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# Rømerhus Rømerhus (formerly Hafniahus) is a building in Aarhus, Denmark in the historic Indre by neighborhood on Skt. Clemens Torv near Store Torv. The building was erected in 1895 by designs of the architect Sophus Frederik Kühnel in a historicist style drawing inspiration from the Italian Renaissance. Rømerhus is located on one of the busiest pedestrian streets in Aarhus and has through its existence primarily been used for commercial purposes. ## History Construction of Rømerhus was completed in 1895. Ownership at the time of construction is not known but the first tenants included the company Crome & Goldschmidts Fabriker which opened a small factory and store on the ground floor facing Skt. Clemens Torv. The company had been founded in Horsens in 1860 with prisoners from Horsens Straffeanstalt (Horsens Penitentiary) as the main source of labor. The store in Rømerhus was the first branch outside Horsens. Another tenant was Johannes Neye who opened a branch of his leather- and gallantry store NEYE in the building on the side facing Skt. Clemens Stræde and Skt. Clemens Torv. NEYE was up to 2015 the second-oldest store on the pedestrian shopping street Strøget, after the store Buus on the corner of Ryesgade and Sønder Allé. On 15 January 1918 Rømerhus was bought by the bank Jyllandsbanken which stayed in the building for 10 years until it left and sold it to the insurance company Hafnia for 625.000 kroner in 1928. The building was renamed to Hafniahus (Hafnia House). In 1984 Hafnia bought another property, the Regina building on Søndergade, which it also named Hafniahus. Having two buildings named Hafniahus proved confusing so after 56 years it was changed back to the original name Rømerhus. In 2011 the company Bestseller bought the building and contracted the architect firm E+N Arkitektur A/S for a large renovation project aimed at bringing Rømerhus back to its original state. ## Architecture Rømerhus is a four-winged building with a revivalist design drawing inspiration from French and Italian Renaissance architecture. The midsection of the building features a large dome which is thought to draw inspiration from Magasin du Nord's building in Copenhagen. The architect on the project was Sophus Frederik Kühnel who worked on some other significant historicist works in Aarhus such as Mejlborg from 1898 and Business- and Agricultural Bank of Jutland from 1900. The registered constructor on the project is the mason A.I. Petersen. The building is one of four large and notable corner buildings that was constructed to frame St. Clemens Bridge and Aarhus Municipal atlas notes it as the first city block structure in the city. It was built on difficult terrain with large height differences - there are six stories towards Åboulevarden but just 4 stories facing Skt. Clemens Torv. The Bestseller renovation starting in the 2015 aims to bring Rømerhus back to its original expression. Among other things this will entail putting a spire back on the dome, removing the bay windows and returning the color scheme to the original.	enwiki/52899255	enwiki	52,899,255	Rømerhus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8merhus	2022-06-28T22:21:33	en	Q28450846	38,953	{{Short description\|Building in Aarhus, Denmark}} {{Infobox building \| name = Rømerhus \| image = Rømerhus, Aarhus.jpg \| image_alt = Rømerhus \| image_size = 180px \| caption = Rømerhus in 1982 \| architectural_style = [[Revivalism (architecture)\|Revivalism]], [[Italian Renaissance#Architecture\|Italian Renaissance]] \| location = [[Aarhus]], [[Denmark]] \| completion_date = 1895 \| architect = [[Sophus Frederik Kühnel]] }} '''Rømerhus''' (formerly ''Hafniahus'') is a building in [[Aarhus]], [[Denmark]] in the historic [[Indre by, Aarhus\|Indre by]] neighborhood on ''Skt. Clemens Torv'' near [[Store Torv]]. The building was erected in 1895 by designs of the architect [[Sophus Frederik Kühnel]] in a [[Revivalism (architecture)\|historicist style]] drawing inspiration from the [[Italian Renaissance#Architecture\|Italian Renaissance]]. Rømerhus is located on one of the busiest pedestrian streets in Aarhus and has through its existence primarily been used for commercial purposes.<ref name="stad">{{cite web\|url=http://aarhuswiki.dk/wiki/R%C3%B8merhus\|title=Rømerhus\|publisher=Aarhus City Archives\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051414/http://aarhuswiki.dk/wiki/R%C3%B8merhus\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stift1">{{cite web\|url=http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Ombygningen-af-Roemerhus-traekker-ud/artikel/355416\|title=Ombygningen af Rømerhus trækker ud\|publisher=[[Århus Stiftstidende]]\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052926/http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Milliontab-Fynsk-firma-i-strid-om-Roemerhus/artikel/313707\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> == History == Construction of Rømerhus was completed in 1895. Ownership at the time of construction is not known but the first tenants included the company ''Crome & Goldschmidts Fabriker'' which opened a small factory and store on the ground floor facing Skt. Clemens Torv. The company had been founded in [[Horsens]] in 1860 with prisoners from [[Horsens Statsfængsel\|Horsens Straffeanstalt]] (Horsens Penitentiary) as the main source of labor. The store in Rømerhus was the first branch outside Horsens. Another tenant was [[Neye (company)\|Johannes Neye]] who opened a branch of his leather- and gallantry store NEYE in the building on the side facing ''Skt. Clemens Stræde'' and ''Skt. Clemens Torv''. [[Neye (company)\|NEYE]] was up to 2015 the second-oldest store on the pedestrian shopping street ''Strøget'', after the store ''Buus'' on the corner of [[Ryesgade, Aarhus\|Ryesgade]] and ''Sønder Allé''.<ref name="stad"/> On 15 January 1918 Rømerhus was bought by the bank ''Jyllandsbanken'' which stayed in the building for 10 years until it left and sold it to the insurance company Hafnia for 625.000 [[Danish kroner\|kroner]] in 1928. The building was renamed to Hafniahus (Hafnia House). In 1984 Hafnia bought another property, the Regina building on [[Søndergade, Aarhus\|Søndergade]], which it also named Hafniahus. Having two buildings named Hafniahus proved confusing so after 56 years it was changed back to the original name Rømerhus. In 2011 the company [[Bestseller (company)\|Bestseller]] bought the building and contracted the architect firm E+N Arkitektur A/S for a large renovation project aimed at bringing Rømerhus back to its original state.<ref name="stad"/> == Architecture == Rømerhus is a four-winged building with a [[Revivalism (architecture)\|revivalist]] design drawing inspiration from [[French Renaissance architecture\|French]] and [[Italian Renaissance#Architecture\|Italian Renaissance]] architecture. The midsection of the building features a large dome which is thought to draw inspiration from [[Magasin du Nord]]'s building in [[Copenhagen]]. The architect on the project was [[Sophus Frederik Kühnel]] who worked on some other significant historicist works in Aarhus such as [[Mejlborg]] from 1898 and [[Business- and Agricultural Bank of Jutland]] from 1900. The registered constructor on the project is the mason A.I. Petersen. The building is one of four large and notable corner buildings that was constructed to frame ''St. Clemens Bridge'' and Aarhus Municipal atlas notes it as the first [[city block]] structure in the city. It was built on difficult terrain with large height differences - there are six stories towards [[Åboulevarden]] but just 4 stories facing ''Skt. Clemens Torv''.<ref name="db">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dagensbyggeri.dk/artikel/78529-til-tops-i-det-nye-romerhus\|title=Til tops i det nye Rømerhus\|publisher=DAgens Byggeri\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050817/http://www.dagensbyggeri.dk/artikel/78529-til-tops-i-det-nye-romerhus\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bestseller (company)\|Bestseller]] renovation starting in the 2015 aims to bring Rømerhus back to its original expression. Among other things this will entail putting a spire back on the dome, removing the [[bay window]]s and returning the color scheme to the original.<ref name="jp">{{cite web\|url=http://jyllands-posten.dk/aarhus/erhverv/article6464872.ece\|title=Rømerhus skal føres tilbage i tiden\|publisher=[[Jyllandsposten]]\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051503/http://jyllands-posten.dk/aarhus/erhverv/article6464872.ece\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stift2">{{cite web\|url=http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Milliontab-Fynsk-firma-i-strid-om-Roemerhus/artikel/313707\|title=Milliontab: Fynsk firma i strid om Rømerhus\|publisher=[[Århus Stiftstidende]]\|language=Danish\|accessdate=15 January 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052929/http://stiften.dk/aarhus/Ombygningen-af-Roemerhus-traekker-ud/artikel/355416\|archive-date=18 January 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Architecture of Aarhus]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Coord\|56.1563\|10.2085\|region:DK_type:landmark\|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Romerhus}} [[Category:Houses completed in 1885]] [[Category:Historicist architecture in Aarhus]]	1,095,533,237	[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Architectural style": "Revivalism, Italian Renaissance", "Location": "Aarhus, Denmark", "Completed": "1895"}}, {"title": "Design and construction", "data": {"Architect(s)": "Sophus Frederik K\u00fchnel"}}]	false
# Maryculter House Maryculter House is a historic house in the village of Maryculter, or Kirkton of Maryculter, in the Lower Deeside area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ## History Lying along both banks of the River Dee, the Lands of Culter originally included the parishes of Peterculter and Maryculter. These were in the jurisdiction of the monks of Kelso. However, about the year 1187, William the Lion granted the portion of the Culter lands on the south bank of the river to the Knights Templar. Between 1221 and 1236 Walter Byset, Lord of Aboyne, founded the Preceptory or College of the Knights Templar on the site of Maryculter House Hotel. The barrel-vaulted basement of the house is said to have formed part of the Preceptor's Lodging. The Templars also built a chapel. This became the parish church in 1535, was abandoned in 1782 and is now a fragmentary ruin, the only architectural feature surviving being the piscina built into the south wall. The chapel and surrounding graveyard are a Scheduled monument. The chapel was replaced as the parish church by Maryculter Trinity Church. The Templars were suppressed around 1309 but their lands and the parish church remained in the hands of the Knights Hospitaller until 1563/64. From 1535 to 1811 Maryculter House was first rented and then owned by the Menzies family of Pitfodels, Aberdeen, though another source says it was owned by the Lindsay family until 1726. In 1811, Maryculter was bought by General William Gordon of Fyvie, and the Gordon family owned the estate until the death of Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon in 1931 led to the sale of the property in 1935. The estate was broken up and the home-park was bought by the City of Aberdeen Boy Scouts' Association to create Templars' Park Scout Campsite. Alterations to the house took place in 1936. The building is now a hotel, previously the Deeside Hotel and now Maryculter House Hotel. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B Listed building. ## Bibliography - Nicol, Norman D (1999) Maryculter in the Eighteenth Century: Lairds, Kirk and People in a Lower Deeside Parish 57°05′23″N 2°15′32″W / 57.0897°N 2.2590°W	enwiki/13165919	enwiki	13,165,919	Maryculter House	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryculter_House	2024-02-10T05:05:23	en	Q16894720	53,715	{{Short description\|Historic house in Maryculter near Aberdeen in Scotland}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} [[Image:Maryculter House Hotel.jpg\|thumb\|Maryculter House]] '''Maryculter House''' is a historic house in the village of [[Maryculter]], or Kirkton of Maryculter, in the [[Lower Deeside]] area of [[Aberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]]. ==History== Lying along both banks of the [[River Dee (Aberdeenshire)\|River Dee]], the Lands of Culter originally included the parishes of [[Peterculter]] and Maryculter. These were in the jurisdiction of the monks of [[Kelso, Scottish Borders\|Kelso]].<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Boyd\|first1=EJ\|title=A brief history of the Knights of the Temple and of the Preceptory and Priory of St. George Aboyne 1794 - 1994\|url=http://www.compulink.co.uk/~craftings/200years.htm\|website=Craftings\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> However, about the year 1187, [[William the Lion]] granted the portion of the Culter lands on the south bank of the river to the [[Knights Templar]].<ref name="Hotel history">{{cite web\|title=Maryculter House and the Precatory of the Knights Templar\|url=http://www.maryculterhousehotel.com/perch/resources/history.pdf\|website=Maryculter House Hotel\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> Between 1221 and 1236 [[Walter Byset, Lord of Aboyne]], founded the [[Preceptory]] or College of the Knights Templar on the site of Maryculter House Hotel.<ref name="Hotel history"/><ref name="Aberdeenshire SMR">{{cite web\|title=Aberdeenshire SMR\|url=https://online.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/smrpub/master/detail.aspx?Authority=ASH&refno=NO89NW0006\|website=Aberdeenshire SMR\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="POWiS">{{cite web\|title=St Mary's Church, Maryculter\|url=http://www.scottishchurches.org.uk/sites/site/id/4071/name/St+Mary%27s+Church%2C+Maryculter+Maryculter+Grampian\|website=Places of Worship in Scotland\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> The barrel-vaulted basement of the house is said to have formed part of the [[Preceptor]]'s Lodging.<ref name="Hotel history"/> The Templars also built a chapel.<ref name="Hotel history"/> This became the parish church in 1535, was abandoned in 1782 and is now a fragmentary ruin, the only architectural feature surviving being the [[piscina]] built into the south wall.<ref name="POWiS"/><ref>{{cite web\|title=Maryculter, Church\|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/37103/maryculter-church\|website=Canmore\|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> The chapel and surrounding graveyard are a [[Scheduled monument]].<ref name="HES">{{Historic Environment Scotland\|num=SM10831\|desc=Maryculter House, church & burial ground 65m NNE of\|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> The chapel was replaced as the parish church by [[Maryculter Trinity Church]]. The Templars were suppressed around 1309 but their lands and the parish church remained in the hands of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] until 1563/64.<ref name="Aberdeenshire SMR"/> From 1535 to 1811 Maryculter House was first rented and then owned by the Menzies family of [[Pitfodels]], [[Aberdeen]],<ref name="Hotel history"/><ref name="AV">{{cite web\|last1=Mitchell\|first1=Alex\|title=The Old Burghs Of Aberdeen – Part 4\|url=https://aberdeenvoice.com/2010/09/the-old-burghs-of-aberdeen-part-4/\|website=Aberdeen Voice\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> though another source says it was owned by the [[Clan Lindsay\|Lindsay family]] until 1726.<ref>{{cite web\|title=OS1/19/15/7\|url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/kincardineshire-os-name-books-1863/kincardineshire-volume-15/7\|website=Scotland's Places\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> In 1811, Maryculter was bought by [[William Gordon (British Army officer)\|General William Gordon]] of [[Fyvie]], and the Gordon family owned the estate until the death of [[Cosmo Duff-Gordon\|Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon]] in 1931 led to the sale of the property in 1935.<ref name="Hotel history"/><ref name="Gordon">{{cite web\|title=The Gordon family at Fyvie Castle\|url=http://www.fyviecastleonline.uk/page/gordon-lairds/\|website=Fyvie Castle Online\|access-date=25 November 2017}}{{dead link\|date=February 2024\|bot=medic}}</ref> The estate was broken up and the home-park was bought by the City of Aberdeen Boy Scouts' Association to create [[Templars' Park Scout Campsite]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Templars' Park\|url=http://www.templarspark.org.uk/\|website=Templars' Park\|publisher=Scouts Scotland\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> Alterations to the house took place in 1936.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Old Maryculter House\|url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=223429\|website=Dictionary of Scottish Architects\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> The building is now a hotel, previously the Deeside Hotel and now Maryculter House Hotel.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Watson\|first1=Adam\|title=Place Names in Much of North-East Scotland\|date=2013\|publisher=Paragon Publishing\|page=236\|isbn=9781782220695\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku5Js_jj8L0C&pg=PA236\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Hotel history">{{cite web\|title=Maryculter House and the Precatory of the Knights Templar\|url=http://www.maryculterhousehotel.com/perch/resources/history.pdf\|website=Maryculter House Hotel\|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> It is a [[Historic Environment Scotland]] Category B [[Listed building]].<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland\|num=LB16496\|desc=Old Maryculter House (now incorporated into Deeside Hotel)\|access-date=15 April 2019\|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://maryculterhouse.com Maryculter House Hotel website] * [https://whereismynextadventure.com/2014/03/09/a-city-a-river-a-kirkyard-a-castel Blog post about the house and graveyard] * [http://www.ancient-tree-hunt.org.uk/discoveries/newdiscoveries/2009/Maryculter+House+Sweet+Chestnut Maryculter House Sweet Chestnut] * [http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/4501 Details of film, Maryculter Calling, 1934] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7E_QtfwOoI Video footage of St Mary's Chapel] ==Bibliography== * Nicol, Norman D (1999) ''Maryculter in the Eighteenth Century: Lairds, Kirk and People in a Lower Deeside Parish'' {{coord\|57.0897\|-2.2590\|type:landmark_region:GB\|display=title}} [[Category:Category B listed buildings in Aberdeenshire]] [[Category:Houses in Aberdeenshire]] [[Category:Knights Hospitaller]]	1,205,665,043	[]	false
# Vought SB2U Vindicator The Vought SB2U Vindicator is an American carrier-based dive bomber developed for the United States Navy in the 1930s, the first monoplane in this role. Vindicators still remained in service at the time of the Battle of Midway, but by 1943, all had been withdrawn to training units. It was known as the Chesapeake in Royal Navy service. ## Design and development In 1934, the United States Navy issued a requirement for a new Scout Bomber for carrier use, and received proposals from six manufacturers. The specification was issued in two parts, one for a monoplane, and one for a biplane. Vought submitted designs in both categories, which would become the XSB2U-1 and XSB3U-1 respectively. The biplane was considered alongside the monoplane design as a hedge against the U.S. Navy's reluctance to pursue the modern configuration. The XSB2U-1 was of conventional low-wing monoplane configuration with a retractable conventional tailwheel landing gear, the pilot and tail gunner being seated in tandem under a long greenhouse-style canopy. The fuselage was of steel tube construction, covered with aluminum panels from the nose to the rear cockpit with a fabric-covered rear fuselage, while the folding cantilever wing was of all-metal construction. A Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin-Wasp Junior radial engine drove a two-blade constant-speed propeller, which was intended to act as a dive brake during a dive bombing attack. The use of propeller braking was not entirely successful, and in practice US Navy Vindicators lowered the aircraft's undercarriage to act as a speed brake and dived at shallower angles. A single 1,000 lb (450 kg) bomb could be carried on a swinging trapeze to allow it to clear the propeller in a steep dive, while further bombs could be carried under the wings to give a maximum bombload of 1,500 lb (680 kg). The SB2U was evaluated against the Brewster XSBA-1, Curtiss XSBC-3, Great Lakes XB2G-1, Grumman XSBF-1 and Northrop XBT-1. All but the Great Lakes and Grumman submissions were ordered into production. Designated XSB2U-1, one prototype was ordered on 15 October 1934 and was delivered on 15 April 1936. Accepted for operational evaluation on 2 July 1936, the prototype XSB2U-1, BuNo 9725, crashed on 20 August 1936. Its successful completion of trials led to further orders, with 56 SB2U-1s ordered on 26 October 1936, and a further 58 of a slightly modified version, the SB2U-2, on 6 October 1938. The SB2U-3 was a more heavily modified version, intended as a long-range scout bomber, capable of being fitted with a conventional wheeled undercarriage, for operations from aircraft carriers or land airbases, or with floats. To give the required increased range, the fuselage fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-1 and -2 was supplemented by integral wing tanks, while the aircraft's tail had an increased span. The prototype XSB2U-3, converted from the last SB2U-1, flew in February 1939, and after testing as both a landplane and floatplane, 57 SB2U-3s were ordered on 25 September 1939, mainly for the United States Marine Corps. The SB2U is prominently featured in the 1941 film Dive Bomber. There were 260 examples of all Vindicator variants produced, and a single surviving SB2U-2 is preserved at the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida. ## Operational history ### U.S. Navy Deliveries to the U.S. Navy began in December 1937, when four aircraft joined VB-3 aboard the aircraft carrier Saratoga, replacing Curtiss BFC-2 biplanes. As well as Saratoga, Vindicators served on the carriers Lexington, Ranger, and Wasp. Air Group Nine, destined for Essex, trained in Vindicators aboard the escort carrier Charger, but they transitioned to the Douglas SBD Dauntless before Essex joined the war. During the attack on Pearl Harbor, seven Vindicators from the U.S. squadron VMSB-231 were destroyed at Ewa Field. ### U.S. Marine Corps VMSB-231 and VMSB-241 were the only two USMC squadrons that fielded the Marine-specific SB2U-3 between March 1941 and September 1943. VMSB-241's Vindicators saw combat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. Airmen with experience in more modern aircraft spoke disparagingly of SB2Us as "vibrators" or "wind indicators" in their later combat assignments. Captain Richard E. Fleming piloted a SB2U-3 Vindicator in an attack on the Japanese cruiser Mikuma on 5 June 1942, for which he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. ### French Navy On 22 February 1939, France placed an order for 20 V-156-Fs for the carrier-based squadrons of the Aéronautique Navale (French Naval Aviation), with an order for 20 more V-156-Fs following in May 1939. Based on the SB2U-2, the V-156-F incorporated specific French equipment, included 7.5 mm (0.30 in) Darne machine guns and French radios, while the aircraft were fitted with dive brakes, as tested and rejected by the US Navy. The aircraft were