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<s>[INST] What are the common preparation methods of CQDs decorated photocatalysts? [/INST] The common preparation methods of CQDs decorated photocatalysts are hydrothermal method, solvothermal method, calcination method, precipitation method, and sol-gel method. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the estimated electron escape rate from Mars during the year 2004 due to the ionization of carbon dioxide and atomic oxygen by solar 30.4nm photons? [/INST] The estimated electron escape rate from Mars during the year 2004 due to the ionization of carbon dioxide and atomic oxygen by solar 30.4nm photons is 9.92×1030 electrons or 16.5Mmole of electrons. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the proposed oxidation model for the formation of Ta2O5 in tantalum plates? [/INST] The proposed oxidation model for the formation of Ta2O5 in tantalum plates is a process that involves the diffusion of oxygen in the substrate and a phase boundary process, where the nucleation of TaO z is a necessary step for the formation of Ta2O5. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the role of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide in the coupling reaction of epoxides with carbon dioxide? [/INST] The role of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide in the coupling reaction of epoxides with carbon dioxide is as a co-catalyst. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) sterilization in treating human blood waste? [/INST] The effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) sterilization in treating human blood waste is high. The experimental data showed that SC-CO2 sterilization efficiently eliminated infectious pathogenic microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis-vegetative cell), from human blood waste. The absence of bacterial regrowth and the destruction of bacterial cells confirmed the efficiency of SC-CO2 sterilization. Therefore, SC-CO2 sterilization is an effective method for treating human blood waste in healthcare facilities, improving hospital hygiene, and ensuring safe handling and management of clinical waste. </s>
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<s>[INST] How does the CO2 molar fraction and gas flow rate influence carbon loss in the system? [/INST] The CO2 molar fraction and gas flow rate influence carbon loss in the system. At low CO2 molar fraction (2–6%) or gas flow rate (75–100l·min−1), the carbon efficiency in the sump was higher than 95%, with 85% of the injected carbon being transformed into biomass. However, at high CO2 molar fraction (14%) or gas flow rate (150l·min−1), the carbon efficiency in the sump was lower than 67%, with only 32% of the carbon being fixed as biomass. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the policy drivers and barriers for coal-to-liquids (CtL) technologies in the United States? [/INST] The policy drivers for coal-to-liquids (CtL) technologies in the United States are the growing dependence on oil imports and the desire to enhance national energy security. The barriers for CtL technologies are the high costs and carbon intensity associated with the technology, as well as the requirements for environmental performance due to increasing awareness of global warming among US policy-makers. These factors limit the market deployment of CtL technologies to regional niche markets in coal-producing states or strategic markets with specific security and fuel requirements, such as the military. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the catalyst used for the reformation of methyl oleate into synthesis gas in solid oxide fuel cell applications? [/INST] The catalyst used for the reformation of methyl oleate into synthesis gas in solid oxide fuel cell applications is molybdenum dioxide (MoO2). </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the results of using cardoon seed oil for biodiesel production using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction? [/INST] The results of using cardoon seed oil for biodiesel production using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction are that different oil yields and compositions were obtained depending on the extraction conditions and/or methods. Higher supercritical carbon dioxide densities led to higher cardoon oil yields similar to the Soxhlet extraction method. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the purpose of the trial application discussed in the article? [/INST] The purpose of the trial application discussed in the article is to identify and evaluate the economic, technical, and environmental feasibility of collaborative energy recovery opportunities from industry flue gases in Kwinana. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the apparent activation energy for coal char gasification using carbon dioxide as a gasifying agent? [/INST] The apparent activation energy for coal char gasification using carbon dioxide as a gasifying agent is 245 kJ/mol. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the effect of applying Ca-BC on the mineralization rate of SOC and the soil properties? [/INST] The effect of applying Ca-BC on the mineralization rate of SOC is that it reduces it to 0.451 mg CO2/(g·d). Additionally, the application of Ca-BC increases the soil moisture content to 45.48%, the pH to 7.96, and the TOC (total organic carbon) content to 47.19%. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the recent advances in CA stabilization and enzyme immobilization for improved CO2 conversion? [/INST] The recent advances in CA stabilization and enzyme immobilization for improved CO2 conversion include protein engineering and enzyme immobilization techniques. These advancements aim to address the challenges of poor stability and suboptimal use of CAs in CO2-related technologies. