[User]
Hey! I'm looking to design a custom LED bar for mounting LED strips, and I'd like it to be parametric so I can easily adjust the size and features. I'm thinking of something similar to the attached `led_bar_v0.1.scad` file, but I want to be able to generate it from scratch. I need the following parameters:

*   `led_bar_height`: The height of the main LED bar (range 10-100mm).
*   `led_bar_width`: The width of the main LED bar (range 10-200mm).
*   `led_bar_thickness`: The thickness of the main LED bar (range 1-10mm, step 0.1mm).
*   `add_border`: A boolean to enable or disable a top and bottom border (1 for yes, 0 for no).
*   `border_thickness`: The thickness of the top and bottom border (range 1-10mm). Only used if `add_border` is set to true.
*   `alu_spacer_diameter`: The diameter of the mounting hole for the aluminum spacers (range 1-15mm).
*  `alu_spacer_distance`: The distance between the centers of the mounting holes (range 1-100mm, step 0.1mm)
*  `mounting_hole_outer_diameter`: the diameter of the outer edge of the mounting hole, equal to `alu_spacer_diameter + alu_spacer_diameter/2`
*  `alu_spacer_diameter_real`: The diameter of the hole for the aluminum spacer, equal to `alu_spacer_diameter + 0.2`.

Essentially, I want a rectangular bar that has the main LED strip mounted in the center. There should be an option to add a top and bottom border. Additionally, I need two mounting holes with a specific diameter and spacing for spacers to attach it to something else. The mounting holes are more complex as they include a larger base and mounting hole. It needs to be generated through `difference()` between the base and hole.

I'd like the code to be in OpenSCAD, and to use `$fn` to control the smoothness of the cylinders. It seems like a good use case for using `$fn = 100`. Let me know if this is enough information.

[Assistant]
led_bar_v0.1.scad:
```
// 2016 Paul Nokel <pnokel@gmail.com>
// LED Bar (this is the sruface on which you mount your LED strip)
led_bar_height = 12; // [10:100]
led_bar_width = 50; // [10:200]
led_bar_thickness=2.3; // [1:0.1:10]

// Add a top and bottom border to the LED bar
add_border = 1; // [1:Yes,0:No]
border_thickness = 2; // [1:10]

alu_spacer_diameter = 5; // [1:15]
// Distance between the spacers
alu_spacer_distance = 26.6; // [1:0.1:100]

/* [Hidden] */
mounting_hole_outer_diameter=alu_spacer_diameter+alu_spacer_diameter/2;
// adjust the diameter of the spacer
alu_spacer_diameter_real=alu_spacer_diameter+0.2;

// LED Strip
cube([led_bar_thickness, led_bar_width, led_bar_height], center=true);
// LED Strip Border
if(add_border == 1) {
    translate([-led_bar_thickness, 0, led_bar_height/2-border_thickness/2]) cube([led_bar_thickness, led_bar_width, border_thickness], center=true);
    mirror([0, 0, 1]) translate([-led_bar_thickness, 0, led_bar_height/2-border_thickness/2]) cube([led_bar_thickness, led_bar_width, border_thickness], center=true);
}
// mounting holes for the spacers
translate([mounting_hole_outer_diameter+led_bar_thickness/2, alu_spacer_distance/2, 0]) genSpacerMountingPoint();
mirror([0, -1, 0]) translate([mounting_hole_outer_diameter+led_bar_thickness/2, alu_spacer_distance/2, 0]) genSpacerMountingPoint();

module genSpacerMountingPoint() {
    difference() {
        union() {
            translate([-mounting_hole_outer_diameter/2, 0, 0]) cube([mounting_hole_outer_diameter, mounting_hole_outer_diameter, led_bar_height], center=true);
            cylinder(led_bar_height, mounting_hole_outer_diameter/2, mounting_hole_outer_diameter/2, center=true, $fn=100);
        }
        cylinder(led_bar_height, alu_spacer_diameter_real/2, alu_spacer_diameter_real/2, center=true, $fn=100);
    }
}
```


[User]
I'd like to design a magic folding cube, similar to the one I saw in this video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsKOF3k0O_8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsKOF3k0O_8). I'm looking for an OpenSCAD design that I can customize, specifically for the size of the cubes and joints. I've got some experience with OpenSCAD, so I'm okay with a more complex parametric design.

Basically, I need the design to create the folding cube structure, which is essentially a 2x2x2 arrangement of cubes, with some of the cubes being connected via joints. The joints themselves need to allow rotation around one axis. The basic structure I'm picturing involves a series of 2x1 segments linked into a 2x2 array. There is another set of these 2x2 arrays and there are connectors between 2x1 segments. It might be easiest to describe the construction as 8 cubes in a 2x2x2 array, with the 2x2 layers joined using some of the joints and the 2x1 pairs also joined by joints.

Here are some specific parameters I'd like to be able to control:

*   `cube_width`: The side length of the cubes.
*   `joint_radius`: The radius of the circular part of the joints.
*   `joint_width`: The overall width of the joint mechanism.
*  `spacing`: A small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing. I'd like this to be parametric so I can make it as small as is reasonable.

The joints should have a convex/concave design, with the convex part being a cylinder extending from one cube face and the concave being a cavity in the face of the adjacent cube, allowing for rotation.

I'd like the final design to be a single file that defines all the necessary modules, including ones for the basic cube, the joint base, the convex and concave pieces of the joint and then the full 2x1, 2x2 and final full magic cube structures. It would be great if you could use `$fn` to control the circle resolution. I'm not planning to use any libraries for now.

[Assistant]
magic-folding-cube-concept-proving.scad:
```
cube_width = 30;
joint_radius = 4;
joint_width = 15;
spacing = 0.5;

// A joint base without a convex or concave.
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the circle on the joint
//     width - the width of the joint
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module joint_base(radius, width, spacing) {
    $fn = 48;
	linear_extrude(width) union() {
		circle(radius);
		polygon(points = [
				[-radius * 3 / sqrt(13), radius * 2 / sqrt(13)],
				[radius + spacing, 3 * radius],
				[radius + spacing, 0],
				[radius, 0]
			]
		);
	}
}

// A convex for creating a joint
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the convex
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module convex(radius, spacing) {
    $fn = 48;
    inner_radius = radius - spacing * 1.414;

	linear_extrude(inner_radius * 0.75 + spacing , scale = 1 / 4)
	    circle(inner_radius);
}

// A joint with a convex.
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the circle on the joint
//     width - the width of the joint
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module joint_convex(radius, width, spacing) {
    joint_base(radius, width, spacing);
	translate([0, 0, width])
	    convex(radius - radius / 3, spacing);
    mirror([0, 0, 1])
	    convex(radius - radius / 3, spacing);
}

// A concave for creating a joint
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the concave
module concave(radius) {
    $fn = 48;
	linear_extrude(radius * 0.75 , scale = 1 / 4)
	    circle(radius);
}

// concave_convex demo
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the convex and the concave
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module concave_convex(radius, spacing) {
    $fn = 48;
	inner_radius = radius - spacing * 1.414;

	linear_extrude(radius * 0.75 , scale = 1 / 4)
	    circle(radius);

	translate([0, 0, -spacing])
	    linear_extrude(inner_radius * 0.75 + spacing , scale = 1 / 4)
    		circle(inner_radius);
}

// A joint with a concave.
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the circle on the joint
//     width - the width of the joint
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module joint_concave(radius, width, spacing) {
	difference() {
	    joint_base(radius, width, spacing);
	    concave(radius - radius / 3);
	}
}

// A joint between cubes.
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the circle on the joint
//     width - the total width of the joint
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module joint(radius, width, spacing) {
    width_convex = width / 2;
	width_concave = width / 4;

    rotate([-90, 0, 0]) translate([0, 0, -width_concave]) union() {
		joint_convex(radius, width_convex, spacing);

		mirror([1, 0, 0]) union() {
			translate([0, 0, width_convex + spacing])
			    joint_concave(radius, width_concave, spacing);

			translate([0, 0, -spacing]) mirror([0, 0, 1])
			    joint_concave(radius, width_concave, spacing);
		}
	}
}

// 2x1 magic folding cube.
// Parameters:
//     cube_width - the width of each cube
//     joint_data - [joint_radius, joint_width]
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module magic_folding_cube_2x1(cube_width, joint_data, spacing) {
	joint_radius = joint_data[0];
	joint_width = joint_data[1];

	cube(cube_width);

	translate([cube_width + joint_radius + spacing, cube_width / 2, cube_width])
	    joint(joint_radius, joint_width, spacing);

	translate([cube_width + joint_radius * 2 + spacing * 2, 0])
	    cube(cube_width);
}

// 2x2 magic folding cube.
// Parameters:
//     cube_width - the width of each cube
//     joint_data - [joint_radius, joint_width]
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module magic_folding_cube_2x2(cube_width, joint_data, spacing) {
	translate([0, cube_width, 0]) rotate([90, 0, 0]) magic_folding_cube_2x1(cube_width, joint_data, 0.5);

	translate([0, cube_width + joint_data[0] * 2 + spacing * 2, cube_width]) rotate([-90, 0, 0]) magic_folding_cube_2x1(cube_width, joint_data, 0.5);

	translate([cube_width, 0, 0]) rotate([0, 0, 90]) magic_folding_cube_2x1(cube_width, joint_data, 0.5);
}

// create magic folding cube.
// Parameters:
//     cube_width - the width of each cube
//     joint_data - [joint_radius, joint_width]
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module magic_folding_cube(cube_width, joint_data, spacing) {
    joint_radius = joint_data[0];

	magic_folding_cube_2x2(cube_width, [joint_radius, joint_width], spacing);

	translate([cube_width * 4 + joint_radius * 6 + spacing * 6, 0, 0]) mirror([1, 0, 0]) magic_folding_cube_2x2(cube_width, joint_data, spacing);

	translate([cube_width + joint_radius * 2 + spacing * 2, 0, cube_width]) mirror([0, 0, 1]) magic_folding_cube_2x1(cube_width, joint_data, spacing);

	translate([cube_width +  joint_radius * 2 + spacing * 2, cube_width +  joint_radius * 2 + spacing * 2, cube_width]) mirror([0, 0, 1]) magic_folding_cube_2x1(cube_width, joint_data, spacing);
}

magic_folding_cube(cube_width, [joint_radius, joint_width], spacing);

```


[User]
Hey, I'm looking to get some OpenSCAD code to create a cat food can divider, specifically a parametric one. I saw this design online that divides a can into equal portions, and I'd like something similar but fully customizable, with options for different can sizes and portion numbers.

Basically, it should take the can diameter, height, and the desired number of portions as parameters. Then, it should generate a divider with the specified number of spokes that go from the center of the can to the edge. The divider needs to have a wall thickness that I can specify as well. I'd like the option to choose from a few common US can sizes (3 oz and 5.5 oz), as well as a custom setting to enter custom can dimensions. So, if I select 5.5 oz the dimensions should be automatically set to those sizes.

I don't think I'll need anything too complicated; just basic linear extrudes. The idea is that you put it into the can and it divides the food into the number of portions selected.

I'm not worried about the food safety at this point, but I might want to generate a solid piece that I can use to make a mold in the future; so, just be aware that there are no cutouts or anything like that, and the object should be solid. Also, let's keep it simple, I don't need rounded edges or any fancy stuff.

I'm thinking I'll need at least one .scad file, I don't think this needs anything special.

Thanks!

[Assistant]
cat-food-thirder.scad:
```
// This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
// To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
// or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

// Select US oz size, or 0 to use custom measurements.
canSize = 5.5; //[0,3,5.5]

// Only used if Predefined Size is 0
customHeight = 36;
// Only used if Predefined Size is 0
customDiameter = 76;

// Number of portions to create. If your cat needs a half can, set to 4 and give them two portions.
numberOfPortions = 3;//[3:1:10]

// Make thicker if your printer is having problems.
wallThickness = 1;

module dragons() {
  // Beyond this point be tunables that you shouldn't normally tune.
}
spokeCount=numberOfPortions;

// These numbers need measurements
threeOzHeight = 36;
fiveOzHeight = 36;
height = canSize == 5.5 ? fiveOzHeight : canSize == 3 ? threeOzHeight : customHeight;

// These numbers need measurements
threeOzDiameter = 58;
fiveOzDiameter = 76;
diameter = canSize == 5.5 ? fiveOzDiameter : canSize == 3 ? threeOzDiameter : customDiameter;

radius = diameter/2;

for(legRotation = [0 : 360/spokeCount: 360-spokeCount]) {
    rotate([0,0,legRotation]) translate([-wallThickness/2,0,0]) cube([wallThickness,radius,height]);
}
```


[User]
I'm looking to create a parametric socket rail system that's compatible with the clips from TEKTON socket organizers. I've seen some commercially available ones but they're either too big or too expensive for what I need, so I want to design my own that I can print on my 3D printer. I've already tried to design this myself, and I've uploaded the scad file I made to give you the basic idea.

