text string | title string | year int16 | snapshot string | length_chars int32 | raw_length_chars int32 | id string | processed_at string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
''Anarchism'' (from Greek ἀν (without) + ἄρχειν (to rule) + ισμός (from stem -ιζειν), "without archons," "without rulers") is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which reject compulsory government (the state) and support its elimination, often due to a wider rejection of involuntary or permanent ... | Anarchism | 2,008 | 20080103 | 34,959 | 66,363 | b0d3db46319c | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.302899Z |
*
* Connections to autism resources at the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities
Category:Autism
Category:Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Category:Childhood psychiatric disorders
Category:Communication disorders
Category:Neurological disorders
ar:توحّد
bn:আত্মসংবৃতি
bs:Autizam
bg:Аутизъм
ca:... | Autism | 2,008 | 20080103 | 848 | 87,265 | ca6c952741fc | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.306794Z |
The ''albedo'' of an object is the extent to which it diffusely reflects light, defined as
the ratio of diffusely reflected to incident electromagnetic radiation. It is a unitless measure indicative of a surface's or body's diffuse reflectivity. The word is derived from Latin 'albedo' "whiteness", in turn from 'albus' ... | Albedo | 2,008 | 20080103 | 14,213 | 18,397 | c5801a81050d | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.307787Z |
''Abu Dhabi'' ( '', literally "Father of Gazelle") is the capital and second largest city of the United Arab Emirates. It is also the capital and largest city of the emirate of Abu Dhabi, which is the largest of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates by size. It was said by CNN to be the richest city in the wo... | Abu Dhabi | 2,008 | 20080103 | 13,791 | 18,103 | da4cfad14f0a | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.308811Z |
The letter ''A'' is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is 'a' (), plural 'aes,' 'a's, or 'a's'.
== History ==
The letter A can be traced to a pictogram of an ox head in Egyptian hieroglyph or the Proto-semitic alphabet.
By about 1600 B.C., the Phoenician alphabet's letter had a linear form t... | A | 2,008 | 20080103 | 4,244 | 7,014 | d7c093115028 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.310480Z |
-wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County, just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka crater, which is the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster". A -wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago. The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact cra... | Alabama | 2,008 | 20080103 | 27,801 | 73,231 | 970fa7ebdd9a | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.315085Z |
thumb|right|250px|'The Wrath of Achilles', by François-Léon Benouville (1821–1859) (Musée Fabre)
In Greek mythology, ''Achilles'' (also ''Akhilleus'' or ''Achilleus''; Ancient Greek: ) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's 'Iliad', which takes for its theme the ... | Achilles | 2,008 | 20080103 | 30,311 | 36,430 | 230fe821cca9 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.318545Z |
| birth_place =Hardin County, Kentucky
| death_date =
| death_place =Washington, D.C.
| spouse = Mary Todd Lincoln
| children = Edward Lincoln, Robert Todd Lincoln, Willie Lincoln, Tad Lincoln
| occupation=Lawyer
| religion = attended churches, but never officially acquired membership in a church
| party = Whig, Repub... | Abraham Lincoln | 2,008 | 20080103 | 63,727 | 95,202 | f9c9b812c3ce | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.323702Z |
'Aristotélēs'
| image_name = Aristoteles Louvre.jpg
| color = #B0C4DE
| region = Western philosophy
| era = Ancient philosophy
| name = Aristotle ()
| birth = 384 BC
| death = March 7 322 BC
| school_tradition = Inspired the Peripatetic school and tradition of Aristotelianism
| main_interests =Politics, Metaphysics, S... | Aristotle | 2,008 | 20080103 | 48,238 | 60,626 | b31297d5d4c7 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.327762Z |
: 'This article is about the Gershwin composition. For the 1951 musical starring Gene Kelly, see An American in Paris (film).'
'An American in Paris' is a symphonic composition by American composer George Gershwin, composed in 1928. Inspired by time Gershwin had spent in Paris, it is in the form of an extended tone po... | An American in Paris | 2,008 | 20080103 | 3,783 | 4,237 | 6f8f8163d81c | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.328281Z |
The ''Academy Awards'', popularly known as the ''Oscars'', are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors, and writers. The formal ceremony at which the awards are presented is among the most p... | Academy Award | 2,008 | 20080103 | 18,473 | 29,502 | 7b1e9dc8f534 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.330198Z |
'Actrius' ('Actresses') is a 1996 film directed by Ventura Pons. In the film, there are no male actors and the four leading actresses dubbed themselves in the Castillian version.
==Synopsis==
In order to prepare the role of an important old actress, a theatre student interviews three actresses who were her pupils: an ... | Actrius | 2,008 | 20080103 | 703 | 1,596 | 2ab5bbe913ce | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.331142Z |
thumb|240px|Animalia cover''Animalia'' is an illustrated children's book by Graeme Base. It was published in 1986.