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the inhibition efficiency of BTT-1 and BTT-2 at a low concentration of 0.18 mM? [/INST] The inhibition efficiency of BTT-1 and BTT-2 at a low concentration of 0.18 mM is 97.9% and 98.4% respectively. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the effects of key parameters such as compressor outlet pressure, turbine inlet temperature, generator hot-end temperature difference, and evaporator temperature on the exergy efficiency and total product unit cost in the proposed combined cooling and power system? [/INST] The effects of key parameters such as compressor outlet pressure, turbine inlet temperature, generator hot-end temperature difference, and evaporator temperature on the exergy efficiency and total product unit cost in the proposed combined cooling and power system are studied through detailed parametric analysis. The results of the analysis show that lowering the evaporator temperature can lead to better thermodynamic and economic performances. Specifically, compared to the single regenerative supercritical carbon dioxide system, the proposed system can increase the exergy efficiency by 2.29–2.54%pt and the thermal efficiency by 8.16–18.93%pt. However, it is noted that lowering the evaporator temperature might increase the total product unit cost. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the potential benefits of CO2 valorization in biogas upgrading? [/INST] The potential benefits of CO2 valorization in biogas upgrading include the capture and utilization of around 140 kt of CO2, which can significantly increase in the future. By turning CO2 into methane using power-to-gas technology, an additional 35% of biogas could be produced in the short term, resulting in up to an additional 0.7 TWh in 2020. By 2050, around 600 to 1600 kt of CO2 could be available, leading to up to 6.2 TWh of biomethane. This practice also allows biogas actors to enhance their circular business and improve the environmental performance of biomethane. Collaboration with different actors is required to integrate current CO2 demand or innovative transformation technologies. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the impact of the New Energy Demonstration City Program (NEDC) on carbon emissions in China? [/INST] The impact of the New Energy Demonstration City Program (NEDC) on carbon emissions in China is that it can significantly reduce carbon emissions by about 15.34%. </s>
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<s>[INST] What strategies are currently used by farmers to recouple dairy livestock and crop production? [/INST] The strategies currently used by farmers to recouple dairy livestock and crop production are:
1) Local exchange of materials among dairy and arable farms
2) Land renting between dairy and arable farms
3) Animal exchanges between lowland and mountainous areas
4) Industrially mediated transfers of dehydrated fodder </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the proposed system for dissociating steam/carbon dioxide blends into synthetic fuel using alumina/aluminium particles? [/INST] The proposed system for dissociating steam/carbon dioxide blends into synthetic fuel using alumina/aluminium particles is a thermal plasma-aided process. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the proposed integrated process for H2 production and NH3 synthesis using plasma technology? [/INST] The proposed integrated process for H2 production and NH3 synthesis using plasma technology is to integrate a high-temperature plasma (HTP) process with a low-temperature non-thermal plasma (NTP) process. This involves raising the temperature of the NTP process, typically below 100 °C, by taking advantage of the heat released from the HTP process. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the variations of methanol production in the bubbling twin reactor with respect to gas inlet flow velocity and gas inlet number? [/INST] The variations of methanol production in the bubbling twin reactor with respect to gas inlet flow velocity and gas inlet number are obtained. The results show that the methanol production subsequently increases as the gas inlet velocity increases. Additionally, with the constant inlet gas volumetric flow rate, the production of methanol can be improved by increasing the gas inlet number. </s>
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<s>[INST] What factors were considered in the decomposition of carbon emissions in Beijing's production and household sectors from 1995 to 2009? [/INST] The factors considered in the decomposition of carbon emissions in Beijing's production and household sectors from 1995 to 2009 were economic activity, population size, energy intensity, energy consumption per capita, economic structure, urban and rural population distribution structure, and energy mix of production and household sectors. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the proposed hybrid framework for assessing regional water scarcity and recycling potential? [/INST] The proposed hybrid framework for assessing regional water scarcity and recycling potential combines Machine Learning (ML) with Process Integration (PI) tools. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the greenhouse gases responsible for recent global heating and climate change? [/INST] The greenhouse gases responsible for recent global heating and climate change are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the environmental benefits of using a solar-based CCHP system with CO2 and N2O as working fluids? [/INST] The environmental benefits of using a solar-based CCHP system with CO2 and N2O as working fluids include being pollution-free, causing no greenhouse gas emissions after installation and during power generation. Additionally, the system utilizes environmental-friendly working fluids, CO2 and N2O, which contribute to the system's power and efficiency. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the relationship between mindfulness and sustainability consciousness, and how does materialism moderate this relationship? [/INST] The relationship between mindfulness and sustainability consciousness is significant and positive, with materialism acting as a moderator. </s>