Here's what I'm looking for in the design:

**Core Rail Features:**

*   **Parametric Length:** The total length of the rail should be a variable that I can easily adjust.
*   **Toothed Lips:** The rail needs to have toothed lips on both sides where the socket clips attach. The tooth design is important for them to fit well. The teeth should be generated using a `linear_extrude` for each tooth so I can ensure that the tooth shape is easily controlled.
*   **End Stops:** I need end stops at both ends of the rail to prevent the socket clips from sliding off, with the stops extending downwards to act as the stop. I should be able to control the length of the endstops.
*   **Hanger Option:** There should be an option to include a hanger at one end. This hanger should have mounting holes (slots, really) so it can be hung on a wall. It should be possible to have the hanger add to the total length of the rail or not. This should be controllable with a boolean option.

**Specific Dimensions (and how they should be adjustable):**

*   **Rail Length:**  This should be a primary, adjustable parameter.
*   **Rail Height & Width:** These should be adjustable as parameters, but I'm mainly concerned with the teeth dimensions.
*   **Overhang Dimensions:** The overhang depth and height (where the clip grabs) should be adjustable so that I can fine-tune the clip fit.
*   **Stop Dimensions:** I need to be able to control the depth and length of the stops.
*   **Tooth Dimensions:** The tooth depth and pitch should be parameters.
*   **Hanger Dimensions:** I need to adjust the hanger length, thickness, border thickness, end offset, slot width and radius, slot flair width and radius.

**Boolean Options:**

*   I need a boolean switch to turn on/off the hanger
*   I need a boolean switch to decide whether the hanger adds length to the rail

**Design Goals:**

*   **Compatibility:** The most important thing is that the final rail is compatible with the TEKTON clips. While I'm providing the exact dimensions I've used so far, I'd like for them to be tunable so I can get a perfect fit.
*   **Parametric:** Everything should be adjustable. I want to be able to tweak the dimensions, especially the tooth parameters.
*   **No Libraries:** I'd prefer not to use any external libraries for this, since it's fairly simple. I'm sure some libraries would have helped, but I'd like to keep the .scad files as simple as possible.

Could you help me create the OpenSCAD file(s) for this? Thanks!

[Assistant]
socket-rail.scad:
```
// Total length of rail
railLength = 140; //[20:5:500]
// Should a hanger be included?
includeHanger = 1; //[0,1]
// Should Rail Length be increased by 24mm to accomodate the hanger?
hangerAddsLength = 1; //[0,1]

module dragons() {
    // All variables beyond this point can be tuned, but may result in a rail that is incompatible with the clips it's designed to work with.
}

//  Items tagged with "compatibility" will create a rail that does not work with commercial clips.
//  All values here are designed to create something that's pretty close to a commercially available rail system.

// Lips that socket clips attach to
overhangDepth = 2; // Warning: compatibility
overhangHeight = 2; // Warning: compatibility
stopDepth = 1;
stopLength = 5;
toothDepth = .3;
toothPitch = 1;

// The hanger inset
hangerLength = 20;
hangerThickness = 2;
hangerBorder = 2;
hangerEndOffset = 2;
hangerSlotWidth = 5;
hangerSlotRadius = hangerSlotWidth/2;
hangerFlairBorder = 1;
hangerSlotFlairWidth = 9;
hangerSlotFlairRadius = hangerSlotFlairWidth /2;

// Overall dimensions
length = includeHanger && hangerAddsLength ? railLength + hangerLength + hangerBorder : railLength;
height = 9;
width = 20; // Does not include lips/stops. Warning: compatibility

booleanFudgeFactor = 0.001 * 1; // Thanks customizer! I didn't realize I needed to do this and was doing a full render to see my booleans.

difference() {
    union() {
        // Body
        cube([length, width, height]);

        // Base lips
        // Doesn't print well due to overhang. Not functional except maybe to make base wider.
        // translate([0,-overhangDepth,height-overhangHeight]) cube([length, overhangDepth, overhangHeight]);
        // translate([0,width,height-overhangHeight]) cube([length, overhangDepth, overhangHeight]);

        // Toothed lips
        translate([length,0,0]) rotate([0,0,180]) toothedLip(length);
        translate([0,width,0]) toothedLip(length);

        // Stops
        translate([0,-overhangDepth-stopDepth,0]) cube([stopLength, width+2*(overhangDepth+stopDepth), overhangHeight]);

        translate([length-stopLength,-overhangDepth-stopDepth,0]) cube([stopLength, width+2*(overhangDepth+stopDepth), overhangHeight]);
    }
    if (includeHanger) {
        hanger();
    }
}

module toothedLip(length) {
    cube([length, overhangDepth-toothDepth, overhangHeight]);
    for( i = [0 : toothPitch : length-toothPitch]) {
        translate([i,overhangDepth-toothDepth,0]) tooth();
    }
}

module tooth() {
    linear_extrude(height=overhangHeight, slices=2) polygon([[0,0],[toothPitch, 0],[toothPitch/2, toothDepth]],[[0,1,2]]);
}

module hanger() {
    hangerWidth = width - (2*hangerBorder);
    translate([hangerBorder + hangerEndOffset, (width-hangerWidth)/2, hangerThickness]) cube([hangerLength,hangerWidth, height-hangerThickness+booleanFudgeFactor]);
    translate([hangerBorder + hangerEndOffset + hangerSlotRadius, width/2, -booleanFudgeFactor]) cylinder(h = hangerThickness+(2*booleanFudgeFactor), r=hangerSlotRadius, $fn=60);
    translate([hangerBorder + hangerEndOffset + hangerLength - hangerSlotFlairRadius - hangerFlairBorder, width/2, -booleanFudgeFactor]) cylinder(h = (hangerThickness+2*booleanFudgeFactor), r=hangerSlotFlairRadius, $fn=60);
    hangerSlotLength=hangerLength - hangerSlotRadius - hangerSlotFlairRadius - hangerFlairBorder;
    translate([hangerBorder + hangerEndOffset + hangerSlotRadius, (width - hangerSlotWidth)/2, -booleanFudgeFactor]) cube([hangerSlotLength,hangerSlotWidth,hangerThickness + (2*booleanFudgeFactor)]);
}
```


[User]
Hey, I'm looking to create a customizable roller for CNC projects, and I'd like it to be parameterized so I can easily adjust different aspects of the roller. I've got a couple of example SCAD files that I think are close, but I need the design to be more flexible.

Specifically, I need to be able to define:

*   The **outer radius** of the roller.
*   The **hole radius** for a bearing or axle.
*   The **height** of the roller.
*   A length parameter to adjust the radial 'arm' connecting the center cylinder to the outer cylinder

I'd also like to be able to choose between a few different profiles for the 'arm'.

*   The first option would be like a rectangle, as shown in `roller.scad`.
*   The second would be a thin rectangle like `roller_2.scad`.
* The third would be a trapezoid with a configurable width at the outer cylinder and a configurable width at the center cylinder.

Additionally, I want to be able to set the number of arms used to connect the outer cylinder to the inner cylinder, and ensure they're evenly spaced.

I'm hoping you can provide me with an OpenSCAD file that accomplishes all of this using parameters I can easily adjust. I don't need any libraries or anything complicated, just the core OpenSCAD functionality should do it.

[Assistant]
roller.scad:
```
$fn = 50;
radius = 10;
hole = 2;
height = 9;
rotate_extrude(){
    translate([radius/2+hole, 0, 0]){
        difference(){
            square([radius,height],center=true);
            translate([radius/2,0,0]){
                circle(r=radius/2);
            }
        }
    }
}
```
roller_2.scad:
```
$fn = 50;
radius = 35/2;
hole = 8.4/2;
height = 30/2;
lenght = 5;

rotate_extrude(){
    translate([radius/4+hole, 0, 0]){
        difference(){
            square([radius/2,height],center=true);
            translate([lenght,0,0]){
                circle(r=radius/2);
            }
        }
    }
}
```


[User]
I'm looking to generate a fully parametric, printable linear bearing in OpenSCAD. I'd like to be able to customize all of its dimensions, including things like the inner and outer diameters, length, groove width and depth, and the number of grooves. The grooves should be evenly spaced around the inner diameter. I also want to be able to set the parameters for different bearing types, specifically "LM-8-UU" and "KB-12-WW", and for the AI to generate the specific geometry required.

For the design, I envision a main cylindrical body with a chamfered edge on each side. Inside there will be an inner cylindrical hole. Around the outside of the inner diameter, there should be grooves cut. I'd like to specify parameters to control the groove dimensions, quantity and angles.  I believe this design will require simple cylinders, cubes, and difference operations and rotations.

Could you create a parametric OpenSCAD file (or files, if that helps with organization) to generate this bearing based on these descriptions, using basic OpenSCAD primitives? I'd like it to be clean and well-commented. The file should include the ability to choose a bearing type, and then to also provide custom parameters, so it is fully flexible.

[Assistant]
Linear_Bearing.scad:
```

// Open SCAD model of linear Bearing LM-8-UU & KB-12-WW

//     LM-8-UU        KB-12-WW
//	D_Int =  8.0	D_Int = 12.0
//	D_Ext = 15.0	D_Ext = 22.0
//	D_1   = 14.3	D_1   = 21.0
//	L     = 24.0	L     = 32.0
//	W     =  1.1	W     =  1.3
//	B     = 17.5	B     = 22.9

depth = 1.6;  // Groove depth
width = 1.2;    // Groove width
count = 12;    // Groove count

module groove(d1, d2, w) {
	difference() {
		cylinder(r=d1/2+1, h=w, center=true);
		cylinder(r=d2/2  , h=w, center=true);
	}
}

module lb(D_Int=8, D_Ext=15, D_1=14.3, L=24, W=1.1, B=17.5) {
chamf = D_Ext - D_1;
	difference() {
		hull() {
			cylinder(r=D_Ext/2, h=L-chamf, center=true);
			cylinder(r=D_1  /2, h=L      , center=true);
		}
		cylinder(r=D_Int/2, h=L+2    , center=true);
        %cylinder(r = D_Int/ 2, h=L+20, $fn=256, center=true);
		translate([0, 0, B/2-W/2]) groove(D_Ext, D_1, W);
		translate([0, 0,-B/2+W/2]) groove(D_Ext, D_1, W);
		translate([0, 0,     L/2]) groove(D_Ext-(D_Ext-D_Int)/2, 1, W);
		translate([0, 0,    -L/2]) groove(D_Ext-(D_Ext-D_Int)/2, 1, W);

        for (i = [0:count]) assign( grooveAngle=(i+1)*360/count) {
            rotate(90-grooveAngle) translate([0,-(width/2),-(L/2)])
            cube(size=[(D_Int/2)+depth, width, L], center=false);
        }

	}

}

module linear_bearing(linear_bearing_type) {
	if(linear_bearing_type == "LM-8-UU") {   //LM-8-UU
		lb(D_Int=8, D_Ext=15, D_1=14.3, L=24, W=1.1, B=17.5);
	}
	else {
		if(linear_bearing_type == "KB-12-WW") {   //KB-12-WW
			lb(D_Int=12, D_Ext=22, D_1=21, L=32, W=1.3, B=22.9);
		}
	}
}

linear_bearing("LM-8-UU" );
```


[User]
Alright, so I'm trying to design a pump hose adapter based on a design I found online, and I want to make it fully parametric. I have a couple of modules I want, a `hoseAdapter` and a `hoseMount`, and they need to fit together.

The `hoseAdapter` will be the main body that attaches to the pump. It's basically a rectangular block with a hopper-like cutout and a hole for the hose mount to attach to. I need to control:

*   The overall width (`width`), length (`length`), and height (`height`) of the rectangular block.
*   The width of the hopper cutout (`hoppper_width`) and its height (`hopper_height`).
*   The inner diameter of the hole for the hose mount (`inner_diameter`), which should extend through the block.
*   The outer diameter of the hose mount guide (`outer_diameter` times `hose_mount_guide_factor`).
*   The length of the hose mount guide (`hose_mount_guide_length`).
*   The wall thickness of the hose mount guide, which is different at the top (`hose_mount_wall_thickness_top`) and bottom (`hose_mount_wall_thickness_bottom`).

