[User]
Hi, I'm looking to get a fully parametric OpenSCAD library made for creating timing belt pulleys. I've seen some good individual pulley designs out there, but I'd really like a comprehensive, flexible library I can easily reuse. I'm thinking it should incorporate several common tooth profiles and allow for a number of customizations.

Specifically, the library should be able to create pulleys with the following belt profiles: MXL, 40DP, XL, H, T2.5, T5, T10, AT5, HTD_3mm, HTD_5mm, HTD_8mm, GT2_2mm, GT2_3mm, and GT2_5mm.  I’d like each of those to be specified as a single integer.

The library should also allow me to specify:

*   **Facets**: The `$fn` variable for rendering smoothness.
*   **Sprocket Height**: The height of the toothed portion of the pulley.
*   **Shaft Detent**: A cylindrical detent on top of the toothed area for shaft attachment. I'd like to control its diameter and height.
*   **Base**: A cylindrical base under the toothed area. This should be optional to enable/disable. I'd need to set its height, diameter, and if the corner is rounded.
*   **Belt Retainers**: Top and bottom retainers to keep the belt from slipping off. These should also be optional and have independent heights.
*   **Tooth Parameters**: The library should accept the overall outside diameter of the pulley, but calculate the actual tooth diameter based on tooth count and profile.  Of course, I need to also control the number of teeth.
*   **Drive Shaft**:  I'll need to specify the drive shaft diameter, and the fraction of the shaft diameter which is cut away.
*   **Grub Screws**:  The library should be able to add grub screw holes, with control over the number of screws, their phase and angle, the screw diameter, and the hex nut (or square nut) size and depth.  There also needs to be a distance between the nut and the drive shaft.

The goal is to have a single module or a very small number of modules that can handle all these options. I'd like the library to be completely parametric so that any changes to these parameters updates the pulley geometry.

Also, It would be great if you can include some constants to tweak the tooth profile in case the generated model needs some adjustment for printing. That is, parameters that can globally scale tooth width and depth.

I think that's everything.  Let me know if you have any questions or need more info. I'm also really not expecting external dependencies.

[Assistant]
Pully_Teeth.scad:
```

// Parametric Pully with multiple belt T_Profiles
// by droftarts January 2012
// Heavily modified (Customizer) by Scott Nudds 2023
// Some new options added.  Code size redued.

// Based on Pullys by:
// http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:11256 by me!
// https://github.com/prusajr/PrusaMendel by Josef Prusa
// http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3104 by GilesBathgate
// http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2079 by nophead

// dxf tooth data from
// http://oem.cadregister.com/asp/PPOW_Entry.asp?company=915217&elementID=07807803/METRIC/URETH/WV0025/F
// Pully diameter checked and modelled from data at http://www.sdp-si.com/D265/HTML/D265T016.html

/* [Facets] */
$fn = 30;         // [3:60]

/* [Body] */

// Length of toothed part of Pully
Sprocket_H = 12;     // [3:.01:20]

// Shaft detent diameter
Upper_Detent_D = 6;  // [2:.01:25]

// Shaft detent height
Upper_Detent_H = .5; // [0:.01:2]

Base_Ena = true;     // Base Enable

// Pully base height, standard = 8. Set to same as Retnr_B_H if you want an Retnr_B but no Pully.
Base_H = 8;          // [3:.01:20]

// Base corner is rounded
Base_CrnrRnd = true;

// Pully base diameter
Base_D  = 20;        // [4:.01:30]
Base_R  = Base_D/2;

/* [Belt Retainers] */

// Top Belt Retainer
Retnr_T = false;

// Bottom belt Retainer
Retnr_B = false;

// Height of Top Belt Retainer
Retnr_T_H = 1.5;     // [1:.01:10]

// Height of Bottom Belt Retainer
Retnr_B_H = 1.5;     // [1:.01:10]

/* [Tooth] */

// Enable Teeth false diameter + T_Dia + Dshaft_D
T_Ena = true;

T_OD = 10;       // [1:.01:30]

// Tooth Profile
T_Prof_Idx = 5;   // [0:MXL,1:40DP,2:XL,3:H,4:T2.5,5:T5,6:T10,7:AT5,8:HTD_3mm,9:HTD_5mm,10:HTD_8mm,11:GT2_2mm,12:GT2_3mm,13:GT2_5mm]

// Number of T_Count, standard Mendel T5 belt = 8, gives Outside Diameter of 11.88mm
T_Count   = 8;    // [3:50]

/* [Drive Shaft] */

// NEMA17 motor shaft exact diameter = 5
DShaft_D = 5.2;      // [0:.01:10]

// Half shaft fraction
DShaft_F = .2;       // [0:.01:.5]

/* [Grub Screw] */

Grub_nut_hex = true;    // false = square nut

// Number of Grub screws
Grub_Count = 1;         // [0:3]

// Starting Phase for Grub screws
Grub_Phase = 0;         // [0:180]

// Angle between Grub screws
Grub_Angle = 90;        // [0:180]

// Normal M3 hex nut exact width = 5.5
Grub_D = 3.2;           // [2:.01:10]

Grub_nut_flats = 5.7;   // [2:.01:10]

// Normal M3 hex nut exact depth = 2.4, nyloc = 4
Grub_nut_depth = 2.7;   // [2:.01:10]

// Distance between inner face of nut and shaft, can be negative.
Grub_Nut_R = 1.2;       // [1:.01:10]

// ********************************
// ** Scaling tooth for good fit **
// ********************************

/* [Tweaks] */

// To improve fit of belt to Pully, set the following constant. Decrease or increase by 0.1mm at a time. We are modelling the *BELT* tooth here, not the tooth on the Pully. Increasing the number will *decrease* the Pully tooth size. Increasing the tooth width will also scale proportionately the tooth depth, to maintain the shape of the tooth, and increase how far into the Pully the tooth is indented. Can be negative
Tooth_W_Extra = 0.2; //mm

// If you need more tooth depth than this provides, adjust the following constant. However, this will cause the shape of the tooth to change.
Tooth_D_Extra = 0; //mm

//--------------------
// Tooth T_Profiles
//
T_Profiles = [
// MXL() =
[[-0.660,-0.5], [-0.660,0],    [-0.622,0.006],
 [-0.588,0.023],[-0.560,0.049],[-0.541,0.084],
 [-0.417,0.424],[-0.398,0.459],[-0.371,0.485],
 [-0.336,0.502],[-0.298,0.508]],

// 40DP() =
[[-0.613,-0.5], [-0.613,0],    [-0.575,0.010],
 [-0.546,0.038],[-0.356,0.368],[-0.328,0.405],
 [-0.291,0.433],[-0.249,0.451],[-0.202,0.457]],

// XL() =
[[-1.525,-1],   [-1.525,0],    [-1.418,0.015],
 [-1.321,0.06], [-1.24,0.129], [-1.180,0.220],
 [-0.793,1.050],[-0.734,1.141],[-0.653,1.210],
 [-0.555,1.255],[-0.448,1.270]],

// H() =
[[-2.68,-1],[-2.68,0],[-2.601,0.006],
 [-2.525,0.024],[-2.454,0.053],[-2.388,0.092],
 [-2.329,0.140],[-2.278,0.197],[-2.235,0.262],
 [-2.202,0.334],[-1.752,1.571],[-1.72,1.643],
 [-1.677,1.708],[-1.625,1.765],[-1.566,1.813],
 [-1.501,1.852],[-1.429,1.881],[-1.354,1.899],
 [-1.275,1.905]],

// T2_5() =
[[-0.839,-0.5],[-0.839,0],[-0.770,0.022],
 [-0.726,0.079],[-0.529,0.621],[-0.485,0.678],
 [-0.416,0.7]],

// T5() =
[[-1.632,-0.5],[-1.632126,0],[-1.568549,0.004939],
 [-1.508,0.019],[-1.450023,0.042686],[-1.396912,0.074224],
 [-1.349,0.113],[-1.307581,0.159508],[-1.273186,0.211991],
 [-1.247,0.270],[-1.009802,0.920362],[-0.983414,0.978433],
 [-0.949,1.031],[-0.907524,1.076798],[-0.859829,1.115847],
 [-0.807,1.147],[-0.749402,1.170562],[-0.688471,1.184956],
 [-0.6251,1.19]],

// 10() =
[[-3.06511,-1],[-3.06511,0],[-2.971998,0.007239],
 [-2.882718,0.028344],[-2.79859,0.062396],[-2.720931,0.108479],
 [-2.651061,0.165675],[-2.590298,0.233065],[-2.539962,0.309732],
 [-2.501371,0.394759],[-1.879071,2.105025],[-1.840363,2.190052],
 [-1.789939,2.266719],[-1.729114,2.334109],[-1.659202,2.391304],
 [-1.581518,2.437387],[-1.497376,2.47144],[-1.408092,2.492545],
 [-1.314979,2.499784]],

// AT5() =
[[-2.134,-0.75],[-2.134,0],    [-2.058,0.005],
 [-1.985,0.022], [-1.915,0.048],[-1.85,0.083],
 [-1.79,0.127],  [-1.737,0.179],[-1.691,0.239],
 [-1.654,0.306], [-1.349,0.959],[-1.287,1.055],
 [-1.202,1.127], [-1.1,1.174],  [-0.987,1.19]],

// HTD_3mm() =
[[-1.135062,-0.5],[-1.135062,0],[-1.048323,0.015484],
 [-0.974284,0.058517],[-0.919162,0.123974],[-0.889176,0.206728],
 [-0.81721,0.579614],[-0.800806,0.653232],[-0.778384,0.72416],
 [-0.750244,0.792137],[-0.716685,0.856903],[-0.678005,0.918199],
 [-0.634505,0.975764],[-0.586483,1.029338],[-0.534238,1.078662],
 [-0.47807,1.123476],[-0.418278,1.16352],[-0.355162,1.198533],
 [-0.289019,1.228257],[-0.22015,1.25243],[-0.148854,1.270793],
 [-0.07543,1.283087],[0,1.28905]],

// HTD_5mm() =
[[-1.89036,-0.75],[-1.89036,0],[-1.741168,0.02669],
 [-1.61387,0.100806],[-1.518984,0.21342],[-1.467026,0.3556],
 [-1.427162,0.960967],[-1.398568,1.089602],[-1.359437,1.213531],
 [-1.310296,1.332296],[-1.251672,1.445441],[-1.184092,1.552509],
 [-1.108081,1.653042],[-1.024167,1.746585],[-0.932877,1.832681],
 [-0.834736,1.910872],[-0.730271,1.980701],[-0.62001,2.041713],
 [-0.504478,2.09345],[-0.384202,2.135455],[-0.259708,2.167271],
 [-0.131524,2.188443],[-0.000176,2.198511]],

// HTD_8mm() =
[[-3.301,-1],  [-3.301,0],    [-3.166,0.012],
 [-3.038,0.047],[-2.92,0.103], [-2.813,0.178],
 [-2.721,0.27], [-2.645,0.377],[-2.589,0.497],
 [-2.553,0.628],[-2.461,1.470],[-2.411,1.692],
 [-2.344,1.906],[-2.259,2.111],[-2.158,2.306],
 [-2.042,2.490],[-1.910,2.664],[-1.766,2.825],
 [-1.608,2.974],[-1.439,3.109],[-1.259,3.23],
 [-1.069,3.335],[-0.87,3.424], [-0.662,3.497],
 [-0.448,3.552],[-0.227,3.589],[0,3.607]],

// GT2_2mm() =
[[0.747,-0.5], [0.747,0],[0.648,0.037],
 [0.598,0.131], [0.579,0.238],[0.547,0.343],
 [0.505,0.444], [0.452,0.54],[0.358,0.637],
 [0.248,0.707], [0.127,0.75],
 [0,0.764]],

// GT2_3mm() =
[[-1.155,-0.5], [-1.155,0],     [-1.065,0.016],
 [-0.989,0.062], [-0.933,0.131], [-0.904,0.218],
 [-0.864,0.408], [-0.800,0.591], [-0.714,0.765],
 [-0.605,0.927], [-0.47,1.033],  [-0.321,1.108],
 [-0.163,1.153],
 [0,1.169]],

// GT2_5mm() =
[[-1.976,-0.75],[-1.976,0],[-1.798,0.032],
 [-1.647,0.121],[-1.535,0.256],[-1.474,0.427],
 [-1.447,0.571],[-1.412,0.713],[-1.369,0.852],
 [-1.319,0.989],[-1.261,1.123],[-1.196,1.254],
 [-1.123,1.381],[-1.044,1.504],[-0.935,1.612],
 [-0.818,1.706],[-0.693,1.786],[-0.562,1.852],
 [-0.426,1.903],[-0.286,1.939],[-0.144,1.961],
 [0,1.969]]

];

// calculated constants

Grub_nut_points = (Grub_nut_flats/cos(30)); // This is needed for the nut trap

// The following calls the Pully creation part,
// and passes the Pully diameter and tooth width to that module

xx=[
   [".08in MXL",.02*25.4,.052*25.4,OD_(p=2.032,u=.01*25.4)],

   ["40 D.P.",0.457,1.226,OD_(p=2.07264,u=0.1778)],

   ["1/5in XL",1.27,3.051,OD_(p=5.08,u=.01*25.4)],

   ["3/8 L",1.905,5.359,OD_(p=9.525,u=0.381)],

   ["T2.5", 0.7,1.678,TSCF_(0.7467,0.796,1.026)],
   ["T5",1.19,3.264,TSCF_(0.6523,1.591,1.064)],
   ["T10",2.5,6.130,OD_(p=10,u=1)],

   ["AT5",1.19,4.268,TSCF_(0.6523,1.591,1.064)],

// High Torque Drive

   ["HTD 3mm",1.289,2.270,OD_(p=3,u=.015*25.4)],
   ["HTD 5mm",2.199,3.781,OD_(p=5,u=.0225*25.4)],
   ["HTD 8mm",3.607,6.603,OD_(p=8,u=.027*25.4)],

// PolyChain GT

   ["GT2 2mm",0.764,1.494,OD_(p=2,u=.01*25.4)],
   ["GT2 3mm",1.169,2.310,OD_(p=3,u=.015*25.4)],
   ["GT2 5mm",1.969,3.952,OD_(p=5,u=.0225*25.4)]
];

 V=xx[T_Prof_Idx];
 Pully (Name=V[0],Tooth_D=V[1],Tooth_W=V[2],Pully_OD=V[3]);

//------------------------------
// Tooth Spacing from Curve Fit
//
function TSCF_(b,c,d) = let(P=T_Count^d) T_Count * c * P / (b + P);

//------------------
// Outside Diameter
//
// Call with
// p = Belt Tooth spacing (Pitch)
// u = Pitch_Line_Offset = "Distance from pitch line to Belt Tooth bottom U"
//
// pd = Pully Diameter = p*n/pi
// od = pd - 2 * u
//
function OD_(p,u) = T_Count*p/PI - 2*u;

//---------------------
// x-Mirror Point Set
//
function MirrorPS(PS) = let(t=(PS[len(PS)-1].x == 0)? 2: 1) concat(PS,[for(i=[len(PS)-t:-1:0]) [-PS[i].x,PS[i].y]]);

//---------------------
// Generate the Pully
//
module Pully(Name, Tooth_D, Tooth_W, Pully_OD) {

   Pully_OD = (T_Ena)? Pully_OD: T_OD+DShaft_D;

   echo (" ");
   echo ("===============");
   echo (str("Belt type = ",Name));
   echo (str("Tooth Count = ",T_Count));
   echo (str("Pully Outside Diameter = ",Pully_OD,"mm"));
   echo ("===============");
   echo (" ");

   Tooth_distance_from_centre = .5 * sqrt( Pully_OD^2 - Tooth_W+Tooth_W_Extra^2 );

   Tooth_Scale = [1+Tooth_W_Extra/Tooth_W, 1+Tooth_D_Extra/Tooth_D];

   Pully_OR = Pully_OD/2;

   difference() {

      Main_Body();

      Drive_Shaft();
      if (Base_Ena) Grubs();
      Top_Detent();
   }

   //---------------------------------------------
   // Generate Captive nut and grub screw holes
   //
   module Grubs() {
      if (Grub_Count > 0)
      if ( Base_H < Grub_nut_flats ) {
         echo ("CAN'T DRAW CAPTIVE NUTS, HEIGHT LESS THAN NUT DIAMETER!!!");
      } else {
         if ( (Base_D - DShaft_D)/2 < Grub_nut_depth + 3 ) {
            echo ("CAN'T DRAW CAPTIVE NUTS, DIAMETER TOO SMALL FOR NUT DEPTH!!!");
         } else {

            translate([0,0,Base_H/2])

            for(j=[0:Grub_Count-1])
               rotate(j*Grub_Angle+Grub_Phase)
               Grub_Cavity();
         }
      }
    }

   module Grub_Cavity() {

      rotate([90,0])

      translate([0,0,(DShaft_D+Grub_nut_depth)/2+Grub_Nut_R]) {

         // Grub Nut Pocket
         translate([0,-Base_H/4-0.5])
         cube([Grub_nut_flats,Base_H/2+1,Grub_nut_depth],center=true);

         // Grub Nut
         translate([0,0.25])
         rotate(90)
         if (Grub_nut_hex) {
            cylinder(d=Grub_nut_points,h=Grub_nut_depth,center=true,$fn=6);
         } else {
            cube([Grub_nut_flats,Grub_nut_flats,Grub_nut_depth],center=true);
         }
      }

      // Grub screw hole
      rotate([90,90,0])
      cylinder(d=Grub_D,h=Base_R+1,$fn=20);

   }

   //------------------
   // Drive Shaft Hole
   //
   module Drive_Shaft() {
      translate([0,0,-1])
      linear_extrude(Base_H + Sprocket_H + Retnr_T_H + Retnr_B_H+2)
      intersection() {
         circle(d=DShaft_D);
         rotate(Grub_Phase)
         translate([0,DShaft_D*DShaft_F])
         square(DShaft_D,center=true);
      }
   }

   module Top_Detent() {
      dz = ( Retnr_B )? Retnr_B_H: 0;
      dzz = ( Retnr_T )? Retnr_T_H: 0;

      translate([0,0,Base_H+Sprocket_H-Upper_Detent_H+dz+dzz])
      cylinder(d=Upper_Detent_D,h=Upper_Detent_H+.01);
   }

   module Main_Body() {
      if (Base_Ena) Base();
      Sprocket();
      Retainers();
   }

   //----------------------------
   // Base
   //
   module Base() {

      rotate_extrude($fn=Base_D*4)
      if (Pully_OR >= (Base_R-1)) {
         polygon([[0,0],[Base_R,0],[Base_R,Base_H],[0,Base_H]]);
      } else {
         polygon([[0,0],[Base_R,0],[Base_R,Base_H-1],[Base_R-1,Base_H],[0,Base_H]]);

          if (Base_CrnrRnd)
             translate([Base_R-1,Base_H-1])
             circle(1);

      }
   }

   //------------------------------------------
   // Generate Belt Retainers Top and Bottom
   //
   module Retainers() {
      dz = ( Retnr_B )? Retnr_B_H: 0;

      if ( Retnr_T ) {
         translate ([0,0, Base_H + Sprocket_H +dz-.01])
         rotate_extrude()
         polygon([[0,0],[Pully_OR,0],
                  [Pully_OR + Retnr_T_H , Retnr_T_H],
                  [0 , Retnr_T_H],[0,0]]);
      }

      if ( Retnr_B ) {
         translate ([0,0, Base_H - Retnr_B_H +dz])
         rotate_extrude()
         polygon([[0,0],[Pully_OR + Retnr_B_H,0],
                  [Pully_OR , Retnr_B_H],[0 , Retnr_B_H],[0,0]]);
      }
   }

   //---------------------------
   // Generate Toothed Cylinder
   //
   module Sprocket() {
      dz = ( Retnr_B )? Retnr_B_H: 0;

      translate([0,0,Base_H+dz-.01])
      difference() {
         rotate (90/T_Count)
         cylinder(d=Pully_OD,h=Sprocket_H, $fn=T_Count*4);

         if (T_Ena)
         translate([0,0,-1])
         linear_extrude(height=Sprocket_H+2,convexity=5)
         for(i=[0:T_Count-1]) {
            rotate(i*(360/T_Count))
            translate([0,-Tooth_distance_from_centre])
            scale(Tooth_Scale)
            polygon(MirrorPS(T_Profiles[T_Prof_Idx]));
         }
      }
   }

}

