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Applied physics is rooted in the fundamental truths and basic concepts of the physical sciences but is concerned with the utilization of scientific principles in practical devices and systems and with the application of physics in other areas of science and high technology.	Fisika terapan juga berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan prinsip-prinsip ilmiah dalam perangkat dan sistem praktis, dan dalam penerapan fisika di bidang ilmu pengetahuan lainnya.	0.852182	Applied physics	Fisika terapan
Within the atmospheric sciences, atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere.	Fisika atmosfer adalah sebuah cabang fisika untuk mempelajari atmosfer.	0.870839	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, radiation budget, and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere (as well as how these tie into boundary systems such as the oceans).	Fisikawan atmosfer berusaha memodelkan atmosfer Bumi dan atmosfer planet lain menggunakan persamaan aliran fluida, model kimia, anggaran radiasi, dan proses transfer energi di atmosfer (serta bagaimana ini mengikat ke sistem lain seperti lautan).	0.947135	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
In order to model weather systems, atmospheric physicists employ elements of scattering theory, wave propagation models, cloud physics, statistical mechanics and spatial statistics which are highly mathematical and related to physics.	Untuk memodelkan sistem cuaca, fisikawan atmosfer menggunakan elemen teori hamburan, model propagasi gelombang, fisika awan, mekanika statistik dan statistik spasial yang sangat matematis dan terkait dengan fisika.	0.911318	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
It has close links to meteorology and climatology and also covers the design and construction of instruments for studying the atmosphere and the interpretation of the data they provide, including remote sensing instruments.	Ini memiliki hubungan dekat dengan meteorologi dan klimatologi dan juga mencakup desain dan konstruksi instrumen untuk mempelajari atmosfer dan interpretasi data yang mereka berikan, termasuk instrumen penginderaan jauh.	0.88057	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
At the dawn of the space age and the introduction of sounding rockets, aeronomy became a subdiscipline concerning the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important.	Pada awal era ruang dan pengenalan roket yang terdengar, aeronomi menjadi subdisiplin mengenai lapisan atas atmosfer, di mana disosiasi dan ionisasi pentingPengindraan jauh	0.907696	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Thus, Earth observation or weather satellite collection platforms, ocean and atmospheric observing weather buoy platforms, monitoring of a pregnancy via ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron-emission tomography (PET), and space probes are all examples of remote sensing.	Dengan demikian, platform pengamat bumi atau satelit cuaca,laut dan platform boya cuaca yang mengamati atmosfer, pemantauan kehamilan melalui USG, pencitraan resonasi magnetik (MRI), tomografi emisi positron (PET), dan prob ruang angkasa adalah contoh dari penginderaan jauh.	0.895242	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of imaging sensor technologies including but not limited to the use of instruments aboard aircraft and spacecraft, and is distinct from other imaging-related fields such as medical imaging.	Dalam penggunaan modern, istilah ini umumnya mengacu pada penggunaan teknologi sensor pencitraan termasuk tetapi tidak terbatas pada penggunaan instrumen di pesawat terbang dan pesawat ruang angkasa, dan berbeda dari bidang terkait pencitraan lainnya seperti pencitraan medis.	0.891278	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Passive sensors detect natural radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding area being observed.	Sensor pasif mendeteksi radiasi alami yang dipancarkan atau dipantulkan oleh objek atau area sekitarnya yang diamati.	0.967516	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Reflected sunlight is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors.	Sinar matahari yang dipantulkan adalah sumber radiasi yang paling umum diukur dengan sensor pasif.	0.954293	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Examples of passive remote sensors include film photography, infrared, charge-coupled devices, and radiometers.	Contoh-contoh sensor jarak jauh pasif termasuk fotografi film, infra-merah, perangkat tergandeng-muatan, dan radiometer.	0.928686	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target.	Pengumpulan aktif, di sisi lain, memancarkan energi untuk memindai objek dan area di mana sensor kemudian mendeteksi dan mengukur radiasi yang dipantulkan atau dihamburkan dari target.	0.930537	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