'Animalia' is an alphabet book and contains twenty six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for alligator, B is for bu... | Animalia (book) | 2,008 | 20080103 | 1,157 | 1,487 | bcd7035e52dd | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.331206Z |
''International Atomic Time'' (''TAI'', from the French name ''Temps Atomique International'') is a high-precision atomic time standard that tracks proper time on Earth's geoid. It is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time, and the basis for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) which is used for civil timekeeping a... | International Atomic Time | 2,008 | 20080103 | 7,201 | 7,861 | 314f7e022cda | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.331381Z |
''Altruism'' is selfless concern for the welfare of others. It is a traditional virtue in many cultures, and central to many religious traditions. In English, this idea was often described as the Golden rule of ethics. Some newer philosophies such as egoism have criticized the concept, with writers arguing that there i... | Altruism | 2,008 | 20080103 | 25,523 | 29,612 | d2a44871d670 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.333152Z |
| location = Pingtung, Taiwan
| spouse = Jane Lin (1983–)
| children = Haan Lee (b.1984) Mason Lee (b.1990)
| yearsactive = 1992–present
| academyawards = ''Best Director'' 2005 'Brokeback Mountain'Best Foreign Language Film'' 2000 'Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon'
| afiawards = ''Best Foreign Film'' 2001 'Crouching... | Ang Lee | 2,008 | 20080103 | 19,618 | 29,058 | ffb61b4e887e | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.334920Z |
| birth_place = St. Petersburg, Russia
| death_date =
| death_place = New York City, U.S.A.
| occupation = novelist, philosopher, playwright, screenwriter
| magnum_opus = 'Atlas Shrugged'
| influences = Aristotle, John Locke, Thomas Aquinas, Friedrich Nietzsche, Victor Hugo, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Fyodor Dostoyevsk... | Ayn Rand | 2,008 | 20080103 | 47,646 | 88,011 | e6e128bf9f0c | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.338872Z |
|birth_place = France
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence = 20px France
|citizenship = 20px French
|nationality =
|ethnicity =
|field = Mathematics
|work_institutions = IHES, France
|alma_mater = École Normale Supérieure, France
|doctoral_adviso... | Alain Connes | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,792 | 3,833 | 30d9b9288c05 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.339252Z |
''Allan Dwan'' (April 3, 1885 – December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer and screenwriter.
Born ''Joseph Aloysius Dwan'' in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, his family moved to the United States when he was eleven years of age. At university, he trained as an engineer... | Allan Dwan | 2,008 | 20080103 | 4,001 | 5,712 | 9b9be845ca3d | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.339407Z |
==Historical trend==
Current GDP per capita grew 40% in the Sixties reaching a peak growth of 538% in the Seventies. But this proved unsustainable and growth collapsed to a paltry 9.7% in the turbulent Eighties.
Failure of timely reforms by successive governments caused the current GDP per capita to shrink by 28% in th... | Economy of Algeria | 2,008 | 20080103 | 8,990 | 11,077 | 23839fb92813 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.340244Z |
(Arabic)'The Pledge'
|national_motto = من الشعب و للشعب (Arabic)"From the people and for the people"
|image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg
|image_coat = Algeria coa.png
|symbol_type = Emblem
|image_map = LocationAlgeria.svg
|official_language... | Algeria | 2,008 | 20080103 | 29,249 | 48,537 | aae646643039 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.342744Z |
''Characters in Ayn Rand's novel, Atlas Shrugged.''
==Balph Eubank==
Called "the literary leader of the age", despite the fact that he is incapable of writing anything that people actually want to read. What people 'want' to read, he says, is irrelevant. He complains that it is disgraceful that artists are treated as ... | Characters in Atlas Shrugged | 2,008 | 20080103 | 51,588 | 58,054 | 8238447cb1e5 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.345755Z |
' Atlas Shrugged ' is a long novel by Ayn Rand, first published in 1957 in the United States. It was Rand's last work of fiction before concentrating her writings exclusively on philosophy, politics and cultural criticism. At over one thousand pages in length, she considered it her 'magnum opus'. Also, at approximately... | Atlas Shrugged | 2,008 | 20080103 | 31,747 | 43,857 | 2ab254b4f9eb | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.365381Z |
: 'This is about the social science. For other uses, see Anthropology (disambiguation)'
''Anthropology'' (from Greek: ἄνθρωπος, 'anthropos', "human being"; and λόγος, 'logos', "speech" lit. to talk about human beings) is the study of humanity. Anthropology has origins in the natural sciences, the humanities, and the ... | Anthropology | 2,008 | 20080103 | 48,776 | 70,134 | f8e438ed4770 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.368676Z |
|action=edit improve this article] if you can.}| '(})'|
}||
:'For referencing in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources.'