```


[User]
I'm looking to create a design for a stained-glass project, basically a circular piece composed of triangular glass pieces, which will be soldered together along their edges. I've got a good grasp of the basic structure, but need help coding the OpenSCAD file.

Here are the specifics. I need a function that generates the basic triangular unit. This unit should have a horizontal base, a vertex at the radius, and a third vertex that is displaced vertically by radius * sin(angle). There should also be a thin rectangle attached to the bottom of this triangle, representing the piece of metal (like a zinc came) that will connect to the next piece. I'd like to be able to specify the radius, the angle, and the thickness of this rectangular base. These parameters should also be adjustable.

The final output should be a solid circle with the triangular pieces as described above. The pieces will be rotated around the Z axis, so I think a rotate_extrude is what's needed here.

I'd like the final piece to be configurable using the following parameters: the radius of the circle, the angle between adjacent triangles, and the base thickness. I'd also like to use the MCAD library for the $fn setting. I'd like to have reasonably smooth sides, maybe $fn=6 for the triangles and a higher number for the circle.

[Assistant]
glassmal.scad:
```
//Jig radius
radius = 50; //[10:1:500]
//Jig connecting angle
angle = 10;  //[1:1:70]

module mal(rad=5,angle=10){
    triangle_points =[[0,0],[radius,0],[radius,radius*sin(angle)]];
    triangle_paths =[[0,1,2]];
    union(){
        polygon(triangle_points,triangle_paths,10);
        translate([0,-2.5,0])
            square([radius,2.5],false);
        }}

rotate_extrude(angle = 360, convexity = 2,$fn=6) {mal(rad=radius,angle=angle);}

```


[User]
Okay, I need help designing a neck spacer for a guitar, and I'd like to make it parametric so I can easily adjust the thickness. I've been working with a design, but it needs some major improvements.

Essentially, the spacer needs to be in two main parts. The main body, and then a separate shim. The main body needs to be 80mm long and 16.5mm wide and 0.96mm thick. Then, a secondary piece, also 0.96mm thick, that's 30mm long and 16.5mm wide needs to be attached to the main body, but offset by -18mm on the Y axis. That is, the secondary piece starts at an x position of 0 but on the Y axis is below the main body. Both of these pieces should be made from a single 0.96mm thick piece of material.

I also need a few holes. I need alignment dowel holes in both the main body and the second piece, so they can be aligned with corresponding holes in the neck and guitar body. These should probably be about 3mm in diameter. Also, most of the length of the main body should have a 3/8" diameter center hole for a steel rod. We should make that hole slightly oversized, maybe 10mm for tolerance. I'd like screw holes for mounting the neck that are appropriate for wood screws, probably 3.5mm diameter or so. And finally, I'll need pilot holes for a bottom strap button and bridge. We can use 2.5mm for those.

I want the spacer designed so that it can be printed in parts on an Ender 3, so the parts must be no longer than 180mm in any dimension.

Lastly, I need it to be easy to adjust the thickness of the spacer. I'd like to be able to specify a single thickness parameter that controls the thickness of all parts. The primary body should be 0.96mm thick, but I'd like to be able to add shims of custom thickness on top of this, so we need the primary body and secondary piece to be separate objects from the thickness shims. For example, I should be able to specify a thickness of 1.92mm and the spacer would be 1.92mm thick instead of the current 0.96mm.

I think it would be good to use the `metric` library from BOSL or the BOSL2 library, but I'm open to suggestions. Can you make this happen?

[Assistant]
neck_spacer.scad:
```
thickness=0.96;//[0.12:0.12:2.4]
//Use 0.12 layer height for printing shims

shims(thickness);

module shims(th){
cube([80,16.5,0.96]);
translate([0,-18,0])
cube([30,16.5,0.96]);
}
```


[User]
Hi, I'm looking to design a parametric rubber wheel for a standard 608 bearing (the kind used in rollerblades). I'd like the design to be flexible enough that I could use other bearings, as long as I know their dimensions.