radar, lidar, and SODAR are examples of active remote sensing techniques used in atmospheric physics where the time delay between emission and return is measured, establishing the location, height, speed and direction of an object.	Radar, LIDAR, dan SODAR adalah contoh teknik penginderaan jauh aktif yang digunakan dalam fisika atmosfer di mana waktu tunda antara emisi dan pengembalian diukur, menetapkan lokasi, tinggi, kecepatan, dan arah suatu objek.	0.890585	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Remote sensing applications include monitoring deforestation in areas such as the Amazon Basin, the effects of climate change on glaciers and Arctic and Antarctic regions, and depth sounding of coastal and ocean depths.	Aplikasi penginderaan jarak jauh meliputi pemantauan deforestasi di daerah-daerah seperti Cekungan Amazon, efek perubahan iklim terhadap gletser di daerah Kutub Utara dan Antarktika, dan pemeruman dari kedalaman pantai dan kedalaman laut.	0.885222	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Military collection during the Cold War made use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas.	Pengumpulan militer selama Perang Dingin menggunakan pengumpulan data tentang daerah perbatasan yang berbahaya.	0.924041	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and analysis, provides researchers with enough information to monitor trends such as El Niño and other natural long and short term phenomena.	Platform orbital mengumpulkan dan mentransmisikan data dari berbagai bagian spektrum elektromagnetik, yang bersamaan dengan penginderaan dan analisis berbasis udara atau darat skala besar, menyediakan informasi yang cukup bagi para peneliti untuk memantau tren seperti El Nino dan fenomena jangka panjang dan pendek alam...	0.959215	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Other uses include different areas of the earth sciences such as natural resource management, agricultural fields such as land usage and conservation, and national security and overhead, ground-based and stand-off collection on border areas.	Kegunaan lain termasuk berbagai bidang ilmu bumi seperti manajemen sumber daya alam, bidang pertanian seperti penggunaan dan konservasi tanah, dan keamanan nasional dan overhead, pengumpulan berbasis tanah dan stand-off di daerah perbatasan.	0.937654	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Atmospheric physicists typically divide radiation into solar radiation (emitted by the sun) and terrestrial radiation (emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere).	Fisikawan atmosfer biasanya membagi radiasi menjadi radiasi matahari (dipancarkan oleh matahari) dan radiasi terestrial (dipancarkan oleh permukaan dan atmosfer Bumi).	0.929512	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Solar radiation contains variety of wavelengths.	Radiasi matahari mengandung berbagai panjang gelombang.	0.928538	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Visible light has wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers.	Cahaya tampak memiliki panjang gelombang antara 0,4 dan 0,7 mikrometer.	0.93878	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Shorter wavelengths are known as the ultraviolet (UV) part of the spectrum, while longer wavelengths are grouped into the infrared portion of the spectrum.	Panjang gelombang yang lebih pendek dikenal sebagai bagian ultraviolet (UV) dari spektrum, sementara panjang gelombang yang lebih panjang dikelompokkan ke dalam bagian inframerah dari spektrum tersebut.	0.927637	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Ozone is most effective in absorbing radiation around 0.25 micrometers, where UV-c rays lie in the spectrum.	Ozon paling efektif dalam menyerap radiasi sekitar 0,25 mikrometer, di mana sinar UV-c berada dalam spektrum.	0.958519	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
This increases the temperature of the nearby stratosphere.	Hal ini meningkatkan suhu stratosfer terdekat.	0.94427	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Snow reflects 88% of UV rays, while sand reflects 12%, and water reflects only 4% of incoming UV radiation.	Salju memantulkan 88% sinar UV, sementara pasir memantulkan 12%, dan air hanya memantulkan 4% radiasi UV yang masuk.	0.956659	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
The more glancing the angle is between the atmosphere and the sun's rays, the more likely that energy will be reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere.	Semakin melirik sudut antara atmosfer dan sinar matahari, semakin besar energi yang dipantulkan atau diserap oleh atmosfer.	0.898127	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Terrestrial radiation is emitted at much longer wavelengths than solar radiation.	Radiasi terestrial dipancarkan pada panjang gelombang yang jauh lebih lama daripada radiasi matahari.	0.928006	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