'thumb|300px|right|The 2000-year-old remains of Ancient Rome, Italy, are being excavated and mapped by these archaeologists
thumb|300px|Ancient Rome|Roman theater, Alexandria, Egypt
''Archaeo... | Archaeology | 2,008 | 20080103 | 39,137 | 55,760 | bfbc0fc2ddda | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.371391Z |
thumb|250px|An agronomist measures and records corn growth and other processes.
''Agricultural science'' is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. (Veterinary science, but not animal scie... | Agricultural science | 2,008 | 20080103 | 6,834 | 7,834 | 9b73dcc01562 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.371912Z |
In the history of science, ''alchemy'' refers to both an early form of the investigation of nature and an early philosophical and spiritual discipline, both combining elements of chemistry, metallurgy, physics, medicine, astrology, semiotics, mysticism, spiritualism, and art all as parts of one greater force. Alchemy ... | Alchemy | 2,008 | 20080103 | 15,106 | 22,317 | 730689012a10 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.375198Z |
''Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast'' (ADS-B) is a function on a properly equipped aircraft or surface vehicle that periodically broadcasts its state vector (horizontal and vertical position, horizontal and vertical velocity) and other information. ADS-B supports improved use of airspace, reduced ceiling/visi... | Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast | 2,008 | 20080103 | 12,294 | 29,002 | 774fc8b45dfc | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.377291Z |
| local_name = Republik Österreich
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Austria
| common_name = Austria
| image_flag = Flag of Austria.svg
| image_coat = Austria Bundesadler.svg
| image_map = Location Austria EU Europe.png
|map_... | Austria | 2,008 | 20080103 | 45,606 | 65,734 | 20c36ab3b012 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.380820Z |
(Samoan)"Samoa, Let God Be First"
|national_anthem = The Star-Spangled Banner, Amerika Samoa
|official_languages = English, Samoan
|capital = Pago Pago; Fagatogo (seat of government)
|largest_city =
|government_type =
|leader_title1 = Governor
|leader_na... | American Samoa | 2,008 | 20080103 | 17,645 | 22,331 | 47a20e9d99ad | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.382033Z |
''Alien'' may refer to:
==Science and engineering==
* Alien (biology)
* Extraterrestrial life, in scientific context.
** Extraterrestrial life in popular culture
==Film and television==
* Alien (film series):
** 'Alien' (film) (1979 film), by Ridley Scott, which in turn inspired the following related works:
** 'Aliens... | Alien | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,501 | 3,029 | 2ad7b4a7be08 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.382990Z |
right|thumb|180px|Galileo Galilei is often referred to as the Father of Modern Astronomy.
Historically, 'astronomy' was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, t... | Astronomer | 2,008 | 20080103 | 4,217 | 4,628 | 8185e3768aa2 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.383124Z |
thumb|Amoeba ('Chaos diffluens')
thumb|Foraminiferan ('Ammonia tepida')
thumb|Heliozoan ('Actinophrys sol')
''Amoeboids'' are cells that move or feed by means of temporary projections, called pseudopods (false feet). They have appeared in a number of different groups. Some cells in multicellular animals may be amoeboid... | Amoeboid | 2,008 | 20080103 | 4,627 | 5,315 | ddcf204a978a | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.383263Z |
frame|There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126 (decimal) in the original code.
''American Standard Code for Information Interchange'' (''ASCII''), generally pronounced ask-ee ([http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/audio.pl?ascii001.wav=ASCII|audio]), is a character encoding based on the English alphabet. ASCI... | ASCII | 2,008 | 20080103 | 22,942 | 49,299 | 150886a2b8f6 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.385646Z |
''America'' usually means either:
*The Americas, the lands and regions of the Western hemisphere
*The United States of America, a country in the Americas
==Other places==
* America, Netherlands
* América, Buenos Aires in Argentina
* 916 America, a minor planet of the solar system
==Art and entertainment==
* America... | America | 2,008 | 20080103 | 3,861 | 4,892 | eea895228171 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.385890Z |
''Austin'' may refer to:
==Geographical locations==
In the ''United States:''
*Austin, Texas, the state capital of Texas
*Austin, Arkansas
*Austin, Colorado
*Austin, Chicago, in Illinois
*Austin, Indiana
*Austin, Minnesota
*Austin, Nevada
*Austin, Oregon
In ''Canada:''
*Austin, Manitoba
*Austin, Ontario
*Austin, Q... | Austin | 2,008 | 20080103 | 1,602 | 1,882 | 4e4ffe55998a | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.385977Z |
Image:Animexample3edit.png
The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these 6 frames.
Image:Animexample.gifThis animation moves at 10 frames per second.
