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TU-Wien

title stringlengths 2 2.62k	resumes stringlengths 1 8.71k	doi stringlengths 13 69	author listlengths 1 2.39k
Observation of Collapse and Revival in a Superconducting Atomic Frequency Comb	Recent advancements in superconducting circuits have enabled the experimental study of collective behavior of precisely controlled intermediate-scale ensembles of qubits. In this work, we demonstrate an atomic frequency comb formed by individual artificial atoms strongly coupled to a single resonator mode. We observe periodic microwave pulses that originate from a single coherent excitation dynamically interacting with the multiqubit ensemble. We show that this revival dynamics emerges as a consequence of the constructive and periodic rephasing of the five superconducting qubits forming the vacuum Rabi split comb. In the future, similar devices could be used as a memory with in situ tunable storage time or as an on-chip periodic pulse generator with nonclassical photon statistics.	10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.063601	[ [ "E. S.", "Redchenko" ], [ "M.", "Zens" ], [ "M.", "Žemlička" ], [ "M.", "Peruzzo" ], [ "F.", "Hassani" ], [ "R.", "Sett" ], [ "P.", "Zieliński" ], [ "H. S.", "Dhar" ], [ "D. O.", "Krimer" ], [ "S.", "Rotter" ], [ "J. M.", "Fink" ] ]
Regional lung ventilation during supraglottic and subglottic jet ventilation: A randomized cross-over trial	Objective_x000D_ Test the hypothesis that the center of ventilation, a measure of ventro-dorsal atelectasis, is posterior during supraglottic ventilation indicating better dependent-lung ventilation. Secondarily, we tested the hypothesis that supraglottic ventilation improves oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination._x000D_ Background_x000D_ Supraglottic and subglottic jet ventilation are both used during laryngotracheal surgery. Supraglottic jet ventilation may better prevent atelectasis and provide superior ventilation._x000D_ Design_x000D_ Randomized, cross-over trial._x000D_ Setting_x000D_ Operating rooms._x000D_ Patients_x000D_ Patients having elective micro-laryngotracheal surgery._x000D_ Interventions_x000D_ Patients were sequentially ventilated for 5 min with one randomly selected type of jet ventilation before being switched to the alternative method._x000D_ Measurements_x000D_ Regional ventilation distribution was estimated using electrical impedance tomography, with arterial oxygenation and carbon dioxide partial pressures being simultaneously evaluated._x000D_ Results_x000D_ Thirty patients completed the study. There were no statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences in the center of ventilation with supraglottic and subglottic ventilation. However, ventilation with the supraglottic approach was about 4 % higher in the ventromedial lung region and about 4 % lower in the dorsal lung. Surprisingly, arterial blood oxygenation was considerably worse with supraglottic (173 [156, 199] mmHg) than subglottic ventilation (293 [244, 340] mmHg). Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure was near 40 mmHg with each approach, although slightly lower with supraglottic jet ventilation._x000D_ Conclusion_x000D_ The center of ventilation distribution, a measure of atelectasis, was similar with supraglottic and subglottic jet ventilation. Subglottic jet ventilation improved the dorsal-dependent lung region and provided superior arterial oxygenation. Both techniques effectively eliminated carbon dioxide, with the supraglottic approach demonstrating slig	10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.111773	[ [ "Marita", "Windpassinger" ], [ "Michal", "Prusak" ], [ "Jana", "Gemeiner" ], [ "Maximilian", "Edlinger-Stanger" ], [ "Imme", "Roesner" ], [ "Doris-Maria", "Denk-Linnert" ], [ "Olga", "Plattner" ], [ "Ahmed", "Khattab" ], [ "Eugenijus", "Kaniusas" ], [ "Lu", "Wang" ], [ "Daniel I.", "Sessler" ] ]
Aggregated Mutual Learning between CNN and Transformer for semi-supervised medical image segmentation	Recent Advances show that both Convolutional layers and Transformer blocks have their own advantages in the feature learning tasks of medical image analysis. However, the existing models combining both CNN and Transformers cannot effectively integrate the features extracted by both networks. In this work, we propose a new semi-supervised medical image segmentation method which can effectively aggregate mutual learning between CNN and Transformer, denoted AML-CT, which consists of an auxiliary module and a main network. Specifically, the auxiliary module consists of two segmentation subnetworks based on CNN and Transformer, aiming at extracting features from different perspectives, where, to enhance integration of image features from distinct segmentation networks, a Cross-Branch Feature Fusion module is proposed to effectively fuses local and global information via internal cross-fusion of feature maps between networks. Then, to aggregate the extracted image features from the auxiliary module, a three-branch network (TB-net) structure is further proposed to learn the extracted joint features and facilitate aggregation of multi-source information. Experimental results on two public datasets demonstrate that: (i) AML-CT successfully accomplishes medical image segmentation tasks with limited labeled data, outperforming recent mainstream semi-supervised segmentation methods; (ii) Ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of each module in the AML-CT model for performance improvement.	10.1016/j.knosys.2025.113005	[ [ "Zhenghua", "Xu" ], [ "Hening", "Wang" ], [ "Runhe", "Yang" ], [ "Yuchen", "Yang" ], [ "Weipeng", "Liu" ], [ "Thomas", "Lukasiewicz" ] ]
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation climatologies mapped by machine learning and Bayesian interpolation	Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is a space-based remote sensing technique that measures the bending angle of GNSS signals as they traverse the Earth's atmosphere. Profiles of the microwave index of refraction can be calculated from the bending angles. High accuracy, long-term stability, and all-weather capability make this technique attractive to meteorologists and climatologists. Meteorologists routinely assimilate RO observations into numerical weather models. RO-based climatologies, however, are complicated to construct as their sampling densities are highly non-uniform and too sparse to resolve synoptic variability in the atmosphere._x000D_ _x000D_ In this work, we investigate the potential of machine learning (ML) to construct RO climatologies and compare the results of an ML construction with Bayesian interpolation (BI), a state-of-the-art method to generate maps of RO products. We develop a feed-forward neural network applied to Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2 (COSMIC-2) RO observations and evaluate the performance of BI and ML by analysis of residuals when applied to test data. We also simulate data taken from the atmospheric analyses produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in order to test the resolving power of BI and ML. Atmospheric temperature, pressure, and water vapor are used to calculate microwave refractivity at 2, 3, 5, 8, 15, and 20?km in geopotential height, with each level representing a different dynamical regime of the atmosphere. The simulated data are the values of microwave refractivity produced by ECMWF at the geolocations of the COSMIC-2 RO constellation, which fall equatorward of 46° in latitude. The maps of refractivity produced using the neural networks better match the true maps produced by ECMWF than maps using BI. The best results are obtained when fusing BI and ML, specifically when applying ML to the post-fit residuals of BI. At the s	10.5194/amt-18-57-2025	[ [ "Endrit", "Shehaj" ], [ "Stephen", "Leroy" ], [ "Kerri", "Cahoy" ], [ "Alain", "Geiger" ], [ "Laura", "Crocetti" ], [ "Gregor", "Moeller" ], [ "Benedikt", "Soja" ], [ "Markus", "Rothacher" ] ]
From theory to hydrological practice: Leveraging CYGNSS data over seven years for advanced soil moisture monitoring	Soil moisture (SM) is a key variable in hydrometeorology and climate systems. With the growing interest in capturing fine-scale SM variability for effective hydroclimate applications, spaceborne L-band bistatic radar systems using Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology hold great potential to meet the demand for high spatiotemporal resolution SM data. Although primarily designed for tropical cyclone_x000D_ monitoring purposes, the first GNSS-R satellite constellation – Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission, has demonstrated the benefits of reliably monitoring diurnal SM dynamics through its initial stage of seven-year data record, thanks to its high revisit frequency at sub-daily intervals. Nevertheless, knowledge of SM retrieval from CYGNSS, particularly linked with its distinctive features, remains poorly understood, while numerous existing uncertainties and open issues can restrict its effective SM retrieval and_x000D_ practical applications in the next operating stages. Unlike other review papers, this work aims to bridge this knowledge gap in CYGNSS SM retrieval by highlighting noteworthy design properties based on analyses of its real-world data, while providing a synthesis of recent advances in eliminating external uncertainty factors and improving SM inversion methods._x000D_ Despite its potential, CYGNSS SM retrieval faces both general and particular challenges arising from common issues in retrieval algorithms for conventional GNSS-R satellites and unique data limitations tied to its technical design. Scientific debates over the contributions of coherent and incoherent components in total CYGNSS signals and accurate partitioning of these two parts are defined as the key algorithm-related challenges to resolve, along with correcting attenuation effects of vegetation and surface roughness. The data-related challenges involve variations in CYGNSS’s spatial footprint, temporal frequency, and signal penetration depth across di	10.1016/j.rse.2024.114509	[ [ "Hoang Hai", "Nguyen" ], [ "Hyunglok", "Kim" ], [ "Wade", "Crow" ], [ "Simon", "Yueh" ], [ "Wolfgang", "Wagner" ], [ "Fangni", "Lei" ], [ "Jean-Pierre", "Wigneron" ], [ "Andreas", "Colliander" ], [ "Frédéric", "Frappart" ] ]
