rectangular prism should extend all the way through the object too. The rectangular prism should be of dimensions L x M, and it should be located at position KX, KY, KZ and with rotation KXr, KYr, KZr. The L dimension should be the one that extends through the object.

Finally, I'd like the option to add a triangular prism to the model. The triangle should be defined by points at coordinates [TB/2, -TA/2], [-TB/2,-TA/2], [-TB/2, TA] relative to an origin, and then extruded by a depth of TD. It should be positioned at TX, TY, TZ, and rotated by TXr, TYr, TZr.

I also want to calculate the max depth for both hole extrusions. Use `max_d_luknje = sqrt(pow(C,2)+pow(E+D+I,2))*2`.

Please generate an OpenSCAD file that includes all of these parameters, so that I can easily customize the shapes for different lessons. Can you use the standard OpenSCAD language features without any additional libraries?

[Assistant]
predmet_2.scad:
```
H1=14;
H2=5;
H3=24;

C=70;
D=20;

A=15;
B=0;
E=5;

F=15;
I=25;
G=10;

//trikotnik
TA=0;
TB=0;
TD=0;
TXr=0;
TYr=0;
TZr=0;
TX=0;
TY=0;
TZ=15/2;

//kvader-luknja
L=0;
M=5;
KX=-10;
KY=-5;
KZ=0;
KXr=0;
KYr=0;
KZr=0;

//cilinder-luknja
CR=15;
CXr=0;
CYr=0;
CZr=0;
CX=0;
CY=0;
CZ=0;

max_d_luknje=sqrt(pow(C,2)+pow(E+D+I,2))*2;

difference(){
	translate([-C/2,-(E+D-I)/2,-max(H1,H2,H3)/2]){
		cube([C,D,H1]);
		translate([A,D,0]){
			cube([C-A-B,E,H2]);
		}
		translate([G,-I,0]){
			cube([C-G-F,I,H3]);
		}
	}

	#translate([CX,CY,CZ]){
		rotate([CXr,CYr,CZr]){
			cylinder(h=max_d_luknje,r=CR,center=true, $fn=100);
		}
	}

	#translate([KX,KY,KZ]){
		rotate([KXr,KYr,KZr]){
			cube([L,M,max_d_luknje],center=true);
		}
	}
}

if(TD>0)
rotate([TXr,TYr,TZr]){
translate([TX,TY,TZ]){
linear_extrude(height = TD, center = true, convexity = 10, twist = 0){
polygon(points=[[-TB/2,-TA/2],[TB/2,-TA/2],[-TB/2,TA]], paths=[[0,1,2]]);
}
}
}

```


[User]
Hey, I'm looking to design a button football (or gombfoci) player in OpenSCAD. I've got some basic dimensions in mind, but I'd like a parametric model so I can easily tweak things later.

The player should basically be a cylinder with a smaller cylinder cut out from the bottom and a shallower cylinder cut out from the top. I'd like a hole through the center as well. Here are the specific parameters I'm thinking about:

*   **`bottomDiameter`**: The diameter of the bottom of the player (default 50 mm).
*   **`topDiameter`**: The diameter of the top of the player (default 45 mm).
*   **`height`**: The total height of the player (default 9 mm).
*   **`thickness`**: The wall thickness of the main body (default 3 mm). This controls how much smaller the inner cylinder is.
*   **`labelDiameter`**: The diameter of the shallow sunken area on the top for customization (default 25 mm).
*   **`labelDepth`**: The depth of the label area (default 1 mm).
*    **`holeDiameter`**: The diameter of the hole going through the center of the player (default 8 mm).

I'd also like to be able to customize the colors, so I need parameters for:

*   **`mainColor`**: The main color of the player (default DodgerBlue: `[0.117, 0.565, 1]`).
*   **`highlightColor`**: The color of the recessed areas (default Lighter DodgerBlue: `[0.384, 0.726, 1]`).

Could you generate the OpenSCAD code for this? I'm not really familiar with OpenSCAD beyond the basics, so any comments you can include in the code would be appreciated. I don't need anything too fancy beyond the basic object.

Oh, and could you make sure the code uses `$fa` and `$fs` as well as some kind of small delta to avoid issues with the boolean operations? Let me know if you need any other information. Thanks!

[Assistant]
Button_soccer_player.scad:
```
// Button soccer player (gombfoci) - 1.0
// by György Balássy 2016 (http://gyorgybalassy.wordpress.com)
// http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1359651

// The diameter of the bottom ring in millimeters.
bottomDiameter = 50;

// The diameter of the top ring in millimeters.
topDiameter = 45;

// The total height of the player in millimeters.
height = 9;

// The wall thickness in millimeters.
thickness=3;

/* [Hidden] */

$fa=1;   // Default minimum facet angle.
$fs=1;   // Default minimum facet size.
delta=1; // Ensures that no faces remains after boolean operations.

labelDiameter = 25;
labelDepth = 1;
holeDiameter = 8;

mainColor = [0.117, 0.565, 1];  // DodgerBlue: RGB(30, 144, 255)
highlightColor = [0.384, 0.726, 1]; // Lighter DodgerBlue: RGB(98, 185, 255)

echo(str("Drawing a ", bottomDiameter, "×", topDiameter, "×", height, " player..."));

difference()
{
  // Draw the outer shell.
  color(mainColor)
    cylinder(d1 = bottomDiameter,
             d2 = topDiameter,
              h = height);

  // Subtract the main body from the bottom.
  color(highlightColor)
    translate([0, 0, -delta])
      cylinder(d1 = bottomDiameter - 2 * thickness,
               d2 = topDiameter - 2 * thickness,
                h = height - thickness + delta);

  // Subtract the round shape for the label from the top.
  color(highlightColor)
    translate([0, 0, height - labelDepth])
      cylinder(d = labelDiameter,
               h = labelDepth + delta);

  // Drill the hole.
  color(highlightColor)
    cylinder(d = holeDiameter,
             h = height);
}

```


[User]
I'm looking to design some PCB standoff spacers for my Arduino projects and want to make them parametric so I can easily adjust the dimensions and quantity. I’d like to specify the spacer's height, the screw size it's intended for, how many I need, and a spacing factor between them. The spacers themselves should be cylindrical with a hole in the middle for the screw.

I need this to be fully customizable through parameters, meaning that I should be able to enter the overall height, the screw size to accommodate, the number of spacers needed, and a separation factor for spacing them out when generating more than one. Based on these values, the code should then calculate the spacer diameter, which I'd like to set to three times the screw diameter, and the separation distance which is the spacer diameter multiplied by the user-defined separation factor. I want the spacers arranged in a grid when multiple are requested.

Could you write me an OpenSCAD design that accomplishes this? I don’t need any external library dependencies for this. I’d like all of the code in a single file.

[Assistant]
spacer_v1.scad:
```
/* [Spacer] */

// Height of spacer
spacer_height = 0.5;   // [0.25 : 0.125 : 1]

// Standard screw diameter
screw_size = 0.1120;  // [0.112:#4, 0.125:#5, 0.138:#6, 0.164:#8, 0.19:#10, 0.216:#12, 0.25:1/4", 0.375:3/8"]

// Number of spacers
spacer_count = 1;   // [1:25]

// Separation factor
separation_factor = 1.25;   // [1: 0.05: 2]

//
// calculated values
//

// Diameter of spacer
spacer_diameter = screw_size * 3;

// Separation between spacers
separation = spacer_diameter * separation_factor;

/* [Hidden] */

$fs = 0.01;

// instantiate an array of spacer objects
columns = ceil(sqrt(spacer_count));
rows = ceil(spacer_count / columns);

for (row = [1 : rows]) {
    for (col = [1 : columns]) {
        count = (row - 1) * columns + col;

        if (count <= spacer_count) {
            translate([(col - 1) * separation, -(row - 1) * separation, 0])
                spacer(spacer_height, spacer_diameter, screw_size);
        }
    }
}

//
//
//
module spacer(height, dia, hole) {
    linear_extrude(height = height)
        difference() {
            circle(d = dia);
            circle(d = hole);
        }
}
```


[User]
I'd like to create a mallet handle that's a little more customizable, and I need it to be compatible with a mallet head design I already have (specifically, the one from thing:1360405, but I don't need you to do anything with that directly other than the connection point). I'm thinking we'll use a cylinder for the main body, with a slightly flared end on the bottom for a grip, and then a short connecting point for the head of the mallet, and the option to add a decorative groove in the handle.