Here's what I'm thinking:

*   **Bearing Dimensions:** The design should accept parameters for the bearing height, outer diameter (OD), and inner diameter (ID), as well as a bevel parameter for the bearing edges. I think it's pretty standard to have these for 608 bearings: 7mm height, 22mm OD, and 8mm ID.
*   **Wheel Dimensions:** The wheel itself should have parameters for the overall outer diameter (OD), the radius of the profile curve, the height of the lip on either side of the wheel, and the width of that lip.
*   **Profile Curve:** I'd like the wheel profile to be a circular arc, but I need to avoid steep overhangs. Can the code calculate the appropriate limits of the arc to make sure the overhang angle is always less than 45 degrees (except, obviously, for the lip which should be relatively short).
*   **Lip:** The lip is just that little bit of extra material that keeps the bearing from falling out, it should be a simple cylinder shape on either side of the bearing.
*   **Bearing Cutout:**  The bearing cutout should fit a standard bearing with the parameters I give it, including the bevel.
*   **Modularity:** I think the bearing cutout should be in a module, and the wheel body in another module.
*   **Resolution:** It should use `$fn` to make smooth circles for rendering.

I'd like the whole thing in a single, parametric OpenSCAD file, please. I don't have any other scad files or libraries that I'm using, so everything needs to be included. Thanks!

[Assistant]
wheel.scad:
```
bearing_height = 7;
bearing_od = 22;
bearing_id = 8; // Not used
bearing_bevel = 0.5;

wheel_od = 25;
wheel_profile_r = 8;
wheel_lip_height = 0.5;
wheel_lip_width = 1;

$fn=128;

// Bearing
module bearing_cutout() {
    translate([0, 0, -wheel_lip_height]) cylinder(wheel_lip_height, bearing_od/2 - wheel_lip_width, bearing_od/2 - wheel_lip_width);
    cylinder(bearing_bevel, bearing_od/2 - bearing_bevel, bearing_od/2);
    translate([0, 0, bearing_bevel]) cylinder(bearing_height - 2*bearing_bevel, bearing_od/2, bearing_od/2);
    translate([0, 0, bearing_height - bearing_bevel]) cylinder(bearing_bevel, bearing_od/2, bearing_od/2 - bearing_bevel);
    translate([0, 0, bearing_height]) cylinder(wheel_lip_height, bearing_od/2 - wheel_lip_width, bearing_od/2 - wheel_lip_width);
}

module wheel_profile(height,wheel_r, r, $fn = $fn/8) {
    if (r*sqrt(2)/2 > height) {
        angles = [-asin(height/r), asin(height/r)];
        points = [[0, -height],
            for(step = [0:$fn])
                [wheel_r - r + r * cos(angles[0] + (angles[1] - angles[0])*step/$fn), r * sin(angles[0] + (angles[1] - angles[0])*step/$fn)], [0, height]
        ];
        polygon(points);
    } else {
        angles = [-45, 45];
        points = [[0, -height], [wheel_r - r + sqrt(2)*r - height, -height],
        for(step = [0:$fn])
                [wheel_r - r + r * cos(angles[0] + (angles[1] - angles[0])*step/$fn), r * sin(angles[0] + (angles[1] - angles[0])*step/$fn)],
        [wheel_r - r + sqrt(2)*r - height, height], [0, height]];
        polygon(points);
    }
}

module wheel() {
    translate([0, 0, bearing_height/2]) {
        rotate_extrude(angle=360, $fn=$fn) wheel_profile(bearing_height/2 + wheel_lip_height, wheel_od/2, wheel_profile_r);
    }
}

difference() {
    wheel();
    bearing_cutout();
}
```


[User]
I'm looking to create a custom guitar knob with a few specific features, and I'd like it to be parametric so I can easily adjust things later. I'm envisioning a knob that has a main body with a tapered shape, and then an insert with text on it. It will also have ribbing for grip.

Specifically, I'd like the knob to have:

*   A cylindrical base that transitions to a cone, and then a second cone for the main body.
*   Number markings from 1 to 11 around the main cone body.
*   Ribs or knurls for grip around the base of the upper cone
*   A recessed top surface.
*   A hole for a potentiometer shaft.
*   Inner support ribs for the shaft.
*   A text insert on the top. This insert should be a separate module so I can easily change the text.

I'd like to be able to control the following parameters:

*   Base cylinder radius and height.
*   First cone radii and height.
*   Second cone radii and height.
*   Text size for the numbers.
*   Rib radius and height.
*   Inset radius and height.
*   Shaft hole radius and height.
*   Inner rib radius and count.
*   Insert text and text size.

The insert should be a separate module that can be easily swapped, so I'm thinking the main knob and the insert could be separate files. I would like to use the "Liberation Sans Bold" font for all text. I'd also like to use an existing library for text placement, or make it work with the vanilla text module if not.

[Assistant]
knob_11_insert.scad:
```
label="TONE";
text_size=2.8;

module insert(txt,sz){
$fn=100;
difference(){
cylinder(r=7.4,h=1.4);
translate([0,0,0.8])
linear_extrude(height=0.7)
text(txt,size=sz,font="Liberation Sans:style=Bold",valign="center",halign="center");
}
}

insert(label,text_size);
```
knob_11.scad:
```
no_parameters=0;

module knob11(){
$fn=80;
ar=atan(2.6/3);
vr=atan(1/9.41);

difference(){
union(){
//base
cylinder(r=12.5,h=1.001);

//base cone
translate([0,0,1])
cylinder(r1=12.5,r2=9.5,h=2.6);

//upper cone
translate([0,0,3.59])
cylinder(r1=9.5,r2=8.5,h=9.41);
}
//text
for(i=[1:11])
rotate([0,0,i*27+18])
translate([0,-10.7,2])
rotate([ar,0,0])
linear_extrude(1)
text(str(i),size=2.4,halign="center",valign="center",font="Liberation Sans:style=Bold");

//ribs
for(k=[0:41])
rotate([0,0,k*(360/42)])
translate([0,9.5,3.59])
rotate([vr,0,0])
cylinder(r=0.5,h=10.5,$fn=4);

//inset
translate([0,0,11.6])
cylinder(r=7.5,h=2.1);

//shaft hole
translate([0,0,-0.1])
cylinder(r=3,h=11.3);

//inner ribs
for(q=[0:17])
rotate([0,0,q*20])
translate([3,0,-0.1])
cylinder(r=0.3,h=11.3);

translate([0,0,-0.1])
cylinder(r1=5.5,r2=3,h=2.5);
}
}

knob11();
```


[User]
Hi, I'm looking to get an OpenSCAD design for a quick release plate for my tripod. I'd like it to be parametric so I can adjust the size if needed, and it should be printable without supports.

Here are the key features I need:

*   **Attachment Square:** There will be a square section that fits into the tripod head. I need to be able to specify the size of this square.
*   **Attachment Height:** The height of this attachment section needs to be adjustable.
*   **Camera Plate Length:** The length of the actual plate where the camera will sit should also be customizable. It will typically be slightly longer than the attachment square.
*   **Angled Sides:** The sides of the attachment section that meet the base plate should be angled, not straight up and down. I need to be able to set this angle in degrees.
*   **1/4" Screw Mount:** The plate needs a hole and counterbore for a standard 1/4"-20 camera mounting screw.

I'd like the whole design to be flat on both sides. I think this will help with printing it without supports.

Could you generate the OpenSCAD code for this? Thanks!

[Assistant]
QR-plate.scad:
```
// parametric Quick Release Plate

//CUSTOMIZER VARIABLES
// Outside size of the plate attachment square
size = 41; // mm

//Height of the plate attachment piece
height = 7; //mm

//Length of the camera plate (typically slightly larger than the size)
plateLength = 50; // mm

//Angle in degrees, typically 30 or 45
angle = 30;

//CUSTOMIZER VARIABLES END

opposite = tan(angle) * height;

echo(opposite);

difference() {
union() {
translate([height+2,-(plateLength - size)/2,0])
cube([6,50,41]);

hull() {
cube([2,size,size]);

translate([height+2,opposite,0])
cube([1,size-2*opposite, size]);
}
}

//1/4" screw hole
translate([-1,size/2, size/2])
rotate([0,90,0])
cylinder(d=7, h=2*height+6, $fn=180);

translate([-0.1,size/2, size/2])
rotate([0,90,0])
cylinder(h=height,d=17, $fn=180);
} // end difference
```


[User]
I'd like to create a customizable 3D model of a QR code that I can print. I have some basic OpenSCAD code that I've used before, but I want to make it more flexible and robust.

Essentially, I'd like to generate a raised QR code from a PNG image. The base code I was using takes a PNG file name, a `dim` parameter to scale the X and Y dimensions, and a `high` parameter for the height. It then uses the `surface` module to generate a 3D model. However, I'd like to add some additional features:

1.  **Border:** I want to be able to add a border around the QR code. This border should have a configurable height (`hborder`) and thickness (`thinner`). Additionally, I'd like a separate, thinner border on the bottom as well using a `thinbottom` parameter.
2.  **Parameterization:** I need the code to be fully parametric, so I can easily adjust the size, height, border, and use different PNG images for different QR codes.
3.  **Image Size:** I'd like the design to take the pixel dimensions of the input PNG into account and size accordingly so I don't have to guess or do calculations myself. This can be a parameter that the user sets, along with the overall scale for `dim`.
4.  **Input:** The design should take a PNG file name as input.

I think the `surface()` function from OpenSCAD is the core of this, along with some simple `cube()` and `difference()` operations to create the border. I'm not using any external libraries.

Could you generate the necessary OpenSCAD code to do this? Thanks!

[Assistant]
makeqrcode.scad:
```

dim=0.5;
high=0.1;
namepng="thingi.png.stl";
     scale([dim,dim,high])

            surface(namepng, center = true,invert=true);

```
makeqrcode_upgrade.scad:
```

dim=0.48;
high=0.05;
pixelpng=155; //insert a X dimension of png image
hborder=6; // high of border (0 nothing)
thinner=3; // thin of border (0 min value)
thinbottom=1.5;// thin of bottom
namepng="nic.png";
     scale([dim,dim,high])

           surface(namepng, center = true, invert=true);

module cont(x,y,z){
    translate([0,0,-(hborder/2)])
    cube([x,y,thinbottom],center=true); //
    difference(){
    cube([x,y,z],center=true);
    cube([x-thinner,y-thinner,z+1],center=true);}
}

cont(pixelpng*(dim+0.02),pixelpng*(dim+0.02),hborder);

```


[User]
Hi, I'd like a parametric OpenSCAD design for a ring, kind of like a wedding band. I have some specific parameters in mind, and I'd like to be able to adjust them easily.

First, the ring needs to be sized according to US ring sizes, and I need to be able to specify the US ring size as a parameter. I'm thinking I should be able to choose a size from 2 to 16 in increments of 0.25.

Second, I need a parameter for the width of the ring band in millimeters, from 3.00 to 9.00 in increments of 0.12 mm.

Third, and this is a bit more unusual, I want a parameter called "fractal effluviance" that controls a kind of surface detail. I'd like to be able to set this from 0.37 to 0.42 in increments of 0.01. For now, you can think of it as a ratio of neoactonic reluctance. The general guidelines for this, if it helps you figure out the design, are: use 0.42 if I am a dog owner (which I am!), 0.41 if I want to own a dog, but don't currently, 0.40 if I like dogs, but choose not to own one, 0.39 if I have ever been convicted of murder, 0.38 if I am a politician, and 0.37 if I don't like dogs (which I do!).

I need a single scad file that includes all the parametric values I described above: the US ring size, the width of the band, and the fractal effluviance value. The default values should be 11.00 for the US ring size, 6.00 for the width, and 0.42 for the fractal effluviance.

