# Copyright (c) 2015, Intel Corporation
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
#
#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
#       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
#       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
#       and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#     * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its contributors
#       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
#       without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
# WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
# DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
# ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
# (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
# LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
# ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
# SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

"""bits module."""

from __future__ import print_function
import _bits
from _bits import *
import _smp
from _smp import *
import ctypes
import functools
import itertools
from collections import namedtuple
import string
import struct
import time

ptrsize = struct.calcsize("P")

rdtsc = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_uint64)(_smp.rdtsc)

def tsc_per_sec():
    """Return the number of TSC counts per second.

    Computed on first call, and cached for subsequent return."""
    global tsc_per_sec
    start = time.time()
    tsc1 = rdtsc()

    while time.time() - start < 0.1:
        pass

    stop = time.time()
    tsc2 = rdtsc()

    local_tsc_per_sec = (tsc2 - tsc1) / (stop - start)
    old_func = tsc_per_sec
    def tsc_per_sec():
        return local_tsc_per_sec
    functools.update_wrapper(tsc_per_sec, old_func)
    return local_tsc_per_sec

def format_tsc(tscs):
    """Format a TSC delta as a time string with units"""
    units = [(1000*1000*1000, "ns"), (1000*1000, "us"), (1000, "ms")]
    for divisor, unit in units:
        temp = tscs / (tsc_per_sec() / divisor)
        if temp < 10000:
            return "{}{}".format(int(temp), unit)
    return "{}s".format(int(tscs / tsc_per_sec()))

class cpuid_result(namedtuple('cpuid_result', ['eax', 'ebx', 'ecx', 'edx'])):
    __slots__ = ()

    def __repr__(self):
        return "cpuid_result(eax={eax:#010x}, ebx={ebx:#010x}, ecx={ecx:#010x}, edx={edx:#010x})".format(**self._asdict())

def cpuid(apicid, eax, ecx=0):
    """Run CPUID on the specified CPU. Return a namedtuple containing eax, ebx, ecx, and edx."""
    return cpuid_result(*_smp._cpuid(apicid, eax, ecx))

def brandstring(apicid=None):
    """Return the brandstring of the specified CPU (default: the boot CPU)"""
    if apicid is None:
        apicid = bsp_apicid()
    if cpuid(apicid, 0x80000000).eax < 0x80000004:
        return ""
    brand = "".join(struct.pack("<LLLL", *cpuid(apicid, func_num)) for func_num in range(0x80000002, 0x80000005))
    brand = brand.rstrip('\0')
    return brand

_grub_command_map = {}

def addr_alignment(addr):
    """Compute the maximum alignment of a specified address, up to 4."""
    return addr & 1 or addr & 2 or 4

PCI_ADDR_PORT = 0xCF8
PCI_DATA_PORT = 0xCFC

def _pci_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes):
    if bytes is None:
        bytes = addr_alignment(register)
    elif bytes not in [1,2,4]:
        raise ValueError("bytes must be 1, 2, or 4")
    outl(PCI_ADDR_PORT, ((1 << 31) | (bus << 16) | (device << 11) | (function << 8) | register) & ~3)
    return bytes, PCI_DATA_PORT + (register & 3)

def pci_read(bus, device, function, register, bytes=None):
    """Read a value of the specified size from the PCI device specified by bus:device.function register"""
    bytes, port = _pci_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes)
    return { 1: inb, 2: inw, 4: inl }[bytes](port)

def pci_write(bus, device, function, register, value, bytes=None):
    """Write a value of the specified size to the PCI device specified by bus:device.function register"""
    bytes, port = _pci_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes)
    { 1: outb, 2: outw, 4: outl }[bytes](port, value)