''Animation'' is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. It is an optical illusio... | Animation | 2,008 | 20080103 | 18,281 | 21,315 | ba506567e418 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.386958Z |
thumb|200px|right|Lycian Apollo|'Lycian Apollo', early Imperial Roman copy of a 4th century BCE Greek original (Louvre Museum)
In Greek and Roman mythology, ''Apollo'' (in Greek, 'Ἀπόλλων' — 'Apóllōn' or 'Ἀπέλλων' — 'Apellōn'), is one of the most important and many-sided of the Olympian deities. The ideal... | Apollo | 2,008 | 20080103 | 35,533 | 45,463 | c7cc55d9a815 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.390298Z |
|country =
|playername = Andre Agassi
|image = 200px
|residence = Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
|datebirth =
|placebirth = Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
|height = 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
|weight = 177 lb (80 kg)
|turnedpro = 1986
|retired = September 3, 2006
|plays = Right-handed; two-handed backhand
|grip =
|careerprizemoney = $3... | Andre Agassi | 2,008 | 20080103 | 33,722 | 88,535 | d93dc874f3f4 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.394449Z |
The ''Austro-Asiatic languages'' are a large language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. The name comes from the Latin word for "south" and the Greek name of Asia, hence "South Asia". Among these languages, only Vietnamese, Khmer, and Mon have a long recorded history, and only... | Austro-Asiatic languages | 2,008 | 20080103 | 6,468 | 8,615 | f1b0d99614d5 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.394874Z |
The ''Afro-Asiatic languages'' constitute a language family with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). Other names sometimes given to this famil... | Afro-Asiatic languages | 2,008 | 20080103 | 14,184 | 18,570 | 23e845f9bc88 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.396069Z |
|conventional_long_name = Principality of Andorra
|common_name = Andorra
|image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|image_map = Europe location ANR.png
|map_caption =
|natio... | Andorra | 2,008 | 20080103 | 12,739 | 17,613 | 1a3145f6779d | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.397856Z |
In mathematics and statistics, the ''arithmetic mean'' (or simply the ''mean'') of a list of numbers is the sum of all the members of the list divided by the number of items in the list. If the list is a statistical population, then the mean of that population is called a ''population mean''. If the list is a statisti... | Arithmetic mean | 2,008 | 20080103 | 6,744 | 7,784 | ad8b095830a4 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.398166Z |
right|thumb|200px|American Football Conference logo.
The ''American Football Conference'' (''AFC'') is one of the two conferences of the National Football League (NFL). The AFC was created after the NFL merged with the American Football League (AFL) in early 1970. The NFL's Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers, and t... | American Football Conference | 2,008 | 20080103 | 4,814 | 5,431 | ecc937284de5 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.399064Z |
'Animal Farm' is a novella by George Orwell, and is the most famous satirical allegory of Soviet totalitarianism. Published in 1945, the book reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era. Orwell, a democratic socialist, and a member of the Independent Labour Party for many years, was a critic of Josef Stali... | Animal Farm | 2,008 | 20080103 | 24,048 | 31,698 | d87074f0a8b5 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.400859Z |
''Amphibians'' (class ''Amphibia''; from Greek 'αμφις' "both" and 'βιος' "life") are a taxon of animals that include all living tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) that do not have amniotic eggs, are ectothermic (term for the animals whose body heat is regulated by the external environment; previously known as cold-blo... | Amphibian | 2,008 | 20080103 | 9,767 | 14,770 | 0b252264a7b9 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.401905Z |
of Canadian territory separate Alaska from Washington State. Alaska is thus an exclave of the United States, part of the continental U.S. but is not part of the contiguous U.S. Alaska is the one of two states whose capital city is inaccessible by land - no roads connect Juneau to the rest of the state, the other one i... | Alaska | 2,008 | 20080103 | 35,251 | 55,625 | 5b5af3e4dff7 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.404302Z |
''Architecture'' is the art and science of design and structure.
''Architecture'' may also refer to:
* 'Architecture' (magazine), a defunct magazine
* Architecture Label, a record label
* Architecture Records, a record label
* Systems architecture, the representation of an engineered system
** Computer architecture, ... | Architecture (disambiguation) | 2,008 | 20080103 | 1,342 | 1,504 | 04b372b44511 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.404538Z |
''Agriculture'' is the production of food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic growing/harvesting of plants, animals and other life forms. "Agriculture" is also short for the study of the practice of agriculture – more formally known as agricultural science.