[Assistant]
wedding_ring_3.scad:
```
us_ring_size=11.00;//[2:0.25:16]
width_mm=6.00;//[3.00:0.12:9.00]
fractal_effluviance=0.42;//[0.37:0.01:0.42]

module ring(size,width){
$fn=120;

width2=width+0.20;
mmr=((size*.8128+11.635)/2)+0.75;
echo((mmr-0.75)*2);
difference(){
translate([0,0,width/2])
rotate_extrude()
translate([mmr,0])
union(){
translate([0,-width/2])
square([1.25,width]);

scale([0.75/width2*2,1])
circle(r=width2/2);
}
translate([0,0,-1])
cylinder(r=mmr+2,h=1);
translate([0,0,width])
cylinder(r=mmr+2,h=1);

ak=360/42;

for(i=[0:41])
translate([0,0,width/2])
rotate([0,0,ak*i])
linear_extrude(height=width/2,twist=-ak)
translate([mmr+1.25,0])
circle(r=0.4,$fn=4);

for(i=[0:41])
rotate([0,0,ak*i])
linear_extrude(height=width/2+0.001,twist=ak)
translate([mmr+1.25,0])
circle(r=0.4,$fn=4);

for(p=[0,width])
translate([0,0,p])
rotate_extrude()
translate([mmr+1.25,0])
circle(r=1,$fn=4);
}
}
ring(us_ring_size,width_mm);
```


[User]
I'm looking to design a rugged box with customizable dimensions and a few key features, and I'd like it to be parametric in OpenSCAD. I want to be able to control the outside length, width, and height of the box, as well as the thickness of the shell, the thickness of the ribs, and the fillet radius at the corners. It needs to have interlocking top and bottom pieces.

Specifically, I need these features:

*   **Parametric Dimensions:** The outside length, width, and height should be fully customizable through parameters.
*   **Shell Thickness:** The wall thickness of the box should be adjustable.
*   **Rib Thickness:**  The thickness of the internal ribs (which should also be customizable) should provide strength. The ribs should run along the inside edges, parallel to the sides of the box.
*  **Fillet Radius:** The corner radius of the box should be adjustable, both on the main body and on the rabbets.
*   **Interlocking Top and Bottom:** The box should have a top and bottom part that fit together using a rabbet joint. The split between top and bottom should be adjustable by a percentage.
*   **Clearance:** The fit between the top and bottom parts should include a small, configurable clearance value.
*   **Hinges:** I need a hinge design on one side of the box; the hinge should use cylindrical extrusions and matching cutouts, with the same clearance as the rabbet joint.
*   **Snap Closure:** I also need a snap closure mechanism on the opposite side of the box from the hinges, including angled surfaces to make the snap work.
*   **Fill Height:** I should be able to specify an optional fill height for the bottom section, which would be useful when creating cutouts inside the box.

I think I'd also like to be able to show or hide the top or bottom independently, and optionally combine the top and bottom in a single rendered output. It would be great if the hinge and snap geometry were created in modules.

I'd like the code to be well-commented to explain how it works. I think that the only libraries needed would be for convenience; please don't rely on any external libraries. I’m looking for a complete OpenSCAD solution, not just parts of one. Could you generate a set of OpenSCAD files that accomplish this?

[Assistant]
parametrizable-rugged-box-v2.scad:
```
/* LICENSE

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode

Author: Christof Dornbierer, christof.dornbierer@gmail.com
Date: 02/19/2021
License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Tips: https://paypal.me/dornies    :-)
*/

/*
Exposed more parameters to Customizer
Date: 04/21/2023
Frank S.
*/

/* USAGE
ruggedBox(....);

Parameters
    length              --> outside length of box without ribs
    width               --> outside width of box without ribs
    height              --> outside height of box
    fillet              --> fillet radius (default:4)
    shell               --> shell thickness (default: 3)
    rib                 --> rib thickness (default: 10)
    top=false           --> render top or bottom part of box
    clearance=0.3       --> clearance for joints (default: 0.3)
    fillHeight=0        --> fill box up to that height e.g. to allow cut outs (default: 0)

*/

/* [Parameters] */

//outside length without ribs (inside length = outside length - 2 * shell thickness)
outSideLength=55;

//outside width without ribs (inside width = outside width - 2 * shell thickness)
outSideWidth=55;

//outside height (inside height = outside height - 2 * shell thickness)
outSideHeight=50;

// Fill bottom part e.g. to support cut outs
fillHeight=0;

//shell thickness
shellThickness=3; // [3:9]

//rib thickness
ribThickness=10; // [6:20]

//fillet radius
filletRadius=4; // [4:20]

// Splitfactor Top and Bottom
splitFactorPercent=70; // [20:80]

//show box in viewing area
showBox=1; // [0:false, 1:true]

// show top part of box
showBoxTop=1; // [0:false, 1:true]

// show bottom part of box
showBoxBottom=1; // [0:false, 1:true]

//show box combined
showBoxCombined=0; // [0:false, 1:true]

module __Customizer_Limit__ () {}  // This actually works
$fn=64;

//calculated heights top split box
heiBottom=(splitFactorPercent/100)*outSideHeight;
heiTop=outSideHeight-heiBottom;

//EXAMPLE
if(showBox){
    if (showBoxBottom) {
         //bottom
        color([0.5,0.5,1])
        translate([0,outSideWidth+4*shellThickness,0])
        ruggedBox(length=outSideLength, width=outSideWidth, height=heiBottom, fillet=filletRadius, shell=shellThickness, rib=ribThickness, top=false, fillHeight=fillHeight);
    }
    if (showBoxTop) {
        //top
        color([1,1,1])
        translate([0,2*outSideWidth+8*shellThickness,0])
        ruggedBox(length=outSideLength, width=outSideWidth, height=heiTop, fillet=filletRadius, shell=shellThickness, rib=ribThickness, top=true);
    }

}

if(showBoxCombined){
        //bottom
        color([0.5,0.5,1])
        ruggedBox(length=outSideLength, width=outSideWidth, height=heiBottom, fillet=filletRadius, shell=shellThickness, rib=ribThickness, top=false, fillHeight=fillHeight);

        //top
        color([1,1,1])
        translate([-outSideLength/2-heiTop-shellThickness,0,outSideHeight+outSideLength/2-heiTop+shellThickness])
        rotate([0,270,180])
        ruggedBox(length=outSideLength, width=outSideWidth, height=heiTop, fillet=filletRadius, shell=shellThickness, rib=ribThickness, top=true);
}

//main module
module ruggedBox(length, width, height, fillet=4, shell=3, rib=10, top=false, clearance=0.3, fillHeight=0){
    union(){
        difference(){
            union(){
                translate([-length/2+fillet+shell, -width/2+fillet+shell,0])
                union(){
                    //lower part
                    minkowski()
                    {
                      cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,height-shell]);
                      cylinder(r1=fillet, r2=fillet+shell,h=shell);
                    }

                    //upper part
                    translate([0,0,height-2*shell])
                    minkowski()
                    {
                      cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,shell]);
                      cylinder(r1=fillet+shell, r2=fillet+2*shell,h=shell);
                    }

                }
                //ribs
                oneRibY(length, width, height, fillet, shell, rib);
                mirror([1,0,0])oneRibY(length, width, height, fillet, shell, rib);
                oneRibX(length, width, height, fillet, shell, rib);
                mirror([0,1,0])oneRibX(length, width, height, fillet, shell, rib);

                //top rabbet
                if(top==true)topRabbet(length, width, height, fillet, shell);
            }

            //inside cut out
            translate([-length/2+fillet+shell, -width/2+fillet+shell,shell+fillHeight])
            minkowski()
            {
              cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,height-2*shell+0.1]);
              cylinder(r=fillet, h=shell);
            }

            //buttom rabbet cutout
            if(top==false)bottomRabbet(length, width, height, fillet, shell);

            //bottom hinge cutout
            if(top==false){
                translate([-length/2-shell,0,height])
                rotate([90,90,0])
                cylinder(d=2*shell+2*clearance, h=width-2*fillet+rib-8*shell+2*clearance, center=true);

            }

            //top hinge cutout
            if(top==true){
                translate([-length/2-shell,0,height])
                rotate([90,90,0])
                cylinder(d=2*shell+2*clearance, h=width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell+2*clearance, center=true);
                translate([-length/2-shell,0,height])
                rotate([90,90,0])
                cylinder(d=shell+2*clearance, h=width-2*fillet-6*shell, center=true);
            }

        }

        //bottom hinge
        if(top==false){
            translate([-length/2-shell,0,height])
            rotate([90,90,0])
            cylinder(d=2*shell, h=width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell, center=true);

            translate([-length/2-shell,-(width-2*fillet-rib-8.2*shell)/2,height])
            sphere(d=shell);

            translate([-length/2-shell,(width-2*fillet-rib-8.2*shell)/2,height])
            sphere(d=shell);

            difference(){
                union(){
                    translate([-length/2-shell-0.1*shell,0,height-2.5*shell])
                    cube([1.8*shell,width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell,5*shell], center=true);

                    translate([-length/2-shell,0,height-3*shell])
                    cube([2*shell,width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell,4*shell], center=true);
                }

                translate([-length/2-shell,0,height-5*shell])
                rotate([0,-45,0])
                cube([2*shell,width,10*shell], center=true);
            }
        }

        //top hinge
        if(top==true){
            topHingeSide(length, width, height, fillet, shell, clearance, rib);
            mirror([0,1,0])topHingeSide(length, width, height, fillet, shell, clearance, rib);
        }

        //top snap lid
        if(top==true){
            difference(){
                union(){
                    translate([length/2+1.5*shell,0,height])
                    cube([shell,width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell-clearance,6*shell], center=true);

                    translate([length/2+0.5*shell,0,height-2*shell])
                    cube([shell,width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell,4*shell], center=true);

                    translate([length/2+1.1*shell,0,height+1.5*shell+2*clearance])
                    rotate([90,90,0])
                    cylinder(d=shell, h=width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell-clearance, center=true);
                }

                translate([length/2+shell,0,height-4*shell])
                rotate([0,45,0])
                cube([2*shell,width,10*shell], center=true);

                translate([length/2+shell,(width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell)/2,height+4*shell])
                rotate([45,0,0])
                cube([10*shell,3*shell,10*shell], center=true);

                translate([length/2+shell,-(width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell)/2,height+4*shell])
                rotate([-45,0,0])
                cube([10*shell,3*shell,10*shell], center=true);

                translate([length/2+shell,0,height+4.8*shell])
                rotate([0,45,0])
                cube([3*shell,width,10*shell], center=true);
            }

        }
    }
}

//helper module for top hinge
module topHingeSide(length, width, height, fillet, shell, clearance,rib){
        difference(){
            union(){
                translate([-length/2-shell,(width/2-fillet-4*shell+0.5*clearance),height])
                rotate([90,90,0])
                cylinder(d=2*shell, h=rib-clearance, center=true);

                translate([-length/2-shell,(width/2-fillet-4*shell+0.5*clearance),height-2*shell])
                cube([2*shell,rib-clearance,4*shell], center=true);

            }

            translate([-length/2-shell,(width-2*fillet-rib-8*shell)/2,height])
            sphere(d=shell);

            translate([-length/2-shell,(width-2*fillet-rib-8.3*shell+clearance)/2,height])
            rotate([0,-90,0])cylinder(h=shell+0.1, d=shell);

            translate([-length/2-shell,0,height-4*shell])
            rotate([0,-45,0])
            cube([2*shell,width,10*shell], center=true);
        }

}

//helper module for bottom rabbet
module bottomRabbet(length, width, height, fillet, shell){
    translate([-length/2+fillet+shell, -width/2+fillet+shell,height-shell/8*7])
    difference(){
        minkowski()
        {
            cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,shell/3*2]);
            cylinder(r1=fillet+1.1*shell, r2=fillet+1.5*shell, h=shell/3);
        }
        minkowski()
        {
            cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,0.001]);
            cylinder(r1=fillet+0.9*shell,r2=fillet+0.5*shell, h=shell/3);
        }
        minkowski()
        {
            cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,shell/2+0.001]);
            cylinder(r=fillet+0.5*shell, h=shell/2);
        }
    }
}

//helper module for top rabbet
module topRabbet(length, width, height, fillet, shell){
    translate([-length/2+fillet+shell, -width/2+fillet+shell,height])
    difference(){
        minkowski()
        {
            cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,0.001]);
            cylinder(r1=fillet+1.5*shell,r2=fillet+1.1*shell, h=shell/2);
        }
        minkowski()
        {
            translate([0,0,-0.001])cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,0.105]);
            cylinder(r1=fillet+0.5*shell,r2=fillet+0.9*shell, h=shell/2);
        }
    }
}

//helper module for ribs
module oneRibY(length, width, height, fillet, shell, rib){
    intersection(){
        translate([-length/2+fillet+shell, -width/2+fillet+shell,0])
        minkowski()
        {
          cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,height-shell]);
          cylinder(r1=fillet+shell, r2=fillet+2*shell,h=shell);
        }

        translate([length/2-fillet-4*shell,0,1])
        cube([rib, 2*width, 2*height], center=true);
    }
}

//helper module for ribs
module oneRibX(length, width, height, fillet, shell, rib){
    intersection(){
        translate([-length/2+fillet+shell, -width/2+fillet+shell,0])
        minkowski()
        {
          cube([length-2*fillet-2*shell,width-2*fillet-2*shell,height-shell]);
          cylinder(r1=fillet+shell, r2=fillet+2*shell,h=shell);
        }

        translate([0,width/2-fillet-4*shell,1])
        cube([2*length, rib, 2*height], center=true);
    }
}

```


[User]
Hey, I'm looking for some help designing a customizable set of JST connector pliers. I've seen a lot of designs out there, but I want something that addresses some common issues I've found. I'd like the design to be fully parametric, using OpenSCAD, so that I can adjust the dimensions to fit different JST connectors and personal preferences.