This is because Earth is much colder than the sun.	Ini karena Bumi jauh lebih dingin daripada matahari.	0.98547	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Radiation is emitted by Earth across a range of wavelengths, as formalized in Planck's law.	Radiasi dipancarkan oleh Bumi melintasi berbagai panjang gelombang, sebagaimana diformalkan dalam hukum Planck.	0.91761	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
The wavelength of maximum energy is around 10 micrometers.	Panjang gelombang energi maksimum adalah sekitar 10 mikrometer.	0.914115	Atmospheric physics	Fisika atmosfer
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena.	Biofisika adalah salah satu cabang ilmu fisika yang menerapkan prinsip, pendekatan, atau metode fisika dalam mengkaji atau memahami suatu masalah biologi.	0.914497	Biophysics	Biofisika
Some of its application to the study of financial markets has also been termed statistical finance referring to its roots in statistical physics.	Beberapa aplikasinya terhadap studi pasar keuangan juga dapat disebut keuangan statistik, mengacu pada fisika statistik.	0.910825	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Likewise, Jan Tinbergen, who won the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969 for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes, studied physics with Paul Ehrenfest at Leiden University.	Demikian juga Jan Tinbergen, yang memenangkan Hadiah Nobel Ekonomi pertama pada tahun 1969 atas pengembangan dan penerapan model dinamis untuk analisis proses ekonomi, belajar fisika dengan Paul Ehrenfest di Universitas Leiden.	0.980375	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
One of the founders of neoclassical economic theory, former Yale University Professor of Economics Irving Fisher, was originally trained under the renowned Yale physicist, Josiah Willard Gibbs.	Salah satu pendiri teori ekonomi neoklasik, mantan Profesor Ekonomi Universitas Yale Irving Fisher, awalnya dididik oleh fisikawan Yale terkenal, Josiah Willard Gibbs.	0.974822	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Econophysics was started in the mid-1990s by several physicists working in the subfield of statistical mechanics.	Ekonofisika dimulai pada pertengahan 1990-an oleh beberapa fisikawan yang bekerja di subbidang mekanika statistika.	0.947691	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Unsatisfied with the traditional explanations and approaches of economists – which usually prioritized simplified approaches for the sake of soluble theoretical models over agreement with empirical data – they applied tools and methods from physics, first to try to match financial data sets, and then to explain more ge...	Merasa kurang puas dengan penjelasan dan pendekatan ekonom tradisional - yang biasanya memprioritaskan pendekatan yang disederhanakan demi solusi model teoretis atas kesepakatan dengan data empiris - mereka menerapkan alat dan metode dari ilmu fisika, pertama untuk mencoba untuk mencocokkan data keuangan, kemudian menj...	0.881397	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
One driving force behind econophysics arising at this time was the sudden availability of large amounts of financial data, starting in the 1980s.	Salah satu kekuatan pendorong di balik ekonofisika yang muncul saat ini adalah ketersediaan sejumlah besar data keuangan secara tiba-tiba, mulai tahun 1980-an.	0.94212	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
It became apparent that traditional methods of analysis were insufficient – standard economic methods dealt with homogeneous agents and equilibrium, while many of the more interesting phenomena in financial markets fundamentally depended on heterogeneous agents and far-from-equilibrium situations.	Terlihat jelas bahwa metode analisis tradisional tidak cukup memadai - metode ekonomi standar berkaitan dengan agen homogen dan keseimbangan (ekuilibrium), sementara banyak fenomena yang lebih menarik di pasar keuangan fundamental tergantung pada agen heterogen dan situasi yang jauh dari ekuilibrium.	0.895629	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
The term "econophysics" was coined by H. Eugene Stanley, to describe the large number of papers written by physicists in the problems of (stock and other) markets, in a conference on statistical physics in Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta) in 1995 organized by Bikas Chakrabarti and first appeared in its proceedings publicat...	Istilah "ekonofisika" pertama kali diciptakan oleh H. Eugene Stanley untuk menggambarkan sejumlah besar makalah yang ditulis oleh fisikawan dalam masalah pasar (saham dan lainnya), dalam sebuah konferensi tentang fisika statistik di Kolkata, India pada tahun 1995 dan pertama muncul dalam publikasi di Physica A 1996.	0.925353	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