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<s>[INST] What characterisation techniques were used to analyze the chemical composition of the starting materials and investigate the hydration evolution in the four systems? [/INST] The characterisation techniques used to analyze the chemical composition of the starting materials and investigate the hydration evolution in the four systems were X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and combined differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the optimal growth conditions for the isolated CO2-tolerant microalgal consortium (CMAC)? [/INST] The optimal growth conditions for the isolated CO2-tolerant microalgal consortium (CMAC) are 20% CO2, a culture medium pH of 8-9, and an illumination intensity of 50-80μmolm−2 s−1. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the benefits of incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS) into slurry surfacing (SS) for pavement preservation? [/INST] The benefits of incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS) into slurry surfacing (SS) for pavement preservation include increasing wear and polishing resistance, reducing solid waste, mitigating the carbon footprint of construction engineering, improving abrasion resistance by up to 18.2%, enhancing rutting resistance by up to 72.8%, and reducing the carbon footprint by up to 39.6%. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the impact of the pilot carbon emission trading scheme (CETS) on the total factor productivity (TFP) of enterprises in China? [/INST] The impact of the pilot carbon emission trading scheme (CETS) on the total factor productivity (TFP) of enterprises in China is that it has a statistically significant positive impact on the TFP of enterprises. This positive effect has been maintained for six years since its inception. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the catalytic activity and selectivity of Ni-KIT-6 compared to a catalyst prepared by conventional impregnation method? [/INST] Ni-KIT-6 demonstrates higher catalytic activity and selectivity compared to a catalyst prepared by conventional impregnation method. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the thermal and thermohydraulic performances of the Flat Plat Solar Collector (FPSC) throughout the day? [/INST] The thermal and thermohydraulic performances of the Flat Plat Solar Collector (FPSC) throughout the day are evaluated. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the impact of supercritical carbon dioxide injection on the geomechanics of kerogen? [/INST] The impact of supercritical carbon dioxide injection on the geomechanics of kerogen is that it alters the elasticity of kerogen, favoring fracture initiation. Carbon dioxide interacts with kerogen, resulting in adsorption and swelling, making kerogen more vulnerable to deformation under applied stress. The research revealed a drastic change in mechanical behavior, with an inverse relationship between the degree of ductility and injection pressure of carbon dioxide. These findings provide insights into the advantages of using supercritical carbon dioxide to degrade the mechanical integrity of organic matters contained in shales, substantiating the value of carbon dioxide sequestration in shales. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the effect of pH on the conversion rate of carbon and nitrogen, as well as the emissions of greenhouse gases and NH3 during black soldier fly larva bio-treatment of food waste? [/INST] The effect of pH on the conversion rate of carbon and nitrogen, as well as the emissions of greenhouse gases and NH3 during black soldier fly larva bio-treatment of food waste is that the pH of the raw materials is a pivotal parameter affecting the process. The average wet weight of harvested BSFL was 13.26–95.28 mg/larva, with about 1.95–13.41% and 5.40–18.93% of recycled carbon and nitrogen from substrate at a pH from 3.0 to 11.0, respectively. Furthermore, pH is adversely correlated with CO2 emissions, but positively with NH3 emissions. Cumulative CO2, NH3, CH4 and N2O emissions at pH ranging from 3.0 to 11.0 were 88.15–161.11 g kg−1, 0.15–1.68 g kg−1, 0.19–2.62 mg kg−1 and 0.02–1.65 mg kg−1, respectively. Compared with the values in open composting, BSFL bio-treatment of food waste could lead greenhouse gas (especially CH4 and N2O) and NH3 emissions to decrease. Therefore, a higher pH value of the substrate can increase the larval output and help the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. </s>
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<s>[INST] What factors influence a firm's optimal decisions on order quantity and emission reduction levels under the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) framework? [/INST] The factors that influence a firm's optimal decisions on order quantity and emission reduction levels under the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) framework are the firm's risk aversion and investment coefficient. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the advantages and drawbacks of different solar dryer designs? [/INST] The advantages and drawbacks of different solar dryer designs are critically discussed in the paragraph. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the largest carbon footprint associated with the production and trade of Brazilian soy exports? [/INST] The largest carbon footprint associated with the production and trade of Brazilian soy exports is found in the municipalities across the MATOPIBA states and Pará, where soy is directly linked to natural vegetation loss. </s>