Here's a breakdown of what I need:

**Overall Design:**

*   The pliers should consist of two main halves: a male and a female side.
*   They should snap together using an integrated clip, requiring no additional fasteners.
*   The design should include an axle for the two halves to pivot on.
*   There should be a leaf spring mechanism to automatically open the pliers.
*   An optional eyelet should be available for hanging the pliers.
*   Optional finger bumps should be included on the handles for better grip when pulling.
*   The pliers should be able to be configured to have the teeth of the jaws parallel when they are opened to the thickness of a JST plug.

**Jaws:**

*   The jaws should be shorter than many other designs to maximize leverage.
*   The jaw hooks should be able to hold a JST connector plug. The width of this hook, and how deeply the jaw should be cut to make the hook should be adjustable.
*   The jaws should have a bevel to allow for smooth operation.
*   There should be a cutout in the jaws to form the hook.
*   The jaw body should have a rounded edge where it transitions into the hub and handle.

**Hub:**

*   The hub (pivot) area should have a large contact area for strength.
*   The hub should have an axle hole to accommodate the axle for the male and female side.
*   The hubs should overlap when assembled, and should have a beveled interface.

**Handles:**

*   The handles should be long enough to comfortably fit in an adult hand, and customizable in length.
*   The handles should taper from the hub to the end, saving material.
*   The handle cross-section should be rounded on the outside for a comfortable grip. The inside of the handle can remain flat, or be given a slight bevel at the edges.
*   The handles should also have a curve, or 'serpentine' section near the hub to put them closer together for easier handling.
*   The handles should have an optional finger bump for added grip.
*   The angle of the handles at the pivot joint relative to the axis of the jaw should be adjustable.

**Springs:**

*   The springs should be leaf springs integrated into the body of the pliers.
*   The spring length, thickness, width at the base, and taper at the tip should all be customizable.
*   The spring should be placed such that the force is applied to open the pliers when assembled.
*   The spring should have a rounded interface with the handle.

**Clip:**

*   The clip should be a simple snap-fit design that holds the two halves together.
*   The clip should be inserted into a slot in the axle part of the male side.
*  The clip width, height and thickness should be adjustable.
*  The clip locking nubs should also have customizable dimensions.

**Eyelet:**

*   If included, the eyelet should be located at the end of one of the handles.
*   The eyelet should have a hole for hanging the pliers on a hook.
*   The dimensions of the eyelet (thickness, hole diameter) should be customizable.
*   The eyelet should be able to be added or omitted.

**Parameters:**

I'd like to be able to adjust the following parameters:

*   `thickness`: Overall thickness of assembled pliers.
*   `jawlen`: Length of the jaw from the pivot point.
*   `jawhookwid`: Width of the jaw hook for grabbing a connector.
*   `jawcutdepth`: Depth of cut to create the jaw hook.
*   `rhub`: Radius of the hub.
*   `handle_len`: Length of the handle arm from the pivot.
*   `handle_shift`: How much the handle end diverges from the centerline.
*  `include_eyelet`: Boolean to include or exclude the eyelet.
*   `include_bump`: Boolean to include or exclude the finger bumps.
*   `levelteeth`: Boolean to make teeth parallel when pliers are opened.
*   `jawbevel`: Millimeters of bevel on the jaw.
*   `jbstep`: Step size for the jaw bezier curves.
*   `hbstep`: Step size for the handle bezier curves.
*   `overhang`: Minimum overhang angle for the handle cross-section.
*   `rclearance`: Radial clearance between the axle and bearing.
*   `cutrad`: Radius of the cut at the base of the jaw hook.
*   `eyethick`: Thickness of the eyelet.
*   `eyeholedia`: Diameter of the eyelet hole.
*  `plugthk`: Nominal thickness of the JST plug to grab.
*   `springlen`: Length of the leaf springs.
*   `springtip`: Width of the leaf spring at the tip.
*   `bumppos`: Position of the finger bump as a fraction of handle length.
*   `bumplen`: Length of the finger bump as a fraction of handle length.
*   `bumpheight`: Amplitude of finger bump in mm.
*   `clipht`: The height of the clip.
*   `clipwid`: The width of the clip.
*  `clipbase`: The size of the base of a leg of the clip.

**Display Modes:**

I would like to have a variable called `show` with the following options:

*   `print`: Display the parts ready for 3D printing (male and female side next to each other, and the clip located off to one side).
*   `assembly`: Display the assembled pliers, with the jaws open to the width of a JST plug.
*   `exploded`: Display the parts separated from each other as if the pliers had been disassembled.
*   `male`: Display the male side only.
*   `female`: Display the female side only.
*   `clip`: Display the clip only.

I am not planning on using any external libraries for this project, so the code should be self-contained.

Could you help me create this?