_pcie_base = None

def pcie_get_base():
    return _pcie_base

def pcie_set_base(memaddr):
    global _pcie_base
    if memaddr < 0 or memaddr >= 2**32:
        raise ValueError("PCIe base address out of supported range; must be below 4GB")
    _pcie_base = memaddr

def _pcie_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes, memaddr):
    if bytes is None:
        bytes = addr_alignment(register)
    elif bytes not in [1,2,4,8]:
        raise ValueError("bytes must be 1, 2, 4, or 8")
    if memaddr is None:
        memaddr = _pcie_base
        if memaddr is None:
            raise ValueError("PCIe base address not set")
    elif memaddr < 0 or memaddr >= 2**32:
        raise ValueError("PCIe base address out of supported range; must be below 4GB")
    return bytes, memaddr | (bus << 20) | (device << 15) | (function << 12) | register

def pcie_read(bus, device, function, register, bytes=None, memaddr=None):
    """Read a value of the specified size from the PCIe device specified by bus:device.function register"""
    bytes, addr = _pcie_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes, memaddr)
    return { 1: readb, 2: readw, 4: readl, 8: readq }[bytes](addr)

def pcie_write(bus, device, function, register, value, bytes=None, memaddr=None):
    """Write a value of the specified size to the PCIe device specified by bus:device.function register"""
    bytes, addr = _pcie_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes, memaddr)
    { 1: writeb, 2: writew, 4: writel, 8: writeq }[bytes](addr, value)

def register_grub_command(command, func, summary, description):
    """Register a new GRUB command, implemented using the given callable.
    The callable should accept a single argument, the list of argument strings.
    The arguments include the command name as [0]."""
    _bits._register_grub_command(command, summary, description)
    _grub_command_map[command] = func

def _grub_command_callback(args):
    try:
        return _grub_command_map[args[0]](args)
    except:
        import traceback
        traceback.print_exc()
        return False

_bits._set_grub_command_callback(_grub_command_callback)

# Cache the cpulist since it will never change.
cpulist = cpus()

def cpus():
    """cpus() -> list of APIC IDs."""
    return cpulist

def bsp_apicid():
    """Returns the BSP's APIC ID."""
    global cpulist
    return cpulist[0]

def socket_index(apic_id):
    """Returns the socket portion of the APIC ID"""
    if apic_id is None:
        return None
    if cpuid(apic_id,0x0)[0] < 0xb:
        return None
    eax, ebx, ecx, edx = cpuid(apic_id,0xb,1)
    x2apic_id = edx
    socket_index = x2apic_id >> (eax & 0x1f);
    return socket_index

def socket_apic_ids():
    """Returns a mapping to unique socket index with the list of APIC IDs"""
    global cpulist
    uniques = {}
    for apicid in sorted(cpulist):
        uniques.setdefault(socket_index(apicid), []).append(apicid)
    return uniques

def apicid_to_index():
    """Returns a reverse mapping from APIC ID to CPU number"""
    global cpulist
    return dict([(apicid, i) for (i, apicid) in enumerate(cpulist)])

def cpu_frequency(duration=1.0):
    """Compute the CPU frequency over the given duration (default 1 second)"""
    global cpulist
    IA32_MPERF_MSR = 0xE7
    IA32_APERF_MSR = 0xE8
    IA32_TIME_STAMP_COUNTER_MSR = 0x10

    if cpuid(bsp_apicid(), 0).eax < 6:
        # CPUID Leaf 6 is not supported
        return None

    if cpuid(bsp_apicid(), 6).ecx & 1 == 0:
        # MPERF/APERF MSRs are not supported
        return None

    if wrmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_MPERF_MSR, 0) is None:
        # Writing of IA32_MPERF MSR caused a GPF
        return None

    if wrmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_APERF_MSR, 0) is None:
        # Writing of IA32_APERF MSR caused a GPF
        return None

    tsc_start = rdmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_TIME_STAMP_COUNTER_MSR)