Signal Feature Coverage and Testing for CPS Dataflow Models	Design of cyber-physical systems (CPS) typically involves dataflow modelling. The structure of dataflow models differs from the traditional software, making standard coverage metrics not appropriate for measuring the thoroughness of testing. To address this limitation, this paper proposes signal feature coverage as a new coverage metric for systematically testing CPS dataflow models. We derive signal feature coverage by leveraging signal features. We developed a testing framework in Simulink®, a popular dataflow modelling and simulation environment, that automates the generation and execution of test cases based on the defined coverage metric. We evaluated the effectiveness of our approach by carrying out experiments on five Simulink®models tested against ten Signal Temporal Logic specifications. We compared our coverage-based testing approach to adaptive random testing, falsification testing, output diversity-based approaches, and testing using MathWorks’ Simulink® Design Verifier™. The results demonstrate that our coverage-based testing approach outperforms the conventional techniques regarding fault detection capability.	10.1145/3714467	[ [ "Ezio", "Bartocci" ], [ "Leonardo", "Mariani" ], [ "Dejan", "Ničković" ], [ "Drishti", "Yadav" ] ]
Institutional investment in rental housing in the city of social housing	While scholarly and public attention on institutional investors in rental housing is considerable, studies that quantify the relevance of such actors are still rare. This article measures institutional investor ownership in a European city with one of the highest shares of social housing: Vienna, Austria. We present a novel approach to measure institutional investor ownership that combines land registry data with the international company database ORBIS and Vienna’s local housing register. This provides unique ownership data for the entire housing market at the property level. We measure the role of institutional investors in different rental tenures and further distinguish between direct and indirect property owners, between national, EU, and non-EU investors, and conduct a geographical analysis of investment hotspots. We make three broader contributions: First, we widen the geography of research on institutional investment by considering a highly regulated housing market context. Second, we demonstrate that a large social housing stock does not per se prevent a significant presence of institutional investors. Third, we introduce a method that may be used in other cases and contexts.	10.1177/09697764241306035	[ [ "Justin", "Kadi" ], [ "Selim", "Banabak" ], [ "Leonhard", "Plank" ] ]
Opportunities and Challenges for the Next Generation of Cartographers: An Inclusive Workshop Study with Early-Career Cartography Professionals	Here, we introduce Next Generation Cartographers, a Working Group of the International Cartographic Association (ICA) Students and early-career professionals today learn cartographic design alongside a diverse array of conceptual and technical competencies and, therefore, are working at the forefront of the discipline. However, they typically are not among the leading voices within the cartography community simply due to experience. To this end, we organized a Next Generation Cartographers (NGC) workshop at EuroCarto 2022 to identify opportunities and challenges for the next generation of cartographers. During our discussions, advocacy, peer support, mentorship, and outreach emerged as key needs of next generation cartographers and, ultimately, the need for NGC to have a voice in ICA planning. Inclusion became a core value of NGC to promote safety and diversity across the cartography community. NGC opened to global membership in August 2023 at the International Cartographic Conference in Cape Town, South Africa, and became a Working Group in autumn 2023.	10.1080/00087041.2024.2439720	[ [ "Chelsea", "Nestel" ], [ "Katarzyna", "Słomska-Przech" ], [ "Florian", "Ledermann" ], [ "Edyta P.", "Bogucka" ], [ "Fanni", "Vörös" ], [ "Sebastian", "Meier" ], [ "Robert E.", "Roth" ] ]
On interpolation spaces of piecewise polynomials on mixed meshes	We consider fractional Sobolev spaces H?, ? ? (0, 1), on 2D domains and H¹-conforming discretizations by globally continuous piecewise polynomials on a mesh consisting of shape-regular triangles and quadrilaterals. We prove that the norm obtained from interpolating between the discrete space equipped with the L²-norm on the one hand and the H¹-norm on the other hand is equivalent to the corresponding continuous interpolation Sobolev norm, and the norm-equivalence constants are independent of meshsize and polynomial degree. This characterization of the Sobolev norm is then used to show an inverse inequality between H¹ and H?	10.1051/m2an/2024069	[ [ "Michael", "Karkulik" ], [ "Jens Markus", "Melenk" ], [ "Alexander", "Rieder" ] ]
Personalized auricular vagus nerve stimulation: beat-to-beat deceleration dominates in systole-gated stimulation during inspiration - a pilot study	Neuromodulation comes into focus as a non-pharmacological therapy with the vagus nerve as modulation target. The auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) has emerged to treat chronic diseases while re-establishing the sympathovagal balance and activating parasympathetic anti-inflammatory pathways. aVNS leads still to over and under-stimulation and is limited in therapeutic efficiency. A potential avenue is personalization of aVNS based on time-varying cardiorespiratory rhythms of the human body._x000D_ In the pilot study, we propose personalized cardiac-gated aVNS and evaluate its effects on the instantaneous beat-to-beat intervals (RR intervals). Modulation of RR is expected to reveal the aVNS efficiency since the efferent cardiac branch of the stimulated afferent vagus nerve governs the instantaneous RR._x000D_ Five healthy subjects were subjected to aVNS. Each subject underwent two 25-minute sessions. The first session started with the non-gated open-loop aVNS, followed by the systole-gated closed-loop aVNS, then the non-gated, diastole-gated, and non-gated aVNS, each for 5min. In the second session, systole and diastole gated aVNS were interchanged. Changes in RR are analysed by comparing the prolongation of RR intervals with respect to the proceeding RR interval where aVNS took place. These RR changes are considered as a function of the personalized stimulation onset, the stimulation angle starting with R peak. The influence of the respiration phases is considered on the cardiovagal modulation._x000D_ The results show that the systole-gated aVNS tends to prolong and shorten RR when stimulated after and before the R peak, respectively. The later in time is the stimulation onset within the diastole-gated aVNS, the longer tends to be the subsequent RR interval. The tendency of the RR prolongation raises with increasing stimulation angle and then gradually levels off with increasing delay of the considered RR interval from the one where aVNS took place. The slope of this rise is lar	10.3389/fphys.2024.1495868	[ [ "Johannes", "Tischer" ], [ "Jozsef Constantin", "Szeles" ], [ "Eugenijus", "Kaniusas" ] ]
European context of the architecture of the "Nafta-gas" building in Novi Sad	The architectural and urban significance of the “Nafta-gas” building in Novi Sad is analyzed within the broader European context. Situated along Liberation Boulevard, a prominent urban axis, the building symbolizes post- modernist tendencies in late 20th-century Serbian architecture. Designed through a public competition in 1985, the building reflects the era’s socio-political aspirations, blending monumental and modernist elements. Influ- enced by postmodern architectural principles, the structure juxtaposes mass and transparency, employing advanced construction techniques and high-quality materials. The paper traces its evolution from conceptual design to partial realization, emphasizing its role as both a symbol of transformation and a focal point within Novi Sad’s urban landscape. The challenges of preserving postmodernist heritage amidst evolving urban contexts are critically addressed, underscoring the need for systematic protection of such landmarks. The study highlights the building’s dual nature: as an innovative design of its time and as a reflection of complex socio-economic conditions in Serbia during the 1990s.	10.5937/FRG2401040G	[ [ "Ilija", "Gubić" ], [ "Riccardo", "Villa" ] ]
Market dynamics and power risks in green technology materials: Platinum under the EU 2030 hydrogen target	The central role of hydrogen in the EU's decarbonization strategy has increased the importance of critical raw materials. To address this, the EU has taken legislative steps, including the 2023 Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA), to ensure a stable supply. Using a leader–follower Stackelberg game framework, this study analyzes CRM market dynamics, integrating CRMA compliance through rules on sourcing and stockpiling, value chain resilience via the inclusion of supply diversification strategies, and geopolitical influences by modeling exporter behaviors and trade dependencies. Results highlight the potential for strategic behavior by major exporters, stressing the benefits of diversifying export sources and maintaining strategic stockpiles to stabilize supply. The findings provide insights into the EU's efforts to secure CRM supplies, key to achieving decarbonization goals and fostering a sustainable energy transition. Future research should explore alternative cost-reduction strategies, mitigate exporter market power, and evaluate the implications for pricing mechanisms, market outcomes, and consumer welfare	10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125262	[ [ "Marzia", "Sesini" ], [ "Sebastian", "Zwickl-Bernhard" ], [ "Max", "Münchmeyer" ], [ "Benjamin F.", "Hobbs" ] ]