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<s>[INST] What effect do different concentrations of functionalized titanium dioxide particles have on the crystallization process of isotactic polypropylene? [/INST] Different concentrations of functionalized titanium dioxide particles have a high effect on the crystallization process of isotactic polypropylene. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the consequences of the authors admitting that the data in their article were duplicated from their own publications and plagiarized from other articles? [/INST] The consequences of the authors admitting that the data in their article were duplicated from their own publications and plagiarized from other articles are not explicitly mentioned in the given paragraph. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the best practices and limitations of current techniques for storing hydrogen fuel for ships? [/INST] The best practices and limitations of current techniques for storing hydrogen fuel for ships are summarized in this review. The review focuses on mechanical testing, selection of materials, and failure mechanisms for cryo-compressed and liquid hydrogen tanks and their insulations. It also discusses the regulatory aspects with a particular focus on the routes to approval. The review identifies knowledge gaps to facilitate further research and development in this field. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the potential negative consequences of developing seaweed aquaculture inside of Wind Farms? [/INST] The potential negative consequences of developing seaweed aquaculture inside of Wind Farms include uncertainty surrounding impacts associated with multi-use setting activities, negative consequences across multiple objectives, and the need for further integrative assessment modeling on social and ecological impacts. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the impact of integrating a hierarchical nanoforest with doped cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon on the CO2-to-CH4 conversion microbiome for methane production? [/INST] The integration of a hierarchical nanoforest with doped cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon enhances the CO2-to-CH4 conversion microbiome for methane production. It improves the reaction kinetics by addressing the insufficient attachment of microorganisms and limited charge extraction at the bioinorganic interface. The nanoforest, developed on a nanosheet by chemical vapor deposition with catalyzed Co nanoparticles, enhances the electrostatic force for microbe enrichment. This provides a greater number of electron-receiving microbes to utilize reducing equivalents. The doped cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon also enhances the direct electron transfer between microbes and electrodes, reducing energy barriers for heme-like proteins. As a result, the optimized electron transfer pathway improves selectivity and increases methane production rates by a factor of 8.62 compared to the counterpart nanosheet biohybrid. This integration demonstrates a comprehensive assessment of biotic-abiotic energy transfer and can serve as a guiding principle for designing efficient bio-electrochemical systems. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the relationship between the adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide in shale samples collected from the eastern Qaidam Basin? [/INST] The relationship between the adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide in shale samples collected from the eastern Qaidam Basin is that the amount of absorbed CO2 was 2-7 times higher than that of CH4, indicating that CO2 injection is promising for shale gas extraction in the Qaidam Basin. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the potential impacts of Waterbodies Thermal Energy Based Systems (WTEBSs) on the marine ecology throughout their life-cycle? [/INST] The potential impacts of Waterbodies Thermal Energy Based Systems (WTEBSs) on the marine ecology throughout their life-cycle include concerns regarding their potential impacts on sustainability of the marine environment. This includes the modelling of seawater discharge dispersion as one of the main environmental impact concerns regarding the operation of WTEBSs. The paragraph also mentions potential destructive impacts of fouling and corrosion in WTEBSs, as well as evidence of growth of bio-fouling inside of pipelines and associated mesh filtration baskets at abstraction pipe intakes. The paragraph does not provide specific details on the impacts, but it highlights the concerns and discusses potential improvements and recommendations. </s>
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<s>[INST] What were the tensile strength and bending strength of the ABS/paper (CaCO3) 4:6 biocomposite? [/INST] The tensile strength of the ABS/paper (CaCO3) 4:6 biocomposite was 47.81 MPa and the bending strength was 40.92 MPa. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the effects of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), velocity, and air-fuel ratio on carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from China V and China VI heavy-duty diesel vehicles? [/INST] The effects of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), velocity, and air-fuel ratio on carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from China V and China VI heavy-duty diesel vehicles are as follows:
- The average distance-based CO2 and CO emission factors at high velocities (50–90 km/h) are 25% and 61% lower than those at low velocities (less than 50 km/h).