The inaugural meeting on econophysics was organised in 1998 in Budapest by János Kertész and Imre Kondor.	Pertemuan perdana ekonofisika diselenggarakan tahun 1998 di Budapest, Hungaria oleh János Kertész dan Imre Kondor.	0.905054	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Basic tools of econophysics are probabilistic and statistical methods often taken from statistical physics.	Alat dasar ekonofisika ialah metode probabilistik dan statistik yang sering diambil dari fisika statistik.	0.872288	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Physics models that have been applied in economics include the kinetic theory of gas (called the kinetic exchange models of markets), percolation models, chaotic models developed to study cardiac arrest, and models with self-organizing criticality as well as other models developed for earthquake prediction.	Model fisika yang telah diterapkan di bidang ekonomi meliputi teori kinetik gas (disebut model pertukaran pasar kinetik)), model perkolasi, model chaos yang dikembangkan untuk mempelajari serangan jantung, dan model dengan kekritisan yang diorganisir sendiri serta model lain yang dikembangkan untuk memprediksi gempa.	0.943513	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Moreover, there have been attempts to use the mathematical theory of complexity and information theory, as developed by many scientists among whom are Murray Gell-Mann and Claude E. Shannon, respectively.	Selain itu, ada upaya untuk menggunakan teori kompleksitas dan teori informasi dalam matematika, seperti yang dikembangkan oleh banyak ilmuwan di antaranya adalah Murray Gell-Mann dan Claude E. Shannon.	0.982349	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Another good example is random matrix theory, which can be used to identify the noise in financial correlation matrices.	Contoh lain adalah teori matriks acak, yang dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi gangguan dalam matriks korelasi keuangan.	0.895768	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
One paper has argued that this technique can improve the performance of portfolios, e.g., in applied in portfolio optimization.	Sebuah makalah berpendapat bahwa teknik ini dapat meningkatkan kinerja portofolio, misalnya pada optimasi portofolio.	0.904823	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
There are also analogies between finance theory and diffusion theory.	Ada pula analogi antara teori keuangan dan teori difusi.	0.959384	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
For instance, the Black–Scholes equation for option pricing is a diffusion-advection equation (see however for a critique of the Black–Scholes methodology).	Misalnya, persamaan Black-Scholes untuk penentuan harga opsi merupakan persamaan difusi-adveksi (lihat untuk kritik terhadap metodologi Black-Scholes).	0.939612	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Various econophysicists have introduced models for price fluctuations in physics of financial markets or original points of view on established models.	Berbagai pegiat ekonofisika telah memperkenalkan model untuk fluktuasi harga di pasar keuangan atau titik pandang awal pada model yang telah dibentuk.	0.919699	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Emmanual Farjoun and Moshé Machover, Laws of Chaos: a probabilistic approach to political economy, Verso (London, 1983)	Emmanual Farjoun and Moshé Machover, Laws of Chaos: a probabilistic approach to political economy, Verso (London, 1983) ISBN 0-86091-768-1 Diarsipkan 2011-11-09 di Wayback Machine.	0.888943	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Archived 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Ubaldo Garibaldi and Enrico Scalas, Finitary Probabilistic Methods in Econophysics, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK, 2010).	Ubaldo Garibaldi and Enrico Scalas, Finitary Probabilistic Methods in Econophysics, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK, 2010).	0.914968	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Mark Buchanan, What has econophysics ever done for us?, Nature 2013 Nature Physics Focus issue: Complex networks in finance March 2013 Volume 9	No 3 pp 119–128 Mark Buchanan, What has econophysics ever done for us?, Nature, 2013	0.86887	Econophysics	Ekonofisika
Medical physics departments may be found in institutions such as universities, hospitals, and laboratories.	Departemen fisika medis dapat ditemukan di rumah sakit atau universitas.	0.906132	Medical physics	Fisika medis
The scope includes risks to volunteers in biomedical research, carers and comforters.	Ruang lingkup mencakup risiko bagi relawan dalam penelitian biomedis, pengasuh, dan penghibur.	0.902891	Medical physics	Fisika medis