[Assistant]
jstpliers.scad:
```
/*
Over-engineered JST pliers
by Alex Matulich
April 2023
May 2023 - adjusted clip thickness to prevent breaking when printed with PLA (but this should be printed in PETG if possible)

On Printables: https://www.printables.com/model/459462
On Thingiverse: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:5983879

There are many variations of pliers designed to pull JST connector plugs out of their sockets, but they all seemed to be missing something. I decided to design some JST pliers that addressed all the deficiencies I found in various designs.

Features that most other designs don't have:
* Jaws are shorter to provide greater leverage with lesser handle force.
* Jaw teeth are parallel when pliers are open to the width of a JST plug.
* Snaps together, and stays together, with no extra fasteners or tools.
* Large contact area between handles and hub (3X other designs) for maximum strength at a high stress point.
* Springs to ease opening the pliers.
* Handle cross section is rounded on the outside for comfortable grip, without grasping flat beveled surfaces.
* Handles are tapered where forces are lesser, to save material.
* Handles are longer, enough to fit adult hands.
* Handles are closer together for easier handling.
* Finger bump on handles for better pulling.
* Eyelet for hanging the tool on a hook or peg board.
*/

// ---------- customizable parameters ----------

// What to display
show = "print";  // [print,assembly,exploded,male,female,clip]

// overall thickness of assembled pliers
thickness = 12;

// length of jaw from pivot
jawlen = 30;

// width of jaw hook
jawhookwid = 3;

// depth to cut jaw to make hook
jawcutdepth = 3.5;

// radius of hub
rhub = 12;

// length of handle arm from pivot
handle_len = 90;

// how much handle end should diverge from centerline
handle_shift = 16;

// include eyelet for hanging the tool
include_eyelet = true;

// include finger bump for pulling
include_bump = true;

// make teeth parallel when pliers open 5 mm
levelteeth = true;

// ---------- advanced parameters ----------

module dummy();     // force customizer to stop here

jawbevel = 1;       // millimeters of bevel on jaw
jbstep = 1/40;      // step size (fraction of 1) in jaw bezier curves
hbstep = 1/100;     // step size (fraction of 1) in handle bezier curves
overhang = 40;      // minimum overhang from horizontal for handle cross section
rclearance = 0.14;  // radial clearance between axle and bearing
cutrad = 1.5;       // radius of cut at base of jaw hook
eyethick = 4;       // thickness of eyelet
eyeholedia = 8;     // diameter of eyelet hole

plugthk = 5.1;      // nominal thickness of JST plug to grab (dimensions found online)

springlen = 30;     // length of leaf springs
springtip = 1.7;    // width of leaf spring at tip (before taper)

bumppos = 0.33;     // position of finger bump (fraction of distance between pivot and end of serpentine part of handle)
bumplen = 0.16;     // length of finger bump (same kind of fraction)
bumpheight = 5;     // amplitude of finger bump in mm

// ---------- initializations ----------

handle_base = rhub;             // width of handle at hub
handle_end = 0.75* handle_base; // width of handle at end

hookrad = jawlen-jawhookwid;    // radius from pivot to inner side of hook
cutoutlen = hookrad-rhub;       // length from hub to inner side of hook
cutlen = cutoutlen-cutrad;      // length of cut bezier curve

serpentlen = handle_len - 0.25*thickness;   // length of serpentine part of handle
openang = asin(0.5*plugthk/hookrad);        // angle by which 1/2 of pliers open to grab plug
yshear = tan(openang);                      // shear to make teeth parallel when opened by plug width

raxle = 0.6*rhub;           // radius of axle

clipht = raxle/2;           // extruded height of clip
clipwid = raxle;            // width of clip
cliphalfwid = clipwid/2;    // half width of clip
clipbase = cliphalfwid-0.7;   // size of base of one leg of the clip

hbzpath = let(dx=1) [     // bezier control points for handle
    [ -0.5*handle_base-dx, 0], [-0.1*handle_shift-dx, 0.2*serpentlen],
    [-1.4*handle_shift-dx, 0.5*serpentlen], [-handle_shift-dx, serpentlen]
];

// ---------- render ----------

if (show == "male") {
    maleside();
}
else if (show == "female") {
    femaleside();
}
else if (show == "clip") {
    clip();
}
else if (show == "assembly") {
    ang = openang;
    rotate([0,0,ang]) {
        maleside();
        translate([0,0,thickness]) rotate([-90,0,90]) clip();
    }
    rotate([0,0,-ang]) translate([0,0,thickness]) rotate([0,180,0]) femaleside();
    if (ang==openang) color("white") translate([0,-hookrad,0]) cylinder(thickness,d=plugthk, $fn=32);
}
else if (show == "exploded") {
    ang = 11;
    rotate([0,0,ang]) {
        maleside();
        translate([0,0,5*thickness]) rotate([-90,0,90]) clip();
    }
    rotate([0,0,-ang]) translate([0,0,3*thickness]) rotate([0,180,0]) femaleside();
    color("red") translate([0,0,-thickness]) cylinder(7*thickness, d=0.5, $fn=8);
}
else if (show == "print") {
    translate([-handle_shift,0,0]) maleside();
    translate([handle_shift,0,0]) femaleside();
    translate([-handle_shift-1.5*rhub,-hookrad,clipht/2]) clip();
}

// ---------- 2D modules ----------

// shape of jaw body before cutout
module jawbodypolygon() {
    jawbodyprofile = [
        [0,0],
        for(t=[0:jbstep:1.001])
            bezier_point2d(t, [[rhub-jawbevel,0], [1.2*rhub-jawbevel,-jawlen/3], [1.2*rhub-jawbevel,-2*jawlen/3], [2.6*jawcutdepth-jawbevel,-jawlen]]),
        [0,-jawlen], [0,-rhub], [-rhub/2, -rhub*0.42]
    ];
    offset(r=1, $fn=32) offset(r=-1) polygon(points=jawbodyprofile);
}

// claw cutout shape in jaw body
module jawcutpolygon() {
    jawcutprofile = [
        for (t=[0:jbstep:0.999])
            bezier_point2d(t, [[0,-rhub], [jawcutdepth,-rhub-cutlen/4], [jawcutdepth,-rhub-2*cutlen/3], [jawcutdepth,-rhub-cutlen]]),
        for(a=[0:-10:-90.01]) [ jawcutdepth+cutrad*(cos(a)-1), -rhub-cutlen+cutrad*(sin(a)) ],
        [-jawcutdepth,-jawlen+jawhookwid], [-jawcutdepth,-rhub]
    ];
    polygon(points=jawcutprofile);
}

// ---------- 3D modules ----------

// female half of pliers
module femaleside(add_eyelet=include_eyelet) {
    hr = raxle+rclearance;
    difference() {
        handle_blank(add_eyelet);
        translate([0,0,-1]) {
            cylinder(thickness+2, r=hr, $fn=96);    // bearing hole
            cylinder(2, r=hr+1, $fn=96);            // washer hole
        }
        // washer hole bevel
        translate([0,0,1]) cylinder(2, r1=hr+1, r2=hr-1, $fn=96);
        // axle bearing bevel
        translate([0,0,thickness/2-1.5]) cylinder(2, r1=hr-1, r2=hr+1, $fn=96);
    }
}

// male half of pliers
module maleside(add_eyelet=false) {
    difference() {
        union() {
            handle_blank(add_eyelet);
            translate([0,0,thickness/2]) axle();
        }
        // clip hole
        cube([clipht+2*rclearance, clipwid+2*rclearance, 3*thickness], center=true);
        // clip catch hole
        translate([0,0,1+clipbase/2-3+0.3]) cube([clipht+2*rclearance, 2*(clipwid+rclearance)-clipbase, 6], center=true);
    }
}

// blank handle before male/female modifications
module handle_blank(add_eyelet=true) {
    difference() {
        union() {
            if (levelteeth) shearjaw(); else jaw();
            handle_arm();
            spring();
            if (add_eyelet) eyelet();
            // beveled hub
            cylinder(jawbevel, r1=rhub-jawbevel, r2=rhub, $fn=96);
            translate([0,0,jawbevel]) cylinder(thickness/2+1-jawbevel, r=rhub, $fn=96);
        }
        // beveled gap for opposite handle
        translate([0,0,thickness/2]) cylinder(thickness/2+2, r=rhub+0.5, $fn=96);
        translate([0,0,thickness-jawbevel]) cylinder(2*jawbevel, r1=rhub, r2=rhub+2*jawbevel, $fn=96);
        // dull sharp outer edge of jaw
        rotate([0,0,-24]) rotate_extrude(angle=15, convexity=4, $fn=96) translate([rhub+0.01,0,-1]) square([5,thickness+2]);
        // shave off angled sharp edge at base of handle (I couldn't figure out how to do this parametrically)
        hull() {
            rotate([0,0,2]) translate([-5-rhub, 0, 0.66*thickness]) cube([6,0.1,thickness]);
            rotate([0,0,-45]) translate([-5-rhub, 0, thickness+0.1]) cube([6,0.1,thickness]);
        }
    }
}

// axle for male side
module axle() {
    slotwid = clipht+2*rclearance;
    difference() {
        translate([0,0,-0.5]) union() {
            cylinder(2, r1=raxle+1, r2=raxle-1, $fn=96);
            cylinder(thickness/2+0.5, r=raxle, $fn=96);
        }
        // clip slot
        translate([0,0,4+thickness/2-2]) cube([slotwid, 1.99*rhub, 8], center=true);
        // bevel hole to make clip insertion easier
        translate([0,0,thickness/2-1]) rotate([0,90,0])
            translate([0,0,-slotwid/2]) linear_extrude(slotwid) rotate([0,0,45]) square(slotwid+4, center=true);
    }
}

// clip (without locking nubs) for male axle
module clip() {
    hw = clipwid/2;
    thickness_adj = 0.25;   // make it thinner for PLA prints
    union() {
        rotate([-90,0,0]) intersection() {
            union() {
                cylinder(1, r=raxle+1, $fn=96);
                translate([0,0,1]) cylinder(1, r1=raxle+1, r2=raxle, $fn=96);
            }
            cube([2*rhub, clipht, 10], center=true);
        }
        translate([0,0,-clipht/2]) {
            linear_extrude(clipht, convexity=6) polygon(points=[
                // outside of left tine
                [-hw,0], [-hw,thickness],
                // top of left tine
                [-hw+clipbase/4,thickness], [-hw+clipbase/2-thickness_adj/2,thickness-clipbase/4],
                // middle V
                [-hw+clipbase-thickness_adj,3], [hw-clipbase+thickness_adj,3],
                // top of tine
                [hw-clipbase/2+thickness_adj/2,thickness-clipbase/4], [hw-clipbase/4,thickness],
                // outside of right tine
                [hw,thickness], [hw,0] ]);
            cliplock();
            mirror([1,0,0]) cliplock();
        }
    }
}

// clip locking nubs for clip
module cliplock() {
    hw = clipwid/2;
    linear_extrude(clipht) polygon(points=[
        [-hw+0.1, thickness-1-clipbase/2],
        [-hw-clipbase/2, thickness-1-clipbase/2],
        [-hw-clipbase/2, thickness-clipbase/2],
        [-hw,thickness], [-hw+0.1,thickness]
    ]);
}

// spring for each handle
module spring() {
    bev = 0.5;                          // edge bevel amount
    scy = handle_len/serpentlen;        // length normalization factor
    posy = scy*(1.9*rhub+springlen);    // y position of spring base
    t = posy/handle_len;                // position of base as fraction of handle length
    w = t*(handle_end-handle_base)+handle_base; // width of handle at base
    xz = bezier_point2d(t, hbzpath);    // coordinate location of base (center of handle width)
    xz1 = bezier_point2d(t+0.01, hbzpath);  // another nearby point on base to calculate slope
    armang = atan((xz1[1]-xz[1]) / (xz1[0]-xz[0])); // angle of handle at base
    base = [ xz[0] + w/2, xz[1], 0 ];   // location of spring base on side of handle
    // leaf spring
    translate(base) union() {
        hull() {
            rotate([0,0,-60]) {
                // spring main length
                springxc(2*springtip, bev);
                // tip of spring shrinks in width over 3 mm
                translate([springlen-3,0,0]) springxc(springtip,bev);
                translate([springlen-2,0.05*springtip,0]) springxc(0.9*springtip,bev);
                translate([springlen-1,0.15*springtip,0]) springxc(0.7*springtip,bev);
                translate([springlen-0.1,0.35*springtip,1]) cube([0.1,0.3*springtip,thickness-2]);
            }
        }
        // base of spring
        hull() {
            r = 2*springtip;
            // beveled cylinder
            rotate_extrude(angle=360, $fn=32) polygon(points=[[0,0], [0,thickness], [r-bev,thickness], [r, thickness-bev], [r,bev], [r-bev,0]]);
            // beveled connector
            rotate([0,0,armang]) translate([-7*springtip,-w/2,0]) rotate([0,0,-90]) springxc(10*springtip,bev);
        }
    }
}

// leaf spring cross section
module springxc(width, bev=0.5) {
    w = 0.5*width;
    t = thickness;
    translate([0.1,0,0]) rotate([0,-90,0])
        linear_extrude(0.1) polygon(points=[
            [0,bev], [0,width-bev], [bev,width], [thickness-bev,width],
            [thickness,width-bev], [thickness,bev], [thickness-bev,0], [bev,0]
        ]);
        //translate([bev, bev]) offset(delta=bev, chamfer=true) square([thickness-2*bev, width-2*bev]);
}

// eyelet
module eyelet() {
    inr = 0.5*eyethick*cos(22.5);
    tdisp = 0.5*(eyeholedia+eyethick);
    halfseg = 0.5*eyethick*sin(22.5);
    holedisp = tdisp-inr-0.01;
    translate([-handle_shift/2,serpentlen-0.5*eyeholedia-eyethick,inr]) difference() {
        hull() {
            rotate([0,0,-90]) rotate_extrude(angle=180, convexity=4, $fn=32) translate([tdisp,0,0]) rotate([0,0,22.5]) circle(d=eyethick, $fn=8);
            translate([-tdisp,0,0]) rotate([0,-90,0]) {
                translate([0, tdisp, 0]) rotate([0,0,22.5]) cylinder(2*inr, d=eyethick, $fn=8);
                translate([0, -tdisp, 0]) rotate([0,0,22.5]) cylinder(2*inr, d=eyethick, $fn=8);
            }
        }
        rotate_extrude(angle=360, convexity=4, $fn=32) polygon(points=[[0,holedisp], [holedisp+eyethick,halfseg+eyethick], [holedisp,halfseg], [holedisp,-halfseg], [holedisp+eyethick,-halfseg-eyethick], [0,-halfseg-eyethick]]);
    }
}

// plier jaw, sheared so that jaw teeth are parellel when opened 5 mm apart
module shearjaw() {
    m = [ [1, 0, 0, 0], [-yshear, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0] ];
    multmatrix(m) jaw();
}

// plier jaw, with cutout and bevels
module jaw() {
    difference() {
        union() {   // make chamfered jaw body
            // scale factors for chamfering
            jbx = (1.2*rhub-2*jawbevel)/(1.2*rhub); // jaw body x scale
            jby = (jawlen-2*jawbevel)/jawlen;       // jaw body y scale
            // bottom chamfer volume
            translate([0.6*rhub,-jawlen/2,jawbevel]) rotate([0,180,0]) linear_extrude(jawbevel, scale=[jbx,jby], convexity=4) mirror([1,0,0]) translate([-0.6*rhub,jawlen/2]) jawbodypolygon();
            // middle volume
            translate([0,0,jawbevel]) linear_extrude(thickness-2*jawbevel, convexity=4) jawbodypolygon();
            // top chamfer volume
            translate([0.6*rhub,-jawlen/2,thickness-jawbevel]) linear_extrude(jawbevel, scale=[jbx,jby], convexity=4) translate([-0.6*rhub,jawlen/2]) jawbodypolygon();
        }
        // this is split off into a separate module for ease of making different kinds of pliers
        jawcutout("jst");
    }
}

// cutout for jaw
// This module can be adapted for different cutout shapes, to make different kinds of pliers.
// It requires the values 'jawcutdepth' to be the amount the jaw is cut into, and 'cutoutlen' how much length of inner jaw face is cut.
// The polygon 'jawcutpolygon' is the cutout shape.
module jawcutout(type) {
    if (type=="jst") {
        union() {   // hook cutout with chamfers
            // scale factors for chamfering
            jcx = (jawcutdepth+2*jawbevel)/jawcutdepth; // jaw cutout x scale
            jcy = (cutoutlen+4*jawbevel)/cutoutlen;     // jaw cutout y scale
            yshift = rhub+cutoutlen/2;
            // bottom chamfer volume
            translate([0,-yshift,jawbevel]) rotate([0,180,0]) linear_extrude(jawbevel*2, scale=[jcx,jcy], convexity=4) mirror([1,0,0]) translate([0,yshift,0]) jawcutpolygon();
            // middle volume
            translate([0,0,jawbevel-0.1]) linear_extrude(thickness-2*jawbevel+0.2, convexity=4) jawcutpolygon();
            // top chamfer volume
            translate([0,-yshift,thickness-jawbevel]) linear_extrude(jawbevel*2, scale=[jcx,jcy], convexity=4) translate([0,yshift,0]) jawcutpolygon();
        }
    }
}

// handle arm is a S-curve tapered toward the end, using a hybrid circular-octagonal cross-section
module handle_arm() {
    // build stack of polygons for handle
    stack = [
        // main handle body
        for(t=[0:hbstep:1.001]) let(
            xz = bezier_point2d(t, hbzpath),
            width = t*(handle_end-handle_base)+handle_base + impresp(80*t, 3),
            bump = include_bump ? graspbump(t) : 0
            ) handlexc(width, xz[1], xz[0], bump=bump),
        // chamfered end of handle
        let(xz = bezier_point2d(1.0, hbzpath)) handlexc(handle_end, handle_len, xz[0], scl=0.5)
    ];
    translate([0,0,thickness/2]) rotate([-90,0,0]) polyhedron_stack(stack);
}

// Build a polyhedron object from a stack of polygons. It is assumed that each polygon has [x,y,z] coordinates as its vertices, and the ordering of vertices follows the right-hand-rule with respect to the direction of propagation of each successive polygon.
module polyhedron_stack(stack) {
    nz = len(stack); // number of z layers
    np = len(stack[0]); // number of polygon vertices
    facets = [
        // close first opening
        [ for(j=[0:np-1]) j ],
        // define quads for polyhedron body
        for(i=[0:nz-2])
            for(j=[0:np-1]) let(k1=i*np+j, k4=i*np+((j+1)%np), k2=k1+np, k3=k4+np)
                [k1, k2, k3, k4],
        // close last opening
        [ for(j=[np*nz-1:-1:np*nz-np]) j ]
    ];
    polyhedron(flatten(stack), facets, convexity=6);
}

// ---------- functions ----------

// flatten an array of arrays
function flatten(l) = [ for (a = l) for (b = a) b ] ;

// impulse response function (something that starts at 0 when x=0, rises to 1 at x=p, then decays to 0).
function impresp(x, p=1) = let(q=x/p) 2*x / (1 + q*q);

// handle cross section (handle standing vertically)
// this is part of a circle on the left (cropped so as not to violate the overhang angle) and an octagon on the right.
// The left and right sides are always identical.
// The width of the cross section is determined soley by the top and bottom sides.
// Parameters:
//  width = total desired width (constrained by minfacewidth)
//  z = vertical elevation
//  x0 = x-axis displacement of cross section
//  scl = scale factor (used only for the end of the handle)
//  minfacewidth = minimum width of horizontal sides of cross section
function handlexc(width, z, x0, scl=1, minfacewidth=4, bump=1) = let(
    r = 0.5*thickness/cos(overhang),    // radius of circle on left
    zfw = r*sin(overhang),  // horizontal distance where circle intersects vertical thickness constraints
    wid = max(width, 2*r*(1-zfw)+minfacewidth), // total width of cross section
    w2 = wid/2 - r,             // half width of horizontal segment
    hw = wid/2,                 // half total width
    astep = (90-overhang)/10    // angle step size for arc
    ) [
        // right side (octagon section)
        [scl*(w2+zfw)+x0, -scl*thickness/2, z], [scl*hw+x0, scl*(-thickness/2+r-zfw), z], [scl*hw+x0, scl*(thickness/2-r+zfw), z], [scl*(w2+zfw)+x0, scl*thickness/2, z],
        // left side (arc section)
        for(a=[90+overhang:astep:270.01-overhang]) [scl*(r*cos(a)-w2-bump)+x0, scl*r*sin(a), z]
];

function graspbump(t, peak=bumppos, length=bumplen, amplitude=bumpheight) =
    (t < peak-0.5*length || t > peak+0.5*length)
        ? 0
        : 0.5 * amplitude * (1 + cos(360*(t-peak)/length));

// Bezier cubic curve

// get an x,y coordinate of a cubic Bezier curve given 4 x,y control points given in the array p[][]
function bezier_point2d(t, p) = [ // t=0...1, p=array of 4 [x,y] control points
    bezier_coordinate(t, p[0][0],p[1][0],p[2][0],p[3][0]),
    bezier_coordinate(t, p[0][1],p[1][1],p[2][1],p[3][1])
];

// return coordinate of Bezier curve at location t in the interval 0...1
// must be called twice, once to pass x-coordinate coefficients and again to pass y-coordinate coefficients
function bezier_coordinate(t, n0, n1, n2, n3) =
    n0*pow((1-t), 3) + 3*n1*t*pow((1-t), 2) + 3*n2*pow(t, 2) * (1-t) + n3*pow(t, 3);