delivered to France in crates and reassembled at Orly, with the first example flying in France on 6 August 1939. On the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, the French Navy decided that its only aircraft carrier, Béarn was too slow for operational service, and the ship's squadrons disembarked for land-based service. By mid-October 1939, the first escadrille, AB 1, had reequipped with the V-156-F, while a second escadrille, AB 3, was formed in November 1939. In March–April 1940, AB 1's pilots carried out successful deck-landing training aboard Béarn, and were declared carrier qualified. On 10 May 1940, on the opening day of the German invasion of France, all 12 of AB 3's aircraft were destroyed in a German air raid on Boulogne airfield. AB 1 was ordered up to Northern France from Hyères as a replacement, sustaining heavy losses while attacking bridges and German ground targets in Northern France, including seven aircraft shot down by Messerschmitt Bf 109s during an attack on a bridge over the Sambre–Oise Canal on 20 May 1940, and later that month provided air cover for the Evacuation of Dunkirk. AB 3, which had had its losses replaced by V-156-Fs taken out of storage, was deployed against the Italians following the Italian invasion of France on 10 June and on 14 June, four V-156s attacked the Italian submarine Gondar, which was unharmed. By the time of the Armistice, there were only a handful of remaining Voughts in French hands, and the type was phased out of service. ### Royal Navy France had placed an order for a further 50 V-156-Fs in March 1940, with delivery planned from March 1941. Following the defeat of France, this order was taken over by the British government for use by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, who named the aircraft the Chesapeake. The British required several modifications to the Chesapeake, including the additional fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-3, additional armor and heavier forward firing armament, with four rifle caliber machine guns replacing the single forward-firing Darne machine gun of the French aircraft. Fourteen Chesapeakes were used to equip a reformed 811 Naval Air Squadron on 14 July 1941 at RNAS Lee-on-Solent. The squadron, whose crews referred to the aircraft as the "cheesecake", intended to use them for anti-submarine patrols, and they were earmarked for the escort carrier HMS Archer. By the end of October that year, it had been decided that the Chesapeakes were underpowered for the planned duties and would not be able to lift a useful payload from the small escort carriers. Accordingly, they were withdrawn from 811 Squadron in November 1941 for use as training aircraft and the unit was re-equipped with the biplane Fairey Swordfish. ## Variants XSB2U-1 Single prototype, powered by a 750 hp (560 kW) R-1535-78 engine. SB2U-1 Initial production version powered by an 825 hp (615 kW) R-1535-96 engine, 54 built. SB2U-2 Same as SB2U-1 but with minor equipment changed, 58 built. XSB2U-3 Single prototype of the extended-range version with twin floats, converted from the SB2U-1. SB2U-3 Similar to the SB2U-2 but fitted with an 825 hp (615 kW) R-1535-102 engine, crew armor and two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) guns, 57 built V-156F-3 Export version for the French Navy, 40 built. V-156B-1 Export version similar to the SB2U-3 and powered by a 750 hp (560 kW) R-1535-SB4-G engine for the British Royal Navy. Designated Chesapeake Mk.I; 50 built. V-167 The V-156 company demonstrator was fitted with a more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine and redesignated V-167. It remained a one-off. ## Operators France - French Navy Aéronavale United Kingdom - Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm - 811 Naval Air Squadron[29] United States - United States Navy - United States Marine Corps ## Surviving aircraft Only one known survivor exists today: - SB2U-2 Vindicator, Bureau Number 1383, is on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida.[35] ## Specifications (SB2U-3) Data from The Annals of Sugar Baker Two Uncle General characteristics - Crew: 2 - Length: 33 ft 11+3⁄4 in (10.36 m) - Wingspan: 41 ft 10+7⁄8 in (12.77 m) - Height: 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) (tail down, propeller vertical) - Wing area: 305.3 sq ft (28.36 m2) - Empty weight: 5,634 lb (2,556 kg) - Gross weight: 7,474 lb (3,390 kg) - Max takeoff weight: 9,421 lb (4,273 kg) - Fuel capacity: 370 US gal (310 imp gal; 1,400 L) internal fuel - Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-1535-02 Twin Wasp Jr 14-cylinder two-row air-cooled radial engine, 825 hp (615 kW) (take-off power) : 750 hp (560 kW) (continuous power) - Propellers: 2-bladed Hamilton Standard constant-speed propeller, 11 ft 0 in (3.35 m) diameter Performance - Maximum speed: 211 kn (243 mph, 391 km/h) at 9,500 ft (2,900 m) - Cruise speed: 132 kn (152 mph, 245 km/h) (range cruise) - Range: 970 nmi (1,120 mi, 1,800 km) (main and wing center-section tanks only), 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombload - Ferry range: 2,130 nmi (2,450 mi, 3,940 km) (max internal and external fuel) - Service ceiling: 23,600 ft (7,200 m) - Rate of climb: 1,070 ft/min (5.4 m/s) - Time to altitude: 17.5 min to 15,000 ft (4,600 m) Armament - Guns: - 1 × forward firing 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gun in starboard wing - 1 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine gun in flexible mount in rear cockpit - Bombs: - 1 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) or 500 lb (230 kg) bomb under fuselage - 2 × 100 lb (45 kg) and 8 × 30 lb (14 kg) bombs under wings	enwiki/982690	enwiki	982,690	Vought SB2U Vindicator	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_SB2U_Vindicator	2025-08-09T22:28:05	en	Q1076655	222,937	{{Short description\|US Navy dive bomber}} {{Use American English\|date=October 2024}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2024}} <!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. --> {{Infobox aircraft \|name= SB2U Vindicator \|image= File:Vought SB2U-3 Vindicator VS-1 1-S-16 (16140609435).jpg \|caption= \|type= [[Dive bomber]] \|national_origin= United States \|manufacturer= [[Vought]] \|first_flight= 4 January 1936 \|introduction= [[1937 in aviation\|1937]] \|retired= 1945 \|status= \|primary_user= [[United States Navy]] \|more_users= [[United States Marine Corps]] <br />[[French Navy]] <br />[[Royal Navy]] \|produced= \|number_built= 260 }} The '''Vought SB2U Vindicator''' is<!-- Do not change is to was because there is only one survivor at the National Museum of Naval Aviation --> an American [[Carrier-based aircraft\|carrier-based]] [[dive bomber]] developed for the [[United States Navy]] in the 1930s, the first [[monoplane]] in this role. Vindicators still remained in service at the time of the [[Battle of Midway]], but by 1943, all had been withdrawn to training units. It was known as the '''Chesapeake''' in [[Royal Navy]] service. ==Design and development== In 1934, the [[United States Navy]] issued a requirement for a new Scout Bomber for carrier use, and received proposals from six manufacturers. The specification was issued in two parts, one for a [[monoplane]], and one for a [[biplane]]. [[Vought]] submitted designs in both categories, which would become the '''XSB2U-1''' and [[Vought XSB3U\|XSB3U-1]] respectively. The biplane was considered alongside the monoplane design as a hedge against the U.S. Navy's reluctance to pursue the modern configuration.<ref name="McKillop">{{cite web\|last1=McKillop\|first1=Jack\|url=http://www.microworks.net/PACIFIC/aviation/sb2u_vindicator.htm\|title=Chance-Vought SB2U Vindicator\|website=microworks.net\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009020949/http://www.microworks.net/PACIFIC/aviation/sb2u_vindicator.htm\|archive-date=2007-10-09}}</ref> The XSB2U-1 was of conventional low-wing monoplane configuration with a retractable conventional tailwheel [[landing gear]], the pilot and tail gunner being seated in tandem under a long greenhouse-style canopy. The [[fuselage]] was of steel tube construction, covered with [[aluminum]] panels from the nose to the rear cockpit with a fabric-covered rear fuselage, while the folding cantilever wing was of all-metal construction. A [[Pratt & Whitney R-1535]] Twin-Wasp Junior [[radial engine]] drove a two-blade [[constant-speed propeller]], which was intended to act as a [[dive brake]] during a dive bombing attack. The use of propeller braking was not entirely successful, and in practice US Navy Vindicators lowered the aircraft's undercarriage to act as a speed brake and dived at shallower angles. A single {{cvt\|1000\|lb}} bomb could be carried on a swinging trapeze to allow it to clear the propeller in a steep dive, while further bombs could be carried under the wings to give a maximum bombload of {{cvt\|1500\|lb}}.<ref name="AE p2-3">Green and Swanborough 1978, pp. 2–3.</ref><ref name="Wixey p64-5">Wixey 2000, pp. 64–65.</ref> The SB2U was evaluated against the [[Brewster SBA\|Brewster XSBA-1]], [[Curtiss SBC\|Curtiss XSBC-3]], [[Great Lakes XB2G]]-1, [[Grumman XSBF]]-1 and [[Northrop BT\|Northrop XBT-1]]. All but the Great Lakes and Grumman submissions were ordered into production. Designated XSB2U-1, one prototype was ordered on 15 October 1934 and was delivered on 15 April 1936. Accepted for operational evaluation on 2 July 1936, the prototype XSB2U-1, BuNo ''9725'', crashed on 20 August 1936.<ref>Larkins, William T., "U.S. Navy Aircraft 1921-1941, U.S. Marine Corps Aircraft 1914-1959", Orion Books, New York, 1988, Library of Congress card number 88-17753, {{ISBN\|0-517-56920-5}}, page 196.</ref> Its successful completion of trials led to further orders,<ref name="McKillop"/> with 56 SB2U-1s ordered on 26 October 1936,<ref name="AE p3">Green and Swanborough 1978, p. 3.</ref> and a further 58 of a slightly modified version, the SB2U-2, on 6 October 1938.<ref name="AE p6">Green and Swanborough 1978, p. 6.</ref> The SB2U-3 was a more heavily modified version, intended as a long-range scout bomber, capable of being fitted with a conventional wheeled undercarriage, for operations from aircraft carriers or land airbases, or with floats. To give the required increased range, the fuselage fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-1 and -2 was supplemented by integral wing tanks, while the aircraft's tail had an increased span. The prototype XSB2U-3, converted from the last SB2U-1, flew in February 1939, and after testing as both a landplane and floatplane, 57 SB2U-3s were ordered on 25 September 1939, mainly for the United States Marine Corps.<ref name="AE p76">Green and Swanborough 1978, p. 76.</ref><ref name="Wixey p67-8">Wixey 2000, pp. 67–68.</ref> The SB2U is prominently featured in the 1941 film [[Dive Bomber (film)\|''Dive Bomber'']].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Jesse \|date=2020-10-15 \|title=The SB2U Vindicator: the Forgotten Bird in 24 Images - I Love WWII Planes \|url=https://www.ilovewwiiplanes.com/2020/10/15/sb2u/ \|access-date=2025-02-24 \|website=ilovewwiiplanes \|language=en}}</ref> There were 260 examples of all Vindicator variants produced,<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|date=2020-12-04 \|title=Vought SB2U Vindicator (1936) \|url=https://naval-encyclopedia.com/naval-aviation/ww2/us/vought-sb2u-vindicator.php#google_vignette \|access-date=2025-03-02 \|website=Naval Encyclopedia \|language=en-US}}</ref> and a single surviving SB2U-2 is preserved at the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] at NAS Pensacola, Florida.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=SB2U Vindicator \|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nnam/explore/collections/aircraft/s/sb2u-vindicator.html \|access-date=2025-03-02 \|website=National Naval Aviation Museum \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operational history== ===U.S. Navy=== [[File:SB2U-3 VMSB-231 Ewa 7Dec1941.jpg\|thumb\|SB2U destroyed at Pearl Harbor]] [[File:Convoy WS-12 en route to Cape Town, 1941.jpg\|thumb\|SB2U from {{USS\|Ranger\|CV-4\|2}} in November 1941.]] [[File:SB2U taking off from Midway Jun 1942.jpg\|thumb\|SB2U-3 of VMSB-241, MAG-21, takes off from Eastern Island shortly before the Battle of Midway.]] [[File:USS Wasp (CV-7) in at anchor in Casco Bay, Maine (USA), on 25 March 1942 (80-G-K-447).jpg\|thumb\|SB2U-3s on deck of {{USS\|Wasp\|CV-7\|2}} in June 1942.]] Deliveries to the U.S. Navy began in December 1937, when four aircraft joined [[VFA-14 (U.S. Navy)\|VB-3]] aboard the aircraft carrier {{USS\|Saratoga\|CV-3\|2}}, replacing [[Curtiss F11C Goshawk\|Curtiss BFC]]-2 biplanes. As well as ''Saratoga'', Vindicators served on the carriers {{USS\|Lexington\|CV-2\|2}}, {{USS\|Ranger\|CV-4\|2}}, and {{USS\|Wasp\|CV-7\|2}}.<ref name="AE p5-6">Green and Swanborough 1978, pp. 5–6.</ref> Air Group Nine, destined for {{USS\|Essex\|CV-9\|2}}, trained in Vindicators aboard the escort carrier {{USS\|Charger\|CVE-30\|2}}, but they transitioned to the [[Douglas SBD Dauntless]] before ''Essex'' joined the war.<ref name="McKillop"/> During the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], seven Vindicators from the U.S. squadron VMSB-231 were destroyed at [[Marine Corps Air Station Ewa\|Ewa Field]].<ref>Doll 1992, p. 5</ref> ===U.S. Marine Corps=== [[VMA-231\|VMSB-231]] and [[VMA-241\|VMSB-241]] were the only two USMC squadrons that fielded the Marine-specific SB2U-3 between March 1941 and September 1943. VMSB-241's Vindicators saw combat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://midway1942.org/docs/usn_doc_18.shtml\|title=Midway 1942 : Documents : Commanding Officer Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241. Action report. June 12, 1942\|access-date=2013-06-20\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172622/http://midway1942.org/docs/usn_doc_18.shtml\|archive-date=2014-02-01}}</ref> Airmen with experience in more modern aircraft spoke disparagingly of SB2Us as "vibrators" or "wind indicators" in their later combat assignments.<ref name="Proceedings">O'Rourke, G.G, CAPT USN. "Of Hosenoses, Stoofs, and Lefthanded Spads". ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'', July 1968.</ref><ref name="P2">Spangenburg, Walt, CAPT USN. "Comment and Discussion". ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'', October 1968.</ref> Captain [[Richard E. Fleming]] piloted a SB2U-3 Vindicator in an attack on the [[Japanese cruiser Mikuma\|Japanese cruiser ''Mikuma'']] on 5 June 1942, for which he was posthumously awarded the [[Medal of Honor]].<ref name="Always Faithful">{{citation\|title=Always Faithful\|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/naval-aviation/Naval%20Aviation%20News/2000/2003/may-june/always.pdf\|publisher=Naval Aviation News\|author=Hill Goodspeed\|date=May 2003\|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref> ===French Navy=== On 22 February 1939, France placed an order for 20 V-156-Fs for the carrier-based squadrons of the ''[[Aéronautique Navale]]'' (French Naval Aviation), with an order for 20 more V-156-Fs following in May 1939.<ref name="AE p7">Green and Swanborough 1978, p.7.</ref><ref name="avn54p378">Ledet September 1997, pp. 37–38</ref> Based on the SB2U-2, the V-156-F incorporated specific French equipment, included {{cvt\|7.5\|mm}} [[Darne machine gun]]s and French radios, while the aircraft were fitted with dive brakes, as tested and rejected by the US Navy.<ref name="AE p7"/> The aircraft were delivered to France in crates and reassembled at [[Orly]], with the first example flying in France on 6 August 1939.<ref name="avn54p389">Ledet September 1997, pp. 38–39</ref> On the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in September 1939, the French Navy decided that its only aircraft carrier, {{Ship\|French aircraft carrier\|Béarn\|\|2}} was too slow for operational service, and the ship's squadrons disembarked for land-based service.<ref name="fana297p42">Morareau February 1997, p. 42</ref> By mid-October 1939, the first ''[[escadrille]]'', AB 1, had reequipped with the V-156-F,<ref name="fana297p42"/> while a second ''escadrille'', AB 3, was formed in November 1939.<ref name="fana298p42">Morareau March 1997, p. 42</ref> In March–April 1940, AB 1's pilots carried out successful deck-landing training aboard ''Béarn'', and were declared carrier qualified.<ref name="fana297p45">Morareau February 1997, p. 45</ref><ref name="AE p8"/> On 10 May 1940, on the opening day of the [[Battle of France\|German invasion of France]], all 12 of AB 3's aircraft were destroyed in a German air raid on [[Boulogne-sur-Mer\|Boulogne]] airfield.<ref name="AE p8"/><ref name="fana298p44">Morareau March 1997, p. 44</ref> AB 1 was ordered up to Northern France from [[Hyères]] as a replacement, sustaining heavy losses while attacking bridges and German ground targets in Northern France, including seven aircraft shot down by [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]s during an attack on a bridge over the [[Sambre–Oise Canal]] on 20 May 1940, and later that month provided air cover for the [[Evacuation of Dunkirk]].<ref name="AE p8"/> AB 3, which had had its losses replaced by V-156-Fs taken out of storage,<ref name="AE p8"/> was deployed against the Italians following the [[Italian invasion of France]] on 10 June and on 14 June, four V-156s attacked the {{ship\|Italian submarine\|Gondar}}, which was unharmed.<ref name="fana298p45">Morareau March 1997, p. 45</ref> By the time of the [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)\|Armistice]], there were only a handful of remaining Voughts in French hands, and the type was phased out of service.<ref name="fana297p54">Morareau February 1997, p. 54</ref> ===Royal Navy=== France had placed an order for a further 50 V-156-Fs in March 1940, with delivery planned from March 1941. Following the [[Second Armistice at Compiègne\|defeat of France]], this order was taken over by the British government for use by the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[Fleet Air Arm]], who named the aircraft the Chesapeake.<ref name="AE p8">Green and Swanborough 1978, p.8.</ref> The British required several modifications to the Chesapeake, including the additional fuel tank fitted to the SB2U-3,<ref name="AE p8"/> additional armor and heavier forward firing armament, with four rifle caliber machine guns replacing the single forward-firing [[Darne machine gun]] of the French aircraft.<ref name="AE p74">Green and Swanborough 1978, p.74.</ref> Fourteen Chesapeakes were used to equip a reformed [[811 Naval Air Squadron]] on 14 July 1941 at [[RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus)\|RNAS Lee-on-Solent]].<ref name="Thetford Navy p340">Thetford 1978, p.340.</ref> The squadron, whose crews referred to the aircraft as the "cheesecake", intended to use them for [[Anti-submarine warfare\|anti-submarine]] patrols, and they were earmarked for the [[escort aircraft carrier\|escort carrier]] {{HMS\|Archer\|D78\|6}}.<ref>Moran 1978, p. 65</ref> By the end of October that year, it had been decided that the Chesapeakes were underpowered for the planned duties and would not be able to lift a useful payload from the small escort carriers. Accordingly, they were withdrawn from 811 Squadron in November 1941 for use as training aircraft and the unit was re-equipped with the biplane [[Fairey Swordfish]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2014-12-01 \|title=Historic Aircraft - No Vindication for the Vindicator \|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2014/december/historic-aircraft-no-vindication-vindicator#:~:text=An%20additional%20order%20soon%20was,and%20a%20larger%20horizontal%20tail. \|access-date=2025-02-24 \|website=U.S. Naval Institute \|language=en}}</ref> ==Variants== ;XSB2U-1 :Single prototype, powered by a {{cvt\|750\|hp}} R-1535-78 engine. ;SB2U-1 :Initial production version powered by an {{cvt\|825\|hp}} R-1535-96 engine, 54 built. ;SB2U-2 :Same as SB2U-1 but with minor equipment changed, 58 built. ;XSB2U-3 :Single prototype of the extended-range version with twin floats, converted from the SB2U-1. ;SB2U-3 :Similar to the SB2U-2 but fitted with an {{cvt\|825\|hp}} R-1535-102 engine, crew armor and two {{cvt\|0.5\|in\|1}} guns, 57 built ;V-156F-3 :Export version for the French Navy, 40 built. ;V-156B-1 :Export version similar to the SB2U-3 and powered by a {{cvt\|750\|hp}} R-1535-SB4-G engine for the British Royal Navy. Designated '''Chesapeake Mk.I'''; 50 built. ;V-167 :The V-156 company demonstrator was fitted with a more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine and redesignated V-167. It remained a one-off.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/products/html/sb2uquant.html\|title=SB2U Quantities\|website=Vought Heritage and Education Web Site\|access-date=2013-04-08\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529140912/http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/products/html/sb2uquant.html\|archive-date=2012-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/photo/html/pv-167_2.html\|title=Photo Gallery: V-167\|website=Vought Heritage and Education Web Site\|access-date=2013-04-08\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109021426/http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/photo/html/pv-167_2.html\|archive-date=2007-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://celticowboy.com/VCorsairs%20Photos.htm\|title=Archived copy\|access-date=2013-04-08\|archive-date=2014-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170131/http://celticowboy.com/VCorsairs%20Photos.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Operators== [[File:Restored Vought SB2U-2 Vindicator at the U.S. National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida (USA), in 1999.jpg\|thumb\|SB2U-2 of VB-9 from the [[National Museum of Naval Aviation]]]] ;{{FRA}} [[French Navy]] [[Aéronavale]] ;{{UK}} [[Royal Navy]] [[Fleet Air Arm]] *[[811 Naval Air Squadron]]<ref name="Thetford Navy p340"/> ;{{USA}} [[United States Navy]] [[United States Marine Corps]] ==Surviving aircraft== Only one known survivor exists today: SB2U-2 Vindicator, Bureau Number ''1383'', is on display at the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] at [[NAS Pensacola]], [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=sb2u_vindicator\|title=SB2U Vindicator/Bu. 1383\|website=National Naval Aviation Museum\|access-date=2012-04-09\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313071646/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=sb2u_vindicator\|archive-date=2014-03-13}}</ref> ==Specifications (SB2U-3)== [[File:Vought SB2U-1 Vindicator.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Vought SB2U-1 Vindicator]] {{Aircraft specs \|ref=The Annals of Sugar Baker Two Uncle<ref name="AE p8,77">Green and Swanborough 1978, pp. 8, 77.</ref> \|prime units?=kts <!-- General characteristics --> \|genhide= \|crew=2 \|capacity= \|length ft=33 \|length in=11+3/4 \|length sigfig=4 \|span ft=41 \|span in=10+7/8 \|span sigfig=4 \|height m= \|height ft=14 \|height in=3 \|height note= (tail down, propeller vertical) \|wing area sqm= \|wing area sqft=305.3 \|wing area note= \|swept area sqm=<!-- swing-wings --> \|swept area sqft=<!-- swing-wings --> \|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> \|airfoil= \|empty weight kg= \|empty weight lb=5634 \|empty weight note= \|gross weight kg= \|gross weight lb=7474 \|gross weight note= \|max takeoff weight lb=9421 \|fuel capacity={{cvt\|370\|USgal\|impgal L}} internal fuel \|more general= <!-- Powerplant --> \|eng1 number=1 \|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney R-1535]]-02 Twin Wasp Jr \|eng1 type=14-cylinder two-row air-cooled [[radial engine]] \|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines --> \|eng1 hp=825<!