# Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst

import functools
import types
import warnings

import numpy as np

from astropy.units.core import Unit, UnitsError
from astropy.units.quantity import Quantity
from astropy.utils import lazyproperty
from astropy.utils.exceptions import AstropyUserWarning

__all__ = ['Constant', 'EMConstant']


class ConstantMeta(type):
    """Metaclass for `~astropy.constants.Constant`. The primary purpose of this
    is to wrap the double-underscore methods of `~astropy.units.Quantity`
    which is the superclass of `~astropy.constants.Constant`.

    In particular this wraps the operator overloads such as `__add__` to
    prevent their use with constants such as ``e`` from being used in
    expressions without specifying a system.  The wrapper checks to see if the
    constant is listed (by name) in ``Constant._has_incompatible_units``, a set
    of those constants that are defined in different systems of units are
    physically incompatible.  It also performs this check on each `Constant` if
    it hasn't already been performed (the check is deferred until the
    `Constant` is actually used in an expression to speed up import times,
    among other reasons).
    """

    def __new__(mcls, name, bases, d):
        def wrap(meth):
            @functools.wraps(meth)
            def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
                name_lower = self.name.lower()
                instances = self._registry[name_lower]
                if not self._checked_units:
                    for inst in instances.values():
                        try:
                            self.unit.to(inst.unit)
                        except UnitsError:
                            self._has_incompatible_units.add(name_lower)
                    self._checked_units = True

                if (not self.system and
                        name_lower in self._has_incompatible_units):
                    systems = sorted(x for x in instances if x)
                    raise TypeError(
                        'Constant {!r} does not have physically compatible '
                        'units across all systems of units and cannot be '
                        'combined with other values without specifying a '
                        'system (eg. {}.{})'.format(self.abbrev, self.abbrev,
                                                      systems[0]))

                return meth(self, *args, **kwargs)

            return wrapper

        # The wrapper applies to so many of the __ methods that it's easier to
        # just exclude the ones it doesn't apply to
        exclude = {'__new__', '__array_finalize__', '__array_wrap__',
                   '__dir__', '__getattr__', '__init__', '__str__',
                   '__repr__', '__hash__', '__iter__', '__getitem__',
                   '__len__', '__bool__', '__quantity_subclass__',
                   '__setstate__'}
        for attr, value in vars(Quantity).items():
            if (isinstance(value, types.FunctionType) and
                    attr.startswith('__') and attr.endswith('__') and
                    attr not in exclude):
                d[attr] = wrap(value)

        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, d)


class Constant(Quantity, metaclass=ConstantMeta):
    """A physical or astronomical constant.

    These objects are quantities that are meant to represent physical
    constants.

    Parameters
    ----------
    abbrev : str
        A typical ASCII text abbreviation of the constant, generally
        the same as the Python variable used for this constant.
    name : str
        Full constant name.
    value : numbers.Real
        Constant value. Note that this should be a bare number, not a
        |Quantity|.
    unit : str
        String representation of the constant units.
    uncertainty : numbers.Real
        Absolute uncertainty in constant value. Note that this should be
        a bare number, not a |Quantity|.
    reference : str, optional
        Reference where the value is taken from.
    system : str
        System of units in which the constant is defined. This can be
        `None` when the constant's units can be directly converted
        between systems.
    """
    _registry = {}
    _has_incompatible_units = set()

    def __new__(cls, abbrev, name, value, unit, uncertainty,
                reference=None, system=None):
        if reference is None:
            reference = getattr(cls, 'default_reference', None)
            if reference is None:
                raise TypeError(f"{cls} requires a reference.")
        name_lower = name.lower()
        instances = cls._registry.setdefault(name_lower, {})
        # By-pass Quantity initialization, since units may not yet be
        # initialized here, and we store the unit in string form.
        inst = np.array(value).view(cls)

        if system in instances:
                warnings.warn('Constant {!r} already has a definition in the '
                              '{!r} system from {!r} reference'.format(
                              name, system, reference), AstropyUserWarning)
        for c in instances.values():
            if system is not None and not hasattr(c.__class__, system):
                setattr(c, system, inst)
            if c.system is not None and not hasattr(inst.__class__, c.system):
                setattr(inst, c.system, c)

        instances[system] = inst

        inst._abbrev = abbrev
        inst._name = name
        inst._value = value
        inst._unit_string = unit
        inst._uncertainty = uncertainty
        inst._reference = reference
        inst._system = system

        inst._checked_units = False
        return inst

    def __repr__(self):
        return ('<{} name={!r} value={} uncertainty={} unit={!r} '
                'reference={!r}>'.format(self.__class__, self.name, self.value,
                                          self.uncertainty, str(self.unit),
                                          self.reference))

    def __str__(self):
        return ('  Name   = {}\n'
                '  Value  = {}\n'
                '  Uncertainty  = {}\n'
                '  Unit  = {}\n'
                '  Reference = {}'.format(self.name, self.value,
                                           self.uncertainty, self.unit,
                                           self.reference))

    def __quantity_subclass__(self, unit):
        return super().__quantity_subclass__(unit)[0], False

    def copy(self):
        """
        Return a copy of this `Constant` instance.  Since they are by
        definition immutable, this merely returns another reference to
        ``self``.
        """
        return self
    __deepcopy__ = __copy__ = copy

    @property
    def abbrev(self):
        """A typical ASCII text abbreviation of the constant, also generally
        the same as the Python variable used for this constant.
        """

        return self._abbrev

    @property
    def name(self):
        """The full name of the constant."""

        return self._name

    @lazyproperty
    def _unit(self):
        """The unit(s) in which this constant is defined."""

        return Unit(self._unit_string)

    @property
    def uncertainty(self):
        """The known absolute uncertainty in this constant's value."""

        return self._uncertainty

    @property
    def reference(self):
        """The source used for the value of this constant."""

        return self._reference

    @property
    def system(self):
        """The system of units in which this constant is defined (typically
        `None` so long as the constant's units can be directly converted
        between systems).
        """

        return self._system

    def _instance_or_super(self, key):
        instances = self._registry[self.name.lower()]
        inst = instances.get(key)
        if inst is not None:
            return inst
        else:
            return getattr(super(), key)

    @property
    def si(self):
        """If the Constant is defined in the SI system return that instance of
        the constant, else convert to a Quantity in the appropriate SI units.
        """

        return self._instance_or_super('si')

    @property
    def cgs(self):
        """If the Constant is defined in the CGS system return that instance of
        the constant, else convert to a Quantity in the appropriate CGS units.
        """

        return self._instance_or_super('cgs')

    def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
        for attr in ('_abbrev', '_name', '_value', '_unit_string',
                     '_uncertainty', '_reference', '_system'):
            setattr(self, attr, getattr(obj, attr, None))

        self._checked_units = getattr(obj, '_checked_units', False)


class EMConstant(Constant):
    """An electromagnetic constant."""

    @property
    def cgs(self):
        """Overridden for EMConstant to raise a `TypeError`
        emphasizing that there are multiple EM extensions to CGS.
        """

        raise TypeError("Cannot convert EM constants to cgs because there "
                        "are different systems for E.M constants within the "
                        "c.g.s system (ESU, Gaussian, etc.). Instead, "
                        "directly use the constant with the appropriate "
                        "suffix (e.g. e.esu, e.gauss, etc.).")