EGIC: Enhanced Low-Bit-Rate Generative Image Compression Guided by Semantic Segmentation	We introduce EGIC, an enhanced generative image compression method that allows traversing the distortion-perception curve efficiently from a single model. EGIC is based on two novel building blocks: i) OASIS-C, a conditional pre-trained semantic segmentation-guided discriminator, which provides both spatially and semantically-aware gradient feedback to the generator, conditioned on the latent image distribution, and ii) Output Residual Prediction (ORP), a retrofit solution for multi-realism image compression that allows control over the synthesis process by adjusting the impact of the residual between an MSE-optimized and GAN-optimized decoder output on the GAN-based reconstruction. Together, EGIC forms a powerful codec, outperforming state-of-the-art diffusion and GAN-based methods (e.g., HiFiC, MS-ILLM, and DIRAC-100), while performing almost on par with VTM-20.0 on the distortion end. EGIC is simple to implement, very lightweight, and provides excellent interpolation characteristics, which makes it a promising candidate for practical applications targeting the low bit range.	10.1007/978-3-031-72761-0_12	[ [ "Nikolai", "Körber" ], [ "Eduard", "Kromer" ], [ "Andreas", "Siebert" ], [ "Sascha", "Hauke" ], [ "Daniel", "Mueller-Gritschneder" ], [ "Björn", "Schuller" ] ]
Application of the Tree-of-Thoughts Framework to LLM-Enabled Domain Modeling	Domain modeling is typically an iterative process where modeling experts interact with domain experts to complete and refine the model. Recently, we have seen several attempts to assist, or even replace, the modeler with a Large Language Model (LLM). Several LLM prompting strategies have been attempted, but with limited success. In this paper, we advocate for the adoption of a Tree-of-Thoughts (ToT) strategy to overcome the limitations of current approaches based on simpler prompting strategies. With a ToT strategy, we can decompose the modeling process into several sub-steps using for each step a specialized set of generators and evaluators prompts to optimize the quality of the LLM output. As part of our adaptation, we provide a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) to facilitate the formalization of the ToT process for domain modeling. Our approach is implemented as part of an open source tool available on GitHub.	10.1007/978-3-031-75872-0_6	[ [ "Jonathan", "Silva" ], [ "Qin", "Ma" ], [ "Jordi", "Cabot" ], [ "Pierre", "Kelsen" ], [ "Henderik A.", "Proper" ] ]
Large and Parallel Human Sorting Networks	This paper presents two innovative extensions of the classic Human Sorting Network (HSN) activity from the CS Unplugged program. First, we describe the implementation of a large-scale HSN with 50 input nodes, realized with high school students in Vienna, Austria. We detail the logistical challenges and solutions for creating an HSN of this magnitude, including location selection, network layout, and participant coordination. Second, we report on using parallel 6-input HSNs, which introduce a competitive element and enhance engagement. This parallel setup allows for races between teams and can be adapted for various age groups and knowledge levels. Both extensions aim to increase the educational impact and enjoyment of the HSN activity. We provide comprehensive insights into our experiences, enabling other educators and researchers to replicate or further develop these HSN variants.	10.1007/978-3-031-73257-7_16	[ [ "Stefan", "Szeider" ] ]
SLO-Aware Task Offloading Within Collaborative Vehicle Platoons	In the context of autonomous vehicles (AVs), offloading is essential for guaranteeing the execution of perception tasks, e.g., mobile mapping or object detection. While existing work on offloading focused extensively on minimizing inter-vehicle networking latency, vehicle platoons (e.g., heavy-duty transport) present numerous other objectives, such as energy efficiency or data quality. To optimize these Service Level Objectives (SLOs) during operation, this work presents a purely Vehicle-to-Vehicle approach (V2V) for collaborative services offloading within a vehicle platoon. By training and using a Bayesian Network (BN), services can proactively decide to offload whenever this promises to improve platoon-wide SLO fulfillment; therefore, vehicles estimate how both sides would be impacted by offloading a service. In particular, this considers resource heterogeneity within the platoon to avoid overloading more restricted devices. We evaluate our approach in a physical setup, where vehicles in a platoon continuously (i.e., every 500 ms) interpret the SLOs of three perception services. Our probabilistic, predictive method shows promising results in handling large AV platoons; within seconds, it detects and resolves SLO violations through offloading.	10.1007/978-981-96-0808-9_6	[ [ "Boris", "Sedlak" ], [ "Andrea", "Morichetta" ], [ "Yuhao", "Wang" ], [ "Yang", "Fei" ], [ "Liang", "Wang" ], [ "Schahram", "Dustdar" ], [ "Xiaobo", "Qu" ] ]
Aggregation of ice-nucleating macromolecules from <i>Betula pendula</i> pollen determines ice nucleation efficiency	Various aerosols, including mineral dust, soot, and biological particles, can act as ice nuclei, initiating the freezing of supercooled cloud droplets. Cloud droplet freezing significantly impacts cloud properties and, consequently, weather and climate. Some biological ice nuclei exhibit exceptionally high nucleation temperatures close to 0?°C. Ice-nucleating macromolecules (INMs) found on pollen are typically not considered among the most active ice nuclei. Still, they can be highly abundant, especially for species such as Betula pendula, a widespread birch tree species in the boreal forest. Recent studies have shown that certain tree-derived INMs exhibit ice nucleation activity above -10?°C, suggesting they could play a more significant role in atmospheric processes than previously understood. Our study reveals that three distinct INM classes active at -8.7, -15.7, and -17.4?°C are present in B. pendula. Freeze drying and freeze–thaw cycles noticeably alter their ice nucleation capability, and the results of heat treatment, size, and chemical analysis indicate that INM classes correspond to size-varying aggregates, with larger aggregates nucleating ice at higher temperatures, in agreement with previous studies on fungal and bacterial ice nucleators. Our findings suggest that B. pendula INMs are potentially important for atmospheric ice nucleation because of their high prevalence and nucleation temperatures.	10.5194/bg-22-103-2025	[ [ "Florian", "Wieland" ], [ "Nadine", "Bothen" ], [ "Ralph", "Schwidetzky" ], [ "Teresa M.", "Seifried" ], [ "Paul", "Bieber" ], [ "Ulrich", "Pöschl" ], [ "Konrad", "Meister" ], [ "Mischa", "Bonn" ], [ "Janine", "Fröhlich-Nowoisky" ], [ "Hinrich", "Grothe" ] ]
Building support for children and families affected by stroke (BUILD CARE): Study protocol	Childhood stroke is a rare condition that significantly impacts affected children and their families due to children's frequently persisting cognitive, physical, and behavioural problems. Existing research on adult stroke shows that the built environment plays a major role in their (partial or possible) recovery and everyday life, but its role has been overlooked in children population. This multidisciplinary research study aims to investigate (1) the role of informal (i.e., home, neighbourhood, school) and formal (i.e., hospital, rehabilitation clinic, outpatient clinic) care environments in the everyday life of children and families confronted with childhood stroke; (2) the families' financial burden resulting from this rare disease and their economic situation likely affecting the access to care, informal care provision and ability to carry out home modifications.; as well as (3) children's stroke-related cognitive impairments affecting their experiences of the built environment and their care. The research consists of the preparatory research phase, where existing materials are explored, and three main research phases, each related to one or multiple project objectives. A multi-method approach is adopted, including qualitative (in-depth interviews and participatory creative methods) and quantitative (online questionnaire and cognitive assessments) research methods. Participants are children affected by stroke and their families in Austria, Belgium and Germany. This is a 3-year project that will continue until the end of August 2025. Ethical approvals in all countries were obtained at the time of protocol submission, and data collection for all three research phases started in the second half of 2023 and is currently ongoing. This project will offer first insights into the role of built (care) environments in the experiences of families affected by childhood stroke. Findings are expected to deliver information on their design to improve the life of children affec	10.1371/journal.pone.0308765	[ [ "Maja", "Kevdzija" ], [ "Lisa", "Bartha-Doering" ], [ "Ruth", "Heying" ], [ "Ann", "Heylighen" ], [ "Andrea", "Jelić" ], [ "Pleuntje", "Jellema" ], [ "Anna Franziska", "Kalhorn" ], [ "Sophie", "Mandl" ], [ "Gesine", "Marquardt" ], [ "Birgit", "Moser" ], [ "Magdalena", "Muszynska-Spielauer" ], [ "Els", "Ortibus" ], [ "Anna-Theresa", "Renner" ], [ "Anne-Sophie", "Schoß" ], [ "Piet", "Tutenel" ] ]