-- prop engines --> \|eng1 note= (take-off power) : {{cvt\|750\|hp\|kW}} (continuous power) \|prop blade number=2<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop name=Hamilton Standard [[constant-speed propeller]] \|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop dia ft=11<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop dia in=0<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop note= <!-- Performance --> \|perfhide= \|max speed kmh= \|max speed mph=243 \|max speed kts= \|max speed note=at {{cvt\|9500\|ft}} \|cruise speed kmh= \|cruise speed mph=152 \|cruise speed note=(range cruise) \|never exceed speed kmh= \|never exceed speed mph= \|never exceed speed kts= \|range km= \|range miles=1120 \|range note=(main and wing center-section tanks only), {{cvt\|1000\|lb}} bombload \|ferry range miles=2450 \|ferry range note=(max internal and external fuel) \|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> \|ceiling m= \|ceiling ft=23600 \|climb rate ms= \|climb rate ftmin=1070 \|time to altitude=17.5 min to {{cvt\|15000\|ft}} <!-- Armament --> \|guns= <br /> 1 × forward firing {{cvt\|0.50\|in\|1}} [[M2 Browning machine gun]] in starboard wing 1 × {{cvt\|0.50\|in\|1}} machine gun in flexible mount in rear cockpit \|bombs= <br /> 1 × {{cvt\|1000\|lb}} ''or'' {{cvt\|500\|lb}} bomb under fuselage 2 × {{cvt\|100\|lb}} and 8 × {{cvt\|30\|lb}} bombs under wings \|rockets= \|missiles= \|hardpoints= \|hardpoint capacity= \|hardpoint rockets= \|hardpoint missiles= \|hardpoint bombs= \|hardpoint other= \|avionics= }} ==See also== {{Portal\|Aviation}} {{aircontent\| \|related= \|similar aircraft= [[Aichi D3A]] [[Blackburn Skua]] [[Breda Ba.65]] [[Brewster SBA]] [[Douglas SBD Dauntless]] [[Junkers Ju 87]] [[Loire-Nieuport LN.401]] [[Northrop BT]] \|lists= [[List of aircraft of World War II]] [[List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)]] \|see also= }} ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{cite book\|last1=Brown\|first1=Eric\|last2=Green\|first2=William\|last3=Swanborough\|first3=Gordon\|chapter=Vought Chesapeake\|title=Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two\|year=1980\|location=London\|publisher=Jane's Publishing Company\|pages=20–29\|isbn=0-7106-0002-X}} {{cite book\|last=Doll\|first=Tom\|title=SB2U Vindicator in Action (Aircraft No. 122)\|year=1992\|location=Carrollton, Texas\|publisher= Squadron/Signal Publications Inc.\|isbn=0-89747-274-8}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Green\|first1=William\|author-link1=William Green (author)\|first2=Gordon\|last2=Swanborough\|title=The Annals of Sugar Baker Two Uncle\|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]\|issue=Eight\|date=October 1978 – January 1979\|location= Bromley, UK\|publisher=Fine Scroll\|pages=1–8, 74–79}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Ledet\|first1=Michel\|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (1ère partie)\|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire\|date=July 1997\|issue=52\|pages=22–29\|language=fr\|issn=1243-8650}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Ledet\|first1=Michel\|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (2ème partie)\|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire\|date=August 1997\|issue=53\|pages=9–13\|language=fr\|issn=1243-8650}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Ledet\|first1=Michel\|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (3ème partie)\|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire\|date=September 1997\|issue=54\|pages=37–41\|language=fr\|issn=1243-8650}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Ledet\|first1=Michel\|title=Le Vought SB2U "Vindicator" (4ème et dernière partie)\|magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire\|date=October 1997\|issue=55\|pages=14–18\|language=fr\|issn=1243-8650}} {{cite book\|last=Mondey\|first=David\|title=The Hamlyn Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II\|year=1982\|location=London\|publisher=Chancellor Press\|isbn=1-85152-706-0}} {{Cite book \|last=Moran \|first=Gerard P. \|url=https://archive.org/details/aeroplanesvought0000mora/mode/2up?q=Archer \|title=Aeroplanes Vought, 1917-1977 \|publisher=Historical Aviation Album \|year=1978 \|isbn=978-0-911852-83-7 \|location=Temple City, California}} {{cite magazine\|last=Morareau\|first=Lucien\|title=Histoire de l'Aviation Embarquée en France, De la torpille... ...à la bombe (Deuxième partie)\|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation\|date=February 1997\|issue=327\|pages=42–54\|language=fr}} * {{cite magazine\|last=Morareau\|first=Lucien\|title=Histoire de l'Aviation Embarquée en France, De la torpille... ...à la bombe (Troisième partie et fin)\|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation\|date=March 1997\|issue=328\|pages=42–47\|language=fr}} {{cite magazine\|last1=Rivière\|first1=Pierre\|title=Les malheureux "Helldiver" français de 1940\|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation\|date=May 1983\|issue=162\|pages=27–29\|issn=0757-4169\|language=fr\|trans-title=The Unlucky French "Helldivers" of 1940}} {{cite book\|last=Taylor\|first= John W. R.\|author-link=John W. R. Taylor\|chapter=SB2U Vindicator\|title=Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present\|year=1969\|location=New York\|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons\|isbn=0-425-03633-2}} {{cite book\|last=Thetford\|first=Owen\|title=British Naval Aircraft since 1912\|year=1978\|edition=Fourth\|location=London\|publisher=Putnam\|isbn=0-370-30021-1}} {{cite magazine\|last=Wixey\|first=Ken\|title='Flying Fuel Cans': Vought's SB2U Vindicator\|magazine=Air Enthusiast\|issue=86\|date= March–April 2000\|location=Stamford, UK\|publisher=Key Publishing\|pages=62–69\|issn=0143-5450}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} [http://www.vought.org/products/html/sb2u.html SB2U page on Vought official website] [http://www.vought.org/products/html/v-156-f.html V-156F page on Vought official website] *[http://www.airtoaircombat.com/detail.asp?id=539 AirToAirCombat.Com: Vought SB2U-1 Vindicator] {{Vought aircraft}} {{USN scout aircraft}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Vought aircraft\|SB02U]] [[Category:1930s United States attack aircraft\|SBU2 Vindicator]] [[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]] [[Category:Low-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1936]] [[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]] [[Category:Single-engined piston aircraft]]	1,305,075,827	[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Type": "Dive bomber", "National origin": "United States", "Manufacturer": "Vought", "Primary users": "United States Navy United States Marine Corps \u00b7 French Navy \u00b7 Royal Navy", "Number built": "260"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Introduction date": "1937", "First flight": "4 January 1936", "Retired": "1945"}}]	false
# James Tuttiett James Edward Tuttiett (born October 1963) is a British businessman, who through his company, E&J Estates, owns the freehold of 40,000 residential properties in the UK. ## Early life James Edward Tuttiett was born in October 1963. ## Career Tuttiett founded E&J Estates in 1991. According to data from Companies House, Tuttiett is a director of 85 companies, and often the only director, that own the freehold of numerous large developments in UK cities including Newcastle, Birmingham, Leeds, Coventry and London. ## Personal life Tuttiett lives in a "listed property in an exclusive part of Hampshire near Winchester, surrounded by his own vineyard".	enwiki/54683536	enwiki	54,683,536	James Tuttiett	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tuttiett	2025-04-18T23:14:39	en	Q33830245	23,903	{{short description\|British businessman (born 1963)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} '''James Edward Tuttiett''' (born October 1963) is a British businessman, who through his company, E&J Estates, owns the freehold of 40,000 residential properties in the UK.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news\|last1=Collinson\|first1=Patrick\|title=Leasehold tycoon: man whose firms control 40,000 UK homes\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/jul/29/leasehold-tycoon-man-whose-firms-control-40000-uk-homes\|accessdate=29 July 2017\|work=The Guardian\|date=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Early life== James Edward Tuttiett was born in October 1963.<ref name="beta.companieshouse.gov.uk">{{cite web\|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/NZKfP4HDdhbXUFbUrKryC99AkHU/appointments\|publisher=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk\|title=James Edward TUTTIETT - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)\|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Career== Tuttiett founded E&J Estates in 1991.<ref name="eandjcapitalpartners">{{cite web\|url=http://www.eandjcapitalpartners.co.uk/the-team.html\|publisher=eandjcapitalpartners.co.uk\|title=The Team\|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> According to data from [[Companies House]], Tuttiett is a director of 85 companies, and often the only director, that own the freehold of numerous large developments in UK cities including Newcastle, Birmingham, Leeds, Coventry and London.<ref name="The Guardian"/><ref name="beta.companieshouse.gov.uk"/> ==Personal life== Tuttiett lives in a "listed property in an exclusive part of Hampshire near Winchester, surrounded by his own vineyard".<ref name="The Guardian" /> == See also == * [[Mike Greene (British entrepreneur)\|Mike Greene]], former business partner and Brexit Party candidate ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.eandjcapitalpartners.co.uk/the-team.html Tuttiett profile] at E&J Capital Partners {{DEFAULTSORT:Tuttiety, James}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:British businesspeople]] {{UK-business-bio-1960s-stub}}	1,286,290,361	[]	false
# Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy electronics is an electronic technology that uses fuzzy logic, instead of the two-state Boolean logic more commonly used in digital electronics. Fuzzy electronics is fuzzy logic implemented on dedicated hardware. This is to be compared with fuzzy logic implemented in software running on a conventional processor. Fuzzy electronics has a wide range of applications, including control systems and artificial intelligence. ## History The first fuzzy electronic circuit was built by Takeshi Yamakawa et al. in 1980 using discrete bipolar transistors. The first industrial fuzzy application was in a cement kiln in Denmark in 1982. The first VLSI fuzzy electronics was by Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe in 1984. In 1987, Yamakawa built the first analog fuzzy controller. The first digital fuzzy processors came in 1988 by Togai (Russo, pp. 2–6). In the early 1990s, the first fuzzy logic chips were presented to the public. Two companies which are Omron and NEC have announced the development of dedicated fuzzy electronic hardware in the year 1991. Two years later, the Japanese Omron Cooperation has shown a working fuzzy chip during a technical fair. ## Bibliography - Ibrahim, Ahmad M. (1997). Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-206400-6. - Abraham Kandel, Gideon Langholz (eds), Fuzzy Hardware: Architectures and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 ISBN 1461540909. - Russo, Marco (1998). "Fuzzy Hardware Research from Historical Point of View". Fuzzy Hardware. pp. 1–25. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4090-8_1. ISBN 978-1-4613-6831-1.	enwiki/1958097	enwiki	1,958,097	Fuzzy electronics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_electronics	2024-11-14T18:50:17	en	Q5511117	23,774	'''Fuzzy electronics''' is an [[electronics\|electronic]] technology that uses [[fuzzy logic]], instead of the two-state [[Boolean logic]] more commonly used in [[digital electronics]]. Fuzzy electronics is fuzzy logic implemented on dedicated hardware. This is to be compared with fuzzy logic implemented in software running on a conventional processor. Fuzzy electronics has a wide range of applications, including [[control system]]s and [[artificial intelligence]]. ==History== The first fuzzy electronic circuit was built by Takeshi Yamakawa ''et al.'' in 1980 using discrete bipolar transistors. The first industrial fuzzy application was in a cement kiln in Denmark in 1982. The first [[VLSI]] fuzzy electronics was by Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe in 1984. In 1987, Yamakawa built the first analog fuzzy controller. The first digital fuzzy processors came in 1988 by Togai (Russo, pp. 2–6). In the early 1990s, the first fuzzy logic chips were presented to the public. Two companies which are Omron and NEC have announced the development of dedicated fuzzy [[electronic hardware]] in the year 1991.<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Fuzzy plan with a purpose \|date=1991-10-14 \|magazine=Computerworld \|volume=25 \|issue=41 }}</ref> Two years later, the Japanese Omron Cooperation has shown a working fuzzy chip during a technical fair.<ref>{{cite magazine \|author=Ahmad Kushairi \|title=Omron showcases latest in fuzzy logic \|date=1993-12-26 \|magazine=New Straits Times }}</ref> == See also == * [[Defuzzification]] * [[Fuzzy set]] * [[Fuzzy set operations]] == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == {{cite book\|last1=Ibrahim \|first1=Ahmad M. \|title=Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics \|date=1997 \|publisher=Prentice Hall \|isbn=0-13-206400-6}} Abraham Kandel, Gideon Langholz (eds), ''Fuzzy Hardware: Architectures and Applications'', Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 {{ISBN\|1461540909}}. *{{cite book \|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-4090-8_1 \|chapter=Fuzzy Hardware Research from Historical Point of View \|title=Fuzzy Hardware \|date=1998 \|last1=Russo \|first1=Marco \|pages=1–25 \|isbn=978-1-4613-6831-1 }} ==Further reading== Yamakawa, T.; Inoue, T.; Ueno, F.; Shirai, Y., "Implementation of Fuzzy Logic hardware systems-Three fundamental arithmetic circuits", ''Transactions of the Institute of Electronics and Communications Engineers'', vol. 63, 1980, pp. 720–721. * Togai, M.; Watanabe, H., [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0020025586900174 "A VLSI implementation of a fuzzy inference engine: towards an expert system on a chip"], ''Information Sciences'', vol. 38, iss. 2, April 1986, pp. 147–163 ==External links== * [http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Fuzzy_electronics Applications of Fuzzy logic in electronics] [[Category:Fuzzy logic]] [[Category:Digital electronics]] [[Category:Electronic engineering]] {{electronics-stub}}	1,257,400,350	[]	false
# One Hour of Girl Power One Hour of Girl Power (also known as Spice—the Official Video—Vol. 1) is a VHS production by the Spice Girls released in the spring of 1997. It shows various performances and all the music videos filmed until that point, as well as behind the scenes of the videos. On iTunes, a five-minute abridged version of the video was released as a bonus track with the Greatest Hits album. ## Summary One Hour of Girl Power shows private footage of the pre-fame Spice Girls arriving at a hotel in the United States in 1995, where they are seen running through the corridors in their robes and playing around by the pool (briefly singing the then yet to be released 'Love Thing' a cappella). Included on the video are the promotional video clips for their debut single, "Wannabe", as well as those for the following singles, "Say You'll Be There", "2 Become 1", "Mama" and "Who Do You Think You Are". The videos are interspersed with behind the scenes footage of the making of the videos, and a running commentary by the band. The video for "Who Do You Think You Are" appears in an alternate version, interspersed with behind the scenes footage featuring the 'Sugar Lumps', a Spice Girls spoof group made up of British celebrities Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders, Kathy Burke, Lulu and actress Llewella Gideon. The complete Sugar Lumps version was made to promote Comic Relief (Who Do You Think You Are was the Comic Relief single for 1997). Footage of the girls on promotional tours in America, Hong Kong and the UK make up the rest of the documentary portion of the video. The presentation concludes with an edited version of the Spice Girls' classic performance at the 1997 BRIT Awards, presented by Ben Elton. ## Sales The video was very successful at the time of its release, selling almost 500,000 copies in the UK between April and June to become the best-selling pop video in the UK ever. The video peaked at number one on the UK Video Charts, and was the fifth best-selling video of 1997. It was also successful in many other countries such as Japan and the US. In the US, the video was the 20th best-selling video of 1998. ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Director(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| --------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Interviews and Footage with The Girls' Commentary" \| \| \| \| \| 2. \| "Wannabe" (music video) \| Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard \| Johan Camitz \| 3:55 \| \| 3. \| "Say You'll Be There" (music video) \| Spice Girls Eliot Kennedy Jon B. \| Vaughan Arnell \| 3:52 \| \| 4. \| "2 Become 1" (music video) \| Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard \| Big TV! \| 3:52 \| \| 5. \| "Mama" (music video) \| Spice Girls Matt Rowe Richard Stannard \| Big TV! \| 3:33 \| \| 6. \| "Who Do You Think You Are" (exclusive version[a]) \| Spice Girls Andy Watkins Paul Wilson \| \| 3:40 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 60:00 \| Notes - ^[a] 1997 Brit Awards performance. ## Certifications \| Region \| Certification \| Certified units/sales \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| \| Canada (Music Canada) \| 8× Platinum \| 80,000^ \| \| France (SNEP) \| 3× Platinum \| 60,000* \| \| United Kingdom (BPI) \| 13× Platinum \| 650,000* \| \| * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. \| \| \|	enwiki/21409340	enwiki	21,409,340	One Hour of Girl Power	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hour_of_Girl_Power	2024-05-29T22:10:26	en	Q7092732	70,309	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox album \| name = One Hour of Girl Power \| type = video \| artist = [[Spice Girls]] \| cover = One Hour of Girl Power.jpg \| alt = \| released = 1997 \| recorded = 1995–1997 \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = [[Pop music\|Pop]] \| length = 60 minutes \| label = [[Virgin Records\|Virgin]] \| producer = \| prev_title = \| prev_year = \| next_title = [[Girl Power! Live in Istanbul]] \| next_year = 1997 }} '''''One Hour of Girl Power''''' (also known as '''''Spice—the Official Video—Vol. 1''''') is a [[VHS]] production by the [[Spice Girls]] released in the spring of 1997. It shows various performances and all the music videos filmed until that point, as well as behind the scenes of the videos. On [[iTunes]], a five-minute abridged version of the video was released as a bonus track with the ''[[Greatest Hits (Spice Girls album)\|Greatest Hits]]'' album. ==Summary== ''One Hour of Girl Power'' shows private footage of the pre-fame Spice Girls arriving at a hotel in the [[United States]] in 1995, where they are seen running through the corridors in their robes and playing around by the pool (briefly singing the then yet to be released 'Love Thing' a cappella). Included on the video are the promotional video clips for their debut single, "[[Wannabe (song)\|Wannabe]]", as well as those for the following singles, "[[Say You'll Be There]]", "[[2 Become 1]]", "[[Mama (Spice Girls song)\|Mama]]" and "[[Who Do You Think You Are (Spice Girls song)\|Who Do You Think You Are]]". The videos are interspersed with behind the scenes footage of the making of the videos, and a running commentary by the band. The video for "Who Do You Think You Are" appears in an alternate version, interspersed with behind the scenes footage featuring the 'Sugar Lumps', a Spice Girls spoof group made up of British celebrities [[Dawn French]], [[Jennifer Saunders]], [[Kathy Burke]], [[Lulu (singer)\|Lulu]] and actress Llewella Gideon. The complete Sugar Lumps version was made to promote [[Comic Relief]] (Who Do You Think You Are was the Comic Relief single for 1997). Footage of the girls on promotional tours in America, [[Hong Kong]] and the UK make up the rest of the documentary portion of the video. The presentation concludes with an edited version of the Spice Girls' classic performance at the [[1997 BRIT Awards]], presented by [[Ben Elton]]. ==Sales== The video was very successful at the time of its release, selling almost 500,000 copies in the UK between April and June to become the best-selling pop video in the UK ever.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQoEAAAAMBAJ&q=spice+girls+fan+club+magazine+catalogue+products&pg=PA45\|title=Newsline: Music Video Shipments\|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|date=20 September 1997\|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The video peaked at number one on the [[UK Video Charts]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/video-chart/19970511/12/\|title=Official Video Chart Top 100: 11 May 1997 - 17 May 1997 \|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]\|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref> and was the fifth best-selling video of 1997.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-video-chart/19970105/30012/\|title=End of Year Video Chart Top 100 - 1997 \|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]\|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6w4EAAAAMBAJ&q=spice+girls+movie+dvd+sales+billboard&pg=PA119\|page=119\|date=14 March 1998\|first=Sam\|last=Andrews\|title=The Scene From The U.K.: Video Turns A Corner, DVD Debut Delayed\|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|access-date=10 March 2017\|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> It was also successful in many other countries such as Japan and the US. In the US, the video was the 20th best-selling video of 1998.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Fw0EAAAAMBAJ\|page=52\|title=The Year in Video: Top Video Sales \|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|first=Eileen\|last=Fitzpatrick\|date=9 January 1999 \|access-date=18 February 2017\|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| headline = \| extra_column = Director(s) \| total_length = 60:00 \| title1 = Interviews and Footage with The Girls' Commentary \| note1 = \| writer1 = \| extra1 = \| length1 = \| title2 = [[Wannabe]] \| note2 = music video \| writer2 = {{hlist\|[[Spice Girls]]\|Matt Rowe\|[[Biffco\|Richard Stannard]]}} \| extra2 = [[Johan Camitz]] \| length2 = 3:55 \| title3 = [[Say You'll Be There]] \| note3 = music video \| writer3 = {{hlist\|Spice Girls\|[[Eliot Kennedy]]\|[[Jon B.]]