The `hoseMount` is the part where the hose actually connects. It’s basically a cylinder with some extra features:

*   The main cylinder has a length (`hose_adapter_length` minus `end_bevel_length`) and an outer diameter (`outer_diameter`).
*   There's a bevel at the end of it with a length of `end_bevel_length`, going from `outer_diameter` down to `outer_diameter` minus `end_bevel_differnce`.
*   There are two ring features, one with height `ring_height` and diameter `ring_diameter`. The second and third ring-like features are beveled on the outer edge, each with height `ring_bevel_height`, and have diameters ranging from `ring_diameter` down to `ring_diameter` minus `ring_bevel_difference`. The first beveled ring has a height offset by the ring height and the second ring has an offset of negative bevel height.
*   The distance from the start of the `hoseMount` to the center of the ring feature is `postion_of_the_ring`.
*   Finally, there should be a hole that goes all the way through with a diameter of `inner_diameter`.

I'd like to make sure that the overall design is parametric, so all of these variables can be easily adjusted.  The original design also included some color commands, but I'm not too worried about that.

For libraries, I think we should be using `BOSL2`. I'm comfortable with generating the final assembly manually, so don't worry about that.

[Assistant]
PumpHoseAdapter.scad:
```
$fn=50;

/*PumpHoseAdapter by Mattis Männel
This is a hose adapter for pmumps. It was designed for http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4881 but should be configureable for any size. Unfortunatly you'll have to merge the adapter to the pump manually in 3D-Design software which is able to load STL-file (i can personally recommend Blender for this purposes).
*/

/* [Hose Adapter (Idigo, (and Purple, just for length)] */
hose_adapter_length = 9;
inner_diameter = 3.5;
outer_diameter = 5;

/* [Size] */
width=9;    //9
length=11;   //5
height=5;  //11
hoppper_width=7.8;
hopper_height=10;

/* [Ring of the hose mount (Lime)] */
postion_of_the_ring = 4;
ring_diameter = 6;
ring_height = 1;
ring_bevel_difference = 0.5;
ring_bevel_height = 0.25;

/* [Hose adapters' end bevel (Light Purple)] */
end_bevel_differnce = 0.5;
end_bevel_length = 1;

/* [Hose mount guide (Deep Purple)] */
hose_mount_guide_factor = 1;
hose_mount_guide_length = 1;
hose_mount_wall_thickness_top = 0;
hose_mount_wall_thickness_bottom = 1;

module hoseAdapter()
{
    difference()
    {
        /// Don't forget it's rotated by 90° in x-direction later
        union()
        {
            color("Cyan")translate([0,height/2,0])cube([width,height,length],center=true);
            //hose mount guide
            color("MidnightBlue")translate([0,height,0])rotate([270,0,0])difference()
            {
                cylinder(hose_mount_guide_length,d1=outer_diameter * hose_mount_guide_factor + hose_mount_wall_thickness_bottom, d2=outer_diameter * hose_mount_guide_factor +hose_mount_wall_thickness_top);
                cylinder(hose_mount_guide_length,d=outer_diameter * hose_mount_guide_factor);
            }
        }

        //hopper
        color("SkyBlue")hull()
        {
            //circle(d=10);
            translate([0,height,0])rotate([90,0,0])cylinder(0.01,d=inner_diameter);
            cube([hoppper_width,.1,hopper_height],center=true);
        }
        //cut through the hose mount guide
        color("DarkSlateGray")translate([0,5,0])rotate([-90,0,0])translate([0,0,-1 ])cylinder(length+1,d=inner_diameter);
    }

}

module hoseMount()
{
    difference()
    {
        union()
        {
            color("Indigo")cylinder(hose_adapter_length-end_bevel_length,d=outer_diameter);
            color("Purple")translate([0,0,hose_adapter_length-end_bevel_length])cylinder(end_bevel_length,d1=outer_diameter,d2=outer_diameter-end_bevel_differnce);
            color("Lime")translate([0,0,postion_of_the_ring ])cylinder(ring_height,d=ring_diameter);
            color("Lime")translate([0,0,postion_of_the_ring + ring_height])cylinder(ring_bevel_height,d1=ring_diameter,d2=ring_diameter - ring_bevel_difference);
            color("Lime")translate([0,0,postion_of_the_ring - ring_bevel_height])cylinder(ring_bevel_height,d2=ring_diameter,d1=ring_diameter - ring_bevel_difference);
        }
        color("DarkSlateGray")translate([0,0,-0.4 ])cylinder(hose_adapter_length+1,d=inner_diameter);
    }
}

translate([0,0,height])hoseMount();
rotate([90,0,0])hoseAdapter();

```


[User]
Okay, I need a parametric OpenSCAD design for a Z-axis stabilizer for a 3D printer, specifically a Fab-Mini. I've got the measurements here, and I want the design to have a couple of pinch points for the Z-axis rod, rather than just a straight hole, and also a tapered section to create a pressure fit. The original design also has a scale factor option to account for different materials (PLA or ABS), but I'm open to more advanced scaling or material specific options. I also want to be able to control the shape of the top retainer part of the design.

Here are the parameters I need control over:

*   **Top Retainer Diameter (Top_Retainer_Dia):** This controls the diameter of the top, larger, circular section. I expect a range of something like 12-20 mm, adjustable in 1mm increments.

*   **Top Retainer Thickness (Top_Retainer_Thinkness):** This sets the thickness of the top retainer section. Let's allow values from 3-10mm with 1mm increments.

*   **Top Retainer Shape (Top_Retainer_Shape):** This parameter adjusts the number of sides or segments in the top cylinder. It determines if it is a circle (high numbers) or a polygon. A range of 4-100, adjustable in single increments should be enough.

*   **Z-Axis Opening Diameter (Z_Axis_Hole_Dia):** This controls the diameter of the hole through the main body of the stabilizer. Range should be from 5-20mm, in 1mm increments.

*   **Z-Axis Opening Thickness (Z_Axis_Hole_Thicknes):** This controls the thickness of the body of the stabilizer. Range from 2-10mm in 0.5mm increments should work fine.

*  **Z-Axis Rod Diameter (Z_Axis_Rod_Dia):** The diameter of the rod for the pinch points. I would like a range of 3-5mm adjustable in 0.1mm increments.

*  **Pinch Factor (Pinch_Factor):** The extra pinch applied to the rod diameter for a snug fit. Let's make that 0.1 to 1mm adjustable in 0.1mm increments.

*   **Scale Factor (Scale_Factor):** A general scaling factor to compensate for printing materials. I've used 0.1 for ABS and 0.2 for PLA but this might be material dependent. I expect a range of 0.1-0.4 adjustable in 0.1mm increments.

The design should work as follows: the Z-Axis rod passes through the middle of the whole thing with the pinch points applying pressure. The bottom of the hole is tapered to create the pressure fit with the Z-axis mechanism. The top is a circular/polygonal shape that provides a larger contact area. It needs to have two pinch points along the axis, the bottom one at the base and the other just below the top retainer. Please generate an OpenSCAD file that uses these parameters. No libraries that aren't standard to OpenSCAD are needed.

[Assistant]
Fab-Mini-Z-Axis.scad:
```
// Open SCAD Name.:Fab-Mini Z Stabilizer
// Copyright (c)..: 2016 www.DIY3DTech.com
//
// Creation Date..:04/15/2016
// Discription....:Stabilizer for Z Axis on Fab-Mini
//
// Rev 1:Base model design
// Rev 2:
//

/*------------------Customizer View-------------------*/
// preview[view:north, tilt:top]

/*---------------------Parameters---------------------*/

// Diameter of top retainer (mm)
Top_Retainer_Dia = 15; //[12:1:20]

// Changes the shape of the top
Top_Retainer_Thinkness = 3; //[3:1:10]

// Thinkness of top retainer (mm)
Top_Retainer_Shape = 8; //[4:1:100]

// Diameter of Z Axis opening (mm)
Z_Axis_Hole_Dia = 11; //[5:1:20]

// Thickness of Z Axis opening (mm)
Z_Axis_Hole_Thicknes = 5; //[2:0.5:10]

// Z Axis rod diameter (mm)
Z_Axis_Rod_Dia = 3.4; //[3.0:0.1:5.0]

// Pinch factor rod diameter (0.1 mm)
Pinch_Factor = 0.2; //[0.1:0.1:1]

// Scale Factor typically 0.1 ABS 0.2 PLA
Scale_Factor = 0.2; //[0.1:0.1:0.4]

/*-----------------------Execute----------------------*/

 Z_Retain ();

/*-----------------------Modules----------------------*/

module Z_Retain () {

    height1 = (Z_Axis_Hole_Thicknes+1);
    height2 = (Top_Retainer_Thinkness+.5);

    difference(){
        union() {
        //create pass though section
            cylinder(Z_Axis_Hole_Thicknes+.3,((Z_Axis_Hole_Dia/2)-0.1),((Z_Axis_Hole_Dia/2)+(((Z_Axis_Hole_Dia/2)*Scale_Factor))/2),$fn=60,true);

        //create top retainer
           translate([0,0,(Z_Axis_Hole_Thicknes/2)+(Top_Retainer_Thinkness/2)]) {
            cylinder(Top_Retainer_Thinkness,Top_Retainer_Dia/2,Top_Retainer_Dia/2,$fn=Top_Retainer_Shape,true);
           }//end translate

    } //end union
        //create conical shape to retain rod
        union(){
            pinch (0,0,0,height1,Z_Axis_Rod_Dia,Z_Axis_Rod_Dia+Pinch_Factor);
            pinch (0,0,(Z_Axis_Hole_Thicknes/2)+(Top_Retainer_Thinkness/2),height2,Z_Axis_Rod_Dia,Z_Axis_Rod_Dia+Pinch_Factor);
        }//end second union
    } //end differance
} //end module

module pinch(x,y,z,h,d1,d2) {

    union(){
        translate ([x,y,z]) {
           cylinder(h,(d1/2)+(((d1/2)*Scale_Factor)),((d2/2)+((d2/2)*Scale_Factor)),$fn=60,true);
        }//end translate

        translate ([x,y,z]) {
           cylinder(h,((d2/2)+((d2/2)*Scale_Factor)),((d1/2)+((d1/2)*Scale_Factor)),$fn=60,true);
        }//end translate
    }//end union

}//end module pinch

/*----------------------End Code----------------------*/
```


[User]
Hey, I'm looking to get an OpenSCAD design for a card holder, specifically for Netrunner cards, and I want it to have a bottom so the cards don't slide out. I've seen a few designs online, and I like the general idea of this one but want to make some modifications.

The original design has parameters for the internal width (`x`), depth (`y`), and height (`z`), as well as the material thickness (`thk`), grip length (`grip`), and grip tolerance (`tol`). I want to keep all of those parameters, but add some new ones.

I need to be able to control the bottom thickness (`bottom_thk`), and also control how much the walls slope inward for a more secure fit - let's call that `wall_slope` as an angle in degrees. This slope should only apply to the inside walls of the cavity where the cards go, not the exterior walls.

So, I'm thinking of a rectangular box with a bottom, and a cavity for the cards. The cavity should have a slight inward slope, and then on one side there should be a ledge or grip to hold the cards in place. I also want to have the option to have no grip at all which I believe would be accomplished by setting `grip = 0`.

Could you generate an OpenSCAD file for that, please? I'd like to be able to easily tweak all of those dimensions I mentioned. I'm not sure if it'll be needed, but I use the `MCAD` library a lot for common functions. Thanks!