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere at a future time and given location.	Peramalan cuaca adalah aplikasi sains dan teknologi untuk memprediksi kondisi atmosfer pada masa depan pada suatu lokasi.	0.934708	Meteorology	Meteorologi
Humans have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia and formally since at least the 19th century.	Manusia telah mencoba memprediksi cuaca secara informal sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu dan secara formal sejak abad ke 19.	0.932963	Meteorology	Meteorologi
There are a variety of end uses to weather forecasts.	Terdapat keragaman penggunaan ramalan cuaca.	0.86594	Meteorology	Meteorologi
Aviation meteorology deals with the impact of weather on air traffic management and flight operations.	Meteorologi penerbangan berhubungan dengan dampak cuaca pada lalu lintas udara.	0.90595	Meteorology	Meteorologi
It is important for aircrews to understand meteorological conditions affecting flight planning and in-flight safety.	Meteorologi penerbangan penting bagi kru penerbangan untuk memahami implikasi dari cuaca untuk rencana penerbangan dan pesawat mereka.	0.861812	Meteorology	Meteorologi
Meteorologists, soil scientists, agricultural hydrologists, and agronomists are people concerned with studying the effects of weather and climate on plant distribution, crop yield, water-use efficiency, phenology of plant and animal development, and the energy balance of managed and natural ecosystems.	Pakar meteorologi, ilmu tanah, hidrologi, dan agronomi sering kali bekerja sama mempelajari efek cuaca dan iklim terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman, hasil pertanian, efisiensi penggunaan air, fenologi perkembangan hewan dan tumbuhan, dan keseimbangan energi ekosistem.	0.914864	Meteorology	Meteorologi
Conversely, they are interested in the role of vegetation on climate and weather.	Mereka juga tertarik untuk memahami bagaimana vegetasi dan makhluk hidup memengaruhi cuaca dan iklim.	0.908619	Meteorology	Meteorologi
Hydrometeorology is the branch of meteorology that deals with the hydrologic cycle, the water budget, and the rainfall statistics of storms.	Hidrometeorologi adalah cabang meteorologi yang berhubungan dengan siklus hidrologi, suplai air, dan statistik hujan.	0.910219	Meteorology	Meteorologi
Maritime meteorology deals with air and wave forecasts for ships operating at sea.	Meteorologi maritim berhubungan dengan peramalan gelombang laut dan angin untuk operasi kelautan dan perkapalan.	0.866542	Meteorology	Meteorologi
ISBN 978-0-521-38052-2. Glossary of Meteorology.	ISBN 0-521-38052-9. Glossary of Meteorology.	0.985785	Meteorology	Meteorologi
American Meteorological Society (2nd ed.).	American Meteorological Society (Edisi 2nd).	0.931164	Meteorology	Meteorologi
ISBN 978-0-19-506268-7. Reynolds, R (2005)	ISBN 0-19-506268-X. Reynolds, R (2005)	0.976532	Meteorology	Meteorologi
Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books Inc. p. 208.	Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books Inc. hlm.	0.95523	Meteorology	Meteorologi
ISBN 978-1-55407-110-4. Holton, J.R. (2004)	ISBN 1-55407-110-0. Holton, J.R. (2004)	0.983668	Meteorology	Meteorologi
An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology (4th ed.).	An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology (Edisi 4th).	0.961628	Meteorology	Meteorologi
Burlington, Md: Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-354015-7.	Burlington, Md: Elsevier Inc. ISBN 0-12-354015-1. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2013-07-19.	0.930662	Meteorology	Meteorologi
The GLOBE Program Archived 11 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine – (Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment)	The GLOBE Program - (Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment)	0.896259	Meteorology	Meteorologi
Glossary of Meteorology Archived 13 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine – From the American Meteorological Society, an excellent reference of nomenclature, equations, and concepts for the more advanced reader.	Glossary of Meteorology - From the American Meteorological Society, an excellent reference of nomenclature, equations, and concepts for the more advanced reader.	0.853659	Meteorology	Meteorologi
JetStream – An Online School for Weather Archived 11 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine – National Weather Service Learn About Meteorology Archived 11 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine – Australian Bureau of Meteorology The Weather Guide Archived 24 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Weather Tutorials and News at About...	JetStream - An Online School for Weather - National Weather Service Learn About Meteorology - Australian Bureau of Meteorology The Weather Guide Diarsipkan 2017-02-24 di Wayback Machine.	0.930222	Meteorology	Meteorologi