    # Needs to busywait, not sleep
    start = time.time()
    while (time.time() - start < duration):
        pass

    mperf = rdmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_MPERF_MSR)
    aperf = rdmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_APERF_MSR)
    tsc_delta = (rdmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_TIME_STAMP_COUNTER_MSR) - tsc_start) / duration

    mperf_hz = tsc_delta
    aperf_hz = int( (float(aperf)/mperf) * tsc_delta)
    return mperf_hz, aperf_hz

class preserve_msr(object):
    """Context manager to preserve the value of an MSR around a block"""
    def __init__(self, msr):
        self.msr = msr

    # Context management protocol
    def __enter__(self):
        values = {}
        for cpu in cpus():
            values[cpu] = rdmsr(cpu, self.msr)
        self.values = values

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        for cpu, value in self.values.iteritems():
            if value is not None:
                wrmsr(cpu, self.msr, value)

def print_hz(hz):
    temp = hz / (1000.0 * 1000 * 1000)
    if abs(temp) >= 1:
        return '{:.03f} GHz'.format(temp)
    temp = hz / (1000.0 * 1000)
    if abs(temp) >= 1:
        return '{:.03f} MHz'.format(temp)
    temp = hz / 1000.0
    if abs(temp) >= 1:
        return '{:.03f} kHz'.format(temp)
    return '{} Hz'.format(hz)

def print_cpu_freq():
    frequency_data = cpu_frequency()
    if frequency_data == None:
        print("Frequency not measured since APERF and MPERF MSRs are not available.")
        return
    mperf_hz, aperf_hz = frequency_data
    delta_hz = aperf_hz - mperf_hz

    print("Frequency = {} (MPERF)  {} (APERF)  {} (delta)".format(print_hz(mperf_hz), print_hz(aperf_hz), print_hz(delta_hz)))

def grouper(n, iterable, fillvalue=None):
    "grouper(3, 'ABCDEFG', 'x') --> ABC DEF Gxx"
    args = [iter(iterable)] * n
    return itertools.izip_longest(fillvalue=fillvalue, *args)

def dumpmem(mem, addr=0):
    """Dump hexadecimal and printable ASCII bytes for a memory buffer"""
    s = ''
    for offset, chunk in zip( range(0, len(mem), 16), grouper(16, mem) ):
        s += "{:08x}: ".format(addr + offset)
        s += " ".join("  " if x is None else "{:02x}".format(ord(x)) for x in chunk)
        s += "  "
        for x in chunk:
            if x is None:
                s += ' '
            elif x in string.letters or x in string.digits or x in string.punctuation:
                s += x
            else:
                s += '.'
        s += '\n'
    return s

def set_func_ptr(funcptr_ptr, wrapper):
    """Set a C function pointer to a ctypes-wrapped Python function

    C code should export the address of the function pointer using
    PyLong_FromVoidPtr. Python code should pass that address as the first
    argument, and the wrapper as the second argument. Python code must maintain
    a reference to the wrapper to prevent it from being garbage-collected."""
    ctypes.c_ulong.from_address(funcptr_ptr).value = ctypes.cast(wrapper, ctypes.c_void_p).value

# Copyright (c) 2015, Intel Corporation
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
#
#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
#       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
#       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
#       and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#     * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its contributors
#       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
#       without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
# WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
# DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
# ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
# (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
# LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
# ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
# SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

"""bits module."""

from __future__ import print_function
import _bits
from _bits import *
import _smp
from _smp import *
import ctypes
import functools
import itertools
from collections import namedtuple
import string
import struct
import time

ptrsize = struct.calcsize("P")

rdtsc = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_uint64)(_smp.rdtsc)

def tsc_per_sec():
    """Return the number of TSC counts per second.