the word agriculture comes from the latin wo... | Agriculture | 2,008 | 20080103 | 33,229 | 49,345 | 5715eeef025c | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.407226Z |
| birth_place = Surrey, England
| death_date =
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| occupation = Writer; author
| genre =
| movement =
| magnum_opus = 'Brave New World'
| influences = Swami Prabhavananda, J. Krishnamurti, F. Matthias Alexander, Yevgeny Zamyatin
| influenced = Christopher I... | Aldous Huxley | 2,008 | 20080103 | 24,216 | 29,703 | e41e78be7e18 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.408574Z |
Meanings of ''Ada'':
== People ==
* Variant transliteration of Hebrew Adah (עָדָה)
* Ada Lovelace (née Ada Byron)
* Ada, Countess of Holland
* Ada, sister of Charlemagne, for whom the Ada Gospels at Trier were produced
* Ada de Warenne, Countess of Northumbria and Huntingdon (d. 1178)
* Ada of Caria, satrap deposed b... | Ada | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,105 | 2,686 | d5b598be0687 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.409609Z |
:'see also Etymology of Aberdeen'
''Aberdeen'' is a city in Scotland. It may also refer to:
** Aberdeen F.C.
** Aberdeen railway station
** University of Aberdeen
== Africa ==
In ''Sierra Leone'':
* Aberdeen, Sierra Leone
In ''South Africa'':
* Aberdeen, Eastern Cape
== Asia ==
In ''Hong Kong'':
* Aberdeen Harbou... | Aberdeen (disambiguation) | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,475 | 2,909 | 9a04a9d09abd | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.409718Z |
'For the programming language, see algae (programming language)
thumb|right|240px|'Laurencia', a marine red alga from Hawaii.
''Algae'' are a large and diverse group of simple plant-like organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. The largest and most complex marine forms are called seaweeds. They are c... | Algae | 2,008 | 20080103 | 29,910 | 44,040 | 079a43c1bcae | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.412786Z |
In statistics, ''analysis of variance'' (''ANOVA'') is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance is partitioned into components due to different explanatory variables. The initial techniques of the analysis of variance were developed by the statistician and gen... | Analysis of variance | 2,008 | 20080103 | 10,478 | 11,881 | 7c9cfa001c22 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.413190Z |
right|thumb|Chemical structure of methane, the simplest alkane
''Alkanes'', also known as paraffins, are chemical compounds that consist only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) (i.e., hydrocarbons), wherein these atoms are linked together exclusively by single bonds (i.e., they are saturated compounds) without... | Alkane | 2,008 | 20080103 | 26,760 | 46,816 | 1ac2cbd7cd9b | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.434974Z |
In law, an ''appeal'' is a process for making a formal challenge to an official decision.
The specific procedures for appealing, including even whether there is a right of appeal from a particular type of decision, can vary greatly from country to country. Even within a jurisdiction, the nature of an appeal can vary g... | Appeal | 2,008 | 20080103 | 17,529 | 18,588 | 20b75d381448 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.436293Z |
:'For the US radical anti-war protest group, see A.N.S.W.E.R.'
An ''answer'' (derived from 'and', against, and the same root as 'swear') was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to some one or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defence, a reply to a question or objection, or a correct solutio... | Answer | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,218 | 2,481 | 069bd2c1d447 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.436508Z |
:'Court of Appeal'', ''Court of Appeals'', and ''Appellate Division'' redirect here; for a list of specific courts using those titles, see Court of Appeal (disambiguation), Court of Appeals (disambiguation), and Appellate Division (disambiguation)'.
An ''appellate court'' is any court of law that is empowered to hear ... | Appellate court | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,655 | 2,806 | c5e37450c611 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.436591Z |
''Arraignment'' is a common law term for the formal reading of a criminal complaint, in the presence of the defendant, to inform him of the charges against him. In response to arraignment, the accused is expected to enter a plea. Acceptable pleas vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but they generally include "guilt... | Arraignment | 2,008 | 20080103 | 1,856 | 2,095 | 0db041929ad6 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.436678Z |
"''America the Beautiful''" is an American patriotic song.
==History==
The words are by Katharine Lee Bates, an English professor at Wellesley College. In 1893, Bates had taken a train trip to Colorado Springs, Colorado, to teach a short summer school session at Colorado College, and several of the sights on her trip ... | America the Beautiful | 2,008 | 20080103 | 10,235 | 12,265 | beb7996cf872 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.437726Z |
''Assistive Technology'' (AT) is a generic term that includes assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices and the process used in selecting, locating, and using them. AT promotes greater independence for people with disabilities by enabling them to perform tasks that they were formerly unable to accomplish, or had ... | Assistive technology | 2,008 | 20080103 | 15,201 | 18,105 | ed77e2a3ef4f | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.438734Z |
An ''abacus'' (plurals ''abacuses'' or ''abaci''), also called a ''counting frame'', is a calculating tool for performing arithmetic processes. Nowadays, abaci are often constructed as a wooden frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beads or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, s... | Abacus | 2,008 | 20080103 | 14,282 | 19,720 | ce2e596495c2 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.441544Z |
An ''acid'' (often represented by the generic formula ''HA'' [H+A-]) is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion activity greater than in pure water, i.e. a pH less than 7.0. That approximates the modern definition of Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted a... | Acid | 2,008 | 20080103 | 14,268 | 18,160 | 1fc4dad3b1b9 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.443012Z |
''Asphalt'' is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits. It is most commonly modeled as a colloid, with 'asphaltenes' as the dispersed phase and 'maltenes' as the continuous phase (though there is some disagreement amongst chemists re... | Asphalt | 2,008 | 20080103 | 11,300 | 12,654 | 4d20150708f3 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.444122Z |
The ''American National Standards Institute'' or ''ANSI'' () is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so... | American National Standards Institute | 2,008 | 20080103 | 6,516 | 7,121 | 96a1fb2bd9f2 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.444337Z |
In general parlance, an argument is a discussion involving conflicting points of view.