An adaptive, provable correct simplex architecture	Simplex architectures optimize performance and safety by switching between an advanced controller and a base controller. We propose an approach to synthesize the switching logic and extensions of the base controller in the Simplex architectures to achieve high performance and provable correctness for a rich class of temporal specifications by maximizing the time the advanced controller is active. We achieve provable correctness by performing static verification of the baseline controller. The result of this verification is a set of states that is proven to be safe, called the recoverable region. We employ proofs on demand to ensure that the base controller is safe in those states that are visited during runtime, which depends on the advanced controller. Verification of hybrid systems is often overly conservative, resulting in smaller recoverable regions that cause unnecessary switches to the baseline controller. To avoid these switches, we invoke targeted reachability queries to extend the recoverable region at runtime. In case the recoverable region cannot be extended using the baseline controller, we employ a repair procedure. This tries to synthesize a patch for the baseline controller and can further extend the recoverable region. Our offline and online verification relies upon reachability analysis since it allows observation-based extension of the known recoverable region. We implemented our methodology on top of the state-of-the-art tool HyPro which allowed us to automatically synthesize verified and performant Simplex architectures for advanced case studies, like safe autonomous driving on a race track.	10.1007/s10009-025-00779-0	[ [ "Benedikt", "Maderbacher" ], [ "Stefan", "Schupp" ], [ "Ezio", "Bartocci" ], [ "Roderick", "Bloem" ], [ "Dejan", "Ničković" ], [ "Bettina", "Könighofer" ] ]
Acetylation of alginate enables the production of inks that mimic the chemical properties of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> biofilm	The reason why certain bacteria, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), produce acetylated alginate (Alg) in their biofilms remains one of the most intriguing facts in microbiology. Being the main structural component of the secreted biofilm, like the one formed in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, Alg plays a crucial role in protecting the bacteria from environmental stress and potential threats. Nonetheless, to investigate the PA biofilm environment and its lack of susceptibility to antibiotic treatment, the currently developed in vitro biofilm models use native seaweed Alg, which is a non-acetylated Alg. The role of the acetyl side group on the backbone of bacterial Alg has never been elucidated, and the transposition of experimental results obtained from such systems to clinical conditions (e.g., to treat CF-infection) may be hazardous. We systematically investigated the influence of acetylation on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of Alg in solution and Ca2+-crosslinked hydrogels. Furthermore, we assessed how the acetylation influenced the interaction of Alg with tobramycin, a common aminoglycoside antibiotic for PA. Our study revealed that the degree of acetylation directly impacts the viscosity and Young's Modulus of Alg in a pH-dependent manner. Acetylation increased the mesh size in biofilm-like Alg hydrogels, directly influencing antibiotic penetration. Our results provide essential insights to create more clinically relevant in vitro infection models to test the efficacy of new drugs or to better understand the 3D microenvironment of PA biofilms.	10.1039/d4tb02675f	[ [ "Stephan", "Schandl" ], [ "Goodness", "Osondu-Chuka" ], [ "Giuseppe", "Guagliano" ], [ "Stjepan", "Perak" ], [ "Paola", "Petrini" ], [ "Francesco", "Briatico-Vangosa" ], [ "Erik", "Reimhult" ], [ "Olivier", "Guillaume" ] ]
Radiative decay of the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi>Th</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>229</mml:mn><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math> nuclear clock isomer in different host materials	A comparative vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy study conducted at ISOLDE-CERN of the radiative decay of the ²²???Th nuclear clock isomer embedded in different host materials is reported. The ratio of the number of radiative decay photons and the number of ²²???Th embedded are determined for single crystalline CaF2, MgF2, LiSrAlF6, AlN, and amorphous SiO2. For the latter two materials, no radiative decay signal was observed and an upper limit of the ratio is reported. The radiative decay wavelength was determined in LiSrAlF6 and CaF2, reducing its uncertainty by a factor of 2.5 relative to our previous measurement. This value is in agreement with the recently reported improved values from laser excitation.	10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.013052	[ [ "S. V.", "Pineda" ], [ "P.", "Chhetri" ], [ "S.", "Bara" ], [ "Y.", "Elskens" ], [ "S.", "Casci" ], [ "A. N.", "Alexandrova" ], [ "M.", "Au" ], [ "M.", "Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis" ], [ "M.", "Bartokos" ], [ "K.", "Beeks" ], [ "C.", "Bernerd" ], [ "A.", "Claessens" ], [ "K.", "Chrysalidis" ], [ "T. E.", "Cocolios" ], [ "J. G.", "Correia" ], [ "H.", "De Witte" ], [ "R.", "Elwell" ], [ "R.", "Ferrer" ], [ "R.", "Heinke" ], [ "E. R.", "Hudson" ], [ "F.", "Ivandikov" ], [ "Yu.", "Kudryavtsev" ], [ "U.", "Köster" ], [ "S.", "Kraemer" ], [ "M.", "Laatiaoui" ], [ "R.", "Lica" ], [ "C.", "Merckling" ], [ "I.", "Morawetz" ], [ "H. W. T.", "Morgan" ], [ "D.", "Moritz" ], [ "L. M. C.", "Pereira" ], [ "S.", "Raeder" ], [ "S.", "Rothe" ], [ "F.", "Schaden" ], [ "K.", "Scharl" ], [ "T.", "Schumm" ], [ "S.", "Stegemann" ], [ "J.", "Terhune" ], [ "P. G.", "Thirolf" ], [ "S. M.", "Tunhuma" ], [ "P.", "Van Den Bergh" ], [ "P.", "Van Duppen" ], [ "A.", "Vantomme" ], [ "U.", "Wahl" ], [ "Z.", "Yue" ] ]
Mechanical properties of DCMS and HiPIMS deposited Ti1-xMoxB2±z coatings	A promising strategy for enhancing the mechanical properties of sputtered transition metal diboride (TMB2) thin films, including hardness and fracture toughness, is the formation of ternary diborides. Theoretical calculations indicate that incorporating Mo on the metallic sublattice of TiB2 enhances the overall mechanical properties; however, no experimental data are available. Accordingly, two series (DCMS & HiPIMS) of Ti1-xMoxB2±z coatings_x000D_ with varying Mo contents (x = 0 to 12 for DCMS and x = 0 to 9 for HiPIMS) were deposited using TiB2/MoB composite targets containing different MoB contents to investigate their structural and mechanical properties, focusing on fracture characteristics. HiPIMS growth processes have been proven to significantly enhance hard ness, fracture toughness, and fracture strength compared to DCMS. Specifically, a hardness increase from 38.8 ± 1.7 GPa to 43.7 ± 1.2 GPa (nanoindentation) with a simultaneous fracture toughness increase of 0.4 MPavm (~17 %; using microcantilever bending tests) and an increase in fracture strength, Rp0.2 of approximately 2 GPa (micropillar compression) was observed for HiPIMS deposited coatings. Compared, our DCMS coatings showed a steady decrease in mechanical properties from H = 38.3 ± 1.5 GPa, KIC = 2.6 ± 0.15 MPavm and Rp0.2 = 13.7 ± 1 GPa to H = 27.2 ± 0.4 GPa, KIC = 1.7 ± 0.06 MPavm and Rp0.2 = 9.3 ± 0.3 GPa with increasing Mo content._x000D_ Our research emphasizes the significance of energetics during film growth, particularly for new ternary diboride systems.	10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.131750	[ [ "Anna", "Hirle" ], [ "Philipp", "Dörflinger" ], [ "Christoph", "Fuger" ], [ "Christian", "Gutschka" ], [ "Tomasz", "Wojcik" ], [ "Maximilian", "Podsednik" ], [ "Andreas", "Limbeck" ], [ "Szilárd", "Kolozsvári" ], [ "Peter", "Polcik" ], [ "Carmen", "Jerg" ], [ "Helmut", "Riedl" ], [ "Rainer", "Hahn" ] ]
Single-boson exchange formulation of the Schwinger-Dyson equation and its application to the functional renormalization group	We extend the recently introduced single-boson exchange formulation to the computation of the self-energy from the Schwinger–Dyson equation (SDE). In particular, we derive its expression both in diagrammatic and in physical channels. The simple form of the single-boson exchange SDE, involving only the bosonic propagator and the fermion-boson vertex, but not the rest function, allows for an efficient numerical implementation. We furthermore discuss its implications in a truncated unity solver, where a restricted number of form factors introduces an information loss in the projection of the momentum dependence that in general affects the equivalence between the different channel representations. In the application to the functional renormalization group, we find that the convergence in the number of form factors depends on the channel representation of the SDE. For the two-dimensional Hubbard model at weak coupling, the pseudogap opening driven by antiferromagnetic fluctuations is captured already by a single (s-wave) form factor in the magnetic channel representation, differently to the density and superconducting channels.	10.21468/SciPostPhys.18.3.078	[ [ "Miriam", "Patricolo" ], [ "Marcel", "Gievers" ], [ "Kilian", "Fraboulet" ], [ "Aiman", "Al-Eryani" ], [ "Sarah", "Heinzelmann" ], [ "Pietro", "Bonetti" ], [ "Alessandro", "Toschi" ], [ "Demetrio", "Vilardi" ], [ "Sabine", "Andergassen" ] ]