Here’s a breakdown of what I need the design to be able to do:

**Handle Body:**

*   It should be a cylinder shape.
*   I need to set the overall length of the handle *outside* of the mallet head (the part you grip).
*   I want to set the radius at both the top and bottom of this cylindrical section, they might be different values.
*   I'll want a separate flared part at the very bottom of the handle, sort of an end stop. The length and the radius at the base of this flare should also be customizable.

**Connection to Mallet Head:**

*   There needs to be a short cylindrical section at the top (end connecting to the mallet head), with a specific depth.
*  I need to control the radius of the cylinder that goes into the mallet head as well as a slight flare right before it meets the main cylinder.

**Decorative Groove:**
    *   I need a feature that can be turned on and off. It will be a groove that is cut into the side of the handle.
    *   I need to be able to set the distance this groove begins from the mallet head, the length of the groove, and how deep it is cut into the handle.
    *   This groove will be created using a `rotate_extrude` on a small circle. I'll need to be able to specify the resolution of the curve on that.

I'd like the whole thing to be parametric using OpenSCAD and I'm not sure where to begin. Also, please use a smooth curve for cylinders by specifying `$fn` to control resolution. I think this requires basic OpenSCAD functionality, so no need to pull from libraries or anything.

[Assistant]
mallethandle.scad:
```
//mallet handle
height=250; //length of handle outside of mallet head
topradius=10; //radius of base of handle
bottomradius=10; //radius of top handle

//endstop below handle
endstop=12; //length of end of handle
endstopflare=15; //radius of endstop flare

diamalletheadhole=20; //depth of hole in mallet head
endbottomradius=12; //flare at the top?

//curved design in handle
design = 1; //1 means add design, 0 means no design

designfromhead=15; //distance design ends from mallet head
designL=120; //length of design
designD=8; //depth of design into handle -cannot exceed 2x handle radius

smooth=60; //resolution

//Calculations
designstart=((height-(.5*designL))-designfromhead); //beginning of design in handle (centerpoint) - can enter a number as well

if (design == 1){
difference(){

union(){
    translate([0,0,height]) cylinder(diamalletheadhole, bottomradius,endbottomradius, $fn=smooth);
    cylinder(height,topradius,bottomradius,$fn=smooth);
    rotate ([180,0,0]) cylinder(endstop, bottomradius,endstopflare, $fn=smooth);

}
translate([0,0,designstart])#rotate_extrude($fn=smooth)translate([bottomradius,0,0])resize([designD,designL]) circle(r=.5*bottomradius);
}
}
else if (design == 0) {
    union(){
    translate([0,0,height]) cylinder(diamalletheadhole, bottomradius,endbottomradius, $fn=smooth);
    cylinder(height,topradius,bottomradius,$fn=smooth);
    rotate ([180,0,0]) cylinder(endstop, bottomradius,endstopflare, $fn=smooth);
    }
}
```


[User]
I'm looking to design a mallet head, and I'd like a parametric OpenSCAD design. I want to be able to control the overall height, the radii at both the top and bottom of the mallet head, and the roundover (fillet) radius on the edges. I'd also like to specify the dimensions of the hole for the handle, including its depth, the radius of the entry hole, and the radius of the exit hole.

Specifically, here's what I envision:

*   **Overall Shape:** The main body of the mallet should be a cylinder with fillets on the ends, similar to a rounded off pill shape.
*   **Parameters:**
    *   `height`: Total length of the mallet head.
    *   `fillet`: Radius of the rounded edge fillets. Setting this to 0 would result in straight edges.
    *   `topradius`: Radius of the top end.
    *   `bottomradius`: Radius of the bottom end.
    *   `cutdepth`: The depth to cut for the handle hole.
    *   `cuttoprad`: Radius of the handle hole's entry point.
    *   `cutbotrad`: Radius of the handle hole's exit point.
    *   `smooth`: The resolution for the rounded features.
*   **Handle Hole:** A cylindrical hole should be cut through the center of the mallet head to accommodate a handle. It should have different radii at the entry and exit points.
*   **Libraries:** I'd prefer if you could generate this design using the `MCAD` library to ensure the rounded features are properly handled.

Could you provide an OpenSCAD file that implements this design?

[Assistant]
mallethead_rounded.scad:
```
//mallet head
height=60; //complete length of mallet head
fillet=3; //roundover radius, 0 for none
topradius=10; //radius at top end
bottomradius=10; //radius at bottom end

//handle hole
cutdepth=10; //depth of cut into head for handle
cuttoprad=6; //entry hole for handle
cutbotrad=6; //exit hole for handle in head

smooth=60; //resolution

//Calculations
adjheight=height-fillet;
adjtopradius=topradius-fillet;
adjbotradius=bottomradius-fillet;

difference(){
translate([0,(0),(-.5*height)])
    minkowski(){
        cylinder(adjheight,adjtopradius,adjbotradius,$fn=smooth);
        sphere(fillet,$fn=smooth);
        }
rotate([-90,0,0]) translate([0,0,-(topradius)]) cylinder(cutdepth,cuttoprad,cutbotrad,$fn=smooth);
}
```


[User]
I'm looking to create a stand for game pieces, specifically those made of cardboard. I'd like it to be parametric so I can adjust it for different thicknesses and sizes of game pieces. I've got a basic idea based on a design I saw from the "Thomas and Friends Tracks and Trestles" game, and I'd like to capture some of those design elements in this one.

The stand should have a rectangular base, and the game piece will be inserted into a slot in the top of it. The stand will have a slot cut out of the base. I envision the base having a flat rectangular bottom and a sort of angled "roof" that narrows down to the slot where the game piece goes. The base should have rounded fillets on the bottom front edges and small circular fillets at the base of the supports for the insert slot. I'd also like there to be a diamond-shaped cutout at the top of the "roof", above the insert.

I'd like to be able to specify the following parameters:

*   `base_length`: The length of the base, parallel to the game piece slot.
*   `base_height`: The overall height of the base.
*   `base_width`: The width of the base, perpendicular to the game piece slot.
*   `insert_thickness`: The thickness of the game piece that will be inserted.
*   `wall_thickness`: The thickness of the walls of the base.

I think that covers everything! I’m not sure what the best way to create this would be, but it seems like a good idea to use `linear_extrude` in combination with difference and intersection, so I’d like to keep that structure if possible.

I'm also fine using the standard OpenSCAD libraries for things like circles, squares and translations. I don't think I need anything more than that. Can you help me generate the OpenSCAD files for this?