It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries; ecosystem dynamics; and plate tectonics and seabed geology.	Ilmu ini mencakup berbagai topik seperti organisme laut dan dinamika ekosistem; arus samudra, gelombang, dan dinamika cairan geofisika; tektonik lempeng dan geologi dasar laut, kondisi batimetri, dan arus berbagai zat kimia dan fisika di dalam lautan dan perbatasannya.	0.886424	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Oceanographers draw upon a wide range of disciplines to deepen their understanding of the world’s oceans, incorporating insights from astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics.	Topik-topik yang beragam ini menggambarkan berbagai macam disiplin ilmu yang digabungkan para oseanograf untuk memperdalam pengetahuan akan lautan dunia dan memahami proses di dalamnya, yaitu astronomi, biologi, kimia, klimatologi, geografi, geologi, hidrologi, meteorologi, dan fisika.	0.884187	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Humans first acquired knowledge of the waves and currents of the seas and oceans in pre-historic times.	Manusia pertama kali memperoleh ilmu mengenai gelombang dan arus laut serta samudra pada zaman prasejarah.	0.953874	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Early exploration of the oceans was primarily for cartography and mainly limited to its surfaces and of the animals that fishermen brought up in nets, though depth soundings by lead line were taken.	Awal penjelajahan samudra hanyalah untuk kartografi dan terbatas pada permukaannya saja dan hewan-hewan yang terjaring oleh nelayan, meski pada masa itu pengukuran kedalaman laut menggunakan timah sudah dilakukan.	0.866757	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Although Juan Ponce de León in 1513 first identified the Gulf Stream, and the current was well known to mariners, Benjamin Franklin made the first scientific study of it and gave it its name.	Meski Juan Ponce de León pada tahun 1513 merupakan orang yang pertama kali mengidentifikasi keberadaan Arus Teluk yang dikenal baik oleh para pelaut, justru Benjamin Franklin yang melakukan studi ilmiah pertama mengenai arus ini dan memberi nama "Arus Teluk".	0.890372	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Franklin measured water temperatures during several Atlantic crossings and correctly explained the Gulf Stream's cause.	Franklin mengukur suhu air pada beberapa pelayarannya melintasi Atlantik dan secara tepat menjelaskan sebab Arus Teluk.	0.907053	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Franklin and Timothy Folger printed the first map of the Gulf Stream in 1769–1770.	Franklin dan Timothy Folger menerbitkan peta Arus Teluk pertama pada tahun 1769-1770.	0.886052	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Sir James Clark Ross took the first modern sounding in deep sea in 1840, and Charles Darwin published a paper on reefs and the formation of atolls as a result of the second voyage of HMS Beagle in 1831–1836.	Sir James Clark Ross melakukan penggaungan modern pertama di laut dalam pada tahun 1840, dan Charles Darwin menerbitkan karya ilmiah mengenai terumbu dan pembentukan atol sebagai hasil dari Pelayaran Kedua HMS Beagle pada tahun 1831-6.	0.856456	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Robert FitzRoy published a four-volume report of Beagle's three voyages.	Robert FitzRoy menerbitkan empat volume laporan mengenai tiga pelayaran Beagle.	0.955752	Oceanography	Oseanografi
In 1841–1842 Edward Forbes undertook dredging in the Aegean Sea that founded marine ecology.	Tahun 1841–1842, Edward Forbes melakukan pengerukan di Laut Aegean yang menghasilkan penemuan ekologi laut.	0.900692	Oceanography	Oseanografi
The first superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory (1842–1861), Matthew Fontaine Maury devoted his time to the study of marine meteorology, navigation, and charting prevailing winds and currents.	Pengawas pertama Observatorium Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat (1842–1861), Matthew Fontaine Maury menghabiskan waktunya untuk mempelajari meteorologi laut, navigasi, dan memetakan angin serta arus yang kuat.	0.944624	Oceanography	Oseanografi
His 1855 textbook Physical Geography of the Sea was one of the first comprehensive oceanography studies.	Bukunya tahun 1855, Physical Geography of the Sea, adalah salah satu karya penelitian komprehensif pertama mengenai oseanografi.	0.959248	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Many nations sent oceanographic observations to Maury at the Naval Observatory, where he and his colleagues evaluated the information and distributed the results worldwide.	Banyak negara yang mengirimkan hasil penelitian oseanografi ke Maury di Observatorium Angkatan Laut, di mana ia dan rekannya menilai informasi tersebut dan menyebarkan hasilnya ke seluruh dunia.	0.944459	Oceanography	Oseanografi