The impact of reactive oxygen species coupled with moisture on bitumen long-term aging	Bitumen, a crucial constituent in the composition of asphalt pavements, plays a vital role in the performance and durability of pavements. Bitumen undergoes aging over time due to complex interactions between its chemical components and various environmental factors. In this investigation, the study focuses on examining the aging process of bitumen under the combined influence of moisture and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The findings highlight the importance of considering ROS and moisture as critical factors contributing to accelerated aging. Results obtained from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, SARA fractionation, and optical inverse microscope (OIM), as well as dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) examination, indicate that the concurrent influence of these factors induces significant aging in bitumen, with the extent of this impact being modulated by the bitumen's inherent aging susceptibility. The insights obtained from this study enhance strategies to justify the destructive impacts of aging, extending the operational lifespan of asphalt pavements.	10.1080/14680629.2024.2438343	[ [ "Sadaf", "Khalighi" ], [ "Kristina", "Primerano" ], [ "Johannes", "Mirwald" ], [ "Bernhard", "Hofko" ], [ "Aikaterini", "Varveri" ] ]
Building Solidarity Amid Hostility: Experiences of Fat People in Online Communities	Online communities are important spaces for members of marginalized groups to organize and support one another. To better understand the experiences of fat people - a group whose marginalization often goes unrecognized - in online communities, we conducted 12 semi-structured interviews with fat people. Our participants leveraged online communities to engage in consciousness raising around fat identity, learning to locate ''the problem of being fat'' not within themselves or their own bodies but rather in the oppressive design of the society around them. Participants were then able to use these communities to mitigate everyday experiences of anti-fatness, such as navigating hostile healthcare systems. However, to access these benefits, our participants had to navigate myriad sociotechnical harms, ranging from harassment to discriminatory algorithms. In light of these findings, we suggest that researchers and designers of online communities support selective fat visibility, consider fat people in the design of content moderation systems, and investigate algorithmic discrimination toward fat people. More broadly, we call on researchers and designers to contend with the social and material realities of fat experience, as opposed to the prevailing paradigm of treating fat people as problems to be solved in-and-of-themselves. This requires recognizing fat people as a marginalized social group and actively confronting anti-fatness as it is embedded in the design of technology.	10.1145/3701186	[ [ "Blakeley H.", "Payne" ], [ "Jordan", "Taylor" ], [ "Katta", "Spiel" ], [ "Casey", "Fiesler" ] ]
Local correlations necessitate waterfalls as a connection between quasiparticle band and developing Hubbard bands	Waterfalls are anomalies in the angle-resolved photoemission spectrum where the energy-momentum dispersion is almost vertical, and the spectrum strongly smeared out. These anomalies are observed at relatively high energies, among others, in superconducting cuprates and nickelates. The prevalent understanding is that they originate from the coupling to some boson, with spin fluctuations and phonons being the usual suspects. Here, we show that waterfalls occur naturally in the process where a Hubbard band develops and splits off from the quasiparticle band. Our results for the Hubbard model with ab initio determined parameters well agree with waterfalls in cuprates and nickelates, providing a natural explanation for these spectral anomalies observed in correlated materials.	10.1038/s41467-024-55465-7	[ [ "Juraj", "Krsnik" ], [ "Karsten", "Held" ] ]
Automated Monitoring of Web User Interfaces	Application development for the modern Web involves sophisticated engineering workflows – including user interface (UI) aspects. Such user interfaces comprise Web elements that are typically created with HTML/CSS markup and JavaScript-like languages, yielding Web documents. Their testing entails performing checks to examine visual and structural parts of the resulting UI software against requirements such as usability, accessibility, performance, or, increasingly, compliance with standards. However, current techniques are largely ad-hoc and tailor-made to specific classes of requirements or Web technologies and extensively require human-in-the-loop qualitative evaluations. Web UI evaluation so far has lacked formal foundations, which would provide assurances of compliance with requirements in an automatic manner._x000D_ To this end, we devise a methodology and accompanying technical framework for web UIs. In our approach, requirements are formally specified in a spatio-temporal logic able to capture both the layout of visual components as well as how they change over time, as a user interacts with them. The technique we advocate is independent of the underlying technologies a Web application may be developed with, as well as the browser and operating system used._x000D_ To concretely support the specification and evaluation of UI requirements, our framework is grounded on open-source tools for instrumenting, analyzing, and reporting spatio-temporal behaviors in webpages. We demonstrate our approach in practice over Web accessibility standards posing challenges for automated verification.	10.1145/3708512	[ [ "Ennio", "Visconti" ], [ "Christos", "Tsigkanos" ], [ "Laura", "Nenzi" ] ]
One and the Same or Worlds Apart? Linking Transformative Regional Resilience and Just Transitions Through Welfare State Policies	This paper explores the intersection between transformative resilience and just transitions, two increasingly significant frameworks in the context of environmental and socio-economic adaptation. Applying a systematic literature review, this paper examines how these concepts are defined and identifies both overlapping and non-overlapping dimensions within the existing literature. The analysis then shifts to consider the role of welfare state policies in reinforcing these connections. Specifically, this study assesses how physical social infrastructure, welfare state provisions, and eco-social policies are able to bridge the concepts of transformative resilience and just transitions. The findings indicate a notable gap in the literature connecting transformative resilience and just transition, despite the potential for aligning these concepts. This paper thus contributes to the theoretical foundation for discussing transformative resilience and just transitions together, underscoring the need for inclusive policies in sustainable development frameworks.	10.3390/su17020637	[ [ "Tatjana", "Neuhuber" ] ]
New economic geographies of war: risks and disruptions in Eurasian transport routes and supply chains through the military conflict in Ukraine	The pandemic and the last years’ geopolitical disruptions have laid bare the vulnerability of Europe’s supply chains, as well as the challenges posed by insecure oil and gas supplies. In this contribution, we aim to add to this debate by raising awareness of the vulnerability of trade and supply chain infrastructure between Europe and Asia. We give an overview of the risks for supply chain securities due to the risk of military and armed conflicts and geopolitical challenges more broadly, illustrated by a map of central logistic corridors and hubs. We further discuss the contemporary implications for each corridor due to the war in Ukraine. By making use of the example of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), we argue that trade along these corridors is highly interdependent and that the continued conflict in Ukraine poses a danger for independent, diversified and resilient trade across Eurasia. The paper calls for future research in economic geography, military geographies and related international business literature to (jointly) reemphasize the economic geographies of war, by for instance analysing shifts in global value chains and global production networks as a result of violent conflicts.	10.1515/zfw-2024-0059	[ [ "Franziska", "Sielker" ], [ "Peter", "Dannenberg" ] ]
High-Tech, Big Tech, Technicolor	The chapter proposes a reconsideration of Helmut Jahn's Thompson Center in Chicago. The building, a colorful, high-tech architectural spectacular that once served the Illinois state government, will now be used as offices for Google, prompting a reexamination of the structure and its architectural vision.	10.1515/9783986121372-017	[ [ "Adam", "Sherman" ] ]
Lifted inference beyond first-order logic	Weighted First Order Model Counting (WFOMC) is fundamental to probabilistic inference in statistical relational learning models. As WFOMC is known to be intractable in general (#P-complete), logical fragments that admit polynomial time WFOMC are of significant interest. Such fragments are called domain liftable. Recent works have shown that the two-variable fragment of first order logic extended with counting quantifiers (C²) is domain-liftable. However, many properties of real-world data, like acyclicity in citation networks and connectivity in social networks, cannot be modeled in C², or first order logic in general. In this work, we expand the domain liftability of C² with multiple such properties. We show that any C² sentence remains domain liftable when one of its relations is restricted to represent a directed acyclic graph, a connected graph, a tree (resp. a directed tree) or a forest (resp. a directed forest). All our results rely on a novel and general methodology of counting by splitting. Besides their application to probabilistic inference, our results provide a general framework for counting combinatorial structures. We expand a vast array of previous results in discrete mathematics literature on directed acyclic graphs, phylogenetic networks, etc.	10.1016/j.artint.2025.104310	[ [ "Sagar", "Malhotra" ], [ "Davide", "Bizzaro" ], [ "Luciano", "Serafini" ] ]