[Assistant]
uploads-99-e7-de-cb-31-netrunner_deck_holder_with_bottom.scad:
```
//
// Card organizer for Android: Netrunner LCG
//
// Copyright 2014 Magnus Kvevlander <magu@me.com>
//
// Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0)
// http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
//

// Size of hole on the x axis
x = 97;
// Ditto on the y axis
y = 22;
// Height of the part
z = 40;

// Material thickness (1.5 sliced with 0.5 perimiters works perfect)
thk = 1.5;
// Length of gripping ledges (set to <= 0 for an edge piece without ledges altogether)
grip = 10;
// Tolerance of grip (0.15 gives a lean, but not to snug, fit; YMMV)
tol = 0.15;

// Measures of the fattest stack in the
// base game (with standard sleeves): 67x95x20 mm
// Default variables with a 1 mm gap around the
// stack for ease of insertion and extraction.

// Material thickness of 1.5 mm prints with perfect
// stability with perimiters of 0.5 mm.

// Default grip length and tolerance makes for a
// lean, but not deformingly snug, fit.

// Centering translation
translate ([-(thk + x / 2), -(thk + (y - grip) / 2), 0])
difference () {
	union () {
// Body boundary
		cube ([x + 2 * thk, y + 2 * thk, z]);
// Grip boundary
		if (grip > 0)
			translate ([-(thk + tol), -grip, 0])
				cube ([x + 4 * thk + 2 * tol, grip + thk, z]);
	}
// Cavity cutout
	translate ([thk, thk, thk])
		cube ([x, y, z]);
// Grip cutout
	translate ([-tol, -(grip + thk), -thk])
		cube ([x + 2 * thk + 2 * tol, grip + thk, z + 2 * thk]);
}
```


[User]
Hey there, I'm looking to create a parametric OpenSCAD design for needle holders, specifically for knitting needles but adaptable to other similar tubular objects. I'd like them to come in pairs, one for each end of the needles, to keep them neatly together.

The basic idea is that each holder will have two circles connected by a small section. Each circle needs a hole in the center for the needles to fit through. The hole should have some tolerance built in to account for minor variations in needle size and to make it a snug fit. I'd like the design to be parametric, so I can adjust things like the diameter of the circles, the hole size, the distance between the holes, and the overall height of the holder.

Also, I'd like it if I could control the number of rows and columns of holders generated during rendering, as well as the amount of space between them. I'd like to be able to specify the number of rows and columns in the design.

Finally, I need to use the linear_extrude method to create a 3d shape. And please include the ability to control the resolution of circles via the object_quality variable, which should set the `$fn`.

It would be awesome if you could generate a single OpenSCAD file that includes all these parameters. I'm not particular about libraries, but I'd prefer if you used built-in OpenSCAD functions where possible, without requiring other complex libraries like BOSL or MCAD.

[Assistant]
Infinity.scad:
```
// needle size
holeSize = 5;
number = 2;

module earing_holder () {
    difference() {
        union() {
            translate ([4,0,0])
                scale ([1,1,1])
                circle (d=10,center=true);
            translate ([-4,0,0])
                scale ([1,1,1])
                circle (d=10,center=true);
        }
        union() {
            holeCenter = 4+5-2 -(holeSize+tolerance)/2;
            translate ([holeCenter,0,-1])
                circle (d=holeSize+tolerance,center=true);
            translate ([-holeCenter,0,-1])
                circle (d=holeSize+tolerance,center=true);
        }
    };
}

// for volume printg
rows = 1;

tolerance = 0.5;

object_quality = 60;
$fn = object_quality;

linear_extrude(height=2)
for (j=[0:number-1]) {
    for (i=[0:rows-1]) {
        translate ([(18+2)*i,(9+2)*j,0])
        earing_holder();
    }
}
```


[User]
Hey, I'm looking to create some interlocking, three-band flags that I can 3D print. I've got some specific ideas, and I'd like an OpenSCAD design that's parametric, so I can tweak it easily.

Here's what I have in mind:

*   **Triband Structure:** The flag will consist of three distinct, horizontal or vertical bands.
*   **Interlocking:** I want each band to have a system of interlocking tabs and slots, so the bands can be easily assembled. I'm thinking simple tabs and slots, no dovetails or anything complicated.
*   **Customizable Dimensions:** I need to be able to control the overall flag size, as well as the relative width of each individual band.
*   **Aspect Ratio:** The overall flag should be customizable with different aspect ratios such as 3x2, 4x3, 5x3, 2x1, 22x15, 15x13 and 11x7.
*   **Orientation:** I need to be able to create both horizontal and vertical triband flags.
*   **Color:** I will assign each of the three bands its own distinct color when I use it to 3D print.
*   **Thickness:** I'll need to be able to set the thickness of the bands as well, which should impact the tab and slot sizes so they continue to fit together.
*   **Build Plate Display:** It would be nice if there was an option to display the flag on a simulated build plate in OpenSCAD, for sizing purposes (e.g. using the `build_plate` module from a `utils/build_plate.scad` library).

I've got a couple of other thoughts. I'd like the locking tabs to have a circle cut out of them and an offset circle surrounding each of them so that they appear to interlock.

Could you generate an OpenSCAD file or a set of files to handle this? And one more thing, it would be helpful to have an easy way to export each of the three bands as its own STL file (without needing to comment out parts of the design). Thanks!

[Assistant]
triband_flag.scad:
```
//
// Customizable Triband Flag
// version 1.0   4/17/2016
// version 1.1   10/10/2016
//  used "part" to allow multiple STL outputs
// (DaoZenCiaoYen @ Thingiverse)
//

// preview[view:south, tilt:top diagonal]

/* [Main] */
// from 0 (min) to 1 (max)
thickness = 0.2 ; // [0:0.1:1]
// the longest side (in mm)
max_size = 75 ; // [20:5:250]
country = 28 ; // [0:Armenia (2x1),1:Austria (3x2),2:Belgium (15x13),3:Bolivia (22x15),4:Bulgaria (5x3),5:Chad (3x2),6:Colombia (3x2),7:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) (3x2),8:Estonia (11x7),9:France (3x2),10:Gabon (4x3),11:Germany (5x3),12:Guinea (3x2),13:Hungary (2x1),14:Ireland (2x1),15:Italy (3x2),16:Latvia (2x1),17:Lithuania (5x3),18:Luxembourg (5x3),19:Mali (3x2),20:Netherlands (3x2),21:Nigeria (2x1),22:Peru (3x2),23:Romania (3x2),24:Russia (3x2),25:Sierra Leone (3x2),26:South Ossetia (2x1),27:Yemen (3x2),28:Custom]
// Export each shape separately (Use "All" for display, will export separate models)
part = 0 ; // [0:All,1:Band 1,2:Band 2,3:Band 3]

/* [Country = Custom] */
orientation = 1 ; // [0:Vertical Bands,1:Horizontal Bands]
// width to height
aspect_ratio = 2 ; // [0:3x2,1:4x3,2:5x3,3:2x1,4:22x15,5:15x13,6:11x7]
size1 = 3 ; // [1:3]
size2 = 2 ; // [1:3]
size3 = 3 ; // [1:3]
color1 = 13 ; // [0:Black,1:White,2:Grey,3:Red,4:DarkRed,5:Orange,6:SaddleBrown,7:Goldenrod,8:Gold,9:Yellow,10:GreenYellow,11:Green,12:DarkGreen,13:DodgerBlue,14:Blue,15:MediumBlue,16:DarkBlue,17:Indigo,18:Violet]
color2 = 1 ; // [0:Black,1:White,2:Grey,3:Red,4:DarkRed,5:Orange,6:SaddleBrown,7:Goldenrod,8:Gold,9:Yellow,10:GreenYellow,11:Green,12:DarkGreen,13:DodgerBlue,14:Blue,15:MediumBlue,16:DarkBlue,17:Indigo,18:Violet]
color3 = 16 ; // [0:Black,1:White,2:Grey,3:Red,4:DarkRed,5:Orange,6:SaddleBrown,7:Goldenrod,8:Gold,9:Yellow,10:GreenYellow,11:Green,12:DarkGreen,13:DodgerBlue,14:Blue,15:MediumBlue,16:DarkBlue,17:Indigo,18:Violet]

/* [Build Plate] */
// set to True to see the shape on your build plate
show_build_plate = 0 ; // [0:False,1:True]
// for display only, doesn't contribute to final object
build_plate_selector = 3 ; // [0:Replicator 2,1:Replicator,2:Thingomatic,3:Manual]
// Build plate x dimension for "Manual" (in mm)
build_plate_manual_x = 100 ; // [100:400]
// Build plate y dimension for "Manual" (in mm)
build_plate_manual_y = 100 ; // [100:400]

/* [Hidden] */
ff=0.01 ;
$fn=32;
pc=country;
is=part;
tol=0.13;
ar=[
  3/2, // 0:3x2
  4/3, // 1:4x3
  5/3, // 2:5x3
  2/1, // 3:2x1
  22/15, // 4:22x15
  15/13, // 5:15x13
  11/7 // 6:11x7
  ];
colors=[
  "Black", // 0
  "White", // 1
  "Grey", // 2
  "Red", // 3
  "DarkRed", // 4
  "Orange", // 5
  "SaddleBrown", // 6
  "Goldenrod", // 7
  "Gold", // 8
  "Yellow", // 9
  "GreenYellow", // 10
  "Green", // 11
  "DarkGreen", // 12
  "DodgerBlue", // 13
  "Blue", // 14
  "MediumBlue", // 15
  "DarkBlue", // 16
  "Indigo", // 17
  "Violet" // 18
];
pa=
[ // orientation, aspect, sizes, colors
  [1,3,[1,1,1],[3,14,5]], // 0:Armenia (2x1)
  [1,0,[1,1,1],[3,1,3]], // 1:Austria (3x2)
  [0,5,[1,1,1],[0,9,3]], // 2:Belgium (15x13)
  [1,4,[1,1,1],[3,8,11]], // 3:Bolivia (22x15)
  [1,2,[1,1,1],[1,11,3]], // 4:Bulgaria (5x3)
  [0,0,[1,1,1],[16,8,3]], // 5:Chad (3x2)
  [1,0,[2,1,1],[9,14,3]], // 6:Colombia (3x2)
  [0,0,[1,1,1],[5,1,11]], // 7:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) (3x2)
  [1,6,[1,1,1],[13,0,1]], // 8:Estonia (11x7)
  [0,0,[1,1,1],[15,1,3]], // 9:France (3x2)
  [1,1,[1,1,1],[11,8,13]], // 10:Gabon (4x3)
  [1,2,[1,1,1],[0,3,8]], // 11:Germany (5x3)
  [0,0,[1,1,1],[3,8,11]], // 12:Guinea (3x2)
  [1,3,[1,1,1],[3,1,11]], // 13:Hungary (2x1)
  [0,3,[1,1,1],[11,1,5]], // 14:Ireland (2x1)
  [0,0,[1,1,1],[11,1,3]], // 15:Italy (3x2)
  [1,3,[2,1,2],[4,1,4]], // 16:Latvia (2x1)
  [1,2,[1,1,1],[8,11,3]], // 17:Lithuania (5x3)
  [1,2,[1,1,1],[3,1,13]], // 18:Luxembourg (5x3)
  [0,0,[1,1,1],[11,8,3]], // 19:Mali (3x2)
  [1,0,[1,1,1],[3,1,15]], // 20:Netherlands (3x2)
  [0,3,[1,1,1],[11,1,11]], // 21:Nigeria (2x1)
  [0,0,[1,1,1],[3,1,3]], // 22:Peru (3x2)
  [0,0,[1,1,1],[15,8,3]], // 23:Romania (3x2)
  [1,0,[1,1,1],[1,15,3]], // 24:Russia (3x2)
  [1,0,[1,1,1],[11,1,13]], // 25:Sierra Leone (3x2)
  [1,3,[1,1,1],[1,3,9]], // 26:South Ossetia (2x1)
  [1,0,[1,1,1],[3,1,0]], // 27:Yemen (3x2)
  [orientation,aspect_ratio,
    [size1,size2,size3],[color1,color2,color3]], // 28:Custom
] ;
o=pa[pc][0];
a=pa[pc][1];
fw= (o==0) ? max_size : max_size/ar[a] ;
h= (o==0) ? max_size/ar[a] : max_size;
s=pa[pc][2];
wx=s[0]+s[1]+s[2];
wa=[fw*(s[0]/wx),fw*(s[1]/wx),fw*(s[2]/wx)];
minw=min(wa);
maxt=minw*1.5;
mint=min(maxt,5);
t=mint+((maxt-mint)*thickness);
c=[
  colors[pa[pc][3][0]],
  colors[pa[pc][3][1]],
  colors[pa[pc][3][2]]
  ];
//echo(pc=pc,o=o,a=a,s=s,c=c,fw=fw,wa=wa,minw=minw,mint=mint,maxt=maxt,t=t,h=h,wx=wx);

use <utils/build_plate.scad> ;

main();

module main()
{
  part(1)
  {
    color(c[0])
      translate([-fw/2,0,0])
      linear_extrude(height=h)
      panel(0,fw*(s[0]/wx));
  }
  part(2)
  {
    color(c[1])
      translate([(-fw/2)+fw*(s[0]/wx),0,0])
      linear_extrude(height=h)
      panel(1,fw*(s[1]/wx));
  }
  part(3)
  {
    color(c[2])
      translate([(-fw/2)+fw*(s[0]/wx)+fw*(s[1]/wx),0,0])
      linear_extrude(height=h)
      panel(2,fw*(s[2]/wx));
  }
}

module panel(x,w)
{
  difference()
  {
    union()
    {
      translate([w/2,0,0])
        square([w,t],center=true);
      if (x > 0) lock();
    }
    if (x < 2)
    {
      translate([w,0,0])
      offset(r=tol)
        lock();
    }
  }
}

module lock()
{
  ll=t*0.3;
  lt=t*0.33;
  translate([0.5,0,0])
    square([1,t],center=true);
  translate([-ll/2+ff,0,0])
  {
    square([ll,lt],center=true);
    translate([-ll/2,0,0])
      circle(d=lt);
  }
  translate([-t*0.275,0,0])
    circle(d=lt*1.4);

}

//
// Utility modules
//
module part(n)
{
  // n = id of part
  if (is == 0 || is == n) {
    children(0);
  }
}

if (show_build_plate==1)
{
  build_plate(build_plate_selector,build_plate_manual_x,build_plate_manual_y);
}

```


[User]
Okay, I'd like to create a parametric OpenSCAD model of a magic folding cube, similar to the one in the YouTube videos I linked. I've also included my existing OpenSCAD code for reference, which should give a good overview of what I'm looking for.