```


[User]
Hey, I'm looking to create a customizable towel hook for my shower glass panel using OpenSCAD, and I need some help! I have a basic design concept in mind, but I want it to be easily adjustable for different glass thicknesses, hook depths, and towel sizes.

Here’s the gist:

The hook should have a main vertical "wall" that clamps onto the glass, a horizontal section extending out from the wall to hang the towel, and a curved lip at the end of the horizontal section to prevent towels from slipping off.

I envision this being built out of a few connected 3D shapes, with rounded edges for a smooth feel and to prevent any sharp corners.

I'd like the following parameters to be customizable:

*   **`glass_thickness`**: The thickness of the glass panel the hook will attach to.
*   **`hook_depth`**: How far the hook extends out from the glass panel.
*  **`hook_height`**: The height of the vertical hook section that projects downwards.
*   **`hook_width`**: The width of the hook, which affects how wide a towel it can comfortably hold.
*   **`wall_thickness`**: The thickness of the material for the main wall section.
*   **`edge_radius`**: The radius for all rounded edges on the hook for a softer appearance and safety.
*   **`lip_depth`**: The depth/size of the curved lip at the end of the hook.
*   **`lip_angle`**: The angle of the curved lip from the horizontal section of the hook.

I'm imagining a design where the clamp attaches to the glass by having two flat faces, one on either side of the glass, with the main body of the hook extending from the top of one of those faces. The hook section will then form an L shape and curve back on itself at the very end. The main wall should have two extensions, which clamp the glass from both sides, and there needs to be some spacing so that the two clamp sections don't collide against the glass, given the given `glass_thickness`.

I also want to ensure that the design can be easily 3D printed, so keep in mind overhangs and the need for structural integrity. I don’t need fancy supports - just a simple design which can print ok.

I'm really new to OpenSCAD, so I need all the code. I haven't used any libraries, and it seems that basic built-in functions will be sufficient.

Can you generate a parametric OpenSCAD file to create this towel hook?

[Assistant]
Customizable_Hook_OpenSCAD.scad:
```
$fn=50;

wall_thickness = 8;
hook_thickness = 4.7;
hook_totalheight = 50;
hook_height = 20;
hook_width = 15;
hook_depth = 10;
hook_wall_cliplength = 30;
edge_radius = 0.5;

// Vertical cube
radcube(hook_thickness, hook_totalheight, hook_width, edge_radius);

// Horizontal cube top
translate([hook_thickness-2*edge_radius, hook_totalheight-hook_thickness, 0])
radcube(wall_thickness+4*edge_radius, hook_thickness, hook_width, edge_radius);

// Horizontal cube bottom with vertical hook
hull() {
    translate([-hook_depth-hook_thickness, hook_height-2, hook_width/2])
    rotate([0, 90,0])
    cylinder(hook_thickness, 2, 2);
    translate([-hook_depth-hook_thickness, 0, 0])
    radcube(hook_thickness, hook_thickness+hook_height/2, hook_width, edge_radius);
}
    translate([-(hook_depth+hook_thickness)+2*edge_radius, 0, 0])
    radcube(hook_depth+hook_thickness+2*edge_radius, hook_thickness, hook_width, edge_radius);

// Vertical cube top
translate([wall_thickness+hook_thickness, hook_totalheight-hook_wall_cliplength, 0])

radcube(hook_thickness, hook_wall_cliplength, hook_width, edge_radius);

// Module for radiuses on cubes
module radcube_(xlen,ylen,zlen,radius){
    hull(){
        translate([radius,radius,radius]) sphere(r=radius);
        translate([xlen + radius , radius , radius]) sphere(r=radius);
        translate([radius , ylen + radius , radius]) sphere(r=radius);
        translate([xlen + radius , ylen + radius , radius]) sphere(r=radius);
        translate([radius , radius , zlen + radius]) sphere(r=radius);
        translate([xlen + radius , radius , zlen + radius]) sphere(r=radius);
        translate([radius,ylen + radius,zlen + radius]) sphere(r=radius);
        translate([xlen + radius,ylen + radius,zlen + radius]) sphere(r=radius);
    }
}

module radcube(xlen,ylen,zlen,radius){
    radcube_(xlen-radius*2,ylen-radius*2,zlen-radius*2,radius);
}
```


[User]
Hey, I'm looking to get some parametric OpenSCAD files designed for creating campus board rungs. I have some specifics in mind that I'll need to be able to adjust.

First, the basic shape will be a rounded rectangular prism, and I need to be able to control the depth, length, and height of that prism. The rounding on the edges should be adjustable too, so I'd need a fillet radius parameter. I would also like the ability to have a lift/lean angle, so the front edge of the rung is not parallel to the back. I will also want to add a mounting hole or multiple mounting holes on the face, and I would like to be able to control the diameter and chamfer of those holes. The number of mounting holes should also be a parameter.

For user customization, the design should include engraved text on the front face of the rung, the text itself and text height should be variable parameters. In addition to a custom string, I'd also like to include string showing the depth, angle, and radius of the rung itself.

I'm envisioning something that uses a hull function to create the rounded edges, and I think I'll need to use the linear_extrude function for the text, along with the text function. The holes can be made using cylinders. I'd prefer to use built-in OpenSCAD functions rather than any external libraries, unless you think a specific library would greatly improve the design and reduce the work required.

I'm also thinking that the holes should have chamfers, and that a symmetrical pattern of holes should be created with a parameter to control the number of holes. A key feature of the design is the mounting holes that should have chamfers so that the bolts sit flush when they're installed.

I'm happy with the approach described in the included code, but feel free to make any suggestions for improvement if you've got better ideas.

[Assistant]
customcampus.scad:
```
// OpenScad Parametric campus rung
// next version will attempt to make length/hole parametric

echo(version=version());

font = "Liberation Serif"; //["Liberation Sans", "Liberation Sans:style=Bold", "Liberation Sans:style=Italic", "Liberation Mono", "Liberation Serif"]

//Space for fingers
rung_depth = 22; //[3:1:50]
//width of the campus block in mm
rung_length = 100; //[80:10:400]
//height of the campus block in mm
rung_height = 30; //[20:1:100]
letter_size = rung_height/5;
//Depth of text cut in mm
letter_height = 5; //[1:1:10]
//Resolution of chamfers, letters, holes
resolution = 45; //[10:1:50]
text_offset = rung_depth / 2 - letter_height / 2;
//Diameter of mounting holes in mm
mount_holes = 4; //[1:1:5]
mount_radius_hole = mount_holes/2;
mount_radius_chamfer = (mount_holes/2)*1.9;
//Rounding radius for all edges in mm
fillet_radius = 4; //[0.25:0.05:20]
//amount of mounting holes to generate
holes = 2; //[2:1:6]
//Angle to generate for lifting surface; positive is forward angle (harder), negative is backward angle, easier.
angle = -5; //[-15:1:25]
//Custom text to be added to the
Custom_Text = "Customcampusrungs by Jvte";

T = str(Custom_Text);
standardText = str(" d:",rung_depth," a:",angle, " r:",fillet_radius );

module rounded_box(radius, rung_depth, rung_length, rung_height,angle = 0){
    x = rung_depth - 2*radius;
    y = rung_height - 2*radius;
    y2 =  y - cos(angle*-1-90)*x;
    points = [ [0,0,0], [x,0,0], [0,y2,0], [x,y,0] ];
    rotate([90,0,0]){
        translate([-x/2,-y/2,-rung_length/2]){
            hull(){
                for (p = points){
                    translate(p) cylinder(r=radius, h=rung_length, $fn=resolution);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

module letter(l) {
  linear_extrude(height = letter_height) {
    translate([0,- rung_height/4,0]) text(l, size = letter_size, font = font, halign = "center", valign = "center", $fn = resolution);
  }
}

difference() {
  difference() {
    //color("gray") cube([rung_depth,rung_length,rung_height], center = true);
    color("red") rounded_box(fillet_radius,rung_depth,rung_length,rung_height,angle);
    translate([text_offset, 0, 0]) {
        rotate([90, 0, 90]){
            letter(T);
            translate([0,text_offset,0]) letter(standardText);
        }
        }

  }

  rotate([0,90,0]){
    Slices = holes*3 + 1;
    loc0 = (rung_length/2)-(rung_length/Slices);
    if(holes % 2 != 0){ // 2 holes
        translate([0,0,-rung_depth/2]) cylinder(2*rung_depth,mount_radius_hole,mount_radius_hole,$fn = resolution);
        translate([0,0,(rung_depth/2)-fillet_radius+1]) cylinder(h=5,r1=mount_radius_hole,r2=mount_radius_chamfer,$fn = resolution);
        for (h = [0:holes-3 ]){
            translate([0,loc0,-rung_depth/2]) cylinder(2*rung_depth,mount_radius_hole,mount_radius_hole,$fn = resolution);
            translate([0,loc0,(rung_depth/2)-fillet_radius+1]) cylinder(h=5,r1=mount_radius_hole,r2=mount_radius_chamfer,$fn = resolution);

            translate([0,loc0*-1,-rung_depth/2]) cylinder(2*rung_depth,mount_radius_hole,mount_radius_hole,$fn = resolution);
            translate([0,loc0*-1,(rung_depth/2)-fillet_radius+1]) cylinder(h=5,r1=mount_radius_hole,r2=mount_radius_chamfer,$fn = resolution);
            loc0 = loc0 - (rung_length/Slices)*h;
    }
    } else if(holes <= 3) { // 3 holes

    for (h = [0:holes-2 ]){
        translate([0,loc0,-rung_depth/2]) cylinder(2*rung_depth,mount_radius_hole,mount_radius_hole,$fn = resolution);
        translate([0,loc0,(rung_depth/2)-fillet_radius+1]) cylinder(h=5,r1=mount_radius_hole,r2=mount_radius_chamfer,$fn = resolution);

        translate([0,loc0*-1,-rung_depth/2]) cylinder(2*rung_depth,mount_radius_hole,mount_radius_hole,$fn = resolution);
        translate([0,loc0*-1,(rung_depth/2)-fillet_radius+1]) cylinder(h=5,r1=mount_radius_hole,r2=mount_radius_chamfer,$fn = resolution);
    loc0 = loc0 - (rung_length/Slices)*h;
    }
  }else{
    for (h = [0:holes-3 ]){ // 4, 5, 6 holes
        translate([0,loc0,-rung_depth/2]) cylinder(2*rung_depth,mount_radius_hole,mount_radius_hole,$fn = resolution);
        translate([0,loc0,(rung_depth/2)-fillet_radius+1]) cylinder(h=5,r1=mount_radius_hole,r2=mount_radius_chamfer,$fn = resolution);

        translate([0,loc0*-1,-rung_depth/2]) cylinder(2*rung_depth,mount_radius_hole,mount_radius_hole,$fn = resolution);
        translate([0,loc0*-1,(rung_depth/2)-fillet_radius+1]) cylinder(h=5,r1=mount_radius_hole,r2=mount_radius_chamfer,$fn = resolution);
        loc0 = loc0 - (rung_length/Slices)*3*h;
    }
  }
}
}