=== General types of argument ===
* Argument form, a method of logically analyzing sentences
* Argument map, a method of displaying an informal argument
* Argumentation theory, the science and theory of civil debates
* deductive argu... | Argument | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,910 | 3,235 | 2ac7efb8896e | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.445233Z |
|
lunar_orbits = 30 |
time_lunar_orbits = 59 h 30 min 25.79 s |
mass = CSM: 30,320 kg LM: 16,448 kg|
crew_photo = ap11-s69-31740.jpg|
crew_caption = L-R: Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin|
next = 35px Apollo 12|
previous = 35px Apollo 10|
duration = 8d/03:18:35
|
The ''Apollo 11'' mission was the first ma... | Apollo 11 | 2,008 | 20080103 | 18,951 | 38,921 | c3f5fa0388ea | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.447069Z |
|
landing = |
time_lunar_orbits = 20:10:13 |
lunar_orbits = 10|
mass = CSM: 30,320 kg LM: 16,448 kg|
crew_photo = Ap8-s68-50265HR.jpg|
crew_caption = L-R: Lovell, Anders and Borman|
next = 32px Apollo 9|
previous = 32px Apollo 7|
duration = 6d/03:00:42|
mass = CSM 28,817 kg;LTA 9,026 kg
|
''Apol... | Apollo 8 | 2,008 | 20080103 | 32,673 | 50,192 | 5b87222560ec | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.449828Z |
thumb|250px|Astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit outside the U.S. Space Shuttle 'Challenger' in 1984
An ''astronaut'' or ''cosmonaut'' ( ) is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.
While generally reserved for professional ... | Astronaut | 2,008 | 20080103 | 11,948 | 30,855 | 5983d94f6ec3 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.451624Z |
'A Modest Proposal: For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick', commonly referred to as 'A Modest Proposal', is a satirical pamphlet written and published by Jonathan Swift in 1729. Swift suggests in his essay tha... | A Modest Proposal | 2,008 | 20080103 | 16,951 | 17,641 | ac6c91d4db4e | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.452654Z |
The ''alkaline metals'' are a series of elements comprising Group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: Lithium (''Li''),sodium (''Na''), potassium (''K''), rubidium (''Rb''), cesium (''Cs''), and francium (''Fr''). (Note that hydrogen, although nominally also a member of Group 1, very rarely exhibits behavior compara... | Alkali metal | 2,008 | 20080103 | 12,764 | 18,037 | 964211ce2020 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.454098Z |
In logic, the ''argument form'' or 'test form' of an argument results from replacing the different words, or sentences, that make up the argument with letters, along the lines of algebra; the letters represent logical 'variables'. The 'sentence forms' which classify argument forms of common important arguments are stu... | Argument form | 2,008 | 20080103 | 1,669 | 1,909 | 00d08db247ed | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.454239Z |
thumb|right|320px|'A Specimen' of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 'Cyclopaedia'.
An ''alphabet'' is a standardized set of 'letters' — basic written symbols — each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it was i... | Alphabet | 2,008 | 20080103 | 11,509 | 32,187 | 26d524f5f01e | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.455803Z |
In chemistry and physics, the ''atomic number'' (also known as the ''proton number'') is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. It is traditionally represented by the symbol ''Z''. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. In an atom of neutral charge, atomic number is equal to the numb... | Atomic number | 2,008 | 20080103 | 3,904 | 4,913 | 4ad6603b98ab | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.456029Z |
thumb|right|Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of 'Gray's Anatomy'.
''Anatomy'' (from the Greek ' anatomia', from ' ana: separate, apart from, and temnein', to cut up, cut open) is the branch of biology that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that can include human a... | Anatomy | 2,008 | 20080103 | 3,446 | 8,336 | 3f19e5d77837 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.457098Z |
''Affirming the consequent'' is a formal fallacy, committed by reasoning in the form:
:If 'P', then 'Q'.
:'Q'.
:Therefore, 'P'.