In response to a recommendation from the Royal Society, the British Government announced in 1871 an expedition to explore world's oceans and conduct appropriate scientific investigation.	Tahun 1871, dengan rekomendasi dari Royal Society di London, pemerintah Britania Raya mendanai sebuah ekspedisi untuk menjelajahi samudra dunia dan melakukan penyelidikan ilmiah.	0.950242	Oceanography	Oseanografi
The first purpose-built oceanographic ship, Albatros, was built in 1882.	Kapal khusus oseanografi pertama, "Albatros", dibangun tahun 1882.	0.958979	Oceanography	Oseanografi
In 1893, Fridtjof Nansen allowed his ship, Fram, to be frozen in the Arctic ice.	Tahun 1893, Fridtjof Nansen membiarkan kapalnya "Fram" membeku di lautan es Arktik.	0.951539	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Between 1907 and 1911 Otto Krümmel published the Handbuch der Ozeanographie, which became influential in awakening public interest in oceanography.	Antara tahun 1907 sampai 1911, Otto Krümmel menerbitkan Handbuch der Ozeanographie yang memengaruhi minat masyarakat umum terhadap oseanografi.	0.96906	Oceanography	Oseanografi
The four-month 1910 North Atlantic expedition headed by John Murray and Johan Hjort was the most ambitious research oceanographic and marine zoological project ever mounted until then, and led to the classic 1912 book The Depths of the Ocean.	Ekspedisi Atlantik Utara tahun 1910 selama empat bulan yang dipimpin Sir John Murray dan Johan Hjort merupakan proyek penelitian oseanografi dan zoologi laut paling ambisius pada masa itu, dan mendorong terbitnya buku klasik The Depths of the Ocean pada tahun 1912.	0.982889	Oceanography	Oseanografi
The first acoustic measurement of sea depth was made in 1914.	Pengukuran kedalaman laut akustik pertama dilakukan tahun 1914.	0.959795	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Sverdrup, Johnson and Fleming published The Oceans in 1942, which was a major landmark.	Tahun 1942, Sverdrup dan Fleming menerbitkan "The Ocean" yang menjadi karya ilmiah terkenal.	0.888453	Oceanography	Oseanografi
The Sea (in three volumes, covering physical oceanography, seawater and geology) edited by M.N. Hill was published in 1962, while Rhodes Fairbridge's Encyclopedia of Oceanography was published in 1966.	"The Sea" (tiga volume yang membahas oseanografi fisik, air laut dan geologi) disunting oleh M. N. Hill dan diterbitkan tahun 1962, sementara "Encyclopedia of Oceanography" karya Rhodes Gairbridge diterbitkan tahun 1966.	0.91308	Oceanography	Oseanografi
The Great Global Rift, running along the Mid Atlantic Ridge, was discovered by Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen in 1953 and mapped by Heezen and Marie Tharp using bathymetric data; in 1954 a mountain range under the Arctic Ocean was found by the Arctic Institute of the USSR.	Pegunungan Global Raya yang membentang sepanjang Pegunungan Atlantik Tengah ditemukan oleh Maurice Ewing dan Bruce Heezen tahun 1953, sementara untaian pegunungan di bawah Arktik ditemukan tahun 1954 oleh Arctic Institute of the USSR.	0.859519	Oceanography	Oseanografi
The theory of seafloor spreading was developed in 1960 by Harry Hammond Hess.	Teori penyebaran dasar laut muncul pada tahun 1960 dan dicetuskan oleh Harry Hammond Hess.	0.93271	Oceanography	Oseanografi
The Ocean Drilling Program started in 1966.	Proyek Pengeboran Samudra dimulai tahun 1966.	0.913196	Oceanography	Oseanografi
The United States nuclear submarine Nautilus made the first journey under the ice to the North Pole in 1958.	Kapal selam nuklir Nautilus melakukan perjalanan pertamanya di bawah es menuju Kutub Utara pada 1958.	0.929251	Oceanography	Oseanografi
In 1962 the FLIP (Floating Instrument Platform), a 355-foot (108 m) spar buoy, was first deployed.	Pada 1962, FLIP (Floating Instrument Platform), sebuah pelampung spar setinggi 355 kaki diapungkan untuk pertama kalinya.	0.869428	Oceanography	Oseanografi
From the 1970s, there has been much emphasis on the application of large scale computers to oceanography to allow numerical predictions of ocean conditions and as a part of overall environmental change prediction.	Sejak 1970-an, telah muncul berbagai tekanan penerapan komputer berskala besar terhadap oseanografi agar prediksi numerik kondisi lautan dapat dilakukan dan menjadi bagian dari prediksi perubahan lingkungan secara keseluruhan.	0.933865	Oceanography	Oseanografi
1990 saw the start of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) which continued until 2002.	Pada 1990, World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) dilaksanakan yang berlangsung hingga 2002.	0.972759	Oceanography	Oseanografi
Geosat seafloor mapping data became available in 1995.	Data pemetaan dasar laut Geosat mulai tersedia pada tahun 1995.	0.964632	Oceanography	Oseanografi