[Assistant]
Game_Piece_Base.scad:
```
// The length of the base, measured parallel with the gamepiece that will be inserted into it.
base_length = 19;

// The height of the base.
base_height = 13;

// The width of the base, measured perpendicular with gamepiece that will be inserted into it.
base_width = 19;

// The thickness of the gamepiece that will be inserted into the base.
insert_thickness = 1.7;

// The thickness of the walls of the base.
wall_thickness = 1.2;

module game_piece_base(
    base_length=0,
    base_height=0,
    base_width=0,
    insert_thickness=0,
    wall_thickness=0
    ) {
        $fs = .1;
        $fa = .1;

        insert_opening = insert_thickness * .85;

        linear_extrude(height=base_length) difference() {
            union() {
                // Base
                square([wall_thickness, base_width]);

                // Left side
                rotate([0, 0, 90]) square([wall_thickness, base_height * .3]);
                // Right side
                translate([0, base_width - wall_thickness, 0])
                    rotate([0, 0, 90]) square([wall_thickness, base_height * .3]);

                roof_angle = atan((base_height * .7) / (base_width / 2));
                roof_length = sqrt( pow(base_height * .7, 2) + pow( base_width / 2, 2 ) );

                // Left roof
                intersection() {
                    translate([-base_height * .3, 0, 0]) rotate([0, 0, roof_angle]) square([wall_thickness, roof_length]);
                    translate([-base_height, 0, 0]) square([base_height, base_width / 2]);
                }
                // Right roof
                intersection() {
                    translate([-base_height * .3, base_width, 0]) rotate([0, 0, -roof_angle]) translate([0, -roof_length, 0]) square([wall_thickness, roof_length]);
                    translate([-base_height, base_width/2, 0]) square([base_height, base_width / 2]);
                }

                // Sides of the insert cutout
                translate([-base_height, (base_width - ((insert_opening) + (2 * wall_thickness)))/ 2, 0]) square([base_height * .666, insert_opening + (2 * wall_thickness)]);

                // Bottom left circle fillet
                translate([0, wall_thickness, 0]) circle(r=wall_thickness);

                // Bottom right circle fillet
                translate([0, base_width - wall_thickness, 0]) circle(r=wall_thickness);

                // Circles at the bottom of the insert supports.
                translate([-base_height * .333, (base_width / 2)-wall_thickness-(insert_opening/2), 0]) circle(r=wall_thickness);
                translate([-base_height * .333, (base_width / 2)+wall_thickness+(insert_opening/2), 0]) circle(r=wall_thickness);
            }

            // Insert cutout
            translate([0, (base_width - (insert_opening)) / 2, 0]) rotate([0, 0, 90]) square([insert_opening, base_height]);

            diamond_cutout_hypotenuse = (wall_thickness * 2) + (insert_opening);
            diamond_cutout_side_length = sqrt( pow( diamond_cutout_hypotenuse, 2) / 2 );

            // Top angled cutout
            translate([-base_height, base_width / 2 - (diamond_cutout_hypotenuse/2), 0]) rotate([0, 0, 45]) square([diamond_cutout_side_length, diamond_cutout_side_length]);
        }
}

game_piece_base(
    base_length=base_length,
    base_height=base_height,
    base_width=base_width,
    insert_thickness=insert_thickness,
    wall_thickness=wall_thickness
);
```


[User]
Okay, I'm looking to get some custom lightboxes designed for my model railway buildings, specifically in H0 scale. I've seen some good examples but need something flexible for various buildings. I want to be able to adjust the box's dimensions (width, depth, and height) and have control over how the light is distributed. I'd like to use 3mm LEDs.

I envision the basic shape as a hollow rectangular box. The walls of the box should have a configurable thickness, and the bottom of the box is a solid base. I want the ability to optionally add internal walls running along the width to partition the inside of the box for extra support or separation, with a defined thickness and number of walls. I also want to be able to easily change the number of those internal walls.

I need to be able to mount small prints inside the box, and ideally, I'd like a way to slide them in from one side. These prints would probably have a small surface-mounted LED on top of them facing downwards, so I'm looking for a slide-in mount. I'll want to configure the width, number, and the starting point along the width of the box of these mounts. The thickness of the mount should also be adjustable as my prints will have a certain thickness that I will need to match. These need to auto-space to fill out the space.

Finally, I would like to have glue support on the top edges of the box, and that I would like to be optional. I think a good rule would be to only generate these if the wall thickness is below a limit.

The units I am using are millimeters. I'm not using any specific libraries. I'd be grateful if you could generate the appropriate OpenSCAD code.