    Computed on first call, and cached for subsequent return."""
    global tsc_per_sec
    start = time.time()
    tsc1 = rdtsc()

    while time.time() - start < 0.1:
        pass

    stop = time.time()
    tsc2 = rdtsc()

    local_tsc_per_sec = (tsc2 - tsc1) / (stop - start)
    old_func = tsc_per_sec
    def tsc_per_sec():
        return local_tsc_per_sec
    functools.update_wrapper(tsc_per_sec, old_func)
    return local_tsc_per_sec

def format_tsc(tscs):
    """Format a TSC delta as a time string with units"""
    units = [(1000*1000*1000, "ns"), (1000*1000, "us"), (1000, "ms")]
    for divisor, unit in units:
        temp = tscs / (tsc_per_sec() / divisor)
        if temp < 10000:
            return "{}{}".format(int(temp), unit)
    return "{}s".format(int(tscs / tsc_per_sec()))

class cpuid_result(namedtuple('cpuid_result', ['eax', 'ebx', 'ecx', 'edx'])):
    __slots__ = ()

    def __repr__(self):
        return "cpuid_result(eax={eax:#010x}, ebx={ebx:#010x}, ecx={ecx:#010x}, edx={edx:#010x})".format(**self._asdict())

def cpuid(apicid, eax, ecx=0):
    """Run CPUID on the specified CPU. Return a namedtuple containing eax, ebx, ecx, and edx."""
    return cpuid_result(*_smp._cpuid(apicid, eax, ecx))

def brandstring(apicid=None):
    """Return the brandstring of the specified CPU (default: the boot CPU)"""
    if apicid is None:
        apicid = bsp_apicid()
    if cpuid(apicid, 0x80000000).eax < 0x80000004:
        return ""
    brand = "".join(struct.pack("<LLLL", *cpuid(apicid, func_num)) for func_num in range(0x80000002, 0x80000005))
    brand = brand.rstrip('\0')
    return brand

_grub_command_map = {}

def addr_alignment(addr):
    """Compute the maximum alignment of a specified address, up to 4."""
    return addr & 1 or addr & 2 or 4

PCI_ADDR_PORT = 0xCF8
PCI_DATA_PORT = 0xCFC

def _pci_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes):
    if bytes is None:
        bytes = addr_alignment(register)
    elif bytes not in [1,2,4]:
        raise ValueError("bytes must be 1, 2, or 4")
    outl(PCI_ADDR_PORT, ((1 << 31) | (bus << 16) | (device << 11) | (function << 8) | register) & ~3)
    return bytes, PCI_DATA_PORT + (register & 3)

def pci_read(bus, device, function, register, bytes=None):
    """Read a value of the specified size from the PCI device specified by bus:device.function register"""
    bytes, port = _pci_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes)
    return { 1: inb, 2: inw, 4: inl }[bytes](port)

def pci_write(bus, device, function, register, value, bytes=None):
    """Write a value of the specified size to the PCI device specified by bus:device.function register"""
    bytes, port = _pci_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes)
    { 1: outb, 2: outw, 4: outl }[bytes](port, value)

_pcie_base = None

def pcie_get_base():
    return _pcie_base

def pcie_set_base(memaddr):
    global _pcie_base
    if memaddr < 0 or memaddr >= 2**32:
        raise ValueError("PCIe base address out of supported range; must be below 4GB")
    _pcie_base = memaddr

def _pcie_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes, memaddr):
    if bytes is None:
        bytes = addr_alignment(register)
    elif bytes not in [1,2,4,8]:
        raise ValueError("bytes must be 1, 2, 4, or 8")
    if memaddr is None:
        memaddr = _pcie_base
        if memaddr is None:
            raise ValueError("PCIe base address not set")
    elif memaddr < 0 or memaddr >= 2**32:
        raise ValueError("PCIe base address out of supported range; must be below 4GB")
    return bytes, memaddr | (bus << 20) | (device << 15) | (function << 12) | register

def pcie_read(bus, device, function, register, bytes=None, memaddr=None):
    """Read a value of the specified size from the PCIe device specified by bus:device.function register"""
    bytes, addr = _pcie_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes, memaddr)
    return { 1: readb, 2: readw, 4: readl, 8: readq }[bytes](addr)

def pcie_write(bus, device, function, register, value, bytes=None, memaddr=None):
    """Write a value of the specified size to the PCIe device specified by bus:device.function register"""
    bytes, addr = _pcie_op(bus, device, function, register, bytes, memaddr)
    { 1: writeb, 2: writew, 4: writel, 8: writeq }[bytes](addr, value)

def register_grub_command(command, func, summary, description):
    """Register a new GRUB command, implemented using the given callable.
    The callable should accept a single argument, the list of argument strings.
    The arguments include the command name as [0]."""
    _bits._register_grub_command(command, summary, description)
    _grub_command_map[command] = func

def _grub_command_callback(args):
    try:
        return _grub_command_map[args[0]](args)
    except:
        import traceback
        traceback.print_exc()
        return False