The design should consist of several connected cubes that can be folded and unfolded in a specific way. Here are the key features and requirements:

**Overall Structure:**

*   The cube should have a structure of 2x2x2 cubes when unfolded.
*   The individual cubes should be parameterized by a `cube_width`.
*   There should be a small `spacing` value between parts to allow for 3D printing tolerances.

**Joints:**

*   The cubes are connected by joints that should allow for the specific folding/unfolding behavior of the magic cube.
*   The joints should have a `joint_radius` and a `joint_width`, both parameters.
*   The joints consist of a base with convex and concave parts.
*   The convex part should mate with a concave part of another joint. The concave should have a slightly smaller radius to fit inside the convex part with the specified `spacing`.
* The joint design should take into account that the concave and convex pieces are attached via a main cylindrical base.
*   The joints need to be properly oriented to allow the specific folding and unfolding mechanism.

**Parametric Design:**

*   The entire design should be parametric, allowing the user to change parameters like `cube_width`, `joint_radius`, `joint_width`, and `spacing`.
*   The model should be easily adaptable for different sizes of cubes and joints.

**Modules:**

I believe it'll be best to break this into the following modules:

*   `joint_base`: creates the base of a joint (cylinder with an extended lip).
*   `convex`: creates a convex (male) joint component.
*   `joint_convex`: a joint that includes the base and the convex.
*   `concave`: creates a concave (female) joint component.
* `concave_convex`: a test component to show how the concave and convex pieces relate.
*   `joint_concave`: a joint that includes the base and the concave.
*   `joint`: combines convex and concave parts to create a complete joint.
*   `a_magic_cube`: the base unit of one cube with its cutouts to allow the connection to other cubes via joints.
*   `magic_folding_cube_2x1`: combines two `a_magic_cube`s and one joint.
*   `magic_folding_cube_2x2`: combines two `magic_folding_cube_2x1`s, including necessary connecting joints.
*   `magic_folding_cube`: the full 2x2x2 magic folding cube.

I'm looking for a well-structured and commented OpenSCAD file (or files) that I can use to generate the 3D model for printing. I believe the structure of my current code provides a good foundation. Please do not use any libraries or external modules for now. Just a single or multiple .scad files that can generate the whole cube based on the parameters.

[Assistant]
magic-folding-cube.scad:
```
cube_width = 30;
joint_radius = 4;
joint_width = 15;
spacing = 0.5;

// A joint base without a convex or concave.
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the circle on the joint
//     width - the width of the joint
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module joint_base(radius, width, spacing) {
    $fn = 48;
	linear_extrude(width) union() {
		circle(radius);
		polygon(points = [
				[-radius * 3 / sqrt(13), radius * 2 / sqrt(13)],
				[radius + spacing, 3 * radius],
				[radius + spacing, 0],
				[radius, 0]
			]
		);
	}
}

// A convex for creating a joint
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the convex
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module convex(radius, spacing) {
    $fn = 48;
    inner_radius = radius - spacing * 1.414;

	linear_extrude(inner_radius * 0.75 + spacing , scale = 1 / 4)
	    circle(inner_radius);
}

// A joint with a convex.
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the circle on the joint
//     width - the width of the joint
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module joint_convex(radius, width, spacing) {
    joint_base(radius, width, spacing);
	translate([0, 0, width])
	    convex(radius - radius / 3, spacing);
    mirror([0, 0, 1])
	    convex(radius - radius / 3, spacing);
}

// A concave for creating a joint
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the concave
module concave(radius) {
    $fn = 48;
	linear_extrude(radius * 0.75 , scale = 1 / 4)
	    circle(radius);
}

// concave_convex demo
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the convex and the concave
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module concave_convex(radius, spacing) {
    $fn = 48;
	inner_radius = radius - spacing * 1.414;

	linear_extrude(radius * 0.75 , scale = 1 / 4)
	    circle(radius);

	translate([0, 0, -spacing])
	    linear_extrude(inner_radius * 0.75 + spacing , scale = 1 / 4)
    		circle(inner_radius);
}

// A joint with a concave.
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the circle on the joint
//     width - the width of the joint
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module joint_concave(radius, width, spacing) {
	difference() {
	    joint_base(radius, width, spacing);
	    concave(radius - radius / 3);
	}
}

// A joint between cubes.
// Parameters:
//     radius - the radius  of the circle on the joint
//     width - the total width of the joint
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module joint(radius, width, spacing) {
    width_convex = width / 2;
	width_concave = width / 4;

    rotate([-90, 0, 0]) translate([0, 0, -width_concave]) union() {
		joint_convex(radius, width_convex, spacing);

		mirror([1, 0, 0]) union() {
			translate([0, 0, width_convex + spacing])
			    joint_concave(radius, width_concave, spacing);

			translate([0, 0, -spacing]) mirror([0, 0, 1])
			    joint_concave(radius, width_concave, spacing);
		}
	}
}

// a magic folding cube.
// Parameters:
//     cube_width - the width of each cube
//     joint_data - [joint_radius, joint_width]
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module a_magic_cube(cube_width, joint_data, spacing) {
     $fn = 48;

     joint_radius = joint_data[0];
	 joint_width = joint_data[1];

	 difference() {
		 cube(cube_width);

		 translate([cube_width + spacing / 2, cube_width / 2, cube_width]) cube([joint_radius * 2 + spacing * 2, joint_width + spacing * 4, joint_radius * 3 + spacing * 4], center = true);
	 }
}

// 2x1 magic folding cube.
// Parameters:
//     cube_width - the width of each cube
//     joint_data - [joint_radius, joint_width]
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module magic_folding_cube_2x1(cube_width, joint_data, spacing) {
	joint_radius = joint_data[0];
	joint_width = joint_data[1];

	a_magic_cube(cube_width, joint_data, spacing);

	translate([cube_width + spacing / 2, cube_width / 2, cube_width])
	    joint(joint_radius, joint_width, spacing);

	translate([cube_width * 2 + spacing, 0, 0])
	    mirror([1, 0, 0]) a_magic_cube(cube_width, joint_data, spacing);
}

// 2x2 magic folding cube.
// Parameters:
//     cube_width - the width of each cube
//     joint_data - [joint_radius, joint_width]
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module magic_folding_cube_2x2(cube_width, joint_data, spacing) {
    $fn = 48;

    difference() {
		union() {
			translate([0, cube_width, 0]) rotate([90, 0, 0]) magic_folding_cube_2x1(cube_width, joint_data, 0.5);

			translate([0, cube_width + spacing, cube_width]) rotate([-90, 0, 0]) magic_folding_cube_2x1(cube_width, joint_data, 0.5);
		}
		translate([cube_width / 2, cube_width + spacing / 2, cube_width]) rotate(90) cube([joint_radius * 2 + spacing * 2, joint_width + spacing * 4, joint_radius * 3 + spacing * 4], center = true);
	}

	translate([cube_width / 2, cube_width + spacing / 2, cube_width]) rotate(90) joint(joint_radius, joint_width, spacing);
}

// create magic folding cube.
// Parameters:
//     cube_width - the width of each cube
//     joint_data - [joint_radius, joint_width]
//     spacing - a small space between parts to avoid overlaping while printing.
module magic_folding_cube(cube_width, joint_data, spacing) {
    $fn = 48;
    joint_radius = joint_data[0];

	difference() {
		union() {
			magic_folding_cube_2x2(cube_width, [joint_radius, joint_width], spacing);

			translate([cube_width * 4 + spacing * 3, 0, 0]) mirror([1, 0, 0]) magic_folding_cube_2x2(cube_width, joint_data, spacing);
		}

		translate([cube_width * 2 + spacing * 1.5, cube_width / 2, 0]) cube([joint_radius * 2 + spacing * 2, joint_width + spacing * 4, joint_radius * 3 + spacing * 4], center = true);

		translate([cube_width * 2 + spacing * 1.5, cube_width * 1.5 + spacing , 0]) cube([joint_radius * 2 + spacing * 2, joint_width + spacing * 4, joint_radius * 3 + spacing * 4], center = true);
	}

	translate([cube_width * 2 + spacing * 1.5, cube_width / 2, 0]) rotate([0, 180, 0]) joint(joint_radius, joint_width, spacing);

    translate([cube_width * 2 + spacing * 1.5, cube_width * 1.5 + spacing , 0]) rotate([0, 180, 0]) joint(joint_radius, joint_width, spacing);
}

magic_folding_cube(cube_width, [joint_radius, joint_width], spacing);

```


[User]
Hi, I'm looking to generate some spaceship designs procedurally using OpenSCAD. I really like the style of the "Procedural Space Ship - All Random" design on Thingiverse, especially the way it uses recursion and random values to create unique, somewhat chaotic shapes. I'm hoping you can help me create a parametric design that achieves a similar look, but with a bit more control.

Here's what I'm envisioning:

1.  **Core Structure:** The design seems to start with a basic quad-like shape, which is then recursively subdivided and extruded. I'd like a similar starting point, defined by four points in space. The user should be able to change these points to define the initial shape.

2.  **Recursion:** The recursion method seems key to the look. I'd like to control the maximum recursion depth (`MaxRecursion` in the original) and have parameters that allow for tuning the extrusion, scale and offsets at each level of recursion. This includes being able to control the `Extrude`, `Scale`, and offset values (`ekoff`, `enskoff`, `eewkoff`, `etopkoff` in the original) independently for each recursive call.

3.  **Randomness:** The current design is very random, and I'd like to maintain that. However, I want the ability to control the range of the random values used for extrusion, scaling, and offsets with parameters exposed to the user.  For example, in the original code, the extrusion value is `Extrude=rnd(0.03,1.85);` I'd like to be able to control `0.03` and `1.85` as parameters. I'd also like to be able to control the seed value so I can get repeatable results if needed.

4.  **Coloring:**  I like how the original code generates colors based on the face normal. I would like to keep this feature if possible.  I noticed that it's using three color values (C0, C1, C2), which are mixed based on the normal of each quad. I'd like to expose these three color values to the user, as well as be able to optionally apply a uniform color.

5.  **Starting Points:**  I like the simple way the original code determines the initial quad. I'd like to create a configurable starting quad, perhaps using a `linear_extrude` for the base shape so that I can have a few of those shapes that vary in size.

6.  **No specific libraries** should be required for this design.

Essentially, I'm looking for an OpenSCAD file that allows me to create these abstract, spaceship-like designs by tweaking the starting shape, recursion parameters, and random ranges, while also providing the option to use colors derived from the face normal.  I'm hoping for something relatively efficient in terms of processing power.

Can you help me create this?