[Assistant]
huisje_verlichting_blokjes.scad:
```
// (C) 2016 B. Visee, info@lichtsignaal.nl
// This is for making lightboxes in, mostly, h0-scale, houses
// No guarentees, but I like it!
// You can make it all sorts of sizes with an adjustable
// number of holes for your LED's (also adjustable!)

// 0.25mm height
//

// Set parameters as you wish
width = 30;
depth = 20;
height = 20;
diameter = 3.5; // On my da Vinci this is the size for 3mm LED
numholes = 2;

// Leave alone from here, unless you know what you are doing
holedistance = (width / (numholes+1)) + 1;

translate([1,15,2])
{
    cube([20,2,20]);
}

union()
{
    difference()
    {
        cube([height+2,width+2,depth+2]);

        translate([1, 1, 2])
        {
        cube([height,width,depth+2]);
        }

        for (n = [ 1 : numholes ] )
        {
            translate([(height/2)+1,n*holedistance,-3])
            {
                cylinder(10,d=diameter,diameter/2,$fn=64);
            }
        }
    }

    difference()
    {
        translate([0,-2,depth])
        {
            cube([height+2,2,2]);
        }

        translate([-1,1,depth-1])
        {
            rotate([135,0,0])
            {
                cube([height+4,5,5]);
            }
        }
    }

    difference()
    {
        translate([0,width+2,depth])
        {
            cube([height+2,2,2]);
        }

        translate([-1,width+8,depth-1])
        {
            rotate([135,0,0])
            {
                cube([height+4,5,5]);
            }
        }
    }
}
```
huisje_verlichting_blokjes_v1.scad:
```
// (C) 2016 B. Visee, info@lichtsignaal.nl
// This is for making lightboxes in, mostly, h0-scale, houses
// No guarentees, but I like it!

// You can make it all sorts of sizes with an adjustable
// number of holes for your LED's (also adjustable!)
// Printed at 0.25mm or 0.3mm height. 0.4 is too big
// The parameters are INSIDE sizes!

// ===================================
// ** CHANGELOG
// ===================================
// v1 Added better spacing for holes
//    Added holestart parameter so you can align hole(s) from the sides

// ===================================
// ** START USER PARAMETERS
// ===================================

width = 70;
depth = 20;
height = 20;
diameter = 3.5;     // On my da Vinci this is the size for 3mm LED
numholes = 3;       // Number of holes you want, if set auto = 0
holestart = 10;      // Start/end position of hole

// To-Do ...
//autohole = 0;       // Auto-magic number of holes (WIP)
//autospacing = 10;   // Auto-magic spacing of holes (WIP)
// Add wall options

// ===================================
// ** END USER PARAMETERS
// ===================================

holewidth =  ( ( width - ( holestart * 2 ) ) / (numholes - 1) );

union()
{
    difference()
    {
        cube([height+2,width+2,depth+2]);

        translate([1, 1, 2])
        {
        cube([height,width,depth+2]);
        }

        if(numholes == 1)
        {
            translate([(height/2)+1,(width/2)+1,-3])
            {
                cylinder(10,d=diameter,diameter/2,$fn=64);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (n = [ 1 : numholes ] )
            {

                if( n == 1 )
                {
                    translate([(height/2)+1,holestart+1,-3])
                    {
                        cylinder(10,d=diameter,diameter/2,$fn=64);
                    }
                }

                if ( n == numholes )
                {
                    translate([(height/2)+1,width - (holestart),-3])
                    {
                        cylinder(10,d=diameter,diameter/2,$fn=64);
                    }
                }

                if( ( n != 1) && ( n != numholes) )
                 {
                    translate([(height/2)+1,((n-1)*holewidth) + holestart,-3])
                    {
                        cylinder(10,d=diameter,diameter/2,$fn=64);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    difference()
    {
        translate([0,-2,depth])
        {
            cube([height+2,2,2]);
        }

        translate([-1,1,depth-1])
        {
            rotate([135,0,0])
            {
                cube([height+4,5,5]);
            }
        }
    }

    difference()
    {
        translate([0,width+2,depth])
        {
            cube([height+2,2,2]);
        }

        translate([-1,width+8,depth-1])
        {
            rotate([135,0,0])
            {
                cube([height+4,5,5]);
            }
        }
    }
}
```
huisje_verlichting_blokjes_v3.scad:
```
// (C) 2016 B. Visee, info@lichtsignaal.nl
// This is for making lightboxes in, mostly, h0-scale, houses
// No guarentees, but I like it!

// You can make it all sorts of sizes with an adjustable
// number of holes for your LED's (also adjustable!)
// Printed at 0.25mm or 0.3mm height. 0.4 is too big
// The parameters are INSIDE sizes!

// ===================================
// ** CHANGELOG
// ===================================

// v1 Added better spacing for holes
//    Added holestart parameter so you can align hole(s) from the sides
// v2 Started working on inner walls for bigger boxes, easier to glue
// v3 Add one print mount, have to do the multiple ones yet ;)

// ===================================
// ** ToDo
// ===================================

// Add inner-wall options, with auto?

// ===================================
// ** START USER PARAMETERS
// ===================================

// Basic sizes (inner sizes)
depth = 20;
width = 45;
height = 20;
thick = 2;          // Thickness of box walls, varies for printers
                    // Does not affect bottom btw! That is steady 2mm.
thicklimit = 6;     // Limit for adding 45 degree supports

// Holes with automatic spacing
enableholes = 0;    // Simple holes in the back
diameter = 3.5;     // On my da Vinci this is the size for 3mm LED
numholes = 3;       // Number of holes you want, if set auto = 0
holestart = 5;      // Start/end position of hole

// Mount for print, no automatic spacing for maximum flexibility
enableprint = 1;    // Adds a slide-in mount for a print
printwidth = 6;
numprints = 2;
printspacing = 24;  // Space between print mounts
printstart = 6;     // Y-start position

// ===================================
// ** END USER PARAMETERS
// ===================================

// For good measure
outerdepth = depth + (thick*2);     // X
outerwidth = width + (thick*2);     // Y
outerheight = height;               // Z

// TESTING

// END TESTING

// Space between inner holes
holespacing = ( width - ( ( holestart * 2 ) + diameter ) ) / (numholes - 1);

union()
{
    difference()
    {
        // Base cube
        cube([outerdepth,outerwidth,outerheight]);

        translate([thick, thick, 2])
        {
            cube([depth,width,height]);
        }

        // Slider opening
        if(enableprint)
        {
            // Add center one for one print, ToDo
            for (n = [ 0 : (numprints-1) ])
            {
                translate([0,printstart+(n*printspacing),0])
                {
                    difference()
                    {
                        translate([-0.5,4,-0.1])
                        {
                            cube([0.6+thick,printwidth-1,height-8]);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Holes in the back
        if(enableholes)
        {
            if(numholes == 1)
            {
                translate([(depth/2)+(thick),(outerwidth/2),-3])
                {
                    cylinder(10,d=diameter,diameter/2,$fn=64);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                for (n = [ 1 : numholes ] )
                {

                    if( n == 1 )
                    {
                        translate([(depth/2)+(thick),holestart+thick+(diameter/2),-3])
                        {
                            cylinder(10,d=diameter,diameter/2,$fn=64);
                        }
                    }

                    if ( (n == numholes) && ( n != 1) )
                    {
                        translate([(depth/2)+(thick),width - ( (holestart-thick) +(diameter/2) ),-3])
                        {
                            cylinder(10,d=diameter,diameter/2,$fn=64);
                        }
                    }

                    if( ( n != 1) && ( n != numholes) )
                     {
                        translate([(depth/2)+(thick),( (holespacing* (n-1) )+thick+holestart+(diameter/2)),-3])
                        {
                            //echo( ( (holespacing* (n-1) )+thick+holestart+diameter));
                            cylinder(10,d=diameter,diameter/2,$fn=64);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Print slider stuff
    if(enableprint)
    {
        for (n = [ 0 : (numprints-1) ])
            {
                translate([0,printstart+(n*printspacing),0])
                {
                    union()
                    {
                        // Sliding part
                        translate([-2.5,printwidth+5,0])
                        {
                            cube([2.5,2,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-2.5,0,0])
                        {
                            cube([2.5,2,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-4,0,0])
                        {
                            cube([1.5,4,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-4,printwidth+3,0])
                        {
                            cube([1.5,4,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-4,1.5,height-2])
                        {
                            cube([4,printwidth+3.5,2]);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
    }

    // Glue edges for smaller sizes
    if(thick<thicklimit)
    {
        translate([0,0,-2])
        {
            difference()
            {
                translate([0,-2,height])
                {
                    cube([outerdepth,2,2]);
                }

                translate([-1,1,height-1])
                {
                    rotate([135,0,0])
                    {
                        cube([outerdepth+2,5,5]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        translate([0,outerwidth+2,-2])
        {
            difference()
            {
                translate([0,-2,height])
                {
                    cube([outerdepth,2,2]);
                }

                translate([-1,4,height-1])
                {
                    rotate([135,0,0])
                    {
                        cube([outerdepth+2,5,5]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```
huisje_verlichting_blokjes_v4.scad:
```
// (C) 2016 B. Visee, info@lichtsignaal.nl
// This is for making lightboxes in, mostly, h0-scale, houses
// No guarentees, but I like it!

// ===================================
// ** CHANGELOG
// ===================================

// v1   Added better spacing for holes
//      Added holestart parameter so you can align hole(s) from the sides
// v2   Started working on inner walls for bigger boxes, easier to glue
// v3   Add one print mount, have to do the multiple ones yet ;)
// v3.1 Added print-thickness option
// v4   Removed simple holes, the effect is just not realistic enough
//      Added inner wall option with autospacing
//      Added autospacing for print holders

// ===================================
// ** ToDo
// ===================================

// Suggestions welcome :)

// ===================================
// ** START USER PARAMETERS
// ===================================

// Basic sizes (inner sizes)
depth           = 20;
width           = 60;
height          = 20;
thick           = 2;            // Thickness of box walls, varies for printers
                                // Does not affect bottom btw! That is steady 2mm.
thicklimit      = 6;            // Limit for adding 45 degree glue supports

// Inner walls with automatic spacing
enablewalls     = 1;            // Inner walls (0 disable, 1 enable)
wallthick       = 5;            // Thickness of inner wall
numwalls        = 4;            // Number of walls

// Mount for print with automatic spacing
enableprint     = 1;            // Adds a slide-in mount for a print (0 disable, 1 enable)
printwidth      = 5;            // Print width. Wider print can be used to add more then 1 LED
numprints       = 3;            // Supports maximum of 3 sliders
printstart      = 0;            // Y-start position
printthick      = 2.5;          // Thickness of your print

// ===================================
// ** END USER PARAMETERS
// ===================================

// For good measure
outerdepth      = depth + (thick*2);     // X
outerwidth      = width + (thick*2);     // Y
outerheight     = height;                // Z
offsetprint     = (printwidth - numprints) - 0.5;
wallspace       = (outerwidth / (numwalls+1)) ;
printspacing    = ((outerwidth - ((numprints * printwidth)+(printstart * 2))) / (numprints-1)) + offsetprint;

// TESTING

// END TESTING

union()
{
    // Inner walls
    if(enablewalls)
    {
        for (n = [ 1 : (numwalls) ])
        {
            translate([thick,(n*wallspace)-(wallthick/2),0])
            {
                cube([depth,wallthick,outerheight]);
            }
        }
    }

    /*
    if(enablewalls && (numprints > 2))
    {
        for (n = [ 0 : (numprints-2) ])
        {
            translate([thick,(printstart+wallspace)+(n*wallspace),0])
            //translate([thick,(((width+(wallthick/2)-thick)/numprints))+(n*printspacing),0])
            {
                cube([depth,wallthick,outerheight]);
            }
        }
    }
    */

    difference()
    {
        // Base cube
        cube([outerdepth,outerwidth,outerheight]);

        translate([thick, thick, 2])
        {
            cube([depth,width,height]);
        }