Arguments of this form are invalid (except in the rare cases where such an argument also instantiates some other, valid, form). Informally, this means that arguments of this form do not giv... | Affirming the consequent | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,467 | 2,777 | 5bbec5641ed5 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.457200Z |
| birthplace = Zavrazhye, Soviet Union
| deathdate =
| deathplace = Paris, France
| restingplace = Cimetière de Liers, Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France
| occupation = Film director
| yearsactive = 1958-1986
| spouse = Irma Raush (1957-1970)Larissa Kizilova (1970-1986)
| children = Arseny Tarkovsky (1962) Andrei Tark... | Andrei Tarkovsky | 2,008 | 20080103 | 17,110 | 22,502 | d9fb91cf298c | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.458279Z |
''Ambiguity'' is the property of words, terms, notations, signs, symbols, and concepts (within a particular context) as being undefined, indefinable, multi-defined, or without an obvious definition, and thus having a misleading, or unclear, meaning.
A word, phrase, sentence, or other communication is called “ambiguou... | Ambiguity | 2,008 | 20080103 | 24,660 | 28,647 | 502444550ee5 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.460339Z |
An ''animal'' is a taxonomic member of the Kingdom Animalia
''Animal'' may also refer to:
* A.N.I.M.A.L., an Argentinian rock band
* The Animals, a British rock band
* 'Animals' (album), a 1977 concept album by Pink Floyd
* "Animal" (song), the name of several songs
* 'The Animal', a 2001 film starring Rob Schneider
... | Animal (disambiguation) | 2,008 | 20080103 | 1,220 | 1,553 | 442e0a6f42e0 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.460543Z |
The ''Aardvark'' ('Orycteropus afer') ("Digging foot"), sometimes called "antbear" is a medium-sized mammal native to Africa. The name comes from the Afrikaans/Dutch for "earth pig" ('aarde' earth, 'varken' pig), because early settlers from Europe thought it resembled a pig. However, the Aardvark is not closely relate... | Aardvark | 2,008 | 20080103 | 6,550 | 8,275 | 64fbab6a86f2 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.461677Z |
The ''aardwolf'' ('Proteles cristatus') is a small insectivorous hyena-like mammal, native to Eastern and Southern Africa. The name means "earth wolf" in Afrikaans. It is also called "maanhaar-jackal" and "protelid". Unlike other hyenas (subfamily Hyaeninae), the diet of the aardwolf almost completely consists of termi... | Aardwolf | 2,008 | 20080103 | 5,187 | 7,409 | 0b324a4e9d40 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.462030Z |
frame|right|Renewal of the surface coating of an adobe wall in Chamisal, New Mexico
An ''adobe'' is a natural building material mixed from sand, clay, and straw, dung or other fibrous materials, which is shaped into bricks using frames and dried in the sun. It is similar to cob and mudbrick. Adobe structures are extre... | Adobe | 2,008 | 20080103 | 13,371 | 14,508 | aab587cc4f81 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.462997Z |
:'For other uses, see Adventure (disambiguation).'
right|thumb|250px|A personification of adventure as represented by a statue in The American Adventure in the World Showcase pavilion of Walt Disney World's Epcot.
An ''adventure'' is an activity that comprises risky, dangerous and uncertain experiences. The term is mor... | Adventure | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,241 | 2,512 | 06c283effda3 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.463147Z |
:'For the queen of Greek mythology, see Agave (mythology).'
''Agave'' is the name of a succulent plant of a large botanical genus of the same name, belonging to the family Agavaceae.
== Description ==
Chiefly Mexican, they occur also in the southern and western United States and in central and tropical South America... | Agave | 2,008 | 20080103 | 8,897 | 10,630 | 9ec1b9143090 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.464035Z |
''Asia''
190px|World map showing the location of Asia.
thumb|280px|Two-point equidistant projection of Asia.