_bits._set_grub_command_callback(_grub_command_callback)

# Cache the cpulist since it will never change.
cpulist = cpus()

def cpus():
    """cpus() -> list of APIC IDs."""
    return cpulist

def bsp_apicid():
    """Returns the BSP's APIC ID."""
    global cpulist
    return cpulist[0]

def socket_index(apic_id):
    """Returns the socket portion of the APIC ID"""
    if apic_id is None:
        return None
    if cpuid(apic_id,0x0)[0] < 0xb:
        return None
    eax, ebx, ecx, edx = cpuid(apic_id,0xb,1)
    x2apic_id = edx
    socket_index = x2apic_id >> (eax & 0x1f);
    return socket_index

def socket_apic_ids():
    """Returns a mapping to unique socket index with the list of APIC IDs"""
    global cpulist
    uniques = {}
    for apicid in sorted(cpulist):
        uniques.setdefault(socket_index(apicid), []).append(apicid)
    return uniques

def apicid_to_index():
    """Returns a reverse mapping from APIC ID to CPU number"""
    global cpulist
    return dict([(apicid, i) for (i, apicid) in enumerate(cpulist)])

def cpu_frequency(duration=1.0):
    """Compute the CPU frequency over the given duration (default 1 second)"""
    global cpulist
    IA32_MPERF_MSR = 0xE7
    IA32_APERF_MSR = 0xE8
    IA32_TIME_STAMP_COUNTER_MSR = 0x10

    if cpuid(bsp_apicid(), 0).eax < 6:
        # CPUID Leaf 6 is not supported
        return None

    if cpuid(bsp_apicid(), 6).ecx & 1 == 0:
        # MPERF/APERF MSRs are not supported
        return None

    if wrmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_MPERF_MSR, 0) is None:
        # Writing of IA32_MPERF MSR caused a GPF
        return None

    if wrmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_APERF_MSR, 0) is None:
        # Writing of IA32_APERF MSR caused a GPF
        return None

    tsc_start = rdmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_TIME_STAMP_COUNTER_MSR)

    # Needs to busywait, not sleep
    start = time.time()
    while (time.time() - start < duration):
        pass

    mperf = rdmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_MPERF_MSR)
    aperf = rdmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_APERF_MSR)
    tsc_delta = (rdmsr(bsp_apicid(), IA32_TIME_STAMP_COUNTER_MSR) - tsc_start) / duration

    mperf_hz = tsc_delta
    aperf_hz = int( (float(aperf)/mperf) * tsc_delta)
    return mperf_hz, aperf_hz

class preserve_msr(object):
    """Context manager to preserve the value of an MSR around a block"""
    def __init__(self, msr):
        self.msr = msr

    # Context management protocol
    def __enter__(self):
        values = {}
        for cpu in cpus():
            values[cpu] = rdmsr(cpu, self.msr)
        self.values = values