```


[User]
I need a parametric OpenSCAD design for a dryer hose connector that can be attached to a flat surface, like a board or a box. I'd like it to have a rotating twist-lock mechanism to hold the hose securely, but be easily detachable. The design should include these components:

1.  **A Base Flange:** This will be the part that attaches to the flat surface. It should have screw holes for mounting. The inside of the flange will have a receiving area for the twist-lock connector.

2.  **A Hose Connector:** This part will fit inside the base flange and connect to the dryer hose. It should have keys or tabs that engage with the base flange to create the twist lock.  I would like the connection to be a male-to-female interference fit, with a small gap to make the twist-lock function smoothly.

3.  **A Screen/Guard:** I'd like an optional screen or guard that can be placed over the hose inlet on the flange to prevent larger objects from entering the duct. It should be easily removable, possibly with a twist-lock or a simple friction fit that rests within the base flange, but no twist lock is required for this part.

4.  **A Plug:** I'd like an optional plug that fits in the hose connector. This is for when the dryer isn't in use.

I'd like to parameterize the following dimensions:

*   **Hose Inside Diameter (hose_id):** This should allow me to specify the inner diameter of the dryer hose. The design should accommodate common sizes like 105mm and 125mm.
*   **Base Margin (margin):** The width of the base flange around the central bore.
*  **Base Thickness (base_plug_h)** - how thick the base is
*   **Wall Thickness (wall_t):** This is the wall thickness of the hose connector and the base flange.
*   **Screw Hole Inset (screw_inset):**  How far the screw holes are set in from the edge of the base flange.
*   **Screw Diameter (screw_d)** and **Screw Head Diameter (screw_head_d)**
*   **Plug Taper Length (plug_taper_l)** and **Plug Taper Amount (plug_taper)** : These define the taper on the end of the hose connector.
*   **Plug Tolerance (plug_tol)**:  The clearance between the plug and the base flange.
*   **Keyway Tolerance (keyway_tol)**: the clearance between the key on the plug and the keyway in the base.
*   **Hose Taper Length (hose_taper_l)** and **Hose Taper Amount (hose_taper)**: These will determine the taper at the end of the hose-side of the connector.
*   **Number of Screen Bars (screen_bars)**:  This will determine how many bars make up the screen.
*   **Keyway Dimensions (keyway_h, keyway_r, keyway_w, keyway_d_inset)**: These control the parameters of the keyway that is cut out of the base flange.
*   **Secondary Feature Radius (secondary_r)**: Radius of round over on certain cube features (eg. the plug)
*   **Secondary Feature As Cube (secondary_as_cube)**: Boolean that controls whether secondary features are spheres or cubes with radius round overs
*   **Plug Boss Height** - the height of the secondary part of the plug

I'd like to use the `hull()` function, so make sure to use that where appropriate. I'm not using any particular libraries, but if you find them necessary, please explain the usage. I don't need any fancy features for this, it should be simple and reliable.

[Assistant]
dryer-hose-twist-lock6.scad:
```
// Copyright Jesse Parker 2023 <senorjp@gmail.com>

//Piece to print
part=7; // [1:Base, 2:Hose, 3:Plug, 4:Guard, 5:Assembly, 6:Section, 7:All]

//Hose Inside Diameter
hose_id = 105; // by experiment
//Wall thickness of plug
wall_t = 6;
//Base width around bore (overlap)
margin = 6;
//Thickness of base
base_plug_h = 9;
//Screw hole inset from "corner"
screw_inset = 13.5;
screw_d = 5;
screw_head_d = 10;

plug_taper_l = 12;
plug_taper = 2;
//Gap between the plug and the base
plug_tol = .3;
//Gap between the key and keyway
keyway_tol = .3;

hose_taper_l = 18;
hose_taper = 0;
//Number of bars in the screen
screen_bars = 4;

/* [Hidden] */

bore_d = hose_id - wall_t*2;
screw_offset_r =(hose_id)/2+margin-screw_inset;
//screw_offset_r = 45;
echo(screw_offset_r);

keyway_d_inset = 0;
keyway_h = base_plug_h - 3;
keyway_r = 5;
keyway_w = 8;

in = 25.4;
smidge = 0.001;

$fa=2; $fs =2; // Make smaller to make smoother, bigger->faster

secondary_r = 4;
secondary_as_cube = false;

module tablet(v, center=true,r = secondary_r) {
    if (secondary_as_cube) {
        cube(v, center=center);
    }
    else {
        hull() {
            for (i = [1,-1]) {
                for (j = [1,-1]) {
                    translate([i*v[0]/2-i*r,j*v[1]/2-j*r,0])
                        cylinder(r=r, h=v[2], center=center);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

module diamond_donut(
d=20,
r=1
) {
    rotate_extrude()
    translate([d/2,0])
    rotate(45)
    square([r,r], center=true);
}
//diamond_donut();

module v_groove(
    d = 20,
    belt_d=2,
    angle=60,
    ){

        rotate_extrude()
        translate([d/2,0])
        union() {
            translate([-(belt_d/2)/cos(90-angle/2),0])
        polygon(points=[
            [0,0],
            [(belt_d*2)/tan(angle/2),belt_d*2],
            [(belt_d*2)/tan(angle/2),-belt_d*2],
        ]);
            color("black") circle(r=belt_d/2);
        }
}

module bore() {
    cylinder(r=bore_d/2, h =  200, center=true);
}

module basal_platten(margin = margin, h=base_plug_h) { // AvE!
    translate([0,0,h/2])
        tablet([hose_id+margin*2,hose_id+margin*2,h], r=20);
}

module fastener_holes(head_inset = 2) {
    for (i = [1 , -1]) {
        for (j = [1 , -1]) {
        translate([screw_offset_r*i,screw_offset_r*j,-head_inset])
            cylinder(r=screw_head_d/2, h= 100);
        translate([screw_offset_r*i,screw_offset_r*j,0])
            cylinder(r=screw_d/2, h= 100, center=true);
        }
    }
}

module base_end(margin = margin) {

    difference() {

        basal_platten(margin = margin);

        hose_end_blank(tol=plug_tol, neg=1);
        bore();
        translate([0,0,base_plug_h])
        fastener_holes();
    }
}

module keyway(tol=0) {
    translate([0,0,-plug_taper_l+keyway_h])
        diamond_donut(d=hose_id-keyway_r-keyway_d_inset+tol/2, r=keyway_r+tol/2);
}

module keyway_key(tol=0, h = 0, w=0) {
    intersection() {
        keyway(tol=tol);
        for(i = [0,90]) {
            rotate(i, [0,0,1])
                translate([0,0,-(plug_taper_l-keyway_h)/2])
                    cube([hose_id*2, keyway_w+w,plug_taper_l*2], center=true);
        }
    }
}

module keyway_slot(tol=0, h = 0, w=0) {
translate([0,0,-plug_taper_l+keyway_h])
    linear_extrude(height = plug_taper_l)
        projection()
            keyway_key(tol=tol, h=h, w=w);
}

// test keyway-slot interference
if (0) {

    #keyway(tol=keyway_tol);

    intersection() {
        keyway(tol=0);
        keyway_key(tol=3, h=20);
    }

    keyway_slot(tol=4, w =2);
}

module hose_end_blank(tol = 0, wall = 4, neg=0) {
translate([0,0,plug_taper_l])
    difference() {
        union() {
            translate([0,0,hose_taper_l/2-smidge])
                cylinder(r1 = hose_id/2, r2 = hose_id/2 - hose_taper, h=hose_taper_l, center = true);
            translate([0,0,-plug_taper_l/2])
                cylinder(r2 = hose_id/2+tol/2, r1 = hose_id/2 - plug_taper + tol/2, h=plug_taper_l+tol, center = true);

                if(neg) {
                    keyway(tol = keyway_tol);
                    keyway_slot(tol=1, w=2);
                }
                else {
                    intersection() {
                        keyway();
                        keyway_key(h=20);
                    }
                }
          }
    }
}
//!hose_end_blank(neg=1);
//!hose_end_blank();

module hose_end(margin = 10, wall = 4, plate=0) {
    difference() {
        hose_end_blank(wall = wall);
        bore();
        translate([0,0,plug_taper_l+hose_taper_l/2])
            v_groove(d=hose_id-.6, angle=140);
    }
    if(plate) {
        translate([0,0,hose_taper_l + plug_taper_l - .15])
            difference() {
                cylinder(r=bore_d/2+1, h=.3, center=true);
                cylinder(r=bore_d/2-5, h=1, center=true);
            }
    }
}

module plug(boss=2) {
    intersection() {
        hose_end_blank();
        basal_platten();
    }
    translate([0,0,base_plug_h+boss/2-smidge])
    tablet([bore_d*.75,bore_d*.2,boss]);
}

module screen(num=screen_bars, t=3, h=4) {
    space = bore_d/(num+1);
    for(i = [0:num-1]) {
        translate([-bore_d/2 +space+ i*space,0,h/2])
            cube([t,bore_d,h],center=true);
    }
    rotate(90,[0,0,1])
    for(i = [0:num-1]) {
        translate([-bore_d/2 +space+ i*space,0,h/2])
            cube([t,bore_d,h],center=true);
    }

}

module guard(h=5) {
    difference() {
        basal_platten(margin=margin, h=h);
        bore();
        translate([0,0,h])
            fastener_holes();

    }
    rotate(45,[0,0,1])
        screen(h=h);

}

module assembly(distance = 0) {
    //rotate(5,[0,0,1])
    color("black")
        base_end();
    color("green")
        translate([0,0,distance])
            hose_end();
    //plug();
    translate([0,0,-10])
        rotate(180,[1,0,0])
            guard();
}
//assembly();

module all() {
    d = hose_id+margin*2+2;
base_end();

translate([d,0,0])
    hose_end_toprint();

translate([0,d,0])
    guard();

translate([d,d,0])
    plug();

}

module hose_end_toprint() {
translate([0,0,plug_taper_l + hose_taper_l])
    rotate(180, [1,0,0])
        hose_end(plate = 5);

}
//!hose_end_toprint();

//x-section
module section() {
    difference() {
        assembly(distance = 0);
        translate([00,100,0])
            cube([200,200,200], center=true);
    }
}

if (0) {

//intersection() {
base_end();
translate([0,0,0])
rotate(0,[0,0,1])
hose_end(brim=1);
//}

}

if (part == 1) {
    base_end();
}
else if (part == 2) {
   hose_end_toprint();
}
else if (part == 3) {
   plug();
}
else if (part == 4) {
   guard();
}
else if (part == 5) {
   assembly();
}
else if (part == 6) {
   section();
}
else {
    all();
}

//base_end();
//!difference() {
//hose_end();
//cube([200,200,50], center=true);
//}
//hose_end_blank();

//base_end();
//hose_end(brim=1);
```