        // Slider opening
        if(enableprint)
        {
            // Add center one for one print
            if(numprints == 1)
            {
                translate([0,(width/2)-((thick-0.5)+(printwidth/2)),0])
                {
                    difference()
                    {
                        translate([-0.5,4,-0.1])
                        {
                            cube([0.6+thick,printwidth-1,height-8]);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if(numprints == 2)
            {
                for (n = [ 0 : (numprints-1) ])
                {
                    translate([0,(printstart/2)+(n*((outerwidth-(printstart+thick))-(printwidth*2))),0])
                    {
                        difference()
                        {
                            translate([-0.5,4,-0.1])
                            {
                                cube([0.6+thick,printwidth-1,height-8]);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if(numprints > 2)
            {
                for (n = [ 0 : (numprints-1) ])
                {
                    translate([0,printstart+(n*printspacing),0])
                    {
                        difference()
                        {
                            translate([-0.5,4,-0.1])
                            {
                                cube([0.6+thick,printwidth-1,height-8]);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Print slider stuff
    if(enableprint)
    {
        // Add center one for one print
        if(numprints == 1)
        {
            translate([0,(width/2)-((thick-0.5)+(printwidth/2)),0])
            {
                union()
                {
                    // Sliding part
                    translate([-printthick,printwidth+5,0])
                    {
                        cube([printthick,2,height]);
                    }

                    translate([-printthick,0,0])
                    {
                        cube([printthick,2,height]);
                    }

                    translate([-(printthick+1.5),0,0])
                    {
                        cube([1.5,4,height]);
                    }

                    translate([-(printthick+1.5),printwidth+3,0])
                    {
                        cube([1.5,4,height]);
                    }

                    translate([-(printthick+1.5),1.5,height-2])
                    {
                        cube([(printthick+1.5),printwidth+3.5,2]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if(numprints == 2)
        {
            for (n = [ 0 : (numprints-1) ])
            {
                translate([0,(printstart/2)+(n*((outerwidth-(printstart+thick))-(printwidth*2))),0])
                {
                    union()
                    {
                        // Sliding part
                        translate([-printthick,printwidth+5,0])
                        {
                            cube([printthick,2,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-printthick,0,0])
                        {
                            cube([printthick,2,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-(printthick+1.5),0,0])
                        {
                            cube([1.5,4,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-(printthick+1.5),printwidth+3,0])
                        {
                            cube([1.5,4,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-(printthick+1.5),1.5,height-2])
                        {
                            cube([(printthick+1.5),printwidth+3.5,2]);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if(numprints > 2)
        {
            for (n = [ 0 : (numprints-1) ])
            {
                translate([0,printstart+(n*printspacing),0])
                {
                    union()
                    {
                        // Sliding part
                        translate([-printthick,printwidth+5,0])
                        {
                            cube([printthick,2,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-printthick,0,0])
                        {
                            cube([printthick,2,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-(printthick+1.5),0,0])
                        {
                            cube([1.5,4,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-(printthick+1.5),printwidth+3,0])
                        {
                            cube([1.5,4,height]);
                        }

                        translate([-(printthick+1.5),1.5,height-2])
                        {
                            cube([(printthick+1.5),printwidth+3.5,2]);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Glue edges for thin outerwalls (you probably want that at walls < 2mm thick)
    if(thick<thicklimit)
    {
        translate([0,0,-2])
        {
            difference()
            {
                translate([0,-2,height])
                {
                    cube([outerdepth,2,2]);
                }

                translate([-1,1,height-1])
                {
                    rotate([135,0,0])
                    {
                        cube([outerdepth+2,5,5]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        translate([0,outerwidth+2,-2])
        {
            difference()
            {
                translate([0,-2,height])
                {
                    cube([outerdepth,2,2]);
                }

                translate([-1,4,height-1])
                {
                    rotate([135,0,0])
                    {
                        cube([outerdepth+2,5,5]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```


[User]
I need a design for a corner bracket that connects three perpendicular plates. The plates will slot into the bracket, and the design should be parametric so I can adjust the plate thickness and the amount of space between the plate and the main bracket body. I'd like the design to also be rotated so that it prints nicely on an FDM printer, essentially oriented with the corner pointing downward.

I've included a SCAD file (`cornerProfile.scad`) I wrote as a starting point, if that helps. The file includes a module `rotatedCornerProfile()` which shows the general geometry I'm aiming for. It also uses the `linear_extrude`, `rotate`, `translate`, `difference`, `union`, `square`, and `cube` primitives. I'm not aiming for this specific implementation though, just the general shape. I also don't want to require any external libraries other than the standard OpenSCAD functionality.

The key parameters I'd need to control are:
*   `plateThickness`: The thickness of the plates that fit into the bracket
*   `plateSpacer`: The gap between the plate and the bracket
*   `wallThickness`: The thickness of the bracket walls themselves
*   `mountLength`: The length of each of the plate-receiving slots/extensions.

Please keep in mind the design should be printable without supports when rotated correctly.

I think that's everything, let me know if I missed anything!

[Assistant]
cornerProfile.scad:
```
glassThickness = 4.05;
glassSpacer = 0.5;
wallThickness = 2;
mountLength = 15;

rotatedCornerProfile();

module profile()
{
    difference()
    {
        square(mountLength + wallThickness);
        translate([wallThickness + glassThickness + glassSpacer, wallThickness, 0])
        {
            square([mountLength, glassThickness]);
        }
        translate([wallThickness, wallThickness + glassThickness + glassSpacer, 0])
        {
            square([glassThickness, mountLength]);
        }
        translate([2 * wallThickness + glassThickness, 2 * wallThickness + glassThickness + glassSpacer, 0])
        {
            square([mountLength, mountLength]);
        }
        translate([2 * wallThickness + glassThickness, 0, 0])
        {
            square([mountLength, mountLength]);
        }
        translate([0, 2 * wallThickness + glassThickness, 0])
        {
            square([mountLength, mountLength]);
        }
    }
}

module profileExtrude()
{
    difference()
    {
        linear_extrude(height = mountLength)
        {
            profile();
        }
        translate([wallThickness + glassThickness, wallThickness + glassThickness, wallThickness])
        {
            cube([mountLength, mountLength, glassThickness]);
        }
    }
}

module cornerProfile()
{
    difference()
    {
        union()
        {
            profileExtrude();
            rotate([0, 90, 0])
            {
                rotate([0, 0, 90])
                {
                    profileExtrude();
                }
            }
            rotate([-90, 0, 0])
            {
                rotate([0, 0, -90])
                {
                    profileExtrude();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

module rotatedCornerProfile()
{
    cutOff = 2 * wallThickness + glassSpacer + 6;
    translate([0, 0, -cutOff / sqrt(3)])
    {
        rotate([atan(1/sqrt(2)), 0, 0])
        {
            rotate([0, -45, 0])
            {
                difference()
                {
                    cornerProfile();
                    polyhedron( points  =   [   [-0.1, -0.1, -0.1],
                                                [cutOff, 0, 0],
                                                [0, cutOff, 0],
                                                [0, 0, cutOff],
                                            ],
                                faces   =   [   [0, 1, 2],
                                                [1, 3, 2],
                                                [2, 3, 0],
                                                [3, 1, 0],
                                            ]
                                );
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```


[User]
Okay, I'd like a planetary gearbox generator, similar to the one I've seen online, but I need it to be fully parametric. I want to be able to specify the number of teeth on the sun, ring, and planet gears, the pitch, the pressure angle, the gear thickness, the number of planets, and the herringbone twist factor. I also want to be able to control the play (backlash) between the gears, the wall thickness of the parts, the size and number of screw holes for mounting the ring gear, and the radius and height of the planet axles. Finally, I need to specify the extra height of the ring gear for the screw holes. It should generate all the parts: the sun gear, the ring gear, the planet gears, and the planet carrier.

The gear design should use the involute gear library in MCAD, specifically `involute_gears.scad`, to create the gears themselves. The sun and ring gears should have options for motor mounts/screw holes if needed. Also, the planet gears should have a small axle extending out of them. The ring gear needs to have mounting screw holes, and the planet carrier needs to have holes for the planet axles to spin in. I need this to be in parametric OpenSCAD files, and it has to have a main assembly module to put all the parts together.

I'm looking for a good starting point for a generator that adheres to the basic principles of planetary gearboxes - where the number of teeth on the ring gear is the sum of the number of teeth on the sun gear and twice the number of teeth on the planet gears. Also, I want to make the gears herringbone gears with a specific twist.  I think a good way to accomplish the herringbone style of gears is to take a normal gear and then another that has the opposite twist direction and then translate them both up by half the gear thickness, so they make a single gear of double the thickness. Let me know if you have any questions.

[Assistant]
planetary_gearbox.scad:
```
/*  For physics used, refer to https://woodgears.ca/gear/planetary.html */

use <MCAD/involute_gears.scad>

$fn = 50 * 1;
PI = 3.14 * 1;