}} \| extra3 = [[Vaughan Arnell]] \| length3 = 3:52 \| title4 = [[2 Become 1]] \| note4 = music video \| writer4 = {{hlist\|[[Spice Girls]]\|Matt Rowe\|[[Biffco\|Richard Stannard]]}} \| extra4 = [[Big TV!]] \| length4 = 3:52 \| title5 = [[Mama (Spice Girls song)\|Mama]] \| note5 = music video \| writer5 = {{hlist\|[[Spice Girls]]\|Matt Rowe\|[[Biffco\|Richard Stannard]]}} \| extra5 = [[Big TV!]] \| length5 = 3:33 \| title6 = [[Who Do You Think You Are (Spice Girls song)\|Who Do You Think You Are]] \| note6 = exclusive version{{ref\|a\|[a]}} \| writer6 = {{hlist\|[[Spice Girls]]\|[[Andy Watkins]]\|Paul Wilson}} \| length6 = 3:40 }} '''Notes''' * <sup>{{note\|a\|[a]}}</sup> [[1997 Brit Awards]] performance. ==Certifications== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Canada\|title=One Hour of Girl Power\|artist=Spice Girls\|type=video\|award=Platinum\|number=8\|relyear=1997\|certyear=1998\|access-date=2016-07-26}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=France\|artist=Spice Girls\|title=One Hour of Girl Power\|type=video\|award=Platinum\|number=3\|relyear=1998\|certyear=1998\|access-date=September 28, 2015\|certref=<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=19\|title=Certifications Video Triple Platine - année 1998\|publisher=Disque en France\|access-date=2010-04-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925055455/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=19\|archive-date=2012-09-25}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=United Kingdom\|title=Spice - The Official Video - Vol 1\|artist=Spice Girls\|type=video\|award=Platinum\|number=13\|relyear=1997\|certyear=2013\|certmonth=7\|id=11499-1952-5\|access-date=2016-07-26}} {{Certification Table Bottom}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Spice Girls}} [[Category:1997 video albums]] [[Category:Spice Girls video albums]] [[Category:Documentary films about women in music]]	1,226,321,019	[{"title": "Video by Spice Girls", "data": {"Released": "1997", "Recorded": "1995\u20131997", "Genre": "Pop", "Length": "60 minutes", "Label": "Virgin"}}, {"title": "Spice Girls", "data": {"Studio albums": "Spice Spiceworld Forever", "Compilation album": "Greatest Hits", "Video albums": "One Hour of Girl Power Girl Power! Live in Istanbul Live at Wembley Stadium", "Singles": "\" Wannabe \" \" Say You'll Be There \" \" 2 Become 1 \" \" Mama \" \" Who Do You Think You Are \" \" Spice Up Your Life \" \" Too Much \" \" Stop \" \" Viva Forever \" \" Goodbye \" \" Holler \" \" Let Love Lead the Way \" \" Headlines (Friendship Never Ends) \"", "Featured singles": "\" (How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World \" \" It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It) \"", "Promotional singles": "\" Step to Me \" \" Move Over \" \" Tell Me Why \"", "Concerts and tours": "Girl Power! Live in Istanbul Spiceworld Tour Christmas in Spiceworld Tour The Return of the Spice Girls Tour Spice World \u2013 2019 Tour", "Filmography": "Spice World Spice Girls in America: A Tour Story Giving You Everything", "Merchandise": "Merchandise and sponsorship deals Dolls Spice Cam Spice World (video game)", "Works about Spice Girls": "Raw Spice Seven Days That Shook the Spice Girls Spice Girls: How Girl Power Changed Britain Wannabe: How the Spice Girls Reinvented Pop Fame Spiceworld: The Exhibition Viva Forever! musical", "Associated people": "Michelle Stephenson Simon Fuller Simon Ellis", "Related articles": "Girl power Union Jack dress Spice Girls Present... The Best Girl Power Album... Ever! Spice Girls Ltd v Aprilia World Service BV \" Spicy \""}}]	false
# Popover (GUI) A popover is a container-type graphical control element that hovers over its parent window. It can contain various other graphical control elements such as checkboxes, radio buttons, or list boxes. Like any container-type graphical control element, it is meant to group elements that belong together. Popover graphical control elements were introduced in GTK+ 3.12. Apple included popovers in their human interface guidelines. Popovers are in use on the web. Bootstrap has a component to create popovers, similar to those found in iOS. When hovering a link in Wikipedia, by default, there is a popup of page preview that is in a way popover: it includes a button and it has more content than in tooltip.	enwiki/43195828	enwiki	43,195,828	Popover (GUI)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popover_(GUI)	2024-11-18T23:09:54	en	Q18343642	28,217	{{Short description\|User interface element}} [[File:Gedit 3.11.92.png\|thumb\|This popover belongs to the [[status bar]] of [[gedit]]. It contains two [[checkbox\|checkboxes]] and a [[radio button]].]] A '''popover''' is a container-type [[graphical control element]] that hovers over its parent window. It can contain various other graphical control elements such as [[checkbox\|checkboxes]], [[radio button]]s, or [[list box\|list boxes]]. Like any container-type graphical control element, it is meant to group elements that belong together. Popover graphical control elements were introduced in [[GTK+]] 3.12.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://blogs.gnome.org/mclasen/2014/01/22/and-now-popovers/ \|title=Popovers in GTK+ \|date=2014-01-22}}</ref> Apple included popovers in their [[human interface guidelines]].<ref>[https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/components/presentation/popovers/ Popovers], ''developer.apple.com''</ref> Popovers are in use on the web. [[Bootstrap (front-end framework)\|Bootstrap]] has a component to create popovers, similar to those found in iOS.<ref>[https://getbootstrap.com/docs/5.0/components/popovers/ Popovers]</ref> When hovering a link in Wikipedia, by default, there is a popup of [[Wikipedia:Page Previews\|page preview]] that is in a way popover: it includes a button and it has more content than in [[tooltip]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Graphical control elements}} [[Category:Graphical control elements]]	1,258,247,698	[]	false
# Cathayia lineata Cathayia lineata is a species of snout moth in the genus Cathayia. It was described by Turner in 1942, and is known from Queensland, Australia.	enwiki/33720023	enwiki	33,720,023	Cathayia lineata	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathayia_lineata	2025-08-02T04:37:24	en	Q5052155	20,834	{{Short description\|Species of moth}} {{Speciesbox \| image = \| image_caption = \| taxon = Cathayia lineata \| authority = (Turner, 1942)<ref name="Pyraloidea db">{{cite web \|url=http://globiz.pyraloidea.org/Pages/Reports/TaxonReport.aspx \|title=GlobIZ search \|website=Global Information System on Pyraloidea \|access-date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> \| synonyms = *''Dinopleura lineata'' <small>Turner, 1942</small> }} '''''Cathayia lineata''''' is a species of [[Pyralidae\|snout moth]] in the genus ''[[Cathayia]]''. It was described by Turner in 1942, and is known from [[Queensland]], [[Australia]].<ref name="Pyraloidea db"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q5052155}} [[Category:Moths described in 1942]] [[Category:Galleriini]] {{Galleriinae-stub}}	1,303,807,011	[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Animalia", "Phylum": "Arthropoda", "Class": "Insecta", "Order": "Lepidoptera", "Family": "Pyralidae", "Genus": "Cathayia", "Species": "C. lineata"}}, {"title": "Binomial name", "data": {"Binomial name": "Cathayia lineata \u00b7 (Turner, 1942)"}}, {"title": "Synonyms", "data": {"Synonyms": "- Dinopleura lineata Turner, 1942"}}]	false
# 1994 Houston Oilers season The 1994 Houston Oilers season was the 35th season overall the Oilers played and their 25th with the National Football League (NFL), and was part of the 1994 NFL season. The Oilers missed the playoffs for the first time since 1986. Two notable losses the Oilers suffered were the trading of Warren Moon, the team’s longtime starting quarterback, to the Minnesota Vikings and the departure of defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan, who was hired to coach the Arizona Cardinals. With Moon being replaced by career backup Cody Carlson and the defense left without its leader, the 1994 Oilers went into a tailspin despite returning several of their explosive offensive players such as Ernest Givins and Haywood Jeffires. The team started out with only one win in their first ten games, which led to head coach Jack Pardee and offensive coordinator Kevin Gilbride being fired. Jeff Fisher, who had just joined the team that year as Ryan's replacement as defensive coordinator, was promoted to head coach. Carlson did not last the season as he suffered a series of injuries that proved to be career ending. Billy Joe Tolliver ended up making the most starts of any Oilers quarterback, losing all seven of his starts. Neither Tolliver, Carlson, or third quarterback Bucky Richardson threw for more than six touchdowns (Carlson only managed one in five starts) and Tolliver and Carlson threw more interceptions than touchdowns. Running back Gary Brown could not repeat his 1,000-yard total from the previous year, managing only 648. Givins, who had recorded nearly 900 receiving yards in 1993, fell to 521 in 1994 while seeing his receptions total drop to 35. Jeffires' numbers improved slightly, and he led the Oilers in receiving touchdowns with six, but he was not elected to the Pro Bowl as he had been in 1993. Slaughter, meanwhile, only caught two touchdowns, which was his lowest total to that point in his career. The offense finished last in the league in points scored and 26th in total yardage. The defense, which lost several of its key pieces from the previous season including its two leaders in sacks, also fell off. After giving up the fourth-lowest point total in 1993, the Oilers allowed a total of 352 points in 1994. Despite that, three players recorded at least six sacks with Lamar Lathon leading with 8.5. Darryll Lewis recorded five interceptions in his first full season as a starter, with fellow cornerback Cris Dishman getting four and returning one for a touchdown, and safety Marcus Robertson adding three of his own. The defense also managed to improve on their total yardage allowed from 1993, moving up from ninth in that category despite finishing near the bottom of the league in points allowed. When the season was over the Oilers stood at 2–14, tying their 1983 squad with the team’s fewest wins in a sixteen game season and the second-fewest overall, with the 1972, 1973, 1982 squads only winning once each season. The ten-game swing is the worst season-to-season drop in games won in NFL history, which would later be tied by the 2013 Houston Texans. Seven of their fourteen losses came by three points or fewer. Although the Oilers finished with the worst record that season, they did not receive the #1 pick in the 1995 NFL draft due to the entry of the expansion Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars into the league (under NFL rules, a new team is automatically granted the first pick in their first draft, unless they decide to give it up as the Panthers would do). However, the news was not all negative. With the high pick the Oilers chose Steve McNair, who would go on to become one of the franchise’s all-time great players. ## Offseason After having imploded in the playoffs against Kansas City in the 1993 playoffs, the Oilers traded longtime quarterback Warren Moon to Minnesota, leaving Cody Carlson as the starter for the 1994 season. Carlson, however, was severely injured early in the season and would eventually retire due to said injuries after the season. ### NFL draft \| 1994 Houston Oilers draft \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Round \| Pick \| Player \| Position \| College \| Notes \| \| 1 \| 26 \| Henry Ford \| Defensive tackle \| Arkansas \| \| \| 2 \| 60 \| Jeremy Nunley \| Defensive end \| Alabama \| \| \| 3 \| 101 \| Malcolm Floyd \| Wide receiver \| Fresno State \| \| \| 4 \| 119 \| Mike Davis \| Cornerback \| Cincinnati \| \| \| 4 \| 129 \| Sean Jackson \| Running back \| Florida State \| \| \| 5 \| 157 \| Roderick Lewis \| Tight end \| Arizona \| \| \| 5 \| 161 \| Jim Reid \| Offensive tackle \| Virginia \| \| \| 6 \| 187 \| Lee Gissendaner \| Wide receiver \| Northwestern \| \| \| 6 \| 194 \| Barron Wortham \| Linebacker \| UTEP \| \| \| 7 \| 220 \| Lemanski Hall \| Linebacker \| Alabama \| \| \| Made roster \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Regular season ### Schedule \| Week \| Date \| Opponent \| Result \| Record \| Venue \| Recap \| \| ------------------------------------------------ \| ------------ \| ---------------------- \| ----------- \| ------ \| ----------------------------- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| September 4 \| at Indianapolis Colts \| L 21–45 \| 0–1 \| RCA Dome \| Recap \| \| 2 \| September 11 \| at Dallas Cowboys \| L 17–20 \| 0–2 \| Texas Stadium \| Recap \| \| 3 \| September 18 \| Buffalo Bills \| L 7–15 \| 0–3 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 4 \| September 25 \| Cincinnati Bengals \| W 20–13 \| 1–3 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 5 \| October 3 \| at Pittsburgh Steelers \| L 14–30 \| 1–4 \| Three Rivers Stadium \| Recap \| \| 6 \| Bye \| Bye \| Bye \| Bye \| Bye \| Bye \| \| 7 \| October 13 \| Cleveland Browns \| L 8–11 \| 1–5 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 8 \| October 24 \| at Philadelphia Eagles \| L 6–21 \| 1–6 \| Veterans Stadium \| Recap \| \| 9 \| October 30 \| at Los Angeles Raiders \| L 14–17 \| 1–7 \| Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum \| Recap \| \| 10 \| November 6 \| Pittsburgh Steelers \| L 9–12 (OT) \| 1–8 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 11 \| November 13 \| at Cincinnati Bengals \| L 31–34 \| 1–9 \| Riverfront Stadium \| Recap \| \| 12 \| November 21 \| New York Giants \| L 10–13 \| 1–10 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 13 \| November 27 \| at Cleveland Browns \| L 10–34 \| 1–11 \| Cleveland Stadium \| Recap \| \| 14 \| December 4 \| Arizona Cardinals \| L 12–30 \| 1–12 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 15 \| December 11 \| Seattle Seahawks \| L 14–16 \| 1–13 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| 16 \| December 18 \| at Kansas City Chiefs \| L 9–31 \| 1–14 \| Arrowhead Stadium \| Recap \| \| 17 \| December 24 \| New York Jets \| W 24–10 \| 2–14 \| Astrodome \| Recap \| \| Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ### Game summaries #### Week 14 This ninth successive defeat for the Oilers has the unusual distinction of being the most recent NFL game as of 2019 during which both teams scored a safety, and one of only eight since at least 1940. ### Standings \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| AFC Central \| \| view talk edit \| W \| L \| T \| PCT \| PF \| PA \| STK \| \| ----------------------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| \| (1) Pittsburgh Steelers \| 12 \| 4 \| 0 \| .750 \| 316 \| 234 \| L1 \| \| (4) Cleveland Browns \| 11 \| 5 \| 0 \| .688 \| 340 \| 204 \| W1 \| \| Cincinnati Bengals \| 3 \| 13 \| 0 \| .188 \| 276 \| 406 \| W1 \| \| Houston Oilers \| 2 \| 14 \| 0 \| .125 \| 226 \| 352 \| W1 \|	enwiki/19549288	enwiki	19,549,288	1994 Houston Oilers season	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Houston_Oilers_season	2025-05-18T09:14:39	en	Q4589485	152,563	{{short description\|35th season in franchise history}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=November 2013}} {{Infobox NFL team season \| team = Houston Oilers \| year = 1994 \| record = 2–14 \| division_place = 4th [[AFC North\|AFC Central]] \| general_manager = [[Floyd Reese]] \| owner = [[Bud Adams]] \| coach = [[Jack Pardee]] <small>(fired on November 14, 1-9 record)</small><br />[[Jeff Fisher]] <small>(interim; 1-5 record)</small> \| stadium = [[Reliant Astrodome\|Houston Astrodome]] \| playoffs = ''Did not qualify'' \| pro_bowlers = C [[Bruce Matthews (American football)\|Bruce Matthews]]<br />CB [[Darryll Lewis]] \| uniform = [[File:Houston oilers uniforms.png\|180px]] \| shortnavlink = Oilers seasons }} The '''1994 [[Houston Oilers]] season''' was the 35th season overall the Oilers played and their 25th with the [[National Football League]] (NFL), and was part of the [[1994 NFL season]].<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994.htm 1994 Houston Oilers]</ref> The Oilers missed the playoffs for the first time since 1986. Two notable losses the Oilers suffered were the trading of [[Warren Moon]], the team’s longtime starting quarterback, to [[1994 Minnesota Vikings season\|the Minnesota Vikings]] and the departure of defensive coordinator [[Buddy Ryan]], who was hired to coach the [[Arizona Cardinals]]. With Moon being replaced by career backup [[Cody Carlson]] and the defense left without its leader, the 1994 Oilers went into a tailspin despite returning several of their explosive offensive players such as [[Ernest Givins]] and [[Haywood Jeffires]]. The team started out with only one win in their first ten games, which led to head coach [[Jack Pardee]] and offensive coordinator [[Kevin Gilbride]] being fired. [[Jeff Fisher]], who had just joined the team that year as Ryan's replacement as defensive coordinator, was promoted to head coach. Carlson did not last the season as he suffered a series of injuries that proved to be career ending. [[Billy Joe Tolliver]] ended up making the most starts of any Oilers quarterback, losing all seven of his starts. Neither Tolliver, Carlson, or third quarterback [[Bucky Richardson]] threw for more than six touchdowns (Carlson only managed one in five starts) and Tolliver and Carlson threw more interceptions than touchdowns. Running back Gary Brown could not repeat his 1,000-yard total from the previous year, managing only 648. Givins, who had recorded nearly 900 receiving yards in 1993, fell to 521 in 1994 while seeing his receptions total drop to 35. Jeffires' numbers improved slightly, and he led the Oilers in receiving touchdowns with six, but he was not elected to the Pro Bowl as he had been in 1993. Slaughter, meanwhile, only caught two touchdowns, which was his lowest total to that point in his career. The offense finished last in the league in points scored and 26th in total yardage. The defense, which lost several of its key pieces from the previous season including its two leaders in sacks, also fell off. After giving up the fourth-lowest point total in 1993, the Oilers allowed a total of 352 points in 1994. Despite that, three players recorded at least six sacks with [[Lamar Lathon]] leading with 8.5. [[Darryll Lewis]] recorded five interceptions in his first full season as a starter, with fellow cornerback [[Cris Dishman]] getting four and returning one for a touchdown, and safety [[Marcus Robertson]] adding three of his own. The defense also managed to improve on their total yardage allowed from 1993, moving up from ninth in that category despite finishing near the bottom of the league in points allowed. When the season was over the Oilers stood at 2–14, tying their [[1983 Houston Oilers season\|1983 squad]] with the team’s fewest wins in a sixteen game season and the second-fewest overall, with the [[1972 Houston Oilers season\|1972]], [[1973 Houston Oilers season\|1973]], [[1982 Houston Oilers season\|1982]] squads only winning once each season. The ten-game swing is the worst season-to-season drop in games won in NFL history, which would later be tied by the [[2013 Houston Texans season\|2013 Houston Texans]]. Seven of their fourteen losses came by three points or fewer. Although the Oilers finished with the worst record that season, they did not receive the #1 pick in the [[1995 NFL draft]] due to the entry of the expansion [[History of the Carolina Panthers\|Carolina Panthers]] and [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] into the league (under NFL rules, a new team is automatically granted the first pick in their first draft, unless they decide to give it up as the Panthers would do). However, the news was not all negative. With the high pick the Oilers chose [[Steve McNair]], who would go on to become one of the franchise’s all-time great players. ==Offseason== After having imploded in the playoffs against [[1993 Kansas City Chiefs season\|Kansas City]] in the [[1993–94 NFL playoffs#AFC: Kansas City Chiefs 28.2C Houston Oilers 20\|1993 playoffs]], the Oilers traded longtime [[quarterback]] [[Warren Moon]] to [[1994 Minnesota Vikings season\|Minnesota]], leaving [[Cody Carlson]] as the starter for the 1994 season. Carlson, however, was severely injured early in the season and would eventually retire due to said injuries after the season. ===NFL draft=== {{main\|1994 NFL draft}} {{NFL team draft start \| year = 1994 \| teamname = Houston Oilers }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 1 \| pick = 26 \| player = [[Henry Ford (defensive lineman)\|Henry Ford]] \| position = [[Defensive tackle]] \| college = [[Arkansas Razorbacks football\|Arkansas]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 2 \| pick = 60 \| player = [[Jeremy Nunley]] \| position = [[Defensive end]] \| college = [[Alabama Crimson Tide football\|Alabama]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 3 \| pick = 101 \| player = [[Malcolm Floyd]] \| position = [[Wide receiver]] \| college = [[Fresno State Bulldogs football\|Fresno State]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 4 \| pick = 119 \| player = [[Mike Davis (defensive back, born 1972)\|Mike Davis]] \| position = [[Cornerback]] \| college = [[Cincinnati Bearcats football\|Cincinnati]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 4 \| pick = 129 \| player = Sean Jackson \| position = [[Running back]] \| college = [[Florida State Seminoles football\|Florida State]] \| notes = }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 5 \| pick = 157 \| player = [[Roderick Lewis]] \| position = [[Tight end]] \| college = [[Arizona Wildcats football\|Arizona]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 5 \| pick = 161 \| player = Jim Reid \| position = [[Offensive tackle]] \| college = [[Virginia Cavaliers football\|Virginia]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 6 \| pick = 187 \| player = [[Lee Gissendaner]] \| position = [[Wide receiver]] \| college = [[Northwestern Wildcats football\|Northwestern]] \| notes = }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 6 \| pick = 194 \| player = [[Barron Wortham]] \| position = [[Linebacker]] \| college = [[UTEP Miners football\|UTEP]] \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft entry \| round = 7 \| pick = 220 \| player = [[Lemanski Hall]] \| position = Linebacker \| college = Alabama \| notes = \| maderoster = yes }} {{NFL team draft end \| probowl = no \| hof = no }} <ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994_draft.htm \|title=1994 Houston Oilers draftees \|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com \|access-date=October 27, 2014 }}</ref> ==Personnel== ===Staff=== {{NFL final staff \| year = 1994 \| team = Houston Oilers \| front_office = * Owner/chairman of the board/president – [[Bud Adams]] * Executive vice-president/general manager – [[Floyd Reese]] * Vice-president of player personnel and scouting – [[Mike Holovak]] \| head_coach = * Head coach – [[Jack Pardee]] * Assistant head coach/offense – [[Kevin Gilbride]] \| offensive = * Offensive coordinator – [[Dick Coury]] * Running backs – [[Frank Novak (American football)\|Frank Novak]] * Receivers – [[Charlie Baggett]] * Offensive line – [[Bob Young (offensive lineman)\|Bob Young]] \| defensive = * Defensive coordinator – [[Jeff Fisher]] * Defensive line – [[Jim Stanley (American football)\|Jim Stanley]] * Linebackers – [[Gregg Williams]] * Defensive backs – [[Tom Bettis]] * Quality control – [[Frank Bush]] \| special_teams = * Special teams – Frank Novak \| strength = * Strength and Rehabilitation – Steve Watterson }} ===Roster=== {{NFL season roster \| year = 1994 \| team = Houston Oilers \| quarterbacks = {{NFLplayer\|14\|Cody Carlson}} {{NFLplayer\| 7\|Bucky Richardson}} {{NFLplayer\|11\|Billy Joe Tolliver}} {{NFLplayer\|10\|Lee Williamson\|d=American football}} \| running_backs = {{NFLplayer\|33\|Gary Brown\|d=running back}} {{NFLplayer\|47\|Le'Shai Maston\|FB}} {{NFLplayer\|37\|Todd McNair}} {{NFLplayer\|32\|Spencer Tillman}} {{NFLplayer\|44\|Lorenzo White}} \| wide_receivers = {{NFLplayer\|87\|Pat Coleman}} * {{player\|83}} ''[[Malcolm Floyd\|Malcolm Seabron]]'' {{NFLplayer\|81\|Ernest Givins}} {{NFLplayer\|82\|Travis Hannah}} {{NFLplayer\|80\|Haywood Jeffires}} {{NFLplayer\|84\|Webster Slaughter}} {{NFLplayer\|88\|Gary Wellman}} \| tight_ends = {{NFLplayer\|85\|Pat Carter}} {{NFLplayer\|49\|Roderick Lewis\|rookie=y}} {{NFLplayer\|48\|John Henry Mills}} \| offensive_linemen = {{NFLplayer\|77\|Kevin Donnalley\|G}} {{NFLplayer\|55\|John Flannery\|d=American football\|G}} {{NFLplayer\|72\|Brad Hopkins\|T}} {{NFLplayer\|74\|Bruce Matthews\|d=American football\|C}} {{NFLplayer\|64\|Erik Norgard\|G}} {{NFLplayer\|67\|Jim Reid\|d=offensive lineman\|rookie=y\|T}} {{NFLplayer\|75\|Bill Schultz\|d=American football\|G}} {{NFLplayer\|70\|Stan Thomas\|d=American football\|T}} {{NFLplayer\|73\|David Williams\|d=offensive lineman\|T}} \| defensive_linemen = {{NFLplayer\|79\|Ray Childress\|DT}} {{NFLplayer\|90\|Kenny Davidson\|d=American football\|DE}} {{NFLplayer\|92\|Henry Ford\|d=defensive lineman\|rookie=y\|DE}} {{NFLplayer\|57\|Lamar Lathon\|DE}} {{NFLplayer\|94\|Glenn Montgomery\|DT}} {{NFLplayer\|93\|Jeremy Nunley\|rookie=y\|DE}} {{NFLplayer\|68\|Tim Roberts\|d=American football\|DT}} \| linebackers = {{NFLplayer\|56\|Micheal Barrow\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|59\|Joe Bowden\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|53\|Brett Faryniarz\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|51\|Lemanski Hall\|rookie=y\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|50\|Eddie Robinson\|d3=Jr.