4 Of Ships and Palaces	“Only on the ocean does the ship become the absolutely inverted image of the house.” Writes Schmitt in response to Ernst Jünger’s book on the antithesis between East and West, interpreted in the light of the Gordian Knot: as something that is cut and, at the same time, continuously reweaves itself. Europe is at the center of this antithesis, and not only geographically so: The “image” of Europe has an autonomous statute that goes beyond historical, analytical or geo-political definitions, while nevertheless keeping a connection with them. This image comes close to the one of crisis, as both a “cut” and a “judgement,” something equally determined and determining: an architectonic image, in which history is not just a reconstruction but a double movement of construction and deconstruction (Tafuri). Europe is here understood in the light of the project: something that breaks away from established grounds of evaluation, while still feeling “the pull of the throw” (Cacciari).	10.1515/9781438499819-005	[ [ "Riccardo M.", "Villa" ] ]
Comparison of experimental, empirical, and CFD pressure losses of lab-scale sampling cyclones	Significant efforts remain to be undertaken to achieve efficient separation of particulate matter. Devices widely used for this purpose are cyclone separators. This study investigates the pressure loss phenomena and flow structures within cyclone devices, aiming to elaborate and optimize their performance. Traditional cyclone models: (i) Muschelknautz, (ii) Stairmand, and (iii) PM1 Sharp Cut, are evaluated alongside the innovative vortex limiter cyclone (VL) to distinguish their advantages and limitations. The focus is on describing the relation between pressure loss and flow characteristics of the different cyclones with the same design separation diameter of 1µm. Empirical pressure loss correlations analyze how pressure losses vary within different cyclone devices. It was proven that predictions depend on cyclone size and operational parameters. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations further elucidate pressure loss mechanisms, highlighting the complexities inherent in modeling cyclonic behavior accurately. In conclusion, this study contributes to advancing the understanding of cyclone performance by elucidating the intricate interplay between pressure loss phenomena and flow structures. Such insights hold profound indications for optimizing cyclone separator design and operation in diverse industrial applications.	10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128992	[ [ "Dragana", "Dimitrijević" ], [ "Melvin", "Schmid" ], [ "Michael", "Harasek" ], [ "Markus", "Bösenhofer" ] ]
Emergence of a Second Law of Thermodynamics in Isolated Quantum Systems	The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time. This appears to conflict with the reversible evolution of isolated quantum systems under the Schrödinger equation, which preserves the von Neumann entropy. Nonetheless, one finds that with respect to many observables, expectation values approach a fixed value—their equilibrium value. This ultimately raises the question: in what sense does the entropy of an isolated quantum system increase over time? For classical systems, one introduces the assumption of a low-entropy initial state along with the concept of ignorance about the microscopic details of the physical system, leading to a statistical interpretation of the second law. By considering the observables through which we examine quantum systems, both these assumptions can be incorporated, building upon recent studies of the equilibration on average of observables. While the statistical behavior of observable expectation values is well established, a quantitative connection to entropy increase has been lacking so far. In deriving novel bounds for the equilibration of observables, and considering the entropy of the system relative to observables, we recover a variant of the second law: the entropy with respect to a given observable tends toward its equilibrium value in the course of the system’s unitary evolution. These results also support recent findings that question the necessity of nonintegrability for equilibration in quantum systems. We further illustrate our bounds using numerical results from the paradigmatic example of a quantum Ising model on a chain of spins. There, we observe entropy increasing up to equilibrium values, as well as fluctuations, which expose the underlying reversible evolution in accordance with the derived bounds.	10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.010309	[ [ "Florian", "Meier" ], [ "Tom", "Rivlin" ], [ "Tiago", "Debarba" ], [ "Jake", "Xuereb" ], [ "Marcus", "Huber" ], [ "Maximilian P.E.", "Lock" ] ]
The value of flexibility of commercial electric vehicle fleets in the redispatch of congested transmission grids	With the electrification of the transport sector, significant charging loads by the future commercial fleet are expected. The present work aims to give quantitative insight into how impactful the future charging loads of the battery-electric commercial fleet will be to the electricity system. We hereby focus on the day-ahead market and congestion management while applying the proposed modeling framework to the Austrian case with different shares of fleet electrification in 2040. The methodological framework encompasses the spatio-temporal modeling of charging loads as well as optimization models simulating the day-ahead market clearing and the implementation of redispatch measures. Results indicate increased costs for redispatch measures when the flexibility of the aggregated fleet is used in the cost-optimal dispatch. It is demonstrated that the flexibility of the charging processes can be effectively applied in congestion management and reduce redispatch costs by up to 35%, while optimal charging profiles are observed to vary depending on their geographic allocation.	10.1016/j.energy.2025.134385	[ [ "Antonia", "Golab" ], [ "Christoph", "Loschan" ], [ "Sebastian", "Zwickl-Bernhard" ], [ "Hans", "Auer" ] ]
Velocity Distributions in Open Channels and the Calculation of Discharge	The accurate representation and integration of velocity measurements in open channels is important in irrigation and river engineering. The traditional approach for velocity is to use an approximate physical theory, giving the well-known logarithmic formulas, plus less well-known correction formulas in terms of mathematical functions. The approach is criticized here as being too prescriptive and not capable of systematic improvement or generalization. A different paradigm is suggested, oriented toward practice and numerical solution. The velocity is written as a polynomial, a series of monomial terms, in terms of the relative height of a point above the bed. In the first contribution it is raised to a fractional power, mimicking the actual shear flow in a stream where velocity goes to zero on the bed but with a large gradient. Polynomials with just two extra terms can describe well a number of laboratory and field measurements. It is computationally better, however, to use the monomials rearranged as Chebyshev polynomials. This is simply done and can be used as a means of approximating several measurements at arbitrary points to give an accurate depth-averaged velocity. Using the polynomial approximation, the accuracy of standard hydrographic and hydrometric methods is then examined. The well-known two-point 0.2/0.8 method of integration is surprisingly proved to be accurate to within 1% for any smoothly varying quantity. Such high accuracy has been found experimentally; what is noteworthy is its general theoretical validity—and its simplicity. Procedures for integrating across a stream are then considered and it is shown that a common approach, the mean section method, is not correct. Then the polynomial approximation method is generalized to two dimensions to give a method for the calculation of discharge also for arbitrary distributions of velocity measurement points in general cross sections.	10.1061/JIDEDH.IRENG-10426	[ [ "John D.", "Fenton" ] ]
Additive kinematic formulas for convex functions	We prove a functional version of the additive kinematic formula as an application of the Hadwiger theorem on convex functions together with a Kubota-type formula for mixed Monge–Ampère measures. As an application, we give a new explanation for the equivalence of the representations of functional intrinsic volumes as singular Hessian valuations and as integrals with respect to mixed Monge–Ampère measures. In addition, we obtain a new integral geometric formula for mixed area measures of convex bodies, where integration on SO(n-1)×O(1)_x000D_ is considered.	10.4153/S0008414X24000944	[ [ "Daniel", "Hug" ], [ "Fabian", "Mussnig" ], [ "Jacopo", "Ulivelli" ] ]
OptiSim: A Hardware-Aware Optimization Space Exploration Tool for CNN Architectures	Enabled by the substantial increases in computational power and efficiency of embedded devices and accelerators for Deep Neural Networks, machine learning has become a key component in many edge computing applications. Due to these increased hardware capabilities and the steadily rising accuracy requirements, the complexity of neural networks has also stepped up to a point where network optimizations are crucial to meet latency targets in complex applications. _x000D_ _x000D_ In this work, we present OptiSim, a method to estimate the impact of DNN optimization strategies like pruning and shunt connections on inference latency. It uses characterizations of State-of-the-Art optimization algorithms to simulate the effect on the network structure and to provide latency estimations for various degrees of model compression. OptiSim considers the platform-specific properties embedded in the latency estimation models to find optimal layer sizes improving the hardware utilization. Our tool can quickly evaluate and compare large amounts of network optimizations without the need to build time-consuming execution engines._x000D_ _x000D_ In experiments, we achieved an error of 7.04\% \gls{rmspe} in latency estimation when comparing the target latency with the latency reached when running the optimization algorithms with the estimated compression factors. Compared to the traditional, manual workflow where developers have to guess the required compression factors, the automated approach of OptiSim saves valuable time for deployment.	10.1007/978-3-031-74643-7_14	[ [ "Martin", "Lechner" ], [ "Axel", "Jantsch" ] ]