[Assistant]
Spaceships.scad:
```
//**********************************************************************
//**********************************************************************
//**********************************************************************

MaxRecursion=5;//[1:7]
Seed=1;//[0:10000]

Extrude=rnd(0.03,1.85);//[0:0.1:3]
Extrude2=rnd(0.03,2.2);//[0:0.1:3]
Extrudens=rnd(0.03,1.85);//[0:0.1:3]
Extrudeew=rnd(0.01,1.85);//[0:0.1:3]

Scale=rnd(0.1,0.818);//[0:0.1:2]
Scale2=rnd(0.2,0.818);//[0:0.1:2]
Scalens=rnd(0.2,0.818);//[0:0.1:2]
Scaleew=rnd(0.2,0.818);//[0:0.1:2]
ekoff=max(-0.2,rnd(0.168,0.618)*sign(rnd(-0.5,1)));//[0.1:0.1:2]
enskoff=max(-0.1,rnd(0.168,0.618)*sign(rnd(-0.5,1)));//[0.1:0.1:2]
eewkoff=max(-0.1,rnd(0.168,0.618)*sign(rnd(-0.5,1)));//[0.1:0.1:2]
etopkoff=max(-0.2,rnd(0.168,0.618)*sign(rnd(-0.5,1)));//[0.1:0.1:2]
//echo(MaxRecursion,Extrude);
//echo("scale",Scale,ekoff,etopkoff);
/* [Hidden] */

// test code
l=pow(floor(max(0,rnd(-10,5))),2);
l2=pow(floor(max(0,rnd(-10,4))),2);
w=pow(floor(max(0,rnd(-10,3))),2);
w2=pow(floor(max(0,rnd(-10,3))),2);
p0=[-6-l2,-2-w,0];
p1=[6+l2,-2-w,0];
p2=[6+l,2+w,0];
p3=[-6-l,2+w,0];

pz0=[-4-l2,-4-w,-35];
pz1=[4+l2,-4-w,-35];
pz2=[4+l,4+w,-35];
pz3=[-4-l,4+w,-35];

C0=(un(rndc())+[2,0,0])/2;
C1=(un(rndc())+[2,2,0])/2;
C2=(un(rndc())+[0,2,2])/2;
rotate([-90,0,0]){
quad(p0,p1,p2,p3,Extrude*35,Scale,Extrude2*20,Scale2,Extrudens*35,Scalens,Extrudeew*5,Scaleew);

quad(p3,p2,pz2,pz3, Extrude*5,Scale,Extrude2*3,Scale2,Extrudens*5,Scalens,Extrudeew*5,Scaleew);
quad(pz0,pz1,p1,p0, Extrude* 10,Scale,Extrude2*10,Scale2,Extrudens*14,Scalens,Extrudeew*4,Scaleew);
quad(pz3,pz0,p0,p3, Extrude*15,Scale,Extrude2*15,Scale2,Extrudens*5,Scalens,Extrudeew*5,Scaleew);
quad(pz1,pz2,p2,p1,Extrude*15,Scale,Extrude2*15,Scale2,Extrudens*5,Scalens,Extrudeew*5,Scaleew);

quad(pz3,pz2,pz1,pz0, 10,Scale,Extrude2*5,Scale2,Extrudens*15,Scalens,Extrudeew*15,Scaleew);
}
//scale(4/(len3(p0)+len3(p1)+len3(p2)+len3(p3)))translate (-(p0+p1+p2+p3)/4){
////tri2quad(p0,p2,p1,E,S);
////tri2quad(p0,p1,p3,E,S);
////tri2quad(p1,p2,p3,E,S);
////tri2quad(p2,p0,p3,E,S);
//}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

module quad(p0,p1,p2,p3,e=0.5,s=0.5,e2=0.5,s2=0.5,ens=0.5,sns=0.5,eew=0.5,sew=0.5,i=0){
    c=(p0+p1+p2+p3)/4;
    n=un(p2n(p0,p1,p3)+p2n(p3,p1,p2));
    ratio=min(min(len3(p0-p1),len3(p1-p2)),min(len3(p2-p3),len3(p3-p0)))/max(max(len3(p0-p1),len3(p1-p2)),max(len3(p2-p3),len3(p3-p0)))+1/(sqrt(i*3+1));

    if (ratio>0.5&&i<MaxRecursion&&abs(e)>0.015 &&(polyarea(p0,p1,p3)+polyarea(p3,p1,p2))>1){
        ep0=lerp(c+n*e,(p0+n*e), s);
        ep1=lerp(c+n*e,(p1+n*e),s);
        ep2=lerp(c+n*e,(p2+n*e),s);
        ep3=lerp(c+n*e,(p3+n*e),s);
       quad (p0,p1,ep1,ep0,e2* (enskoff),sns,e*enskoff,sns,eew,sew,ens,sew,i+1);
       quad (p1,p2,ep2,ep1,e2* (eewkoff),sew,e*eewkoff,sew,ens,sns,eew,sew,i+1);
       quad (p2,p3,ep3,ep2,e2* (enskoff),sns,e*enskoff,sns,ens,sns,eew,sew,i+1);
       quad (p3,p0,ep0,ep3,e2* (eewkoff),sew,e*eewkoff,sew,ens,sns,eew,sew,i+1);
       quad (ep0,ep1,ep2,ep3,e2* (etopkoff),s2,e*etopkoff,s,ens,sns,eew,sew,i+1);
        }
    else{
    color(un((C0*abs(n[0])+C1*abs(n[1])+C2*abs(n[2])+[1,1,1]*abs(n[2]))/4)) polyhedron([p0,p1,p2,p3],[[0,1,2],[0,2,3]]);
       }

    }

module tri2quad(p0,p1,p2,p3,e=0.5,s=0.5,){
    p0p1=(p0+p1)/2   ;//edge
    p1p2=(p1+p2)/2   ;//edge
    p2p0=(p2+p0)/2   ;//edge
 n=un(p2n(p0,p1,p2));
    size=polyarea(p0,p1,p2);
c=((p0+p1+p2)/3)+n*sqrt(size*2)/2;

quad(p0,p0p1,c,p2p0,e,s);
 quad(p1,p1p2,c,p0p1,e,s);
 quad(p2,p2p0,c,p1p2,e,s);
}
//**********************************************************************
//**********************************************************************
//**********************************************************************
function lerp(start,end,bias ) = (end * bias + start * (1 - bias));
function p2n(pa,pb,pc)=let(u=pa-pb,v=pa-pc)un([u[1]*v[2] - u[2]*v[1], u[2]*v[0] - u[0]*v[2], u[0]*v[1] - u[1]*v[0]]);

function len3(v) = sqrt(pow(v[0], 2) + pow(v[1], 2) + pow(v[2], 2));
function un(v) = v / max(len3(v),0.000001) * 1;

function polyarea(p1 ,p2,p3)=heron ( len3(p1-p2),len3(p2-p3),len3(p2-p1));

function rnd(a,b)=a+(rands(0,1,1)[0])*(b-a);
function rndc()=[rands(0,1,1)[0],rands(0,1,1)[0],rands(0,1,1)[0]];

function v3rnd(c)=[rands(-1,1,1)[0]*c,rands(-1,1,1)[0]*c,rands(-1,1,1)[0]]*c;

function heron(a,b,c) =let(s = (a+b+c)/2) sqrt(abs(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)));

```


[User]
I'm looking to design a corner shelf specifically for holding Rubik's cubes. I've got a good idea of what I want, and I'd like it to be customizable.

Basically, I envision a quarter-cylinder shape that sits flush in a corner. The shelf should have a circular cutout on the bottom to accommodate for any molding along the wall. I also want a shaped cut in the top to securely cradle a Rubik's cube, and I want that cut to be configurable in how deep it is. Finally, it would be great to preview where the cube will sit relative to the shelf.

Here are the parameters I think I need:

*   `radius`: The overall radius of the quarter-cylinder shelf.
*   `height`: The height of the shelf.
*   `cornercut_radius`: The radius of the circular cutout for the molding. If this is set to 0, there should be no cutout.
*   `cube_size`: The size of the Rubik's cube we're holding.
*   `depth`: The depth of the cube-shaped cutout. This determines how deep the cube sits in the shelf.
* `preview_cube`: A boolean flag to decide if a preview of where the cube will rest should be drawn.

The core of the shelf will be a quarter-cylinder. Then I want to cut out the cube-shaped area, oriented at the proper angle for a resting cube. I want to cut out the circular moulding cutout too. I'd like to ensure there's enough height on the circular cutout. Finally, I'd like the cube preview to be a cube shape rendered with the proper location and orientation, but only if the flag is set to true.

Could you generate the OpenSCAD code for this? I don't think I'll need any special libraries for this, but if there's a good reason to include one, feel free.

[Assistant]
Cube_Corner_Shelf.scad:
```
//How big? (mm)
radius = 100;

//How tall? (mm)
height = 11;

//If you would like a cutout in the corner in case of a moulding, set to not zero
cornercut_radius = 20; //[0:5:40]

//What is the size of your cube? 57 is standard(mm)
cube_size = 57;

//How deep should your cube rest? Recommended is a little more than a third your cube size. (mm)
depth = 20;//[1:30]

//Would you like to preview how your cube will sit?
preview_cube = "false"; // [true:yes, false:no]

//option to preview the cube's location
if (preview_cube == "true"){
    translate([radius/2,radius/2,cube_size - depth +1])
        rotate([45,36,45])
        cube(cube_size, center=true);
}

difference(){

    //main body
    $fn = 200;
    cylinder(h=height, r=radius );

    //cut the cylinder into a quarter cylinder
    translate([-radius,0,0]) cube(2*radius, center=true);
    translate([0,-radius,0]) cube(2*radius, center=true);

    //cutout for the cube
    translate([radius/2,radius/2,cube_size - depth + (height/2)])
        rotate([45,36,45])
        cube(cube_size, center=true);

    //cutout for a moulding
    translate([0,0,-1]) cylinder(h=height +2 , r=cornercut_radius);

}

```


[User]
Okay, so I'm working on a project for some film students, and I'd like to generate a 3D printable cityscape. I have a basic idea, but I need it to be fully parametric, so I can tweak things easily in the OpenSCAD customizer and just generally have more control. I want the final print to be fairly large, maybe 500mm by 500mm, with a thin base – basically one layer thick for my printer at its coarsest setting. The city itself should be made up of randomly generated blocks of varying heights, either rectangular cuboids, cylinders, or cones, placed at intervals.

Here's a more detailed breakdown of what I'm imagining:

**Overall Structure:**

*   A flat, rectangular base. I'd like to control the `base_width` and `base_depth` parameters, which should be equal, and the `base_thickness`. This thickness will be small - just one layer of printing.
*   A grid of randomly generated building blocks on top of the base.

**Building Blocks:**

*   Each building should be one of three basic shapes: a rectangular cuboid, a cylinder, or a cone. The shape should be selected randomly for each building.
*   The building height should also be randomly chosen within a specified range. So I want to set `min_block_height` and `max_block_height` parameters.
*   The building footprint (width, depth, and diameter) should all be equal and be another parameter, let's call it `block_size`.
*   There should be an `n_blocks` parameter to control the number of blocks in the grid. I need the grid to range from -n_blocks to +n_blocks both along the x and y axis, so the number of blocks should actually be 2*n_blocks+1 in each direction.
*   I also need a `block_spacing` parameter that determines the space between adjacent blocks in the grid.

**Parameters:**

I'd like all of these to be configurable:

*   `base_width` (mm) - Width of the base.
*   `base_depth` (mm) - Depth of the base.
*   `base_thickness` (mm) - Thickness of the base.
*   `min_block_height` (mm) - Minimum height of a building.
*   `max_block_height` (mm) - Maximum height of a building.
*   `block_size` (mm) - Footprint size of each building (width, depth, diameter).
*   `n_blocks` - How many blocks in either direction along the grid to space.
*   `block_spacing` (mm) - Spacing between building blocks.

**Output:**

I'd like the output to be a single .scad file that produces the whole cityscape. I think that should be doable, right?

I want to make sure that everything is centered at the origin (0,0,0). I know the built in `center=true` argument exists but also want to make sure you explicitly use `translate()` operations. Please make sure to avoid using any hardcoded values, other than 0 in `translate([0,0,z])`, and that `z` is always a calculation that includes other parameters. And of course you can assume I know what the `$fn` parameter is in terms of cylinders and cones.