\|OLB}} {{NFLplayer\|54\|Al Smith\|d=American football\|MLB}} {{NFLplayer\|52\|Barron Wortham\|rookie=y\|MLB}} \| defensive_back = {{NFLplayer\|22\|Tomur Barnes\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|23\|Blaine Bishop\|SS}} {{NFLplayer\|30\|Mike Davis\|d=defensive back, born 1972\|rookie=y\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|28\|Cris Dishman\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|24\|Steve Jackson\|d=defensive back\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|29\|Darryll Lewis\|CB}} {{NFLplayer\|25\|Bubba McDowell\|SS}} {{NFLplayer\|26\|Bo Orlando\|FS}} {{NFLplayer\|31\|Marcus Robertson\|FS}} \| special_teams = {{NFLplayer\|16\|Rich Camarillo\|P}} {{NFLplayer\| 3\|Al Del Greco\|K}} \| reserve_lists = {{NFLplayer\|89\|Reggie Brown\|d=wide receiver, born 1970\|WR\|IR}} {{NFLplayer\|41\|Sean Jackson\|d=American football\|rookie=y\|RB\|IR}} {{NFLplayer\|71\|Mike Teeter\|DE\|IR}} <small>53 active, 3 inactive, 2 practice squad</small> \| practice_squad = {{NFLplayer\|86\|Mario Bailey\|WR}} {{NFLplayer\|98\|Willie Jennings\|rookie=y\|DT}} }} <ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994_roster.htm \|title=1994 Houston Oilers starters, roster, and players \|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com \|access-date=October 28, 2014 }}</ref> ==Regular season== ===Schedule=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Week ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Date ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Opponent ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Result ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Record ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Venue ! style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}"\| Recap \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 1 \| September 4 \| at [[1994 Indianapolis Colts season\|Indianapolis Colts]] \| '''L''' 21–45 \| 0–1 \| [[RCA Dome]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409040clt.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 2 \| September 11 \| at [[1994 Dallas Cowboys season\|Dallas Cowboys]] \| '''L''' 17–20 \| 0–2 \| [[Texas Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409110dal.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 3 \| September 18 \| [[1994 Buffalo Bills season\|Buffalo Bills]] \| '''L''' 7–15 \| 0–3 \| [[Astrodome]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409180oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#cfc" ! 4 \| September 25 \| '''[[1994 Cincinnati Bengals season\|Cincinnati Bengals]]''' \| '''W''' 20–13 \| 1–3 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409250oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 5 \| {{dow tooltip\|October 3, 1994}} \| at '''[[1994 Pittsburgh Steelers season\|Pittsburgh Steelers]]''' \| '''L''' 14–30 \| 1–4 \| [[Three Rivers Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410030pit.htm Recap] \|- ! 6 \| colspan=6 \|''[[Bye (sports)\|Bye]]'' \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 7 \| {{dow tooltip\|October 13, 1994}} \| '''[[1994 Cleveland Browns season\|Cleveland Browns]]''' \| '''L''' 8–11 \| 1–5 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410130oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 8 \|{{dow tooltip\| October 24, 1994}} \| at [[1994 Philadelphia Eagles season\|Philadelphia Eagles]] \| '''L''' 6–21 \| 1–6 \| [[Veterans Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410240phi.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 9 \| October 30 \| at [[1994 Los Angeles Raiders season\|Los Angeles Raiders]] \| '''L''' 14–17 \| 1–7 \| [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410300rai.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 10 \| November 6 \| '''Pittsburgh Steelers''' \| '''L''' 9–12 {{Small\|(OT)}} \| 1–8 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411060oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 11 \| November 13 \| at '''Cincinnati Bengals''' \| '''L''' 31–34 \| 1–9 \| [[Riverfront Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411130cin.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 12 \| November 21 \| [[1994 New York Giants season\|New York Giants]] \| '''L''' 10–13 \| 1–10 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411210oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 13 \| November 27 \| at '''Cleveland Browns''' \| '''L''' 10–34 \| 1–11 \| [[Cleveland Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411270cle.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 14 \| December 4 \| [[1994 Arizona Cardinals season\|Arizona Cardinals]] \| '''L''' 12–30 \| 1–12 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412040oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 15 \| December 11 \| [[1994 Seattle Seahawks season\|Seattle Seahawks]] \| '''L''' 14–16 \| 1–13 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412110oti.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#fcc" ! 16 \| December 18 \| at [[1994 Kansas City Chiefs season\|Kansas City Chiefs]] \| '''L''' 9–31 \| 1–14 \| [[Arrowhead Stadium]] \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412180kan.htm Recap] \|-style="background:#cfc" ! 17 \| {{dow tooltip\|December 24, 1994}} \| [[1994 New York Jets season\|New York Jets]] \| '''W''' 24–10 \| 2–14 \| Astrodome \| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412240oti.htm Recap] \|-style="{{NFLPrimaryStyle\|Houston Oilers\|year=1994\|border=2}}" \|colspan="8"\| '''Note:''' Intra-division opponents are in '''bold''' text. \|} ===Game summaries=== ====Week 14==== {{AFB game box start \|Title= \|Visitor=Cardinals \|V1=0 \|V2=10 \|V3=0 \|V4=20 \|Host=Oilers \|H1=9 \|H2=3 \|H3=0 \|H4=0 \|Date=December 4 \|Location=[[Astrodome]], [[Houston, Texas\|Houston]], [[Texas]] \|StartTime=3:00 p.m. \|TimeZone=CST \|ElapsedTime= \|Attendance=39,821 \|Weather=played indoors, [[dome]]d stadium \|Referee=[[Red Cashion]] \|TVAnnouncers= \|TVStation=Fox }} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|FirstEntry=yes \|Quarter=Q1 \|Time=9:33 \|Team=HOU \|Event=Safety, [[Lamar Lathon]] tackled [[Jay Schroeder]] in end zone \|Score=HOU 2–0}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q1 \|Time=11:50 \|Team=HOU \|Event=[[Cris Dishman]] 36 yard interception return ([[Al Del Greco]] kick) \|Score=HOU 9–0}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q2 \|Time=2:59 \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Larry Centers]] 1 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)\|Greg Davis]] kick) \|Score=HOU 9–7}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q2 \|Time=10:45 \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Greg Davis (placekicker)\|Greg Davis]] 25 yard field goal \|Score=ARI 10–9}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q2 \|Time=13:42 \|Team=HOU \|Event=[[Al Del Greco]] 34 yard field goal \|Score=HOU 12–10}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q4 \|Time=2:57 \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Gary Clark (American football)\|Gary Clark]] 13 yard pass from [[Jay Schroeder]] ([[Ronald Moore (American football)\|Ronald Moore]] run) \|Score=ARI 18–12}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q4 \|Time= \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Greg Davis (placekicker)\|Greg Davis]] 23 yard field goal \|Score=ARI 21–12}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q4 \|Time= \|Team=ARI \|Event=[[Larry Centers]] 4 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)\|Greg Davis]] kick) \|Score=ARI 28–12}} {{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry \|Quarter=Q4 \|Time= \|Team=ARI \|Event=Safety, [[Eric Swann]] tackled [[Billy Joe Tolliver]] in end zone \|Score=ARI 30–12\|LastEntry=yes}} {{AFB game box end}} <ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412040oti.htm Arizona Cardinals at Houston Oilers – December 4th, 1994]. Retrieved 2018-Sep-10.</ref> {{Clear}} This ninth successive defeat for the Oilers has the unusual distinction of being the most recent NFL game as of [[2019 NFL season\|2019]] during which ''both'' teams scored a [[Safety (gridiron football score)\|safety]], and one of only eight since at least [[1940 NFL season\|1940]].<ref>''[[Pro-Football-Reference.com\|Pro Football Reference]]''; [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/tgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=game&year_min=1940&year_max=2017&game_type=E&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&temperature_gtlt=lt&c1stat=safety_md_opp&c1comp=gte&c1val=1&c2stat=safety_md&c2comp=gte&c2val=1&c5val=1.0&order_by=game_date&order_by_asc=Y In a single game, from 1940 to 2017, requiring opp Safeties >= 1 and Safeties >= 1, sorted by ascending Date]</ref> ====Week 17==== {{Clear}} ===Standings=== {{1994 AFC Central standings}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/oti/1994.htm 1994 Houston Oilers] at [[Pro-Football-Reference.com]] {{Tennessee Titans}} {{Tennessee Titans seasons}} {{1994 NFL season by team}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1994 Houston Oilers Season}} [[Category:Houston Oilers seasons]] [[Category:1994 NFL season by team\|Houston Oilers]] [[Category:1994 in sports in Texas\|Houston]]	1,290,979,376	[{"title": "1994 Houston Oilers season", "data": {"Owner": "Bud Adams", "General manager": "Floyd Reese", "Head coach": "Jack Pardee (fired on November 14, 1-9 record) \u00b7 Jeff Fisher (interim; 1-5 record)", "Home stadium": "Houston Astrodome"}}, {"title": "Results", "data": {"Record": "2\u201314", "Division place": "4th AFC Central", "Playoffs": "Did not qualify", "Pro Bowlers": "C Bruce Matthews \u00b7 CB Darryll Lewis"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"\u2022 Cardinals": "0 \u00b7 10 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 20 \u00b7 30", "Oilers": "9 \u00b7 3 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 12", "Q1": ["9:33 \u00b7 HOU \u00b7 Safety, Lamar Lathon tackled Jay Schroeder in end zone \u00b7 HOU 2\u20130", "11:50 \u00b7 HOU \u00b7 Cris Dishman 36 yard interception return (Al Del Greco kick) \u00b7 HOU 9\u20130"], "Q2": ["2:59 \u00b7 ARI \u00b7 Larry Centers 1 yard rush (Greg Davis kick) \u00b7 HOU 9\u20137", "10:45 \u00b7 ARI \u00b7 Greg Davis 25 yard field goal \u00b7 ARI 10\u20139", "13:42 \u00b7 HOU \u00b7 Al Del Greco 34 yard field goal \u00b7 HOU 12\u201310"], "Q4": ["2:57 \u00b7 ARI \u00b7 Gary Clark 13 yard pass from Jay Schroeder (Ronald Moore run) \u00b7 ARI 18\u201312", "ARI \u00b7 Greg Davis 23 yard field goal \u00b7 ARI 21\u201312", "ARI \u00b7 Larry Centers 4 yard rush (Greg Davis kick) \u00b7 ARI 28\u201312", "ARI \u00b7 Safety, Eric Swann tackled Billy Joe Tolliver in end zone \u00b7 ARI 30\u201312"]}}]	false
# Pilot (The West Wing) "Pilot" is the first episode of the American serial drama The West Wing. The episode aired on September 22, 1999 on NBC. ## Plot The White House staff is being called into work early to deal with the press fallout after President Josiah Bartlet has crashed his bicycle into a tree. As the staff try to perform damage control, it is revealed that Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman made a gaffe when, after provocation by Christian activist Mary Marsh on a recent televised debate, quipped "Lady, the God you pray to is too busy being indicted for tax fraud." Also, Deputy Communications Director Sam Seaborn spends an evening with Laurie (Lisa Edelstein), unaware that she's a call girl, and then tells Chief of Staff Leo McGarry's daughter, Mallory O'Brien, about it before he knows whose daughter she is. While Lyman and Marsh are discussing a proposed public debate on one of several religious wedge issues, President Bartlet enters and corrects one of the attendees on a theological point (namely, he quotes the First Commandment, settling a dispute on which one it is). He explains that he crashed his bicycle while distracted by anger after discovering that his granddaughter, after expressing herself as pro-choice during a magazine interview, was mailed a Raggedy Ann doll with a knife stuck in its throat. The doll was sent by an extremist group whose activities the attendees, to his displeasure, have not denounced. He tells them that not only will there be no debate, but that they will denounce the extremists publicly, and are barred from the White House until they do so. Bartlet implies to Lyman that he will be allowed to keep his job despite the gaffe. ## Reception In a retrospective, Brittany Frederick of CBR called it the best pilot in television history and giving it a 9/10 rating, citing the episode's character development and world-building. Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A-, explaining that the episode "had [him] hooked almost instantly." Screen Rant's Amelia Brantley harbored ambivalent feelings, praising the writing, and Allison Janney and Bradley Whitford's acting, while opining that the episode "hasn't aged well" in multiple aspects. Under the Media Research Center, L. Brent Bozell III critiqued the episode and wrote that he felt it had promoted anti-Catholicism. ## Awards - The pilot was nominated for an ASC award.[2] ### Emmy Awards Won - Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series (recipients: Tony Fanning, Jon Hutman, and Ellen Totleben) - Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (recipient: Thomas Del Ruth, A.S.C.) - Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series (recipient: Thomas Schlamme) Nominated - Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series (nominee: Aaron Sorkin; "In Excelsis Deo," in the same category, won)	enwiki/4654279	enwiki	4,654,279	Pilot (The West Wing)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(The_West_Wing)	2025-08-09T21:50:19	en	Q7194391	69,530	{{Use American English\|date=January 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox television episode \| series = [[The West Wing]] \| image = \| caption = \| season = 1 \| episode = 1 \| airdate = {{Start date\|1999\|09\|22}} \| production = 475151 \| writer = [[Aaron Sorkin]] \| director = [[Thomas Schlamme]] \| guests = [[Annie Corley]] as Mary Marsh [[Lisa Edelstein]] as Laurie [[Suzy Nakamura]] as Cathy [[Allison Smith (actress)\|Allison Smith]] as Mallory O'Brien [[Marc Grapey]] as Billy [[Janel Moloney]] as [[Donna Moss]] F. William Parker as Rev. Al Caldwell \|episode_list = List of The West Wing episodes \|season_article = The West Wing season 1 \| prev = \| next = [[The West Wing season 1#ep2\|Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc]] }} "'''Pilot'''" is the first episode of the American serial drama ''[[The West Wing]]''. The episode aired on September 22, 1999 on [[NBC]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Pilot Script from The West Wing \|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1194332 \|access-date=2025-01-10 \|website=americanhistory.si.edu}}</ref> ==Plot== The [[White House]] staff is being called into work early to deal with the press fallout after [[President of the United States\|President]] [[Josiah Bartlet]] has crashed his bicycle into a tree. As the staff try to perform damage control, it is revealed that [[White House Deputy Chief of Staff\|Deputy Chief of Staff]] [[Josh Lyman]] made a [[gaffe]] when, after provocation by Christian activist Mary Marsh on a recent televised debate, quipped "Lady, the God you pray to is too busy being indicted for tax fraud." Also, Deputy [[White House Communications Director\|Communications Director]] [[Sam Seaborn]] spends an evening with Laurie ([[Lisa Edelstein]]), unaware that she's a [[call girl]], and then tells [[White House Chief of Staff\|Chief of Staff]] [[Leo McGarry]]'s daughter, Mallory O'Brien, about it before he knows whose daughter she is. While Lyman and Marsh are discussing a proposed public debate on one of several religious [[wedge issue]]s, President Bartlet enters and corrects one of the attendees on a theological point (namely, he quotes the First Commandment, settling a dispute on which one it is). He explains that he crashed his bicycle while distracted by anger after discovering that his granddaughter, after expressing herself as pro-choice during a magazine interview, was mailed a [[Raggedy Ann]] doll with a knife stuck in its throat. The doll was sent by an extremist group whose activities the attendees, to his displeasure, have not denounced. He tells them that not only will there be no debate, but that they will denounce the extremists publicly, and are barred from the White House until they do so. Bartlet implies to Lyman that he will be allowed to keep his job despite the gaffe. ==Reception== In a retrospective, Brittany Frederick of [[Comic Book Resources\|CBR]] called it the best [[Television pilot\|pilot]] in television history and giving it a 9/10 rating, citing the episode's character development and world-building.<ref name=":0" /> Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A-, explaining that the episode "had [him] hooked almost instantly."<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Heisler \|first=Steve \|date=June 1, 2009 \|title=The West Wing: "Pilot" \|url=https://www.avclub.com/the-west-wing-pilot-1798206332 \|access-date=2025-01-10 \|website=AV Club \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Screen Rant]]'s Amelia Brantley harbored ambivalent feelings, praising the writing, and [[Allison Janney]] and [[Bradley Whitford]]'s acting, while opining that the episode "hasn't aged well" in multiple aspects.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Brantley \|first=Amelia \|date=2020-03-25 \|title=5 Reasons The West Wing's Pilot Is Perfect (& 5 It's Not) \|url=https://screenrant.com/west-wing-pilot-reasons-perfect-wrong/ \|access-date=2025-01-10 \|website=ScreenRant \|language=en}}</ref> Under the [[Media Research Center]], [[L. Brent Bozell III]] critiqued the episode and wrote that he felt it had promoted [[anti-Catholicism]].<ref>{{cite web \| last = Bozell \| first = L. Brent III \| title = Again, Faith Flogged in Prime Time \| publisher = [[Media Research Center]] \| date = 1999-10-06 \| url = http://www.mediaresearch.org/bozellcolumns/entertainmentcolumn/1999/col19991006.asp \| access-date = 2007-09-08 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080119211135/http://www.mediaresearch.org/bozellcolumns/entertainmentcolumn/1999/col19991006.asp \| archive-date = 2008-01-19 }} (episode cited: "Pilot")</ref> ==Awards== The pilot was nominated for an [[American Society of Cinematographers\|ASC award]].<ref name=":0">[http://www.theasc.com/awards/history/1999.htm ASC awards]</ref> ===Emmy Awards=== ;Won: * Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series (recipients: Tony Fanning, [[Jon Hutman]], and Ellen Totleben) * Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (recipient: [[Thomas Del Ruth]], A.S.C.) * Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series (recipient: [[Thomas Schlamme]]) ;Nominated: * Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series (nominee: [[Aaron Sorkin]]; "[[In Excelsis Deo]]," in the same category, won) ==References== <!--When adding a ref/ref, please be sure to conform to the style already used in this page. Thank you! --> {{reflist\|2}} ==External links== * {{IMDb episode\|0745667}} {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200128102909/http://www.westwingepguide.com/S1/Episodes/1_PILOT.html "Pilot" West Wing Episode Guide]}} [https://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/West_Wing_Pilot.pdf West Wing Pilot Script] {{The West Wing}} {{EmmyAward DirectingDrama 1976–2000}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pilot (West Wing)}} [[Category:The West Wing season 1 episodes]] [[Category:Television episodes directed by Thomas Schlamme]] [[Category:Television episodes written by Aaron Sorkin]] [[Category:1990s American television series premieres\|West Wing, The]] [[Category:1999 American television episodes]] [[Category:Emmy Award–winning episodes]]	1,305,070,738	[{"title": "\"Pilot\"", "data": {"Episode no.": "Season 1 \u00b7 Episode 1", "Directed by": "Thomas Schlamme", "Written by": "Aaron Sorkin", "Production code": "475151", "Original air date": "September 22, 1999"}}, {"title": "Guest appearances", "data": {"Guest appearances": "- Annie Corley as Mary Marsh - Lisa Edelstein as Laurie - Suzy Nakamura as Cathy - Allison Smith as Mallory O'Brien - Marc Grapey as Billy - Janel Moloney as Donna Moss - F. William Parker as Rev. Al Caldwell"}}, {"title": "Episode chronology", "data": {"\u2190 Previous \u00b7 \u2014": "Next \u2192 \u00b7 \"Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc\""}}]	false
# Tam Tòa Church Tam Tòa Church (Vietnamese: Nhà thờ Tam Tòa) is a ruined Catholic church in Đồng Hới, central Vietnam. Built in the late 19th century, the church was destroyed by American bombing on February 11, 1965, during the Vietnam War. It has remained undisturbed as a war relic. ## History Tam Tòa parish is one of the oldest Catholic parishes in Vietnam with its roots dating back to the mid 17th century. There have been ongoing disputes between the government and the rebuilding of the church. The Diocese of Vinh and the Archdiocese of Huế have been trying to reclaim the church (what is left of it and its ground) since 1996 when it was taken back by the local government in an attempt to turn it into a war symbol of American aggression. Up until 1996, mass was celebrated weekly in front of the church's tower. In February 2009 after years of fruitless negotiation, 14 parish priests and Bishop Cao of Vinh Diocese decided to concelebrate mass on the property without obtaining permission. In July 2009 a rumor was spreading that the local government would build a tourist resort next to the church. Parishioners in response started building an altar and erecting a cross on the property. On July 21, the government sent in police to disperse the crowd gathering to continue its construction and protest. A dozen people were arrested and some were beaten by the police. The situation was made worse when the police attacked two priests from other parishes who went to Vinh Diocese to show support. The two are in critical condition. Some of the Vietnamese Catholics in Vietnam (about seven million, or 7% of the population) responded by holding vigil masses and silent protests all weekend long in central Vietnam. This is a direct challenge to the government. Even though the situation was viewed as conflict between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government by the rest of the country, the issue of confiscated land and the rights of land ownership have been a flashing point between government and the general public for years. Whether the Tam Tòa crisis will lead to changes in the government or force the government to take actions against those who challenge its authority remains to be seen.	enwiki/23919703	enwiki	23,919,703	Tam Tòa Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_T%C3%B2a_Church	2025-02-03T03:18:28	en	Q7680488	26,533	[[File:TamToa.jpg\|200px\|right\|thumb\|Ruins of Tam Tòa Church]] '''Tam Tòa Church''' ({{langx\|vi\|Nhà thờ Tam Tòa}}) is a ruined Catholic church in [[Đồng Hới]], central Vietnam. Built in the late 19th century, the church was destroyed by American bombing on February 11, 1965, during the [[Vietnam War]]. It has remained undisturbed as a war relic.