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        for cpu, value in self.values.iteritems():
            if value is not None:
                wrmsr(cpu, self.msr, value)

def print_hz(hz):
    temp = hz / (1000.0 * 1000 * 1000)
    if abs(temp) >= 1:
        return '{:.03f} GHz'.format(temp)
    temp = hz / (1000.0 * 1000)
    if abs(temp) >= 1:
        return '{:.03f} MHz'.format(temp)
    temp = hz / 1000.0
    if abs(temp) >= 1:
        return '{:.03f} kHz'.format(temp)
    return '{} Hz'.format(hz)

def print_cpu_freq():
    frequency_data = cpu_frequency()
    if frequency_data == None:
        print("Frequency not measured since APERF and MPERF MSRs are not available.")
        return
    mperf_hz, aperf_hz = frequency_data
    delta_hz = aperf_hz - mperf_hz

    print("Frequency = {} (MPERF)  {} (APERF)  {} (delta)".format(print_hz(mperf_hz), print_hz(aperf_hz), print_hz(delta_hz)))

def grouper(n, iterable, fillvalue=None):
    "grouper(3, 'ABCDEFG', 'x') --> ABC DEF Gxx"
    args = [iter(iterable)] * n
    return itertools.izip_longest(fillvalue=fillvalue, *args)

def dumpmem(mem, addr=0):
    """Dump hexadecimal and printable ASCII bytes for a memory buffer"""
    s = ''
    for offset, chunk in zip( range(0, len(mem), 16), grouper(16, mem) ):
        s += "{:08x}: ".format(addr + offset)
        s += " ".join("  " if x is None else "{:02x}".format(ord(x)) for x in chunk)
        s += "  "
        for x in chunk:
            if x is None:
                s += ' '
            elif x in string.letters or x in string.digits or x in string.punctuation:
                s += x
            else:
                s += '.'
        s += '\n'
    return s

def set_func_ptr(funcptr_ptr, wrapper):
    """Set a C function pointer to a ctypes-wrapped Python function

    C code should export the address of the function pointer using
    PyLong_FromVoidPtr. Python code should pass that address as the first
    argument, and the wrapper as the second argument. Python code must maintain
    a reference to the wrapper to prevent it from being garbage-collected."""
    ctypes.c_ulong.from_address(funcptr_ptr).value = ctypes.cast(wrapper, ctypes.c_void_p).value

# Copyright (c) 2015, Intel Corporation # All rights reserved. # # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without # modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: # #     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, #       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. #     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, #       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation #       and/or other materials provided with the distribution. #     * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its contributors #       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software #       without specific prior written permission. # # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND # ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED # WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE # DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR # ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES # (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; # LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON # ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT # (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS # SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. bits module. Return the number of TSC counts per second.      Computed on first call, and cached for subsequent return. Format a TSC delta as a time string with units #010x}, ebx={ebx:#010x}, ecx={ecx:#010x}, edx={edx:#010x})".format(**self._asdict()) Run CPUID on the specified CPU. Return a namedtuple containing eax, ebx, ecx, and edx. Return the brandstring of the specified CPU (default: the boot CPU) Compute the maximum alignment of a specified address, up to 4. Read a value of the specified size from the PCI device specified by bus:device.function register Write a value of the specified size to the PCI device specified by bus:device.function register Read a value of the specified size from the PCIe device specified by bus:device.function register Write a value of the specified size to the PCIe device specified by bus:device.function register Register a new GRUB command, implemented using the given callable.     The callable should accept a single argument, the list of argument strings.     The arguments include the command name as [0]. # Cache the cpulist since it will never change. cpus() -> list of APIC IDs. Returns the BSP's APIC ID. Returns the socket portion of the APIC ID Returns a mapping to unique socket index with the list of APIC IDs Returns a reverse mapping from APIC ID to CPU number Compute the CPU frequency over the given duration (default 1 second) # CPUID Leaf 6 is not supported # MPERF/APERF MSRs are not supported # Writing of IA32_MPERF MSR caused a GPF # Writing of IA32_APERF MSR caused a GPF # Needs to busywait, not sleep Context manager to preserve the value of an MSR around a block # Context management protocol Dump hexadecimal and printable ASCII bytes for a memory buffer Set a C function pointer to a ctypes-wrapped Python function      C code should export the address of the function pointer using     PyLong_FromVoidPtr. Python code should pass that address as the first     argument, and the wrapper as the second argument. Python code must maintain     a reference to the wrapper to prevent it from being garbage-collected.