I don't think I need any fancy libraries for this, so no need to worry about MCAD or BOSL.

[Assistant]
cityThinBase.scad:
```
allParts();
//block();
//translate([10,0,0]) block();

//width and depth in mm
base = 500; //mm
//maximum height of blocks
blockMaxH = 20;
//number of blocks
nBlocks = 10;
//spacing between blocks
sBlocks = 20;
//size of block
szBlock = 10;

module allParts(){
    union(){
        base();
        blocks();
    }
}

module block() {
    r = rands(0,3,1)[0];
    hC= rands(6,blockMaxH,1)[0];
    sz=szBlock;
    //hC = 5;
    if(r<1){
        translate([0,0,hC/2]) cube([sz,sz,hC], center=true);
    }
    else if(r<2) {
        translate([0,0,hC/2]) cylinder(h=hC, d=sz, center=true, $fn=10);
    }
    else {
        translate([0,0,hC/2]) cylinder(d1=sz, h=hC, d2 = 0 , center=true, $fn=4);
    }
}

module base(){
    cube([base,base,0.5], center=true);
}

module blocks(){
    for(i = [-nBlocks:nBlocks]){
        for(j = [-nBlocks:nBlocks]){
            translate([sBlocks*i,sBlocks*j,0]) block();
        }
    }
}
```


[User]
Okay, I need to design a dial indicator holder for my Flashforge Creator Pro 3D printer. I'm looking for something that's easy to customize, holds the indicator securely, and uses heat-set threaded inserts for the screws. I also want it to be magnetic so it stays in place on the printer rods.

Here's a breakdown of what I need:

**Overall Design:**
*   The holder should sit on the two support rods of the printer bed.
*   It should have a collar to hold the dial indicator.
*   The dial indicator should be secured with two screws, using threaded metal inserts.
*   The holder needs to have cylindrical holes for magnets, to stick it to the rods.
*   The whole thing needs to be parametric, so I can easily tweak dimensions.

**Specific Features and Dimensions (with default values):**
*   **`total_width`**: The total width of the part, around 25mm (adjust as needed for threaded inserts).
*   **`indicator_hole_diameter`**: The diameter of the indicator hole, aim for a snug fit, maybe about 8.7mm initially.
*   **`magnet_holes_diameter`**: Diameter of the magnet holes, about 6.55mm (adjust for a very snug magnet fit).
*   **`magnet_holes_depth`**: Depth of the magnet holes, roughly 6.3mm, measured at the centerline of the rod slot.
*   **`rod_margin`**: Margin on both sides of the rod slots, around 5mm each.
*   **`base_height`**: The thickness of the base plate, about 8mm.
*   **`collar_height`**: Height of the indicator holder collar above the base plate, say 10mm.
*   **`collar_outer_diameter`**: The outer diameter of the collar, let's start with 23mm.
*   **`collar_support_thickness`**:  Thickness of the collar support wall, about 5mm.
*   **`screw_angle`**: Angle between the two threaded insert holes in the collar, 100 degrees.
*    **`rod_slot_diameter`**: Diameter of the rod slots, including margin for fitting, maybe 8.5mm.
*   **`rod_centerline_space`**: Distance between the centerlines of the rods, start with 70.35mm.
*   **`total_length`**: Total length of the part, calculated from the rod spacing and margin.
*   **`indicator_hole_offset`**:  Offset of the indicator hole center from the center of the part, should be about 8mm to the front to keep it from hitting the PCB at the back.
*   **`threaded_insert_diameter_multiplier`**: A multiplier to tweak the threaded insert hole diameter, start at 1.0.

**Key Points:**
*   Use a small positive `eps` (epsilon) to maintain manifold consistency, e.g., `eps1 = 0.02` and `eps2 = 2*eps1`.
*   The part's origin should be centered on x and y, and z should be at 0 on the base plate.

**Modules:**
I'll need modules for:
*   `xy_centerd_cube`: Creates a cube centered on x and y.
*   `m3_threaded_insert`: Creates a hole for an M3 metal insert.  This should be customizable with a `h` parameter which specifies the total depth of the hole and also include an `eps1` at the opening side of the hole.  It should have diameters for the insert and a smaller diameter for the screw.
*   `rod_cut`: Creates a cut for a rod at a given x offset.
*   `magnet_cut`: Creates a hole for the magnet at a given x offset.
*  `u_shape_body`: Creates the basic U-shape structure, with base and collar.
*   `main`:  Assembles all the pieces into the complete part.

The final output should be translated into the correct printing position and orientation, such as `translate([-indicator_hole_offset, 0, base_height]) main()`.

I think that's everything. I'm looking for a parametric OpenSCAD file or files. I don't have any specific library requirements, so you can choose what makes sense for this design. Thanks!

[Assistant]
indicator.scad:
```
// Dial indicator holder for leveling Flashforge Creator Pro and similar
// 3D printers.
//
// The indicator is held in place by two M3 threaded metal heat inserts and screws.
// Inserts, screws and dial indicators are available on eBay from multiple sources.
// Insert the threaded inserts using a hot soldering iron, push it in slightly and
// let the heat do the work.

// Smoothness of the rounded surfaces.
$fn = 180;

// Total width of the part. Should be wide enough to allow collar
// diameter with metal threaded inserts.
total_width	= 25;

// Inner diameter of the indicaotr holder collar. Tweak to have
// zero insertion force fit.
indicator_hole_diameter	= 8.7;

// Diameter of the magnet hole. Tweak for a very very snug fit.
magnet_holes_diameter = 6.55;

// Depth of the magnet hole, measured at the centerline of the rod slot.
magnet_holes_depth	= 6.3;

// Margin on both side of each rod slot.
rod_margin	= 5;

// The thickness of the base plate.
base_height	 = 8;

// Height of the indicator holder collar, beyong the base plate.
collar_height = 10;

// Outer diameter of the collar.
collar_outer_diameter	= 23;

// Thickness of the collar support wall.
collar_support_thickness = 5;

// The angle between the two threaded insert holes in the collar.
screw_angle = 100;  // angle between srews

// Total height of the part.
total_height = base_height + collar_height;

// The diameter of the rod slots. Includes margin for fitting.
rod_slot_diameter	= 8.5;

// Distance bentwee the centerlines of the rods. Tweak such that the
// part fits nicely on top of the rods, even without magnets to force it
// in.
rod_centerline_space = 70.35;

// Total part length.
total_length 	= rod_centerline_space + rod_slot_diameter + 2*rod_margin;

// Offset of the indicator hole center from the center of the part. It is
// offset slightly toward the front of the printer (away from the betl) so
// it doesn't go off the rear edge of the bed, hitting the small PCB
// of the Flashforge Creator Pro. It's OK to set this to zero if
// you like.
indicator_hole_offset = 8;

// Threaded insert hole diameter multiplier. Allows to tweak the diameter.
threaded_insert_diameter_multiplier = 1.0;

// A small positive distance to maintain the maniforl consistency of the
// generated model.
eps1 = 0.02;
eps2 = 2*eps1;

// x,y are centered, z on on z=0;
module xy_centerd_cube(dx, dy, dz) {
  translate([-dx/2, -dy/2, 0]) cube([dx, dy, dz]);
}

// Hole for a M3 metal insert, mcmaster part number 94180a333.
// h is the total depth for the screw hole. Already includes an
// extra eps1 at the opening side.
//
// TODO: move some of the const to customizeable parameters at the begining
// of the file.
module m3_threaded_insert(h) {
  // Adding tweaks for compensate for my printer's tolerace.
  A = threaded_insert_diameter_multiplier*(4.7 + 0.3);
  B = threaded_insert_diameter_multiplier*(5.23 + 0.4);
  L = 6.4;
  D = 4.0;
  translate([0, 0, -eps1]) {
    // NOTE: diameter are compensated to actual print results.
    // May vary among printers.
    cylinder(d1=B, d2=A, h=eps1+L*2/3, $f2=32);
    cylinder(d=A, h=eps1+L, $fn=32);
    translate([0, 0, L-eps1]) cylinder(d=D, h=h+eps1-L, $fn=32);
  }
}

// Produces a rod cut hole at a given offset from the center.
module rod_cut(x) {
  translate([x, 0, collar_height]) rotate([90, 0, 0]) translate([0, 0, -(total_width/2+eps1)])
    cylinder(d=rod_slot_diameter, h=total_width+eps2);
}

// Produces a magnet hole at a given offset from the center.
module magnet_cut(x) {
  translate([x, 0, collar_height - rod_slot_diameter/2-magnet_holes_depth])
    cylinder(d=magnet_holes_diameter, h=total_height);
}

// Produces the U-shape body.
module u_shape_body() {
  difference() {
    translate([0, 0, -base_height])
      xy_centerd_cube(total_length, total_width, total_height);

    xy_centerd_cube(total_length-2*(total_length-rod_centerline_space),
      total_width+eps2,
      collar_height+eps1);
  }
}

module main()  {
  d = collar_outer_diameter;
  r = d/2;
  alpha = screw_angle/2;
  difference() {
    union() {
      u_shape_body();
           translate([indicator_hole_offset, 0, -eps1])
        cylinder(d=d, h=collar_height+eps1);

      translate([indicator_hole_offset, -5/2, -eps1])
          cube([total_length/2-indicator_hole_offset- eps1, collar_support_thickness, collar_height+eps1]);
    }

    rod_cut(-rod_centerline_space/2);
    rod_cut(rod_centerline_space/2);

    magnet_cut(-rod_centerline_space/2);
    magnet_cut(rod_centerline_space/2);

    translate([indicator_hole_offset, 0, -total_height]) cylinder(d=indicator_hole_diameter, h=2*total_height);

    translate([indicator_hole_offset-r*cos(alpha), -r*sin(alpha), collar_height/2])
      rotate([0, 90, alpha]) translate([0, 0, -eps1]) m3_threaded_insert(r);

    translate([indicator_hole_offset-r*cos(alpha), r*sin(alpha), collar_height/2])
      rotate([0, 90, -alpha]) translate([0, 0, -eps1]) m3_threaded_insert(r);
  }
}

// Produces the part at the printing position and orientation.
translate([-indicator_hole_offset, 0, base_height]) main();

```


[User]
I'm looking to design a Z-axis backlash compensation piece for a Prusa i3 printer, specifically for use with a split X-end setup. I need it to be parametric so I can easily adjust it for different sized screws.

Essentially, it's a two-part piece. The bottom part holds a nut, and the top part provides another hole for the threaded rod to pass through. This allows for a screw to push against the nut and reduce backlash in the Z-axis.

Here are the specific features I need:

*   **Parametric Nut Size:** The design should be adjustable for different metric nut sizes (M3, M4, M5, M6, M8, M10, M12, M16, M20, M24, M30, M36). Let's start with a parameter named `m` to specify this.
*   **Nut Tolerances:** There needs to be a tolerance for the nut hole. The bottom nut should have a larger tolerance to easily drop in, while the top one needs to be tighter. Make them adjustable, maybe `nut_tolerance`, and it can be used to determine the actual top and bottom radii.
*   **Hole for Threaded Rod:**  The hole for the threaded rod should have a clearance tolerance as well, named `hole_tolerance`, and again should be adjustable.
*   **Top and Bottom Heights:** The height of both the top and bottom parts should be adjustable with parameters called `height_top` and `height_bottom`.
*   **Idler Option:** I need an option to add a cut-out that allows clearance for an idler pulley, controlled by a parameter `idler` (either 0 for no idler or 1 for an idler cutout). When idler is enabled, the hole for the idler should be calculated based off the radius of the hole for the threaded rod, and also should use a tolerance similar to the nut.

I'm assuming we can use standard metric nut sizes (refer to a table like this: http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Screws/Hex_Screws.htm). I don't think I'll need to include that data directly but if there's a built in library you know about that might have them, feel free to use it.

For the general shape, it is a cube with a nut-sized hole on the bottom and top, and a through hole down the center. The idler cutout when enabled is a cylinder overlapping the main shape.

I believe this can be built using just basic OpenSCAD primitives and math operations; I don't think we'll need any external libraries for this one, but please let me know if you think a library would be useful to keep the code clean.

Could you generate an OpenSCAD file for this design?