- The use of SCR increases CO2 emissions in the range of 70–90 km/h (an average increase of 10.9%).
- SCR leads to a 55% NOx emission reduction at low velocities and 89% at high velocities, with an overall average reduction of 84%.
- SCR leads to a significant reduction in the correlation between NOx emissions and air-fuel ratio (0.76 vs 0.47 for China V truck; 0.72 vs 0.05 for China VI truck).
- SCR does not cause a drastic reduction in the correlation coefficients between CO2 emissions and air-fuel ratio, which can be used to detect whether SCR is working effectively. </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the long- and short-term effects of human capital on carbon emissions in Pakistan from 1971 to 2014? [/INST] The long-term effects of human capital on carbon emissions in Pakistan from 1971 to 2014 are that there is a significant relationship between human capital and carbon emissions. Improvement of human capital will reduce carbon emissions without decreasing economic growth. The short-term effects of human capital on carbon emissions in Pakistan from 1971 to 2014 are that there is no causality between human capital and carbon emissions. </s>
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<s>[INST] What is the catalytic system used for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates and Knoevenagel condensation reaction? [/INST] The catalytic system used for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates and Knoevenagel condensation reaction is the polystyrene functionalized Magnesium-anthranilic acid complex (Mg@PS-anthra). </s>
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<s>[INST] What are the impacts of hotspot anthropogenic emissions in the sensitive area on O3 pollution formation during a regional prolonged O3 pollution episode in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region? [/INST] The impacts of hotspot anthropogenic emissions in the sensitive area on O3 pollution formation during a regional prolonged O3 pollution episode in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are that a smaller emission reduction and much larger O3DM (the daytime mean ozone concentration, from 10 a.m. to 5pm) reduction were obtained through emission control in the sensitive area. The results also indicated that anthropogenic emission hotspots in this sensitive area play a decisive role in O3 photochemical formation chemistry across the whole BTH region with high emissions. The actual impact of hotspot anthropogenic emissions originating in the BTH region was not limited to its locality but occurred within a certain wide range, with a relatively significant contribution to O3DM ranging from approximately 20-80 μg/m3 in most of the plain area, accounting for approximately 15%∼40% of O3DM. </s>
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<s>[INST] How does the addition of lanthanum affect the stability and activity of NiMgAl catalysts in the carbon dioxide reforming of methane? [/INST] The addition of lanthanum to the NiMgAl catalysts improves both the stability and activity in the carbon dioxide reforming of methane. The presence of lanthanum increases the total amount of basic sites and the surface nickel content, leading to improved reforming activity in the temperature range of 600-700°C. The catalyst with the composition Ni0.5Mg2.5Al0.9La0.1O4.5 showed slightly higher activity compared to other lanthanum-containing catalysts. Additionally, the addition of lanthanum significantly enhances the stability of the catalysts by suppressing coke deposition. Lanthanum achieves this by increasing the basicity of the catalysts, forming the La2O2CO3 phase, and improving the dispersion of nickel metal. </s>
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