<ref>[[Lonely Planet]] ''Vietnam'' -Nick Ray, Yu-Mei Balasingamchow - 2010 Page 204 "A landscaped riverside promenade runs beside the haunting Tam Toa Church, which was bombed in 1965. Only part of the front facade and a ...</ref> ==History== Tam Tòa parish is one of the oldest Catholic parishes in Vietnam with its roots dating back to the mid 17th century. There have been ongoing disputes between the government and the rebuilding of the church. The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vinh\|Diocese of Vinh]] and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Huế\|Archdiocese of Huế]] have been trying to reclaim the church (what is left of it and its ground) since 1996 when it was taken back by the local government in an attempt to turn it into a war symbol of American aggression. Up until 1996, mass was celebrated weekly in front of the church's tower. In February 2009 after years of fruitless negotiation, 14 parish priests and Bishop Cao of Vinh Diocese decided to concelebrate mass on the property without obtaining permission. In July 2009 a rumor was spreading that the local government would build a tourist resort next to the church. Parishioners in response started building an altar and erecting a cross on the property. On July 21, the government sent in police to disperse the crowd gathering to continue its construction and protest.<ref>Leonard Leo ''International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report'' Page 197 "... Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese. ... Reportedly, not all Vietnamese government officials condoned the destruction of the crucifix."</ref> A dozen people were arrested and some were beaten by the police. The situation was made worse when the police attacked two priests from other parishes who went to Vinh Diocese to show support. The two are in critical condition. Some of the Vietnamese Catholics in Vietnam (about seven million, or 7% of the population) responded by holding vigil masses and silent protests all weekend long in central Vietnam. This is a direct challenge to the government.<ref>''International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report to Congress'' - Page 197 Leonard Leo "In July 2009, as many as 200000 Catholics peacefully protested in Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese."</ref> Even though the situation was viewed{{By whom\|date=February 2010}} as conflict between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government by the rest of the country, the issue of confiscated land and the rights of land ownership have been a flashing point between government and the general public for years. Whether the Tam Tòa crisis will lead to changes in the government or force the government to take actions against those who challenge its authority remains to be seen. ==References== {{reflist}} {{coord missing\|Vietnam}} {{French Colonial Architecture in Vietnam}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tam Toa Church}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Quảng Bình province]] [[Category:Churches completed in 1886]] [[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Vietnam]] [[Category:French colonial architecture in Vietnam]]	1,273,596,222	[]	false
# Little Smoky Little Smoky is a hamlet in northwest Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Greenview No. 16. It is located on Highway 43, approximately 39 kilometres (24 mi) south of Valleyview and 47 kilometres (29 mi) northwest of Fox Creek. The hamlet is adjacent to the Little Smoky River. ## Demographics Little Smoky recorded a population of 28 in the 1991 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada. ## Services and amenities Little Smoky has a community hall, a motel, a playground, and an ice rink. The Waskahigan River Provincial Recreation Area is located across Highway 43. ## Infrastructure The hamlet has two locally significant rural roads near it: Little Smoky Road (formerly Highway 745), which connects the hamlet to Highway 665, and Simonette Road, which connects to Forestry Trunk Road (formerly Highway 734). The Little Smoky transfer station is located southwest of the hamlet on Range Road 221. The Greenview Regional Landfill was built northeast of Little Smoky on the corner of Township Road 672 and Range Road 210.	enwiki/20775896	enwiki	20,775,896	Little Smoky	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Smoky	2023-09-10T03:23:45	en	Q6651971	103,238	{{About\|\|the river\|Little Smoky River\|the Central Nevada Desert Basins\|Little Smoky Valley}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2023}} {{Use Canadian English\|date=January 2023}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> \|name = Little Smoky \|other_name = \|native_name = \|nickname = \|settlement_type = [[Hamlet (place)\|Hamlet]] \|motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> \|image_skyline = \|imagesize = \|image_caption = \|image_flag = \|flag_size = \|image_seal = \|seal_size = \|image_shield = \|shield_size = \|city_logo = \|citylogo_size = \|image_map = \|mapsize = \|map_caption = \|image_map1 = \|mapsize1 = \|map_caption1 = \|image_dot_map = \|dot_mapsize = \|dot_map_caption = \|dot_x = \|dot_y = \|pushpin_map = Canada Alberta \|pushpin_label_position = none<!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> \|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Little Smoky in [[Alberta]] \|pushpin_mapsize = 220 <!-- Location ------------------> \|subdivision_type = Country \|subdivision_name = Canada \|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada\|Province]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[Alberta]] \|subdivision_type2 = [[List of census divisions of Alberta\|Census division]] \|subdivision_name2 = [[Division No. 18, Alberta\|No. 18]] \|subdivision_type3 = [[List of municipal districts in Alberta\|Municipal district]] \|subdivision_name3 = [[Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]] \|subdivision_type4 = \|subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = [[Municipal incorporation\|Unincorporated]] \|leader_title = Governing body \|leader_name = [[Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]] Council \|leader_title1 = \|leader_name1 = \|leader_title2 = \|leader_name2 = \|leader_title3 = \|leader_name3 = \|leader_title4 = \|leader_name4 = \|established_title = \|established_date = \|established_title2 = <!--Incorporated--> \|established_date2 = \|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> \|established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> \|area_magnitude = \|unit_pref = \|area_footnotes = \|area_land_km2 = <!-- Population -----------------------> \|population_as_of = 1991 \|population_footnotes = <ref name=1991unincorporated>{{cite web \| url=https://archive.org/download/1991933061993engfra/1991933061993engfra.pdf \| title=91 Census: Unincorporated Places — Population and Dwelling Counts \| publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] \| date=June 1993 \| access-date=September 25, 2021}}</ref> \|population_note = \|population_total = 28 \|population_density_km2 = \|population_blank1_title = \|population_blank1 = \|population_density_blank1_km2 = \|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> \|timezone = [[Mountain Time Zone\|MST]] \|utc_offset = −7 \|timezone_DST = MDT \|utc_offset_DST = −6 \|coordinates = {{coord\|54.7389\|-117.1797\|region:CA-AB\|display=inline,title}} \|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> \|elevation_m = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> \|postal_code_type = \|postal_code = \|area_code = \|blank_name = \|blank_info = \|blank1_name = Waterways \|blank1_info = [[Little Smoky River]], Waskahigan River, Iosegun River \|website = \|footnotes = }} '''Little Smoky''' is a [[hamlet (place)\|hamlet]] in northwest [[Alberta]], Canada within the [[Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/documents/msb/2010-ruralmun.pdf \|title=Specialized and Rural Municipalities and Their Communities \|author=Alberta Municipal Affairs \|author-link=Alberta Municipal Affairs \|date=2010-04-01 \|access-date=2010-06-24 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229060335/http://municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/documents/msb/2010-ruralmun.pdf \|archive-date=2012-02-29 }}</ref> It is located on [[Alberta Highway 43\|Highway 43]], approximately {{convert\|39\|km\|mi}} south of [[Valleyview, Alberta\|Valleyview]] and {{convert\|47\|km\|mi}} northwest of [[Fox Creek, Alberta\|Fox Creek]]. The hamlet is adjacent to the [[Little Smoky River]]. == Demographics == Little Smoky recorded a population of 28 in the [[1991 Canadian census\|1991 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]].<ref name=1991unincorporated/> == Services and amenities == Little Smoky has a [[community hall]], a [[motel]], a [[playground]], and an [[ice rink]]. The ''Waskahigan River Provincial Recreation Area'' is located across Highway 43. == Infrastructure == The hamlet has two locally significant rural roads near it: [[Little Smoky Road]] (formerly Highway 745), which connects the hamlet to [[Alberta Highway 665\|Highway 665]], and Simonette Road, which connects to [[Forestry Trunk Road]] (formerly [[Alberta Highway 734\|Highway 734]]). The Little Smoky transfer station is located southwest of the hamlet on Range Road 221. The Greenview Regional Landfill was built northeast of Little Smoky on the corner of Township Road 672 and Range Road 210. == See also == {{Commons category\|Little Smoky, Alberta}} [[List of communities in Alberta]] [[List of hamlets in Alberta]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Geographic location \| Centre = Little Smoky \| North = [[Valleyview, Alberta\|Valleyview]] \| Northeast = [[High Prairie]] \| East = [[Swan Hills, Alberta\|Swan Hills]] \| Southeast = [[Fox Creek, Alberta\|Fox Creek]] \| South = [[Hinton, Alberta\|Hinton]] \| Southwest = [[Grande Cache]] \| West = [[Musreau Lake (Alberta)\|Musreau Lake]] \| Northwest = [[Grande Prairie]] }} {{Alberta\|hamlets=yes}} [[Category:Municipal District of Greenview No. 16]] [[Category:Hamlets in Alberta]] {{NorthernAlberta-geo-stub}}	1,174,698,476	[{"title": "Little Smoky", "data": {"Country": "Canada", "Province": "Alberta", "Census division": "No. 18", "Municipal district": "Municipal District of Greenview No. 16"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Type": "Unincorporated", "\u2022 Governing body": "Municipal District of Greenview No. 16 Council"}}, {"title": "Population (1991)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "28", "Time zone": "UTC\u22127 (MST)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC\u22126 (MDT)", "Waterways": "Little Smoky River, Waskahigan River, Iosegun River"}}]	false
# Greenfield School (West Allis, Wisconsin) The Greenfield School in West Allis, Wisconsin was built as a two-room school in 1887, but in an elegant Romanesque Revival style unusual for such buildings. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. ## History The first settlers in the area arrived in the 1830s to form a community then called Honey Creek, named for 13 beehives along the stream. In 1835 they built a one-room log schoolhouse on the site of the current Greenfield School on land donated by Reuben Strong, starting out with seven students. In 1861 they replaced that log schoolhouse with a one-room red brick schoolhouse. In 1887 the red brick school was replaced by the current elaborate building. It was designed by Herman P. Schnetzky, a 1.5-story building with walls of load-bearing cream brick. Its style is Romanesque Revival, with hallmarks being the rough stone of the foundation and the round-arched windows and entry door. Also striking are the grouped windows in the gables, the parapets on the gable ends, and the square bell tower with flared eaves. The new school had two classrooms instead of one. At this time, people were becoming aware of some of the shortcomings of one-room schools, and the two rooms let the teachers split the elementary grades by age to provide more age-appropriate instruction. Soon they split the rooms again to make four classrooms. A few years later, the school added a high school program, with the students studying physics, history, algebra, geometry, grammar, rhetoric, physiology, English history, the Constitution, arithmetic, and some studying bookkeeping and botany. The first high school students graduated in 1897. The building functioned as a school until 1923. After closing, it served as the School District Maintenance Department. Later it was used as a greenhouse, a Civil Defense office, and temporarily as offices of a hospital. About 1966 it was taken over by the West Allis Historical Society, restored, and put into use as the West Allis Historical Museum.	enwiki/34953179	enwiki	34,953,179	Greenfield School (West Allis, Wisconsin)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_School_(West_Allis,_Wisconsin)	2025-07-24T03:35:20	en	Q5603988	39,857	{{Use American English\|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP \| name = Greenfield School \| image = Greenfield-School Apr09.jpg \| caption = Greenfield School \| location = 8405 W. National Ave.<br>[[West Allis, Wisconsin]] \| coordinates = {{coord\|43\|0\|41\|N\|88\|1\|3\|W\|display=inline,title}} \| locmapin = Wisconsin#USA \| built = {{Start date\|1887}} \| architect = Herman P. Schnetzky \| architecture = Romanesque \| area = less than one acre \| refnum = 06000207<ref name="nris">{{NRISref\|version=2010a}}</ref> \| added = March 29, 2006 }} The '''Greenfield School''' in West Allis, Wisconsin was built as a two-room school in 1887, but in an elegant [[Romanesque Revival]] style unusual for such buildings. It was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://landmarkhunter.com/131572-greenfield-school/\|title=Greenfield School\|publisher=Landmark Hunter.com\|accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref><ref name=whs>{{cite web\|title=Greenfield School\|url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Property/HI27252\|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society\|accessdate=2018-10-07}}</ref> ==History== The first settlers in the area arrived in the 1830s to form a community then called Honey Creek, named for 13 beehives along the stream. In 1835 they built a one-room log schoolhouse on the site of the current Greenfield School on land donated by Reuben Strong, starting out with seven students. In 1861 they replaced that log schoolhouse with a one-room red brick schoolhouse.<ref name=nrhpdoc>{{cite web\|url={{NRHP url\|id=06000207}}\|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Greenfield School\|publisher=[[National Park Service]]\|author=Daniel O'Keefe\|date=2005-08-01\|accessdate=2018-10-07}} With {{NRHP url\|id=06000207\|photos=y\|title=six photos}}.</ref> In 1887 the red brick school was replaced by the current elaborate building. It was designed by Herman P. Schnetzky, a 1.5-story building with walls of load-bearing cream brick. Its style is Romanesque Revival, with hallmarks being the rough stone of the foundation and the round-arched windows and entry door. Also striking are the grouped windows in the gables, the [[parapets]] on the gable ends, and the square bell tower with flared eaves.<ref name=nrhpdoc/> The new school had two classrooms instead of one.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMBYRK_Greenfield_School_West_Allis_WI\|title=Greenfield School - West Allis, WI\|publisher=Waymarking.com\|accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref> At this time, people were becoming aware of some of the shortcomings of one-room schools, and the two rooms let the teachers split the [[elementary school\|elementary grades]] by age to provide more age-appropriate instruction. Soon they split the rooms again to make four classrooms. A few years later, the school added a [[high school]] program, with the students studying physics, history, algebra, geometry, grammar, [[rhetoric]], physiology, English history, the [[United States Constitution\|Constitution]], arithmetic, and some studying bookkeeping and botany. The first high school students graduated in 1897.<ref name=nrhpdoc/> The building functioned as a school until 1923. After closing, it served as the School District Maintenance Department. Later it was used as a greenhouse, a Civil Defense office, and temporarily as offices of a hospital. About 1966 it was taken over by the West Allis Historical Society, restored, and put into use as the '''West Allis Historical Museum'''.<ref name=nrhpdoc/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130721100717/http://www.westallishistory.org/ West Allis Historical Society] [[Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Defunct schools in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Schools in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:Museums in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:School buildings completed in 1887]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]]	1,302,221,827	[{"title": "", "data": {"Location": "8405 W. National Ave. \u00b7 West Allis, Wisconsin", "Coordinates": "43\u00b00\u203241\u2033N 88\u00b01\u20323\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff43.01139\u00b0N 88.01750\u00b0W", "Area": "less than one acre", "Built": "1887", "Architect": "Herman P. Schnetzky", "Architectural style": "Romanesque", "NRHP reference No.": "06000207", "Added to NRHP": "March 29, 2006"}}]	false
# Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers Captain at sea Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers (21 October 1772 – 26 July 1806) was a Dutch naval officer who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. As an officer in the Dutch States Navy, he served in the Dutch East Indies from 1789 to 1792 prior to the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars. Continuing to serve in the Batavian Navy, Aalbers returned to the East Indies in 1803 as part of a squadron under Vice-admiral Pieter Hartsinck. In late July 1806, he led a Dutch convoy which was defeated by the Royal Navy in the action of 26 July 1806, with Aalbers dying of wounds sustained during the battle. ## Early life Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers was born on 21 October 1772 in Terborg, Gelderland. His parents were Berend Aalbers and Barta Meijerink Aalbers. He joined the Dutch States Navy in the late 1780s and in spring 1789 captained the brig Zwaluw as part of a squadron under Captain at sea A. H. C. van Staringh which set sail for the Dutch East Indies, arriving there in December. Over the course of the next year, Aalbers participated in military operations against the Bone State and helped to prevent an anti-Dutch rebellion from breaking out in Surakarta. He continued to serve in the Spice Islands until 1792, when Aalbers returned to Holland with van Staringh's squadron; as Zwaluw was by now too weak to make the return voyage, Aalbers sailed on board the ship Merkuur instead. He continued to serve in the Dutch navy when it was transformed into the Batavian Navy in 1795. ## Napoleonic Wars and death In 1803, Aalbers again returned to the Dutch East Indies as part of a squadron under Vice-admiral Pieter Hartsinck, captaining the 36-gun frigate Pallas. Promoted to captain at sea in 1804, he continued to serve in the East Indies when the Batavian navy was transformed into the navy of the Kingdom of Holland in mid-1806. In June of that year, Royal Navy forces under Rear-admiral Edward Pellew, having received information on Hartsinck's squadron and fearing that it could attack British trade routes in the region, began a campaign to destroy it. In late July, Aalbers led a convoy from the Maluku Islands which consisted of Pallas and the 24-gun corvette William under Captain at Sea P. Feteris acting as escorts for two East Indiamen, Victoria and Batavier. On 25 July, the convoy was spotted passing the Selayar Strait by lookouts from two nearby British warships, the 32-gun frigate HMS Greyhound under Captain Edward Elphinstone and the 18-gun brig-sloop HMS Harrier under Commander Edward Troubridge. Elphinstone immediately started to chase the Dutch convoy, with Aalbers responding by forming a line of battle and retaining close formation as his ships passed the Dutch-controlled ports of Bonthain and Balacomba on the Celebes coast. At around 21:00, Aalbers ordered his convoy to anchor 7 nmi (8.1 mi; 13 km) offshore and prepare for the British attack. Elphinstone, fearing Victoria might be a ship of the line, halted his advance and Greyhound and Harrier stopped to observe the Dutch convoy during the night, maintaining a position 2 nmi (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) windward of Aalbers' ships. At dawn, Greyhound's lookouts were able to ascertain that Victoria was a large merchantman rather than a warship and Elphinstone resumed the attack. Aalbers ordered his convoy to set sail shortly afterwards, his ships tacking away from the shore in line of battle ready for the British. However, in doing so Pallas drew ahead of the next ship in the line, creating a gap through which a British attack could be directed. At 05:00, Elphinstone raised French colours in an effort to confuse the Dutch and indicated that he wished to speak with Aalbers, who was not fooled; when Elphinstone opened fire on Pallas at close range at 05:30, the Dutch frigate immediately responded in kind. With the frigates engaged, Harrier cut between Pallas and Victoria, Troubridge ordering his ship's carronades to fire at Victoria and his men to fire muskets at Pallas's crew. Greyhound took advantage of the confusion Harrier's attack had created, passing Pallas's bow and raking her. As Pallas's damage and casualties mounted, Harrier joined the attack; a wounded Aalbers passed control over the ship to one of his lieutenants. Gunfire from the Dutch frigate gradually slackened, and finally stopped at 06:10 when she struck her colours from the ship's mast with over 40 casualties from a crew of 250, 50 of whom were inexperienced native recruits. The British also captured Victoria and Batavier, with William escaping. All three captured ships were taken over by British prize crews and brought to Port Cornwallis on South Andaman Island. Eight members of Pallas's crew were killed and a further 32 were wounded, including Aalbers and three lieutenants. Six of the Dutch wounded later died of their injuries, including Aalbers. British losses by contrast were light, with one man killed and eight wounded on Greyhound and just three wounded on Harrier. The Royal Navy subsequently took Pallas into service as HMS Makassar, and by the end of 1807 had all but destroyed Hartsinck's squadron. ### Citations 1. 1 2 3 4 5 Ministry of the Interior 1807, p. 1583. 2. ↑ Das 2016, pp. 176–177. 3. 1 2 3 4 James 2002, p. 251. 4. 1 2 3 Clowes 2022, pp. 386–387. 