[Assistant]
my_z-axis-backlash-m5.scad:
```
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///
///  Z-axis backlash - support for Split X-Ends - Prusa i3, with Endstop and Belt Tensioner
///
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///
///  2016-04-19 bfj@bflm.eu, Czech Republic
///
///  released under Creative Commons - Attribution - Share Alike licence (CC BY-SA)
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/*[globales]*/
//metric nut size
m = 5; //[5,6,8]
//hole for threaded rod
hole_tolerance = 0.45;
//nut tolerance
nut_tolerance = 0.1;
//if motor part then idler=No else idler=Yes
idler = 0;//[0:No,1:Yes]

/*[dimensions]*/
//top part height in mm (exterior dimension)
height_top = 17;
//botom part height in mm (exterior dimension)
height_bottom = 18;

/*[hidden]*/
width_bottom = 2*m+2;
depth_bottom = 2*m;
tolerance = 0.02;

//Based on: http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Screws/Hex_Screws.htm
METRIC_NUT_AC_WIDTHS =
[
	-1, //0 index is not used but reduces computation
	-1,
	-1,
	6.40,//m3
	8.10,//m4
	9.20,//m5
	11.50,//m6
	-1,
	15.00,//m8
	-1,
	19.60,//m10
	-1,
	22.10,//m12
	-1,
	-1,
	-1,
	27.70,//m16
	-1,
	-1,
	-1,
	34.60,//m20
	-1,
	-1,
	-1,
	41.60,//m24
	-1,
	-1,
	-1,
	-1,
	-1,
	53.1,//m30
	-1,
	-1,
	-1,
	-1,
	-1,
	63.5//m36
];

metric_radius = METRIC_NUT_AC_WIDTHS[m]/2;
bottom_nut_radius = metric_radius +nut_tolerance;
top_nut_radius = metric_radius -nut_tolerance/2;
top_hole_radius = reduction_hole(r=m/2+hole_tolerance,fn=32);
inner_r2 = top_hole_radius/cos(30);
echo(top_hole_radius);
module nutHoleHeight(r, height )
{

		cylinder(r= r, h=height, $fn = 6, center=[0,0]);

}

module chamfered_nutHole(r1, r2, height){

    d = r1-r2;
    hull(){
  	  translate([0,0,d])cylinder(r= r1,h=height-2*d,$fn = 6, center=[0,0]);
      cylinder(r= r2,h=height,$fn = 6, center=[0,0]);
   }
}

module z_backlash(){

d = bottom_nut_radius-inner_r2;
difference(){
union(){
difference(){
translate([0,0,height_bottom/2])
cube([width_bottom,depth_bottom,height_bottom], center = true);

translate([0,0,-tolerance-d])
chamfered_nutHole(r1=bottom_nut_radius,  height=height_bottom+tolerance-1+d, r2=inner_r2);

}

translate([0,0,height_bottom])
nutHoleHeight(r=top_nut_radius,  height=height_top);

}

cylinder(r=top_hole_radius,h=height_top+height_bottom+tolerance, $fn = 32,center=[0,0]);

}

}

function reduction_hole(r, fn) = r/cos(360/fn);

if(idler == 1){
    difference(){
        z_backlash();
        diff = m/cos(30)-m;
        r_cutter = m+diff;
        x0_cutter = (top_hole_radius+r_cutter)*sin(30);
        y0_cutter = (top_hole_radius+r_cutter)*cos(30);
        translate([-x0_cutter,y0_cutter,height_bottom+1+height_top/2+tolerance]){
            cylinder(r=r_cutter,h=height_top,center=true,$fn=32);
        }
    }

} else {

    z_backlash();

}

```


[User]
Hey, I'm trying to design a parametric Y-endstop clip for my 3D printer, specifically a Prusa i3 style printer. I've been messing around with some existing designs but haven't quite gotten what I want.

Basically, I need a clip that holds the Y-endstop sensor and mounts to the smooth rods for the Y-axis. It needs to be parametric so I can easily adjust it for different rod diameters, endstop sizes, and spacing between the rods.

Here's the general idea:

*   **Rod Clips:** There should be two rod clips that clamp around the smooth rods on the Y-axis. The diameter of these clips should be adjustable to fit 8mm, 10mm or 12mm rods.
*   **Endstop Holder:**  An area that securely holds the endstop sensor.  The width, height and depth of this area should be adjustable so it fits various sensors (typically around 20mm wide, 10mm high and 7mm deep, but I need to be able to adjust a bit).
*   **Connecting Piece:** A connecting piece that links the two rod clips and also the endstop holder. I need to be able to set the distance between the smooth rod centers.
*   **Parametric Adjustments:** It's critical that I can adjust the following:
    *   Part thickness (typically around 2-5mm).
    *   The gap between the Y-axis bars (around 15-30mm).
    *   The smooth rod diameter (8, 10, or 12mm).
    *   The endstop sensor width, height, and depth.

I also need the ability to add screw holes if necessary, but that would be a nice-to-have for future additions.

Could you generate the necessary OpenSCAD files for this? I am comfortable using a fairly common resolution for curves ($fn=24).

I don't have any files to attach as I'm starting from scratch. It would be great if the design could use some common OpenSCAD libraries too if you find them helpful. I don't mind if you use separate files for modules/common parts - that's pretty standard practice. I'm not overly particular on the libraries used, but BOSL or BOLTS would be great.

[Assistant]
Y-Endstop-clip.scad:
```
// This par is for parameters
//Parametric input values

 // Part tickness
part_thickness = 2.3;  // [2.0:5.0]

// Distance in between lower and upper Y bars ?
y_bars_gap =24.8;   //[15.0:30.0]

//Size of sliding rods 8, 10 , 12mm?
diam_8mm = 8; // [8,10,12]

// size of the endstop sensor ?
endstop_wt = 20; // [15:25]
endstop_ht = 10;  // [10:25]
endstop_dt =  7; // [5:10]

//-- End tunables--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/* [Hidden] */
//Resolution
$fn = 24;

radius_3mm = 1.7;
radius_4mm = 2.2;
radius_8mm = diam_8mm / 2;

// stats about your i3
rod_frame_gap = 25;
frame_thickness = 6.8;

// size of the endstop
endstop_w = endstop_wt + 0.2;
endstop_h = endstop_ht + 0.2;
endstop_d = endstop_dt + 0.2 + 0.2;
// useful shorthand
pt2 = part_thickness / 2;

//End of parameters

//Commons

clip_h = endstop_h + part_thickness;
holder_d = endstop_d + part_thickness * 2;
holder_w = endstop_w + part_thickness * 2;

module endstop_holder() {
	difference() {
		translate([-holder_d / 2, radius_8mm, 0])
			cube([holder_d, holder_w, clip_h]);

		translate([-holder_d / 2, radius_8mm, 0]) {
			// cutout endstop hole
			translate([part_thickness, part_thickness, part_thickness + 1]) cube([endstop_d, endstop_w, endstop_h + 2]);

			// cutout endstop wire hole
			translate([part_thickness + 1, part_thickness, -0.5]) cube([endstop_d - 2, endstop_w, part_thickness + 2]);
		}
		// cutout the rod
		cylinder(r=radius_8mm, h=clip_h + 1);
	}
}

module screw(r=radius_3mm, length=10, cap=2, hex=false) {
	cylinder(r=r, h=length);
	translate([0, 0, length])
		difference() {
			cylinder(r1=r+1, r2=r + 0.8, h=cap);
			translate([0, 0, cap]) {
				if (hex) {
					cylinder(r=r, h=2, $fn=6, center=true);
				}
				else {
					rotate([0, 0, 45])
						cube([r * 2, r / 4, 2], center=true);
					rotate([0, 0, 135])
						cube([r * 2, r / 4, 2], center=true);
				}
			}
		}
}

// End of commons ----------------------------------------------------------------

// The piece itself Y-End-stop-clip_h

y_bar_dist = y_bars_gap + radius_8mm * 2;

module y_carriage_rods() {
	color([0.9,0.9,0.9])
		rotate([0,0,0]) {
			#cylinder(r=radius_8mm, h=100, center=true);
			#translate([0,y_bar_dist,0]) cylinder(r=radius_8mm, h=100, center=true);
		}
}

module rod_clip() {
	clip_r = radius_8mm + part_thickness;
	clip_h = endstop_h + part_thickness;
	difference() {
		cylinder(r=clip_r, h=clip_h);
		translate([0,0,clip_h/2]) cylinder(r=radius_8mm, h=clip_h + 1, center=true);
		translate([radius_8mm + 1, 3, clip_h / 2]) cube([4, 8, clip_h+1], center=true);
		translate([0,radius_8mm,clip_h / 2]) cube([diam_8mm,diam_8mm,clip_h+1], center=true);
	}
}

module i3_y_endstop() {
	union() {

		rod_clip();
		translate([0,y_bar_dist,clip_h])
			rotate([180,0,0])
				rod_clip();

		translate([-radius_8mm - pt2, y_bar_dist / 2, clip_h / 2])
			cube([part_thickness, y_bar_dist, clip_h], center=true);

		translate([-holder_d / 2 - radius_8mm,part_thickness+y_bars_gap-14,0])
			endstop_holder();

	} // union
}

//y_carriage_rods();

i3_y_endstop();

```


[User]
I'm looking to create a parametric ball and socket joint in OpenSCAD, designed specifically for 3D printing without supports. I'd like the ability to easily adjust the size, clearance, and how much of the socket encloses the ball.

The joint will consist of two main parts: a ball and a socket.

For the ball part:
*   I need to define an outer `ball_radius`.
*   It should have a `wall_thickness`, creating a hollow shell.
*   There will be two perpendicular slots running along the ball to allow for flexibility or snapping fit, each with a `slot_width`.
*   The bottom of the ball will be sliced off at an angle to avoid overhangs greater than 45 degrees during printing.

For the socket part:
*   The socket will have an internal radius defined by the `ball_radius` plus a `socket_gap` for clearance.
*   The socket's shape should be a teardrop – it needs to be a sphere that transitions to a cone at the bottom, again to avoid the need for supports.
*   I need a parameter, `socket_fraction_enclosed`, to control how much of the socket encloses the ball, expressed as a fraction of the socket's radius. This should cut the socket in the vertical direction.
*   I'm not really sure of the best location for the origin on the socket or ball, but I'm thinking a reasonable option would be to align the base of the cut off sphere and the bottom of the teardrop. This way they can sit on a print bed easily.

I’d like all the parameters to be easily adjustable at the beginning of the file. Please make sure all the shapes are smooth - I think that means I need to use `$fs` at about 1/10th of the ball radius.

I was hoping to get something working with parametric variables. Could you help with that?

I'd also like to make use of the BOSL2 library if that is feasible for this design?

[Assistant]
Internal_socket.scad:
```
// Outer radius of the ball part
ball_radius=5;

// Wall thickness of the ball part
wall_thickness=1.5;

// Width of the slots along the ball part
slot_width=1;

// Gap spacing between the ball and socket
socket_gap=.2;

// Fraction of the socket radius to be enclosed
socket_fraction_enclosed=0.25;

socket_radius = ball_radius + socket_gap;

segment_resolution = ball_radius / 10;

translate ([-2*ball_radius,0,((1/sqrt(2))+2)*ball_radius])
union()
{
    difference()
    {
        sphere(r=ball_radius, $fs=segment_resolution);

        translate([0,0,ball_radius*(2-(1/sqrt(2)))])
            cube([3*ball_radius, 3*ball_radius, ball_radius],center=true);

        sphere(r=ball_radius-wall_thickness, $fs=segment_resolution);

        translate([0,0,ball_radius*(1-(1/sqrt(2)))])
            cube([2*ball_radius, slot_width, 2*ball_radius],center=true);

        translate([0,0,ball_radius*(1-(1/sqrt(2)))])
            cube([slot_width, 2*ball_radius, 2*ball_radius],center=true);

    }
    translate([0,0,((-1/sqrt(2))-1)*ball_radius])
            cylinder(r=ball_radius/sqrt(2),h=2*ball_radius,center=true, $fs=segment_resolution);
}

translate ([3*ball_radius,0,0])
difference()
{
    translate([0,0,2*ball_radius])
        cube([4*ball_radius, 4*ball_radius, 4*ball_radius],center=true);

    translate([0,0,socket_fraction_enclosed*(ball_radius+socket_gap)])
        union()
        {
            sphere(r=socket_radius, $fs=segment_resolution);
            translate([0,0,socket_radius/sqrt(2)])
                cylinder(h=socket_radius/sqrt(2),r1=socket_radius/sqrt(2),r2=0,center=false, $fs=segment_resolution);
        }
}

```