R = 168;                //  Amount of teeth in the ring
P = 74;                 //  Amount of teeth in the planets
S = 20;                 //  Amount of teeth in the sun

play = 0.075;           //  Play between the parts

pitch = 2.25;           //  The pitch of the gears
pAngle = 35;            //  The pressure angle of the gears
thicknessGear = 6;      //  The thickness of the gears
amountPlanets = 3;      //  The amount of planets in the gear, choose 3 or more
twistFactor = 2;        //  A measure for the angle of the herringbone gears. I believe for a factor of 2, the gear rotates 2 times the pitch over its height

extraRingHeight = 3.7;  //  The extra height of the ring gear for the screwholes
screwThreadRadius = 2;  //  Radius of the screw holes
amountScrews = 3;       //  Amount of screw holes
thickness = 3;      //  Wall thickness of the parts

planetAxRadius = 5;     //  Radius of the ax coming out of the planets
planetAxHeight = 6;     //  Radius of the ax coming out of the planets

SPitchRadius = S * pitch / (2 * PI);
RPitchRadius = R * pitch / (2 * PI);
PPitchRadius = P * pitch / (2 * PI);

module planet(){
    union(){
        createGear(P, PPitchRadius, 1);
        translate([0, 0, thicknessGear]){
            cylinder(r = planetAxRadius, h = planetAxHeight);
        }
    }
}

module sun(){
    difference(){
        createGear(S, SPitchRadius, -1);
        motorMount();
    }
}

module ring(){
    union(){
        difference(){
            hull(){
                cylinder(r = R * pitch / (2 * PI) + thicknessGear, h = extraRingHeight);
                for(i = [1:amountScrews]){
                    rotate([0,0,i * 360 / amountScrews]){
                        translate([0, R * pitch / (2 * PI) + thicknessGear + thickness + screwThreadRadius,0]){
                            cylinder(r = thickness + screwThreadRadius, h = extraRingHeight);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            translate([0, 0, -0.1])
            {
                cylinder(r = RPitchRadius / 1.1, h = extraRingHeight + 0.1);
            }
            for(i = [1:amountScrews]){
                rotate([0,0,i * 360 / amountScrews]){
                    translate([0, R * pitch / (2 * PI) + thicknessGear + thickness + screwThreadRadius,0]){
                        cylinder(r = screwThreadRadius, h = extraRingHeight);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        translate([0,0,extraRingHeight]){
            difference(){
                cylinder(r = R * pitch / (2 * PI) + thicknessGear, h = thicknessGear);
                createGear(R, RPitchRadius, 1);
            }
        }
    }
}

module motorMount()
{

}

module createGearSub(teeth, pitchRadius, twistDirection){
    gear (
        number_of_teeth = teeth,
        circular_pitch = 180 / PI * pitch,
        diametral_pitch = false,
        pressure_angle = pAngle,
        clearance = play,
        gear_thickness = thicknessGear / 2,
        rim_thickness = thicknessGear / 2,
        rim_width = thicknessGear / 2,
        hub_thickness = thicknessGear / 2,
        hub_diameter = 0,
        bore_diameter = 0,
        circles = 0,
        backlash = 0,
        twist = twistDirection * twistFactor / (2 * PI * pitchRadius) * 360,
        involute_facets = 0,
        flat = false
    );
}

module createGear(T, R, t){
    createGearSub(T, R, t);

    rotate([0,0,-t * twistFactor / (2 * PI * R) * 360]){
        translate([0,0,thicknessGear / 2]){
            createGearSub(T, R, -t);
        }
    }
}

module gearCarrier(){
    difference(){
        union(){
            hull(){
                for(i = [1:amountPlanets]){
                    rotate([0,0,i * 360 / amountPlanets]){
                        translate([0, (RPitchRadius + SPitchRadius) / 2, 0]){
                            cylinder(r = planetAxRadius + thickness, h = planetAxHeight);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        for(i = [1:amountPlanets]){
            rotate([0,0,i * 360 / amountPlanets]){
                translate([0, (RPitchRadius + SPitchRadius) / 2, -0.1]){
                    cylinder(r = planetAxRadius + play, h = planetAxHeight + 0.2);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

module assembly(){
    scale(SPitchRadius / (SPitchRadius + play)){
        rotate([0,0,0*twistFactor]){
            sun();
        }
    }
    scale((RPitchRadius + play) / RPitchRadius){
        rotate([0,0,2.5*twistFactor]){
            ring();
        }
    }
    translate([2 * RPitchRadius + 2 * thicknessGear + 2 * thickness + 2 * screwThreadRadius, 0, 0]){
        for(i = [1:amountPlanets]){
            rotate([0,0,i * 360 / amountPlanets]){
                translate([0, (RPitchRadius + SPitchRadius) / 2 - play / 2, 0]){
                    scale(PPitchRadius / (PPitchRadius + play)){
                        rotate([0,0,-5*twistFactor]){
                            planet();
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    translate([-2 * RPitchRadius - 2 * thicknessGear, 0, 0]){
        rotate([0,0,-30]){
            gearCarrier();
        }
    }
}

assembly();
```


[User]
I'm looking to create a customizable fan guard with mounting studs, similar to the design by MoonCactus on Thingiverse, but I need to incorporate the mounting studs into the design itself. I have a modified version of that code but would rather have a completely fresh version created by an AI.

Here's the breakdown of what I need:

**Core Functionality:**

*   **Parametric Design:** The design needs to be fully parametric, allowing me to customize the following:
    *   `fan_side_length`: The size of the fan (e.g., 60mm for a 60mm fan).
    *   `mount_hole_width`: The distance between the mounting screw holes.
    *   `mount_hole_d`: The diameter of the mounting screw holes.
    *    `outer_pin_diameter`: The diameter of the outer part of the stud.
    *    `pin_height`: The height of the stud. This determines the gap between the guard and the fan.
    *   `mesh_kind`: The type of mesh (options: "hex", "square", "radial_circles", "radial_poly").
    *   `mesh_holes_d`: The size of the mesh openings.
    *   `mesh_thickness`: The thickness of the mesh.
    *   `mesh_clearance`: The additional clearance between the mesh and the fan.
    *   `mesh_density_ratio`: The string thickness ratio for the mesh.
    *   `solid_outer_border`: The minimum side wall thickness.
    *   `outer_roundness`: The roundness of the outer edges as a percentage of total height.
    *   `mesh_offset`: The radial offset for circular meshes.

*   **Mounting Studs:** Instead of just holes, the guard should have studs that will fit into the recessed screw holes on the fan.
    * The mounting studs should be placed at the same locations as the mounting holes used to secure the fan.
    * Each stud should be a cylindrical pin, with an optional flat edge to facilitate a friction fit.
    * The stud should have a diameter (`outer_pin_diameter`) and a height (`pin_height`), both configurable.
*   **Mesh Options:** The mesh patterns should be generated parametrically with specified size (`mesh_holes_d`), thickness (`mesh_thickness`), and density (`mesh_density_ratio`).

**Design Considerations:**

*   The mounting studs need to have the mounting hole through the center of the stud.
*   The stud length must be greater than the depth of the countersunk fan hole so a space is created between the fan and the guard.
*   The `mesh_clearance` should allow spacing between the guard and the fan.
*   The outer roundness should be handled using a hull operation to ensure smooth curves.
*   The design should prioritize clean and efficient OpenSCAD code.

**Libraries:**

I don't need any external libraries for this design.

Could you please generate the OpenSCAD code for this parametric fan guard with studs?

[Assistant]
fanguard_studs.scad:
```
//
// parametric fanguard (rev 1.01) - 20130806-1638
//
// (c)Jeremie Francois (jeremie.francois@gmail.com)
//	http://www.thingiverse.com/MoonCactus
//	http://tridimake.blogspot.com
//
// Licence: Attribution - Share Alike - Creative Commons
//