''Asia'' is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area (or 29.4% of its land area) and, with almost 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the ... | Asia | 2,008 | 20080103 | 19,800 | 44,286 | 51bc7e04a595 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.466438Z |
''Aruba'' is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela. It is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. As a separate member state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba has no administrative subdivisions. Unlike much of the Caribbean... | Aruba | 2,008 | 20080103 | 22,435 | 27,770 | fde9c55edb46 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.468412Z |
The ''Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union'', commonly known as the ''Articles of Confederation'', was the first governing document, or constitution, of the United States of America. The final draft was written in the summer of 1777 and adopted by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777 in York, ... | Articles of Confederation | 2,008 | 20080103 | 22,324 | 28,399 | 44e0094da836 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.471028Z |
''Aa'' is the name of a large number of small European rivers. The word is derived from the continental common Germanic word 'aha', cognate to the Latin 'aqua', meaning water. The following are the more important streams of this name: Two rivers in Latvia, both falling into the Gulf of Riga, near Riga, which is situate... | Aa River | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,461 | 3,021 | fc58e09757c0 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.471277Z |
''Arthur Koestler'' CBE (September 5, 1905, Budapest – March 3, 1983, London) was a Hungarian polymath who became a naturalized British subject. He wrote journalism, novels, social philosophy, and books on scientific subjects. In 1931, he joined the Communist Party of Germany, but left the party seven years later... | Arthur Koestler | 2,008 | 20080103 | 23,795 | 29,589 | 85ef04441d3f | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.474657Z |
The ''Atlantic Ocean'' is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions; with a total area of about 106.4 million square kilometers (41.1 million square miles), it covers approximately one-fifth of the Earth's surface. The first part of its name refers to the Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Se... | Atlantic Ocean | 2,008 | 20080103 | 21,318 | 26,369 | 8c63565e6be0 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.478823Z |
(Frankfurt-am-Main) |
school_tradition = Kantianism, idealism |
main_interests = Metaphysics, aesthetics, phenomenology, morality, psychology |
notable_ideas = Will, Fourfold root of reason, pessimism |
notable_ideas = Will, Fourfold root of reason, pessimism |
influences = Plato, Kant, Upanishad, Goethe |
influe... | Arthur Schopenhauer | 2,008 | 20080103 | 36,358 | 48,848 | 091bcd5cb7fa | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.484560Z |
(Latin)"Unity Provides Strength"
|image_map =LocationAngola.svg
|national_anthem ='Angola Avante!'(Portuguese)'Forward Angola!'
|official_languages =Portuguese
|regional_languages =Kongo, Chokwe, South Mbundu, Mbundu
|capital =Luanda
|latd=8 |latm=50 |latNS=S |longd=... | Angola | 2,008 | 20080103 | 23,143 | 31,307 | 16d14b8e4dee | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.489111Z |
right||thumb|300px|Map of Angola
thumb|Topographic map of Angola.
Angola is located on the South Atlantic Coast of West Africa between Namibia and the Republic of the Congo. It also is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia to the east. The country is divided into an arid coastal strip stretching... | Geography of Angola | 2,008 | 20080103 | 15,297 | 16,695 | a200c8755dd9 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.491375Z |
thumb|300px|right|Demographics of Angola, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands.
The ''demographics of Angola'' consist of three main ethnic groups, each speaking a Bantu language: Ovimbundu 37%, Mbundu 25%, and Bakongo 13%. Other groups include Chokwe (or Lunda), Ganguela, Nhaneca-Humbe, Ambo, He... | Demography of Angola | 2,008 | 20080103 | 6,476 | 7,269 | 5fb914aa63c4 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.491700Z |
''Politics of Angola'' takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Angola is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. Angola cha... | Politics of Angola | 2,008 | 20080103 | 4,250 | 4,977 | 8a748ea36824 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.491832Z |
===2000s===
An economic reform effort was launched in 1998. The Angolan economy ranked 160 out of 174 nations in the United Nations Human Development Index of 2000. In 2004 China's Eximbank approved a $2 billion line of credit to Angola to rebuild infrastructure. The economy grew 18% in 2005 and growth was expected to ... | Economy of Angola | 2,008 | 20080103 | 6,061 | 17,593 | 866b5ddd4c47 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.495263Z |
This article is about communications in Angola:
==Telephone==
Telephone service is limited mostly to government and business use. 96,300 main lines were reported to be in use in 2003, and 130,000 mobile cellular lines were reported in 2002. HF radiotelephone is used extensively for military links.
The domestic syst... | Communications in Angola | 2,008 | 20080103 | 1,077 | 1,529 | 750f54f56594 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.495383Z |
''Transport in Angola'' comprises:
== Railways ==
* 'total:' 2,761 km
* 'narrow gauge:' 2,638 km 1.067-m gauge; 123 km 0.600-m gauge (2002)
* there are three separate lines which do not link up. A fourth system once linked Gunza and Gabala.
* railways in Angola have suffered a lot of damage in the civil war, and a $4... | Transport in Angola | 2,008 | 20080103 | 3,788 | 4,931 | 26a8ad006eba | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.495496Z |
The ''Angolan Armed Forces'' (''FAA'') is headed by a Chief of Staff who reports to the Minister of Defense.
There are three divisions, the ''Army'', Navy (''Marinha de Guerra'', MdG), and ''Air and Air Defense Forces'' (FAPA). Total manpower is about 110,000. The army is by far the largest of the services with about... | Angolan Armed Forces | 2,008 | 20080103 | 1,436 | 2,890 | 2fdd77b3dcae | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.495632Z |
The ''foreign relations of Angola'' are based on Angola's strong support of U.S. foreign policy as the Angolan economy is dependent on U.S. foreign aid.
From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union, Libya, and Cuba. Since then, it has focused on improving relationships wi... | Foreign relations of Angola | 2,008 | 20080103 | 2,255 | 3,447 | f7f3f536f7c5 | 2026-05-31T08:27:28.498942Z |
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