5. ↑ Syrett & Dinardo 1994. ### Bibliography - Clowes, William Laird (2022) [1900]. The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900. Vol. 5. Legare Street Press. ISBN 978-1-0-1607-0720. - Das, Amita (2016). Defending British India Against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807-13. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-7-8327-1290. - James, William (2002) [1827]. The Naval History of Great Britain During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Vol. 4. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8-1170-0238. - Ministry of the Interior (1807). Staatsalmanak voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden. Vol. 1. Van Cleef & Belinfante. - Syrett, David; Dinardo, Richard L. (1994). Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-8-5928-1222.	enwiki/79524687	enwiki	79,524,687	Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Sebastiaan_Aalbers	2025-05-08T16:16:29	en	Q133462424	53,231	{{Short description\|Dutch naval officer (1772–1806)}} {{Infobox military person \| name=Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers \| birth_place = [[Terborg]], [[Gelderland]] \| birth_date = {{birth date\|df=yes\|1772\|10\|21}} \| death_place = Off [[Sulawesi\|Celebes]], [[Java Sea]] \| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1806\|7\|26\|1772\|10\|21}} \| allegiance = [[Dutch Republic]] <br /> [[Batavian Republic]] <br /> [[Kingdom of Holland]] \| branch = [[Dutch States Navy]] <br /> [[Batavian Navy]] <br /> [[Navy of the Kingdom of Holland]] \| serviceyears = 1780s–1806 \| rank = [[Captain (naval)#Netherlands\|Captain at sea]] \| commands = ''Zwaluw'' <br /> [[HMS Celebes (1806)\|''Pallas'']] \| battles = {{tree list}} * [[French Revolutionary Wars]] * [[Napoleonic Wars]] [[Java campaign of 1806–1807]] * [[Action of 26 July 1806]] {{tree list/end}} }} [[Captain (naval)#Netherlands\|Captain at sea]] '''Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers''' (21 October 1772 – 26 July 1806) was a Dutch naval officer who served in the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]]. As an officer in the [[Dutch States Navy]], he served in the [[Dutch East Indies]] from 1789 to 1792 prior to the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. Continuing to serve in the [[Batavian Navy]], Aalbers returned to the East Indies in 1803 as part of a squadron under [[Vice admiral\|Vice-admiral]] [[Pieter Hartsinck]]. In late July 1806, he led a Dutch convoy which was defeated by the [[Royal Navy]] in the [[action of 26 July 1806]], with Aalbers dying of wounds sustained during the battle. ==Early life== Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers was born on 21 October 1772 in [[Terborg]], [[Gelderland]]. His parents were Berend Aalbers and Barta Meijerink Aalbers. He joined the [[Dutch States Navy]] in the late 1780s and in spring 1789 captained the [[brig]] ''Zwaluw'' as part of a squadron under [[Captain (naval)#Netherlands\|Captain at sea]] [[A. H. C. van Staringh]] which set sail for the [[Dutch East Indies]], arriving there in December.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}} Over the course of the next year, Aalbers participated in military operations against the [[Bone State]] and helped to prevent an anti-Dutch rebellion from breaking out in [[Surakarta]]. He continued to serve in the [[Maluku Islands\|Spice Islands]] until 1792, when Aalbers returned to Holland with van Staringh's squadron; as ''Zwaluw'' was by now too weak to make the return voyage, Aalbers sailed on board the ship ''Merkuur'' instead. He continued to serve in the Dutch navy when it was transformed into the [[Batavian Navy]] in 1795.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}} ==Napoleonic Wars and death== [[File:Thomas Buttersworth - Funchal Roadstead, H.M.S. Blenheim with Greyhound and Harrier Outward Bound, 1805 NYR 2012.jpg\|thumb\|{{HMS\|Harrier\|1804\|6}} (first from left) off [[Funchal]], 1805]] In 1803, Aalbers again returned to the Dutch East Indies as part of a squadron under [[Vice admiral\|Vice-admiral]] [[Pieter Hartsinck]], captaining the 36-gun frigate [[HMS Celebes (1806)\|''Pallas'']]. Promoted to captain at sea in 1804, he continued to serve in the East Indies when the Batavian navy was transformed into the [[navy of the Kingdom of Holland]] in mid-1806.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}} In June of that year, [[Royal Navy]] forces under [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)\|Rear-admiral]] [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth\|Edward Pellew]], having received information on Hartsinck's squadron and fearing that it could attack British trade routes in the region, began [[Java campaign of 1806–1807\|a campaign]] to destroy it.{{sfn\|Das\|2016\|pp=176–177}} In late July, Aalbers led a convoy from the Maluku Islands which consisted of ''Pallas'' and the 24-gun [[corvette]] ''William'' under Captain at Sea [[P. Feteris]] acting as escorts for two [[East Indiaman\|East Indiamen]], ''Victoria'' and ''Batavier''.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}}{{sfn\|James\|2002\|p=251}} On 25 July, the convoy [[Action of 26 July 1806\|was spotted]] passing the [[Selayar Strait]] by lookouts from two nearby British warships, the 32-gun frigate [[HMS Greyhound (1783)\|HMS ''Greyhound'']] under Captain [[Edward Elphinstone]] and the 18-gun [[Sloop-of-war#Brig sloop\|brig-sloop]] {{HMS\|Harrier\|1804\|6}} under Commander [[Edward Troubridge]]. Elphinstone immediately started to chase the Dutch convoy, with Aalbers responding by forming a [[line of battle]] and retaining close formation as his ships passed the Dutch-controlled ports of [[Bantaeng Regency\|Bonthain]] and [[Bulukumba Regency\|Balacomba]] on the [[Sulawesi\|Celebes]] coast. At around 21:00, Aalbers ordered his convoy to anchor {{convert\|7\|nmi\|mi km\|lk=on\|abbr=on}} offshore and prepare for the British attack. Elphinstone, fearing ''Victoria'' might be a [[ship of the line]], halted his advance and ''Greyhound'' and ''Harrier'' stopped to observe the Dutch convoy during the night, maintaining a position {{convert\|2\|nmi\|mi km\|abbr=on}} windward of Aalbers' ships.{{sfn\|James\|2002\|p=251}}{{sfn\|Clowes\|2022\|pp=386–387}} At dawn, ''Greyhound''{{'}}s lookouts were able to ascertain that ''Victoria'' was a large merchantman rather than a warship and Elphinstone resumed the attack. Aalbers ordered his convoy to set sail shortly afterwards, his ships tacking away from the shore in line of battle ready for the British. However, in doing so ''Pallas'' drew ahead of the next ship in the line, creating a gap through which a British attack could be directed. At 05:00, Elphinstone raised French colours in an effort to confuse the Dutch and indicated that he wished to speak with Aalbers, who was not fooled; when Elphinstone opened fire on ''Pallas'' at close range at 05:30, the Dutch frigate immediately responded in kind. With the frigates engaged, ''Harrier'' cut between ''Pallas'' and ''Victoria'', Troubridge ordering his ship's [[carronade]]s to fire at ''Victoria'' and his men to fire muskets at ''Pallas''{{'}}s crew. ''Greyhound'' took advantage of the confusion ''Harrier''{{'}}s attack had created, passing ''Pallas''{{'}}s bow and [[Raking fire\|raking]] her.{{sfn\|James\|2002\|p=251}}{{sfn\|Clowes\|2022\|pp=386–387}} As ''Pallas''{{'}}s damage and casualties mounted, ''Harrier'' joined the attack; a wounded Aalbers passed control over the ship to one of his lieutenants.{{sfn\|Ministry of the Interior\|1807\|p=1583}} Gunfire from the Dutch frigate gradually slackened, and finally stopped at 06:10 when she [[Striking the colors\|struck her colours]] from the ship's mast with over 40 casualties from a crew of 250, 50 of whom were inexperienced native recruits. The British also captured ''Victoria'' and ''Batavier'', with ''William'' escaping. All three captured ships were taken over by British [[prize crew]]s and brought to [[Port Blair\|Port Cornwallis]] on [[South Andaman Island]]. Eight members of ''Pallas''{{'}}s crew were killed and a further 32 were wounded, including Aalbers and three lieutenants. Six of the Dutch wounded later died of their injuries, including Aalbers.{{sfn\|Syrett\|Dinardo\|1994}} British losses by contrast were light, with one man killed and eight wounded on ''Greyhound'' and just three wounded on ''Harrier''. The Royal Navy subsequently took ''Pallas'' into service as HMS ''Makassar'', and by the end of 1807 had all but destroyed Hartsinck's squadron.{{sfn\|James\|2002\|p=251}}{{sfn\|Clowes\|2022\|pp=386–387}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist\|30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin\|30em\|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book\|first=William Laird\|last=Clowes\|author-link=William Laird Clowes\|year=2022\|orig-year=1900\|title=The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900\|volume=5\|publisher=Legare Street Press\|isbn=978-1-0-1607-0720}} * {{Cite book\|first=Amita\|last=Das\|title=Defending British India Against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807-13\|year=2016\|publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]]\|isbn=978-1-7-8327-1290}} * {{cite book\|first=William\|last=James\|author-link=William James (naval historian)\|title=The Naval History of Great Britain During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars\|year=2002\|orig-year=1827\|volume=4\|publisher=[[Stackpole Books]]\|isbn=978-0-8-1170-0238}} * {{Cite book\|author=Ministry of the Interior\|author-link=Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations\|title=Staatsalmanak voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden\|year=1807\|volume=1\|publisher=Van Cleef & Belinfante}} * {{Cite book\|first1=David\|last1=Syrett\|author-link1=David Syrett\|first2=Richard L.\|last2=Dinardo\|title=Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815\|year=1994\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|isbn=978-1-8-5928-1222}} {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aalbers, Nicolaas Sebastiaan}} [[Category:1772 births]] [[Category:1806 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century Dutch military personnel]] [[Category:Dutch military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Category:Dutch military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]] [[Category:People from Oude IJsselstreek]]	1,289,434,405	[{"title": "Nicolaas Sebastiaan Aalbers", "data": {"Born": "21 October 1772 \u00b7 Terborg, Gelderland", "Died": "26 July 1806 (aged 33) \u00b7 Off Celebes, Java Sea", "Allegiance": "Dutch Republic \u00b7 Batavian Republic \u00b7 Kingdom of Holland", "Service / branch": "Dutch States Navy \u00b7 Batavian Navy \u00b7 Navy of the Kingdom of Holland", "Years of service": "1780s\u20131806", "Rank": "Captain at sea", "Commands": "Zwaluw \u00b7 Pallas", "Battles / wars": "- French Revolutionary Wars - Napoleonic Wars - Java campaign of 1806\u20131807 - Action of 26 July 1806"}}]	false
# Sidney Sager Sidney Sager (17 May 1917 – 3 December 2002) was an English composer, conductor and trombonist, best known for his music for television and radio. ## Biography ### Early life Born into a Jewish family in London's East End, he joined the British Army at the age of 14 as a band boy, and as a result of his natural ability was sponsored by the Army to study at the Royal College of Music. He is the younger brother of Terry Burns (born Mark Sager) the medical inventor and picture restorer. There is also a half-brother, Edward Tunnicliff (born Edward Sager), who now lives in North Norfolk. Sidney Sager's musical career was interrupted by the Second World War, during which he fought with the British Expeditionary Force in France and was evacuated from Dunkirk. Following a brief spell in England he was transferred to North Africa, where he served until the end of hostilities. He returned to civilian life as a musician, playing brass for some time for the Royal Opera at Covent Garden. ### Conductor During the 1950s he studied composition and conducting in Geneva, and shortly after his return to the UK moved to Bristol, where he conducted the BBC West of England Light Orchestra and founded the Paragon, the city's first symphony orchestra, which subsequently reformed as Bristol Sinfonia. ### Composer Sager was involved for many years with the BBC Wildlife Unit at Bristol, although he also wrote scores for drama on television and radio. He is perhaps best known for the music he wrote for children's drama while Director of Music at HTV West from 1976 to 1992. ### Television work - Expedition ins Unbekannte (1958) TV series by Hans Hass (West Germany) - Saturday Playhouse (TV Series); Haul for the Shore (1959), Devonshire Cream (1960) - Play for Today TV series; The Fishing Party (1972), Shakespeare or Bust (1973), Three for the Fancy (1974) - Children of the Stones (1977) TV series - King of the Castle (1977) TV series - Into the Labyrinth (1981) TV series One of the most well-remembered programmes he scored was The Best of Friends, starring John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, and Patrick McGoohan as Sydney Cockerell, Laurentia McLachlan, and George Bernard Shaw respectively. This work was scored for string quintet modelled after Schubert. He also composed orchestral, band and choral works for festivals, often with children's themes (much like his television scores). In 1960 he wrote the score for Delilah The Sensitive Cow, a story written and narrated by his friend Johnny Morris, the television presenter, which was released as a record by Decca. #### Children of the Stones For Children of the Stones, Sager's combination of A cappella vocalizations fixated on a single, repeated Icelandic word ("Hadave"), along with its dissonant wordless counterpoint, made this score unique among children's programming. The vocals were provided by the Ambrosian Singers, featuring Lynda Richardson on the solo soprano line. The vocals were supplemented by electric guitar, bass guitar and percussion. The main theme of Children of the Stones is written on the acoustic scale, ambiguously fluctuating between a tonality of C and D major. A signature two-chord harmonic progression, Em9 to G/C, is heard throughout the seven-part series at key dramatic points. A secondary theme is treated in canon and is diegetic music, representing a hymn sung by the spellbound villagers in the story. This theme is later echoed in the guitar and bass when the main child protagonist, Matt, uses his latent psychometric abilities. The secondary theme also concludes the series in a light jazz arrangement, establishing a lighter tone before the final twist is revealed. The musical texture was the suggestion of producer Peter Graham Scott, who, while driving to Avebury to begin filming, had heard music by Krzysztof Penderecki on the radio. ### Marriage and children Sidney Sager married Naomi Burgess, who he met while working at the BBC in 1964. They have one child, Daniel.	enwiki/9545670	enwiki	9,545,670	Sidney Sager	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Sager	2025-04-03T06:06:09	en	Q7509324	22,614	{{Short description\|English composer 1917–2002}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} '''Sidney Sager''' (17 May 1917 – 3 December 2002) was an English [[composer]], [[conducting\|conductor]] and [[trombone\|trombonist]], best known for his music for television and radio.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027113440/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article2087619.ece ''The Times'' obituary, 18 Dec 2002]. Thetimes.co.uk, Accessed 27 October 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027120228/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba067aef6 BFI]. Web.archive.org, Accessed 27 October 2014</ref> ==Biography== === Early life === Born into a [[Jew]]ish family in [[London]]'s [[East End]], he joined the [[British Army]] at the age of 14 as a band boy, and as a result of his natural ability was sponsored by the Army to study at the [[Royal College of Music]]. He is the younger brother of Terry Burns (born Mark Sager) the medical inventor and picture restorer. There is also a half-brother, Edward Tunnicliff (born Edward Sager), who now lives in North Norfolk. Sidney Sager's musical career was interrupted by the [[Second World War]], during which he fought with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)\|British Expeditionary Force]] in [[France]] and was evacuated from [[Dunkirk]]. Following a brief spell in England he was transferred to North Africa, where he served until the end of hostilities. He returned to civilian life as a musician, playing brass for some time for the [[Royal Opera, London\|Royal Opera]] at [[Royal Opera House\|Covent Garden]]. === Conductor === During the 1950s he studied composition and conducting in [[Geneva]], and shortly after his return to the UK moved to [[Bristol]], where he conducted the [[BBC]] West of England Light Orchestra and founded the Paragon, the city's first symphony orchestra, which subsequently reformed as Bristol Sinfonia.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/garlands/167.htm \|title=A 167th garland of British light music composers \|accessdate=3 November 2009\|last=Scowcroft \|first=Philip L. \|website=Musicweb-international.com}}</ref> === Composer === Sager was involved for many years with the BBC Wildlife Unit at Bristol, although he also wrote scores for drama on television and radio. He is perhaps best known for the music he wrote for children's drama while Director of Music at [[HTV West]] from 1976 to 1992. ===Television work=== * ''Expedition ins Unbekannte'' (1958) TV series by [[Hans Hass]] (West Germany) [[Saturday Playhouse]] (TV Series); Haul for the Shore (1959), Devonshire Cream (1960) ''[[Play for Today]]'' TV series; The Fishing Party (1972), Shakespeare or Bust (1973), Three for the Fancy (1974) ''[[Children of the Stones]]'' (1977) TV series ''[[King of the Castle (TV series)\|King of the Castle]]'' (1977) TV series ''[[Into the Labyrinth (TV series)\|Into the Labyrinth]]'' (1981) TV series One of the most well-remembered programmes he scored was ''The Best of Friends'', starring [[John Gielgud]], [[Wendy Hiller]], and [[Patrick McGoohan]] as [[Sydney Cockerell]], [[Laurentia McLachlan]], and [[George Bernard Shaw]] respectively. This work was scored for string quintet modelled after [[Schubert]]. He also composed orchestral, band and choral works for festivals, often with children's themes (much like his television scores). In 1960 he wrote the score for Delilah The Sensitive Cow,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.45cat.com/record/dfe6617\|title=Johnny Morris - Delilah The Sensitive Cow - Part 1\|accessdate=27 July 2020\|website=45cat.com}}</ref> a story written and narrated by his friend [[Johnny Morris (television presenter)\|Johnny Morris]], the television presenter, which was released as a record by Decca. ====Children of the Stones==== For ''Children of the Stones'', Sager's combination of [[A cappella]] vocalizations fixated on a single, repeated Icelandic word ("Hadave"), along with its dissonant wordless [[counterpoint]], made this score unique among children's programming. The vocals were provided by the [[Ambrosian Singers]], featuring Lynda Richardson on the solo soprano line. The vocals were supplemented by electric guitar, bass guitar and percussion. The main theme of ''Children of the Stones'' is written on the [[acoustic scale]], ambiguously fluctuating between a tonality of [[C major\|C]] and [[D major]]. A signature two-chord harmonic progression, Em9 to G/C, is heard throughout the seven-part series at key dramatic points. A secondary theme is treated in canon and is [[diegesis\|diegetic]] music, representing a hymn sung by the spellbound villagers in the story. This theme is later echoed in the guitar and bass when the main child protagonist, Matt, uses his latent [[psychometric]] abilities. The secondary theme also concludes the series in a light jazz arrangement, establishing a lighter tone before the final twist is revealed. The musical texture was the suggestion of producer [[Peter Graham Scott]], who, while driving to [[Avebury]] to begin filming, had heard music by [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] on the radio. === Marriage and children === Sidney Sager married Naomi Burgess, who he met while working at the BBC in 1964. They have one child, Daniel. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{IMDb name\|nm0756108}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sager, Sidney}} [[Category:1917 births]] [[Category:2002 deaths]] [[Category:English composers]] [[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Music]] [[Category:Composers from London]] [[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]] [[Category:20th-century British Army personnel]]	1,283,715,026	[]	false
# Benefit of the Doubt (1967 film) Benefit of the Doubt (also known as US) is a 1967 documentary by Peter Whitehead. It covers Peter Brook's anti-Vietnam protest play US, with the Royal Shakespeare Company. It was filmed at London's Aldwych Theatre and features Peter Brook, Michael Kustow, Michael Williams and Glenda Jackson. Brook also adapted US as a film, Tell Me Lies (1968). ## Cast - Peter Brook - Michael Kustow - Michael Williams - Glenda Jackson	enwiki/6135161	enwiki	6,135,161	Benefit of the Doubt (1967 film)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_of_the_Doubt_(1967_film)	2025-03-13T21:57:17	en	Q4887452	34,260	{{Short description\|1967 British film by Peter Whitehead}} {{see also\|precautionary principle}} {{see Wiktionary\|\|benefit of the doubt\|phrase}}{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2025}} {{Use British English\|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox film \| name = Benefit of the Doubt \| image = BenefitOfTheDoubt.jpg \| caption = Screenshot \| director = [[Peter Lorrimer Whitehead\|Peter Whitehead]] \| producer = \| writer = \| narrator = \| starring = [[Peter Brook]]<br />[[Michael Kustow]]<br />[[Michael Williams (actor)\|Michael Williams]]<br />[[Glenda Jackson]] \| music = \| cinematography = \| editing = \| distributor = \| released = {{Film date\|1967}} \| runtime = 60 minutes \| country = United Kingdom \| language = English \| budget = }} '''''Benefit of the Doubt''''' (also known as '''''US''''') is a 1967 documentary by Peter Whitehead.<ref name="BFIsearch">{{Cite web \|title=Benefit of the Doubt \|url=https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150117292 \|access-date=12 August 2024 \|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> It covers [[Peter Brook]]'s anti-Vietnam protest play ''[[US (play)\|US]]'', with the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]. It was filmed at London's [[Aldwych Theatre]] and features Peter Brook, [[Michael Kustow]], [[Michael Williams (actor)\|Michael Williams]] and [[Glenda Jackson]]. Brook also adapted ''US'' as a film, ''[[Tell Me Lies (film)\|Tell Me Lies]]'' (1968).