// Fan size (eg. 25, 30, 40, 50 mm side length)
fan_side_length=60;

// Distance between two consecutive mounting fan screws (respectively 20, 24, 32, 40 mm)
mount_hole_width=50;

// Mounting screw diameter (respectively 3, 3, 3.5, 4.5 mm)
mount_hole_d=4;

// diameter of countersunk mounting hole (outer diamater of pin)
outer_pin_diameter=6;

// height of pin (depth of countersinking hole + space you want between the guard and the fan)
pin_height=6;

// The mesh kind
mesh_kind="hex"; // [hex,square,radial_circles,radial_poly]

// The mesh cell size (mm)
mesh_holes_d=5;

// The mesh thickness (mm)
mesh_thickness=1;

// Additional distance between the mesh and the fan (add it to the mesh thickness for the total height) (mm)
mesh_clearance=1;

// Mesh string thickness ratio (depends on your nozzle and gcode generator); default gives about 0.8 mm (two passes)
mesh_density_ratio= 98; // [90:120]

// Minimum side wall thickness (mm)
solid_outer_border=1;

// Outer roundness (ratio over the total height; values over 50% ask for a thick wall also)
outer_roundness=50; // [0:100]

// Mesh radial offset for circular meshes (tune it for a better flow, when the outer ring is the most "open")
mesh_offset= 68; // [0:100]

tol=0.1+0;
$fa=1+0;
$fs=0.33+0;

dholes= mesh_holes_d;
marginhole= (fan_side_length-mount_hole_width)/2;
roundness= outer_roundness * (mesh_thickness + mesh_clearance) / 100;

function drot(radius, spacing)= 360 / round( (2 * 3.1415926 * radius) / spacing );

module wedge(radius,dholes)
{
	w= (drot(radius, dholes)/2) * mesh_density_ratio / 125;
	dl= (mesh_holes_d) * mesh_density_ratio / 135;
	translate([0,0,-tol])
	scale([1,1,mesh_thickness+2*tol])
	hull()
	{
		rotate([0,0,-w]) translate([radius-dl/2,0,0])	cylinder(r=0.1,$fn=4);
		rotate([0,0,+w]) translate([radius-dl/2,0,0])	cylinder(r=0.1,$fn=4);

		translate([radius+1.05*dl/2,0,0])	cylinder(r=0.1,$fn=4);

		rotate([0,0,-w]) translate([radius+dl/2,0,0])	cylinder(r=0.1,$fn=4);
		rotate([0,0,+w]) translate([radius+dl/2,0,0])	cylinder(r=0.1,$fn=4);
	}
}

union()
{
	difference()
	{
		hull()
		{
			for(i=[-1,+1]) for(j=[-1,+1])
				translate([i*(fan_side_length/2-roundness),j*(fan_side_length/2-roundness),0])
					translate([0,0,roundness])
					{
						intersection() { sphere(r=roundness); translate([0,0,-roundness-tol]) cylinder(r=roundness+tol, h=roundness+tol); }
						cylinder(r=roundness,h=mesh_thickness+mesh_clearance-roundness);
					}
		}
		// Carve main section and screw holes
		translate([0,0,-tol]) scale([1,1,mesh_thickness+mesh_clearance+2*tol])
		{
			cylinder(r=fan_side_length/2-solid_outer_border);
			for(i=[-1,+1]) for(j=[-1,+1])
				translate([i*(fan_side_length/2-marginhole),j*(fan_side_length/2-marginhole),0])
					cylinder(r=mount_hole_d/2);
        }
	}

	difference()
	{
		cylinder(r=fan_side_length/2-solid_outer_border+tol, h=mesh_thickness);
		// Hey... if you find this readable, you are mad :)
		if(mesh_kind=="radial_circles" || mesh_kind=="radial_poly")
		{
			for(radius=[mesh_offset*mesh_holes_d/100:mesh_holes_d*0.95:fan_side_length/2])
				// circumference= 2*PI*radius
				for(rot=[0:drot(radius, dholes):359.9])
					rotate([0,0,rot])
						if(mesh_kind=="radial_poly")
							wedge(radius,dholes);
						else if(mesh_kind=="radial_circles")
						{
							translate([radius,0,-tol])
							cylinder(r=38*mesh_holes_d/mesh_density_ratio, h=mesh_thickness+2*tol);
						}
		}
		else // hex or square
		{
			for(i=[0:dholes:fan_side_length/2+dholes])
				for(j=[0:dholes:fan_side_length/2+dholes])
					for(si=[-1,+1]) for(sj=[-1,+1]) scale([si,sj,1])
						if(mesh_kind=="hex")
						{
							translate([i + (((j+dholes) / dholes + 1) % 2) * dholes/2 ,(j)*0.9,-tol]) // HUH!
								rotate([0,0,30])
									cylinder(r=50*mesh_holes_d/mesh_density_ratio, $fn=6, h=mesh_thickness+2*tol);
						}
						else if(mesh_kind=="square")
						{
							translate([i,j,-tol])
								cube([
									75*mesh_holes_d/mesh_density_ratio,
									75*mesh_holes_d/mesh_density_ratio,
									mesh_thickness*3+2*tol],center=true);
						}
		}
	}
    difference(){
    for(i=[-1,+1]) for(j=[-1,+1]){
				translate([i*(fan_side_length/2-marginhole),j*(fan_side_length/2-marginhole),0])
					cylinder(r=outer_pin_diameter/2,h=pin_height+mesh_clearance+mesh_thickness);}

    for(i=[-1,+1]) for(j=[-1,+1]){
				translate([i*(fan_side_length/2-marginhole),j*(fan_side_length/2-marginhole),0])
					cylinder(r=mount_hole_d/2,h=pin_height+mesh_clearance+mesh_thickness);}
                }
}
```


[User]
I need a parametric OpenSCAD design for a custom screwdriver handle. It should have a hexagonal hole to hold standard hex bits, and a cylindrical body that gets wider at one end to form a handle. I'd like to be able to control the following:

*   `hexDiameter`: The diameter of the hex bit hole.
*   `hexHolderThickness`: How thick the plastic around the hex hole is.
*   `centralNutDiameter`: The diameter of the central cylindrical nut feature.
*   `handleHeight`: The overall height/length of the handle.
*   `bitDepth`: How deep the hex bit hole is.
*   `message`: A text string to be engraved on the handle, in the form of an optional `write()` call. The text should be on the main body of the handle, not near the bit-holding end.
*   `Font`: The font to be used for the message. Specifically, it should be able to specify a font file from the `write/` directory, and default to `write/Letters.dxf` if not specified.

The design should have:
1.  A main cylindrical body with a hexagonal cutout for the bit. The body should be oriented vertically (along the Z-axis). The hex cutout should be present at both ends to facilitate reversible bits.
2.  A wider, handle-like feature towards one end of the handle. The handle shape should be created using a combination of a wider cylinder and an equilateral triangle centered on that cylinder's radius.
3.   An optional central nut feature in the middle that's a hexagonal prism.
4.  A text engraving using the specified font, placed on the main body of the handle, roughly halfway up the length of the cylinder.

The code should use the `write()` module from the Write.scad library for text engraving. I don't need the library file itself, just the design using it. I also need the code to include an `equiTriangle` module and a `dislocateBox` module, both of which should be self-contained.

[Assistant]
Screwdriver.scad:
```
include <write/Write.scad>

hexDiameter=8;
hexHolderThickness=4; //The thickness of the plastic surrounding the hex bit
centralNutDiameter=14;
handleHeight=58;
bitDepth=8.1;
width=(hexDiameter+hexHolderThickness)*cos(30);
message = "Happy DIY";
Font = "write/Letters.dxf";//["write/Letters.dxf":Basic,"write/orbitron.dxf":Futuristic,"write/BlackRose.dxf":Fancy]

rotate ([0,90,0]) difference()
{
	handle();
	translate([0, 0, -0.1])  rotate([0,0,30]) bitHole();
	translate([0, 0, handleHeight-bitDepth+0.1]) rotate([0,0,30]) bitHole();
	translate([-width/2-2,-8, handleHeight/2]) rotate([0,90,0]) cylinder(h=width+4, r=centralNutDiameter/2, $fn=6);
}

module bitHole()
{
	cylinder(h=bitDepth , r=hexDiameter/2, $fn=6);
}

module longHolder()
{
	difference() {
		union(){
			rotate([0,0,30]) cylinder(h=handleHeight, r=(hexDiameter+hexHolderThickness)/2, $fn=6);
			translate([-width/2+0.1,0,45]) rotate([0,-90,0]) write(message,t=3,h=4,center=true,font=Font);
		}
		translate([0,0,handleHeight-bitDepth+0.1]) rotate([0,0,30]) bitHole();