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Wikipedia Dataset Science (English - Indonesian)

Dataset Description

This dataset contains 122,433 aligned sentence pairs extracted from Wikipedia science articles in English and Indonesian. It is highly suitable for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as machine translation, cross-lingual alignment, and fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) to better understand scientific terminology in Indonesian.

Language(s): English (en) and Indonesian (id)
Domain: Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Astronomy, Computer science, Engineering, Medicine)
License: MIT
Number of Rows: 122,433
Dataset Size: ~21.1 MB

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

A typical instance in the dataset includes the aligned sentence pair, a similarity score, and the source Wikipedia article titles.

{
  "en": "Applied physics is rooted in the fundamental truths and basic concepts of the physical sciences...",
  "id": "Fisika terapan juga berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan prinsip-prinsip ilmiah dalam perangkat dan sistem praktis...",
  "score": 0.852182,
  "en_title": "Applied physics",
  "id_title": "Fisika terapan"
}

Data Fields en: The text / sentence in English.

id: The translated or corresponding text / sentence in Indonesian.

score: The semantic alignment score computed using the paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2 model. Higher scores indicate a closer semantic match.

en_title: The title of the source English Wikipedia article.

id_title: The title of the source Indonesian Wikipedia article.

Data Collection and Cleaning Processes

Data Crawling Domain Targeting: The crawling process started from eight root scientific categories: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Astronomy, Computer science, Engineering, and Medicine. The script recursively traversed subcategories up to a depth of 2 to gather relevant scientific articles.

Cross-Lingual Matching: To establish the English-Indonesian document pairs, the Wikipedia API's langlinks property (lllang="id") was used. This ensures that the English article and the Indonesian article are officially linked as equivalents on Wikipedia.

Text Extraction: Article text was fetched using the API's extracts property with explaintext=True to retrieve plain text, effectively stripping out raw HTML and Wikipedia markup natively.

Data Cleaning & Splitting Sentence Tokenization: The extracted plain text for both English and Indonesian articles was tokenized into individual sentences using nltk.sent_tokenize.

Filtering: Empty spaces were stripped, and any sentence with a length of fewer than 20 characters was discarded to remove incomplete sentences, headers, or noisy fragments.

Sentence Alignment & Scoring To ensure high-quality translation pairs, the sentences were aligned using semantic similarity:

Cross-Lingual Embeddings: The paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2 model from Hugging Face's Sentence-Transformers was utilized to generate vector embeddings for both the English and Indonesian sentences.

Similarity Calculation: The score column represents the Cosine Similarity between the English and Indonesian sentence embeddings. This method effectively matches sentences with the same underlying meaning, even if they are not literal word-for-word translations or if the sentence structures differ between the two languages.

Usage Limitations & Tips Filtering by Quality: Users are strongly encouraged to filter the dataset based on the score column. For strict machine translation tasks, filtering pairs with a higher score threshold (e.g., score > 0.85 or 0.90) will yield the highest quality parallel data. Lower scores can be retained for general pre-training or broader language modeling.

Wikipedia Nature: The data reflects the style and potential biases present in encyclopedic texts.

Citation If you use this dataset in your research or projects, please link back to this repository.

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Ik45/mt-science-en-id-finetuning

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