<ref name=BFI>{{cite web\|title=Benefit of the Doubt (1967)\|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1379869/index.html\|publisher=British Film Institute\|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref> ==Cast== * [[Peter Brook]] * Michael Kustow * [[Michael Williams (actor)\|Michael Williams]] * [[Glenda Jackson]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{IMDb title\|id=0061396\|title=Benefit of the Doubt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070502053456/http://s120937152.websitehome.co.uk/pw/html/benefit.html Film's entry on Peter Whitehead's website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Benefit of the Doubt}} [[Category:1967 films]] [[Category:British documentary films]] [[Category:1967 documentary films]] [[Category:Documentary films about theatre]] [[Category:Documentary films about the Vietnam War]] [[Category:1960s English-language films]] [[Category:1960s British films]] [[Category:English-language documentary films]] {{art-documentary-film-stub}} {{1960s-UK-film-stub}} {{1960s-documentary-film-stub}}	1,280,316,356	[{"title": "Benefit of the Doubt", "data": {"Directed by": "Peter Whitehead", "Starring": "Peter Brook \u00b7 Michael Kustow \u00b7 Michael Williams \u00b7 Glenda Jackson", "Release date": "- 1967", "Running time": "60 minutes", "Country": "United Kingdom", "Language": "English"}}]	false
# William Dawson (New Zealand politician) William Dawson (January 1852 – 27 July 1923) was a 19th-century Liberal Party Member of Parliament in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. ## Early life Dawson was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in January 1852. He followed his father into the profession as a brewer. ## Political career \| Years \| Term \| Electorate \| Electorate \| Party \| Party \| \| ------- \| ---- \| --------------- \| --------------- \| ----- \| ------- \| \| 1890–93 \| 11th \| Dunedin Suburbs \| Dunedin Suburbs \| \| Liberal \| He was first elected to Dunedin City Council in 1885. Two years later, he was elected Mayor of Dunedin for one term. In 1892, he was again elected onto the city council. He represented the Dunedin Suburbs electorate in Parliament from 1890 to 1893, when he retired.	enwiki/28283482	enwiki	28,283,482	William Dawson (New Zealand politician)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dawson_(New_Zealand_politician)	2025-07-07T00:22:55	en	Q8007680	38,294	{{Short description\|New Zealand politician}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2025}} {{Use New Zealand English\|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox officeholder \|honorific-prefix = \|name = William Dawson \|honorific-suffix = \|image = William Dawson.jpg \|caption = \|office2 = 16th [[Mayor of Dunedin]] \|term_start2 = 1887 \|term_end2 = 1888 \|predecessor2 = [[Richard Henry Leary]] \|successor2 = [[Hugh Gourley]] \|constituency_MP3 = [[Dunedin Suburbs (New Zealand electorate)\|Dunedin Suburbs]] \|parliament3 = New Zealand \|term_start3 = 1890 \|term_end3 = 1893 \|birth_date = January 1852 \|birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland \|death_date = 27 July 1923 \|death_place = [[Wellington]], New Zealand \|spouse = \|children = Three \|relations = \|party = [[New Zealand Liberal Party\|Liberal]] \|religion = \|profession = }} '''William Dawson''' (January 1852 – 27 July 1923) was a 19th-century [[New Zealand Liberal Party\|Liberal Party]] Member of Parliament in [[Dunedin]], [[Otago]], New Zealand. ==Early life== Dawson was born in [[Aberdeen]], Scotland, in January 1852. He followed his father into the profession as a brewer.<ref name="NZETC Dawson">{{cite book \|title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts \|year=1905 \|url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d2-d6-d2.html#name-427776-mention \|publisher=[[The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]] \|author=Cyclopedia Company Limited \|access-date= 5 October 2010 \|location=Christchurch \|chapter= Ex-Members}}</ref> ==Political career== {{NZ parlbox header\|nolist=true\|align=left}} {{NZ parlbox\|start={{NZ election link year\|1890}}\|end=93\|term=11th\|electorate={{NZ electorate link\|Dunedin Suburbs}}\|party=New Zealand Liberal Party}} {{End}} He was first elected to [[Dunedin City Council]] in 1885. Two years later, he was elected [[Mayor of Dunedin]] for one term. In 1892, he was again elected onto the city council.<ref name="NZETC Dawson (DCC)">{{cite book \|title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts \|year=1905 \|url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d2-d10-d76.html#name-427776-mention \|publisher=[[The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]] \|author=Cyclopedia Company Limited \|access-date= 5 October 2010 \|location=Christchurch \|chapter= Mr. William Dawson, J.P}}</ref> He represented the {{NZ electorate link\|Dunedin Suburbs}} electorate in Parliament from {{NZ election link year\|1890}} to 1893, when he retired.<ref name=Wilson>{{cite book \|last= Wilson \|first= James Oakley \|title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 \|edition= 4th \|orig-date= First ed. published 1913 \|year= 1985 \|publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer \|location= Wellington \|oclc=154283103 \|page=192}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef\|before=[[Richard Henry Leary]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=[[Mayor of Dunedin]]\|years=1887–1888}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Hugh Gourley]]}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dawson, William}} [[Category:1852 births]] [[Category:1923 deaths]] [[Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives]] [[Category:Mayors of Dunedin]] [[Category:New Zealand Liberal Party MPs]] [[Category:New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates]] [[Category:19th-century New Zealand politicians]] {{NewZealand-Liberal-politician-stub}} {{NewZealand-mayor-stub}}	1,299,188,665	[{"title": "16th Mayor of Dunedin", "data": {"16th Mayor of Dunedin": "In office \u00b7 1887\u20131888", "Preceded by": "Richard Henry Leary", "Succeeded by": "Hugh Gourley"}}, {"title": "Member of the New Zealand Parliament \u00b7 for Dunedin Suburbs", "data": {"Member of the New Zealand Parliament \u00b7 for Dunedin Suburbs": "In office \u00b7 1890\u20131893"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "January 1852 \u00b7 Aberdeen, Scotland", "Died": "27 July 1923 \u00b7 Wellington, New Zealand", "Political party": "Liberal", "Children": "Three"}}]	false
# Smolary, Gniezno County Smolary [smɔˈlarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzemeszno, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.	enwiki/20975148	enwiki	20,975,148	Smolary, Gniezno County	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolary,_Gniezno_County	2025-08-15T09:26:40	en	Q7546235	40,793	{{Other places\|Smolary (disambiguation){{!}}Smolary}} {{Infobox settlement \| name = Smolary \| settlement_type = Village \| total_type =   \| image_skyline = \| image_caption = \| image_flag = \| image_shield = \| image_map = \| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states\|Country]] \| subdivision_name = {{POL}} \| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland\|Voivodeship]] \| subdivision_name1 = [[Greater Poland Voivodeship\|Greater Poland]] \| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat\|County]] \| subdivision_name2 = [[Gniezno County\|Gniezno]] \| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]] \| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Trzemeszno\|Trzemeszno]] \| pushpin_map = Poland \| coordinates = {{coord\|52\|37\|N\|17\|45\|E\|region:PL\|display=title,inline}} \| elevation_m = \| population_total = \| website = }} '''Smolary''' {{IPAc-pl\|s\|m\|o\|'\|l\|a\|r\|y}} is a [[village]] in the administrative district of [[Gmina Trzemeszno]], within [[Gniezno County]], [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]], in west-central [[Poland]].{{TERYT}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Gmina Trzemeszno}} [[Category:Villages in Gniezno County]] {{Gniezno-geo-stub}}	1,305,998,802	[{"title": "Smolary", "data": {"Country": "Poland", "Voivodeship": "Greater Poland", "County": "Gniezno", "Gmina": "Trzemeszno"}}]	false
# Hermann, Freiherr von Soden Baron Hermann von Soden (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German Biblical scholar, minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. ## Life Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the University of Tübingen. In 1881 he was appointed as the minister at Dresden-Striesen and in 1887 he became minister of the Jerusalem Church in Berlin. In 1889 he also became a privatdozent, a form of tutor, in the University of Berlin, and four years later was appointed as an extraordinary professor of divinity. He fought for a more presbyterian and democratic constitution in the congregations of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of the Jerusalem's Church and the New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of the Hallesches Tor. Soden introduced a new notation of manuscripts and also developed a new theory of textual history. He believed that in the 4th century there were in existence three recensions of the text of the New Testament, which he distinguished as K, H and I. After establishing the text of I, H and K, Soden reconstructed a hypothetical text, I-H-K, which he believed to have been their ancestor. He then tried to show that this text was known to all the writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Soden died in a railway accident in Berlin on January 15, 1914. His descendant Wolfram von Soden became a noted Assyriologist. ## Works His most important book is Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte (4 vols., Berlin: Glaue, 1902-1910); certainly the most important work on the text of the New Testament which had been published since Westcott and Hort's The New Testament in the Original Greek. Other works include: - Der Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Philipper, Freiburg i. Br., 1880. - Hebräerbrief, Briefe des Petrus, Jakobus, Judas, Freiburg i. Br., 1890. - Und was thut die evangelische Kirche? Erwogen angesichts der Reichstagswahlen, zumal in unseren Großstädten, 3rd. ed., Berlin: Nauck, 1890 (a pamphlet written during the campaign for the Reichstag election) - Die Briefe an die Kolosser, Epheser, Philemon; die Pastoralbriefe, Freiburg i. Br., 1891. - "Untersuchungen über neutestamentliche Schriften" in Protestantisches Jahrbuch für theologische Studien und Schriftkommentar, 1895–1897. - Palästina und seine Geschichte, sechs volkstümliche Vorträge, Leipzig, 1899. - Die wichtigsten Fragen im Leben Jesu, Ferienkurs-Vorträge Berlin, 1904. - Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte. 4 volumes, Berlin, 1902–1913. - Urchristliche Literaturgeschichte, die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, Berlin: Duncker, 1905. - Hat Jesus gelebt? Aus den geschichtlichen Urkunden beantwortet von Hermann von Soden, Berlin, 1910. He contributed to the 1903 Encyclopaedia Biblica and to the "Hand-Commentar zum Neuen Testament", several editions, started in 1855 by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann and Hans von Soden	enwiki/2145370	enwiki	2,145,370	Hermann, Freiherr von Soden	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann,_Freiherr_von_Soden	2025-05-15T21:32:25	en	Q119398	35,176	{{Short description\|German Biblical scholar}} [[File:Hermann von Soden.jpg\|thumb\|Hermann von Soden]] '''Baron Hermann von Soden''' (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German [[Biblical scholar]], minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. ==Life== Born in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the [[University of Tübingen]]. In 1881 he was appointed as the [[Minister (Christianity)\|minister]] at [[Dresden]]-[[Striesen]] and in 1887 he became minister of the [[Jerusalem's Church\|Jerusalem Church]] in [[Berlin]]. In 1889 he also became a ''[[privatdozent]]'', a form of tutor, in the [[Humboldt University of Berlin\|University of Berlin]], and four years later was appointed as an extraordinary professor of [[divinity]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911\|inline=y\|wstitle=Soden, Hermann, Freiherr von\|volume=25\|pages=339–340\|first=Kirsopp\|last=Lake\|author-link=Kirsopp Lake}}</ref> He fought for a more [[Presbyterianism\|presbyterian]] and democratic constitution in the congregations of the [[Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces]]. His grave is preserved in the [[Protestant]] ''Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde'' (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of the [[Jerusalem's Church]] and the [[Deutscher Dom\|New Church]]) in [[Kreuzberg\|Berlin-Kreuzberg]], south of the [[Hallesches Tor (Berlin U-Bahn)\|Hallesches Tor]]. Soden introduced a new notation of manuscripts and also developed a new theory of textual history. He believed that in the 4th century there were in existence three recensions of the text of the [[New Testament]], which he distinguished as ''K'', ''H'' and ''I''. After establishing the text of ''I'', ''H'' and ''K'', Soden reconstructed a hypothetical text, ''I-H-K'', which he believed to have been their ancestor. He then tried to show that this text was known to all the writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries.<ref name="EB1911"/> Soden died in a railway accident in [[Berlin]] on January 15, 1914. His descendant [[Wolfram von Soden]] became a noted Assyriologist. ==Works== His most important book is ''Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte'' (4 vols., Berlin: Glaue, 1902-1910); certainly the most important work on the text of the [[New Testament]] which had been published since Westcott and Hort's ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]''.<ref name="EB1911"/> Other works include: * ''Der Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Philipper'', Freiburg i. Br., 1880. * ''Hebräerbrief, Briefe des Petrus, Jakobus, Judas'', Freiburg i. Br., 1890. * ''Und was thut die evangelische Kirche? Erwogen angesichts der Reichstagswahlen, zumal in unseren Großstädten'', 3rd. ed., Berlin: Nauck, 1890 (a pamphlet written during the campaign for the [[Reichstag (German Empire)\|Reichstag]] election) * ''Die Briefe an die Kolosser, Epheser, Philemon; die Pastoralbriefe'', Freiburg i. Br., 1891. * "Untersuchungen über neutestamentliche Schriften" in ''Protestantisches Jahrbuch für theologische Studien und Schriftkommentar'', 1895–1897. * [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL12438539W/Pal%C3%A4stina_und_seine_Geschichte_sechs_volkst%C3%BCmliche_Vortr%C3%A4ge_.. ''Palästina und seine Geschichte, sechs volkstümliche Vorträge''], Leipzig, 1899. * ''Die wichtigsten Fragen im Leben Jesu'', Ferienkurs-Vorträge Berlin, 1904. * ''Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte''. 4 volumes, Berlin, 1902–1913. * ''Urchristliche Literaturgeschichte, die Schriften des Neuen Testaments'', Berlin: Duncker, 1905. * ''Hat Jesus gelebt? Aus den geschichtlichen Urkunden beantwortet von Hermann von Soden'', Berlin, 1910. He contributed to the 1903 ''[[Encyclopaedia Biblica]]'' and to the "Hand-Commentar zum Neuen Testament", several editions, started in 1855 by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann and Hans von Soden ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == * {{BBKL\|s/soden_he\|band=10\|autor=Klaus-Gunther Wesseling\|artikel=Soden, Hermann Freiherr von\|spalten=722-727}} * [https://archive.org/details/VonSoden1-1/mode/2up Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 1] at the [[Internet Archive]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol1 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 1] at the [[CSNTM]]. * [https://archive.org/details/VonSoden2 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 2] at the [[Internet Archive]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol2 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 2] at the [[CSNTM]]. * [https://archive.org/details/dieschriftendesn0003sode Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 3] at the [[Internet Archive]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol3 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 3] at the [[CSNTM]]. * [https://printedbooks.csntm.org/PrintedBook/Group/DieSchriftendesneuenTestamentsvol4 Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte Vol. 4] at the [[CSNTM]]. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soden, Hermann, Freiherr von}} [[Category:1852 births]] [[Category:1914 deaths]] [[Category:Educators from Cincinnati]] [[Category:19th-century German scholars]] [[Category:19th-century German Protestant theologians]] [[Category:20th-century German Protestant theologians]] [[Category:German biblical scholars]] [[Category:New Testament scholars]] [[Category:Religious leaders from Ohio]] [[Category:German male non-fiction writers]] [[Category:German barons]] [[Category:19th-century German male writers]] [[Category:Railway accident deaths in Germany]]	1,290,609,492	[]	false
# Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses The Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses are two neighboring houses at 450 and 456 Woodland Road in Highland Park, Illinois. The earlier house at 450 Woodland was built in 1923–1925, while the later house was built in 1930. John S. Van Bergen, a prominent Chicago architect who designed several other homes in Highland Park, designed both houses in the Prairie School style. The house at 450 Woodland is a cottage-style building with a stucco exterior and wood detail work. The house at 456 Woodland is a brick building with an entrance pavilion, a balcony, and overhanging eaves. The houses were added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982.	enwiki/62726863	enwiki	62,726,863	Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Frank_Geyso_Houses	2025-07-29T11:20:44	en	Q85786845	64,591	{{short description\|Historic houses in Illinois, United States}} {{Use American English\|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP \| name = Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses \| nrhp_type = \| image = Frank Geyso House.JPG \| caption = 450 Woodland Road \| location = 450 and 456 Woodland Rd., [[Highland Park, Illinois]] \| coordinates = {{coord\|42\|09\|41\|N\|87\|46\|39\|W\|region:US_type:landmark\|name=Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses\|display=inline,title}} \| locmapin = Chicago#Illinois#USA \| built = 1923-25, 1930 \| architect = John S. Van Bergen \| architecture = Prairie School \| added = September 29, 1982 \| area = {{convert\|1\|acre}} \| mpsub = [https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64000175.pdf Highland Park MRA] \| refnum = 82002561<ref name="nris">{{NRISref\|version=2013a}}</ref> }} The '''Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses''' are two neighboring houses at 450 and 456 Woodland Road in [[Highland Park, Illinois]]. The earlier house at 450 Woodland was built in 1923–1925, while the later house was built in 1930. [[John S. Van Bergen]], a prominent [[Chicago]] architect who designed several other homes in Highland Park, designed both houses in the [[Prairie School]] style. The house at 450 Woodland is a cottage-style building with a [[stucco]] exterior and wood detail work. The house at 456 Woodland is a brick building with an entrance pavilion, a balcony, and overhanging [[eaves]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Benjamin \|first1=Susan S. \|last2=Cook \|first2=Nancy W. \|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Highland Park Multiple Resource Area \|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64000175.pdf \|publisher=[[National Park Service]] \|access-date=January 2, 2020 \|date=September 1981}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Cook \|first1=Nancy W. \|title=Highland Park Multiple Resource Inventory Sheet: Mrs. Frank Geyso Houses \|url=http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/201322.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103025350/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/201322.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2020-01-03 \|publisher=[[Illinois Historic Preservation Division]] \|access-date=January 2, 2020 \|date=September 1981}}</ref> The houses were added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on September 29, 1982.<ref name="nris"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{National Register of Historic Places}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Geyso, Mrs. Frank, Houses}} [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Illinois]] [[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois]] [[Category:Houses in Lake County, Illinois]] [[Category:Prairie School architecture in Illinois]] [[Category:Highland Park, Illinois]] {{LakeCountyIL-NRHP-stub}}	1,303,158,875	[{"title": "", "data": {"Location": "450 and 456 Woodland Rd., Highland Park, Illinois", "Coordinates": "42\u00b009\u203241\u2033N 87\u00b046\u203239\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff42.16139\u00b0N 87.77750\u00b0W", "Area": "1 acre (0.40 ha)", "Built": "1923-25, 1930", "Architect": "John S. Van Bergen", "Architectural style": "Prairie School", "MPS": "Highland Park MRA", "NRHP reference No.": "82002561", "Added to NRHP": "September 29, 1982"}}]	false
# Agnew Burlie Agnew Burlie (1 July 1906 – 24 January 1952) was a Canadian boxer. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.	enwiki/58984999	enwiki	58,984,999	Agnew Burlie	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnew_Burlie	2025-04-24T22:40:45	en	Q58331985	23,481	{{Short description\|Canadian boxer (1906–1952)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox sportsperson \| name = Agnew Burlie \| full_name = \| image = \| caption = \| nationality = Canadian \| sport = [[Boxing]] \| birth_date = 1 July 1906 \| birth_place = Dundee, Scotland \| death_date = {{death date and age\|1952\|1\|24\|1906\|7\|1\|df=yes}} \| death_place = Toronto, Ontario, Canada }} '''Agnew Burlie''' (1 July 1906 – 24 January 1952) was a Canadian [[boxing\|boxer]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/1147 \|title=Agnew Burlie \|publisher=Olympedia \|access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> He competed in the [[Boxing at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's featherweight\|men's featherweight]] event at the [[1924 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference \|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/agnew-burlie-1.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418075109/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/agnew-burlie-1.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=18 April 2020 \|title=Agnew Burlie Olympic Results \|accessdate=6 November 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{sports links}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burlie, Agnew}} [[Category:1906 births]] [[Category:1952 deaths]] [[Category:Canadian male boxers]] [[Category:Olympic boxers for Canada]] [[Category:Boxers at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Dundee]] [[Category:Featherweight boxers]] [[Category:20th-century Canadian sportsmen]] {{Canada-boxing-bio-stub}}	1,287,239,088	[{"title": "Agnew Burlie", "data": {"Nationality": "Canadian", "Born": "1 July 1906 \u00b7 Dundee, Scotland", "Died": "24 January 1952 (aged 45) \u00b7 Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}}, {"title": "Sport", "data": {"Sport": "Boxing"}}]	false

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

HuggingFaceFW/finewiki sample

A uniformly randomized subset of HuggingFaceFW/finewiki, created to provide a smaller and more manageable dataset for analysis, fine-tuning, and benchmarking.

Overview

This sample includes Wikipedia articles from languages with more than one million pages. Sampling is performed uniformly at random instead of alphabetically to ensure unbiased representation.

Language Inclusion Criteria

Languages were selected based on page count and content quality. The dataset excludes:

Cebuano and Waray, due to page quality concerns
Egyptian Arabic, as standard Arabic is already included

For each selected language, 1 percent of the total articles were randomly chosen and shuffled.

Dataset Composition

From each language configuration, 1 000 pages were randomly selected to form an assorted configuration that aggregates samples from all languages.