	}
}

module handle()
{
	union()
	{
		rotate([0,0,30]) cylinder(h=handleHeight, r=(hexDiameter+hexHolderThickness)/2, $fn=6);
		translate([0,0,handleHeight/2]) rotate(a=[90,0,0]) longHolder();
		translate([0,0,handleHeight/2-35/2]) rotate([0,90,180]) equiTriangle(35,width);
	}
}

// Modules  improved from MCAD library : https://github.com/elmom/MCAD/blob/master/shapes.scad
module equiTriangle(side, height) {
  difference() {
    translate([-side/2,side/2,0]) cube([side, side, height], true);
    rotate([0,0,30]) dislocateBox(side, side*1.5, height+0.1);
    translate([-side,0,0])  rotate([0,0,60]) dislocateBox(side*1.5, side, height+0.1);
  }
}

module dislocateBox(w, h, d) {
  translate([0,0,-d/2]) cube([w,h,d]);
}
```


[User]
I'm looking to create a parametric pulley system for demonstrating physics principles, specifically how chain hoists and pulley blocks work. I'd like the design to be flexible enough to handle single or multiple pulleys.

The system should consist of three main parts: a wheel, a spindle, and a case.

**Wheel:**
*   It should have a central cylindrical hub where the spindle will sit.
*   The main part of the wheel should be a cylinder with a groove for the rope or cord to run through. This groove should be curved, preferably a partial torus or a more gradual slope so the rope doesn't get caught.
*   I'd like to be able to control the diameter of the wheel and the width of the rope groove.
*   The wheel's design should also consider friction; we probably don't need to worry about minimizing it but consider a smooth inner part of the groove.

**Spindle:**
*   The spindle should fit snugly into the central hub of the wheel, allowing the wheel to rotate freely.
*   I'd like the spindle to have a cylindrical shaft that is a bit longer than the width of the wheel hub, and it should have a way to be secured in the case.
*   The diameter of the spindle should be adjustable to match the wheel hub.

**Case:**
*   The case should house one or more wheels, based on the number specified.
*   The case should have mounting points or holes to attach it to other objects. I'm thinking something like screw holes or maybe mounting tabs.
*   It should be designed such that the wheels are positioned to operate correctly with the rope and should be robust enough to withstand tension.
*   I'd like to control the spacing between wheels in a multi-pulley setup.
*   I would like the case to have a 'u'-shaped cross section, or similar, that has mounting options at the ends, such as mounting tabs.

**Parameters:**
I'd like to control the following as parameters:
*   Number of wheels (1 to 4, maybe higher in the future)
*   Wheel diameter
*   Rope groove width and depth
*   Spindle diameter and length
*   Case dimensions (length, width, depth)
*   Wheel spacing in a multi-pulley setup
*   Case mounting hole/tab size and location

Could you design an OpenSCAD script to generate these parts, and handle the case of multiple pulleys? I'd like to be able to select which part to render ("wheel", "spindle", "case", or "all"), and I want the model to be oriented in a way that it's easy to print, with the case laying flat and the wheels sitting perpendicular to the bed, as in the example. I don't need any external libraries.

[Assistant]
pulleys.scad:
```
/* [PULLEY] */

NUMBER_OF_WHEELS = 2; //[1:1:4]

/* [EXPORT] */

part = "all"; // [wheel:Only one wheel,spindle:Wheel spindle only,case:Case only,all:Complete model]

/* [Hidden] */
$fn = 100;
print_part();

module print_part() {
	if (part == "wheel") {
		wheel();
	} else if (part == "spindle") {
		spindle();
	} else if (part == "case") {
		rotate([0, -90, 0]){
            for (I =[1:NUMBER_OF_WHEELS]){
                translate([0,0,24 * (I - 1)]){
                    case();
                };
            };
        };
    } else {
        rotate([0, -90, 0]){
            for (I =[1:NUMBER_OF_WHEELS]){
                translate([0,0,24 * (I - 1)]){
                    case();
                    wheel();
                    spindle();
                };
            }
        };
	}
}

module wheel() {
    translate([0, 0, -5]){
        difference()  {
            difference()  {
                union () {
                    difference()  {
                        cylinder(h=10, r=20, center=false);
                        rotate_extrude(convexity = 20, $fn = 100){
                            translate([22, 5, 0]){
                                circle(r = 4.5, $fn = 100);
                            }
                        };
                    };
                    translate([0, 0, 10]){
                        cylinder(h=4, r=7, center=false);
                    };
                };
                union()  {
                    translate([0, 0, -4]){
                        cylinder(h=9, r=7, center=false);
                    }
                    translate([0, 0, 5]){
                        cylinder(h=9, r=5, center=false);
                    }
                }
            }
            translate([0, 0, 5]){
                cylinder(h=3, r1=7, r2=5, center=false);
            };
        };
    }
}

module spindle() {
    translate([0, 0, -5]){
        difference()  {
            union()  {
                translate([0, 0, -4]){
                    cylinder(h=9, r=7, center=false);
                }
                translate([0, 0, 5]){
                    cylinder(h=9, r=5, center=false);
                }
            };
            translate([0, 0, -4]){
                cylinder(h=18, r=2.05, center=false);
            };
        }
    }
}

module case(){
    difference(){
        difference(){
            difference(){
                difference(){
                    cylinder(h=30, r=32, center=true);
                    union(){
                        translate([30, 0, 0]){
                            cube([32,80,34],center=true);
                        };
                        translate([-30, 0, 0]){
                            cube([32,80,34],center=true);
                        };
                    };
                };
                union(){
                    cube([50,50,14],center=true);
                    cylinder(h=14, r=25, center=true);
                };
            };
            union(){
                cylinder(h=30, r=2, center=true); //osa
                cylinder(h=18.2, r=7.1, center=true);
                translate([0,2,0]){
                    cube([14.2,5,18.2],center=true);
                };
                translate([0,4,0]){
                cylinder(h=18.2, r=7.1, center=true);
                    translate([20,0,0]){
                        cube([40,14.2,18.2],center=true);
                    };
                };
            };
        };

        union(){
            translate([-2, 0, -5]){
                rotate([90, 0, 0]){
                    cylinder(h=100, r=2, center=true);
                };
            };
            translate([2, 0, -5]){
                rotate([90, 0, 0]){
                    cylinder(h=100, r=2, center=true);
                };
            };
            translate([0, 0, -5]){
                cube([4,100,4],center=true);
            };
            translate([-2, 0, 5]){
                rotate([90, 0, 0]){
                    cylinder(h=100, r=2, center=true);
                };
            };
            translate([2, 0, 5]){
                rotate([90, 0, 0]){
                    cylinder(h=100, r=2, center=true);
                };
            };
            translate([0, 0, 5]){
                cube([4,100,4],center=true);
            };
            translate([0, -25, 0]){
                cylinder(h=10, r=2, center=true);
            };
            translate([0, 25, 0]){
                cylinder(h=10, r=2, center=true);
            };
        };
    };
}
```