Unplugged Decision Tree Learning – A Learning Activity for Machine Learning Education in K-12	Artificial intelligence (AI) is now deeply ingrained in young peoples’ everyday lives. They need low-threshold learning opportunities to understand what AI is and how it works. Unplugged learning activities can offer such opportunities but must first manage to break down the topic’s complexities. This contribution presents such an activity giving students hands-on experience in training an actual machine learning (ML) model - all without a computer! ‘Actual’ here refers to the fact that the model students train ends up being an exact copy of what a standard Python implementation would produce. Three tools are presented that make this feasible in an unplugged two-hour workshop setting. We report our experience piloting the activity including questionnaire responses we collected from 56 upper secondary school students.	10.1007/978-3-031-73257-7_4	[ [ "Lukas", "Lehner" ], [ "Martina", "Landman" ] ]
Metasurface-Enhanced Mid-Infrared Sensing Based on Integrated Polycrystalline Silicon Metagratings	This paper explores the design and optimization of all-dielectric metasurfaces, consisting of silicon meta-atoms on calcium fluoride (CaF2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) substrates, to enhance infrared absorption. This optimization results in intense light-matter interactions in the spectral bands of molecular vibrations, thereby improving detection accuracy for gases and liquids across various settings, including biological, environmental, and industrial scenarios. The proposed devices are engineered for broadband operation and designed for sensing applications in the mid-infrared spectrum, within the 4 to 8 µm wavelength range. The analysis presented in this work highlights the potential of metamaterial-inspired sensors based on gratings to support real-time monitoring and safety applications, contributing directly to better air quality assessment, improved health diagnostics, and enhanced safety protocols.	10.1109/IHTC61819.2024.10855018	[ [ "Jesus H.", "Mendoza-Castro" ], [ "Artem S.", "Vorobev" ], [ "Giovanni", "Piscopo" ], [ "Simone", "Iadanza" ], [ "Tomasz", "Piwonski" ], [ "Antonella", "D’Orazio" ], [ "Marco", "Grande" ], [ "Giovanni", "Magno" ], [ "Bernhard", "Lendl" ], [ "Liam", "O’Faolain" ] ]
Investigation of the Combined Application of Leading-Edge Tubercles and Trailing-Edge Serration on AAM Propellers in Terms of Aeroacoustics Using Lattice-Boltzmann Method	The individual geometrical modifications of a propeller blade geometry on the leading-edge (tubercles) as well as on the trailing-edge (serration), which have already been investigated in numerous publications, are applied in combination in this work. Results for those propellers, which can be mounted to advanced air mobility vehicles, are obtained using computational simulations which are based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method. This study not only focuses on analyzing the aerodynamic performance parameters as well as the acoustic output data in comparison to the unmodified blade geometry, moreover, the mechanisms that lead to changes in those parameters are investigated. The operational conditions influence the acoustic results, particularly changes in the broadband noise levels are observed. To investigate the source of the acoustic level increases of up to 15 dB for higher frequencies, the development of both the streamlines and the turbulent kinetic energy are examined. The results indicate that laminar separation bubbles are a potential contributory factor to the increase in acoustic output. Although the geometrical modifications cannot prevent their formation, significantly higher thrust to torque efficiencies, mainly based on the reduction of the required power input, can be achieved while maintaining similar noise emissions as the unmodified reference blade.	10.2514/6.2025-0846	[ [ "Dominik", "Skrna" ], [ "Marcos", "de Rosa Jacinto" ], [ "Martin", "Berens" ] ]
Minimizing the Age of Information in Status Update Systems With Multiple Sources of Uncertainty	Status Update System (SUS) are monitoring applications in the Internet of Things (IoT)They are formed by a sender that monitors a remote process and sends status updates to a receiver over a wireless data channel. The goal of the sender is to find a monitoring and transmission strategy that keeps the information at the receiver fresh, i.e., that minimizes the Age of Information (AoI) at the receiver. To be able to monitor and transmit at the optimal points in time, the sender needs to accurately track the quality of the data channel and the AoI at the receiver. The quality of the data channel is a source of uncertainty, as it is unknown to the sender. In fact, there is no possibility to be absolutely certain about the quality of the data channel at any time. The AoI at the receiver is only known at the transmitter when acknowledge (ACK) or negative acknowledge (NACK) feedback signals from the receiver are successfully decoded. However, in real applications, the feedback channel is a second source of uncertainty since it is prone to errors, thus the transmission of ACK/NACK messages might fail. Additionally, the random energy harvesting process is a third source of uncertainty. This means, the monitoring and transmission decisions have to be made amidst these multiple sources of uncertainty. To overcome this challenge, we introduce the so-called belief distribution and propose a novel joint monitoring and transmission strategy at the sender based on reinforcement learning. Our new approach, termed Continual Belief Learning, exploits the belief distribution to minimize the AoI at the receiver. Through extensive numerical simulations, we show that our proposed approach yields a significantly lower average AoI compared to state-of-the-art transmission strategies for AoI minimization in SUS.	10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3527758	[ [ "Wanja De", "Sombre" ], [ "Friedrich", "Pyttel" ], [ "Andrea", "Ortiz" ], [ "Anja", "Klein" ] ]
Quantifying the Satisfaction of Spatio-Temporal Logic Specifications for Multi-Agent Control	In this paper, we study control synthesis problems for multi-agent systems (MAS) that must comply with spatio-temporal logic requirements. We define a logic called team Spatio-Temporal Reach and Escape Logic (t-STREL) and a robustness metric for it that is continuous everywhere and differentiable almost everywhere. These properties facilitate the use of gradient-based optimization and learning-based control techniques, offering greater efficiency compared to traditional gradient-free methods. We propose three approaches leveraging these robustness properties to control the MAS. The first combines a gradient-based optimization algorithm with a heuristic one (hybrid optimization). The second uses imitation learning to learn a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) controller from a dataset generated by off-line optimizations. The third approach employs a model-based policy search algorithm to learn an RNN controller directly without a dataset. We showcase our proposed approaches in a simulated example. We demonstrate that, with hybrid optimization, the MAS can achieve a high success rate of compliance with the t-STREL requirement, while the imitation learning approach can be used for real-time control. The model-based policy search approach can concurrently achieve both objectives within a relatively short training time.	10.1109/TAC.2025.3538747	[ [ "Wenliang", "Liu" ], [ "Suhail", "Alsalehi" ], [ "Noushin", "Mehdipour" ], [ "Ezio", "Bartocci" ], [ "Calin", "Belta" ] ]
Simple Linear Loops: Algebraic Invariants and Applications	The automatic generation of loop invariants is a fundamental challenge in software verification. While this task is undecidable in general, it is decidable for certain restricted classes of programs. This work focuses on invariant generation for (branching-free) loops with a single linear update. Our primary contribution is a polynomial-space algorithm that computes the strongest algebraic invariant for simple linear loops, generating all polynomial equations that hold among program variables across all reachable states. The key to achieving our complexity bounds lies in mitigating the blow-up associated with variable elimination and Gröbner basis computation, as seen in prior works. Our procedure runs in polynomial time when the number of program variables is fixed. We examine various applications of our results on invariant generation, focusing on invariant verification and loop synthesis. The invariant verification problem investigates whether a polynomial ideal defining an algebraic set serves as an invariant for a given linear loop. We show that this problem is coNP-complete and lies in PSPACE when the input ideal is given in dense or sparse representations, respectively. In the context of loop synthesis, we aim to construct a loop with an infinite set of reachable states that upholds a specified algebraic property as an invariant. The strong synthesis variant of this problem requires the construction of loops for which the given property is the strongest invariant. In terms of hardness, synthesising loops over integers (or rationals) is as hard as Hilbert's Tenth problem (or its analogue over the rationals). When the constants of the output are constrained to bit-bounded rational numbers, we demonstrate that loop synthesis and its strong variant are both decidable in PSPACE, and in NP when the number of program variables is fixed.	10.1145/3704862	[ [ "Rida", "Ait El Manssour" ], [ "George", "Kenison" ], [ "Mahsa", "Shirmohammadi" ], [ "Anton", "Varonka" ] ]
Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing Toolpath Optimization Using a Dexel-Based Temperature Prediction Model	ire-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has been established as a new technology for industrial use-cases such as low-lot sizemanufacturing or part repair services. A key aspect when developing such WAAM processes is thermal management during the layer-by-layermetal deposition.To maintain a stable welding process in-depth knowledge about the heat distribution is required. Thus, predicting the heat flux for a given part geometry already in the process development stage using Computer-Aided-Manufacturing Systems (CAM) would be beneficial. However, current state-of-the-art approaches are computationally expensive and time intensive. Therefore, they are hardly applicable forWAAM applications. In this paper, a dexel-based metal cutting and deposition simulation is combined with a temperature prediction model, which is integrated in the toolpath planning algorithm when defining a build-up strategy for a given part geometry. The approach is based on a temperature prediction algorithm, that calculates temperature fields for deposited material volume considering basic material properties. Calculated temperature fields can be utilized for optimizing welding toolpath to achieve stable process conditions across the part geometry.	10.1007/978-3-031-77429-4_81	[ [ "G.", "Mauthner" ], [ "M.", "Stautner" ], [ "S.", "Sell" ], [ "M.", "Frings" ], [ "A.", "Lorenz" ], [ "D.", "Plakhotnik" ], [ "F.", "Bleicher" ] ]
Splitting Stump Forests: Tree Ensemble Compression for Edge Devices	We introduce Splitting Stump Forests – small ensembles of weak learners extracted from a trained random forest. The high memory consumption of random forest ensemble models renders them unfit for resource-constrained devices. We show empirically that we can significantly reduce the model size and inference time by selecting nodes that evenly split the arriving training data and applying a linear model on the resulting representation. Our extensive empirical evaluation indicates that Splitting Stump Forests outperform random forests and state-of-the-art compression methods on memory-limited embedded devices.	10.1007/978-3-031-78980-9_1	[ [ "Fouad", "Alkhoury" ], [ "Pascal", "Welke" ] ]
Pipeline-Based Automated Integration and Delivery Testing of Simulation Assets with FMI/SSP in a Railway Digital Twin	Railway infrastructure systems have recently been enhanced through the use of the digital twin (DT) concept, enabling visualization and control in a virtual environment while effectively mitigating life cycle costs. This work provides insights into the development and operations (DevOps) of a railway DT platform and highlights the automation and management of asset integration and processing based on the FMI and SSP interface standards through the use of the Continuous Integration / Continuous Delivery pipeline technology. This offers long-term durability, pausability, remote triggering, open-source and workflow design capabilities, and connectivity to other tools such as version control systems and code analysis tools. In this research paper, we present an anti-slip cosimulation model of a railway vehicle as a use case example to demonstrate the pipeline-oriented automation and management in combination with a version control system and code analysis tool within the platform.	10.3384/ecp207189	[ [ "Ozan", "Kugu" ], [ "Shiyang", "Zhou" ], [ "Stefan H.", "Reiterer" ], [ "Mario", "Schwaiger" ], [ "Lukas", "Wurth" ], [ "Manfred", "Grafinger" ] ]
Explainable Long and Short-Term Pattern Detection in Projected Sequential Data	Combining explainable artificial intelligence and information visualization holds great potential for users to understand and reason about complex multidimensional sequential data. This work proposes a semi-supervised two-step approach for extracting long- and shortterm patterns in low-dimensional representations of sequential data. First, unsupervised sequence clustering is used to identify long-term patterns. Second, these long-term patterns serve as supervisory information for training a self-attention-based sequence classification model. The resulting feature embedding is used to identify short-term patterns. The approach is validated on a self-generated dataset consisting of heartshaped paths with different sampling rates, rotations, scales, and translations._x000D_ The results demonstrate the approach’s effectiveness for clustering semantically similar paths and/or path sequences. This detection of both global long-term patterns and local short-term patterns facilitates the understanding and reasoning about complex multidimensional_x000D_ sequential data.	10.1007/978-3-031-74633-8_4	[ [ "Matthias", "Bittner" ], [ "Andreas", "Hinterreiter" ], [ "Klaus", "Eckelt" ], [ "Marc", "Streit" ] ]
Digital Shadows: Exploring the Other and the I in Communication with Thanabots	The development of large language models (LLMs) has led to the proliferation of chatbot services like ChatGPT, Replika and Project December further contributing to technologically mediated grief. Called variously griefbots, or thanabots, the postulated aim behind these technologies is to help people deal with the loss of their loved ones. Despite hype around these technologies in the media, little is still known about the actual mechanisms of how thanabots contribute_x000D_ to grieving. This paper contributes to answering this question by offering an interpretation of communication with thanabots through the prism of Yuri Lotman’s autocommunication model. We start by examining how a thanabot can be framed_x000D_ as a communicational ‘other’. Then we draw on phenomenology of grief literature to delineate the boundaries of such “otherness”. In line with the Lotman’s autocommunication model, we proceed to argue that conversing with a thanabot can be viewed as an instance of ‘I–I’ communication. Within this model, the bot functions as a secondary code that allows for new meaning to arise in the process of communication and, consequently, for a bereaved person to renegotiate their new identity in the face of loss.	10.3233/FAIA241523	[ [ "Anna", "Dobrosovestnova" ], [ "Felipe", "Machado" ], [ "Tim", "Reinboth" ] ]
Using a Neural Network to Model the Incidence Angle Dependency of Backscatter to Produce Seamless, Analysis-Ready Backscatter Composites over Land	In order to improve the current standard of analysis-ready Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter data, we introduce a machine learning-based approach to estimate the slope of the backscatter–incidence angle relationship from several backscatter statistics. The method requires information from radiometric terrain-corrected gamma nought time series and overcomes the constraints of a limited orbital coverage, as exemplified with the Sentinel-1 constellation. The derived slope estimates contain valuable information on scattering characteristics of different land cover types, allowing for the correction of strong forward-scattering effects over water bodies and wetlands, as well as moderate surface scattering effects over bare soil and sparsely vegetated areas. Comparison of the estimated and computed slope values in areas with adequate orbital coverage shows good overall agreement, with an average RMSE value of 0.1 dB/° and an MAE of 0.05 dB/°. The discrepancy between RMSE and MAE indicates the presence of outliers in the computed slope, which are attributed to speckle and backscatter fluctuations over time. In contrast, the estimated slope excels with a smooth spatial appearance. After correcting backscatter values by normalising them to a certain reference incidence angle, orbital artefacts are significantly reduced. This becomes evident with differences up to 5 dB when aggregating the normalised backscatter measurements over certain time periods to create spatially seamless radar backscatter composites. Without being impacted by systematic differences in the illumination and physical properties of the terrain, these composites constitute a valuable foundation for land cover and land use mapping, as well as bio-geophysical parameter retrieval.	10.3390/rs17030361	[ [ "Claudio", "Navacchi" ], [ "Felix", "Reuß" ], [ "Wolfgang", "Wagner" ] ]
Microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition and oxidation sequences of crystalline AlB2 thin films	Despite AlB2 is the most typical structure prototype of transition metal diborides (TMB2), studies on AlB2 thin films are scarce. Furthermore, although Al is the primary alloying element for TMB2 to improve their oxidation resistance, no such data are available for AlB2 thin films. Here, we develop AlB? thin films through non-reactive magnetron sputtering of an AlB2 compound target and investigate their microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal stability and oxidation resistance. Keeping the substrate temperature at 700 °C and increasing the Ar pressure during deposition from pAr = 0.4 to 0.8 to 1.2, Pa, the films‘ chemistry slightly varies between x = 1.99, 1.97, and to 2.27, respectively. Detailed transmission electron microscopy shows that the highly (0001)-oriented AlB2.27 thin film exhibits small platelet-like amorphous B regions next to the large columnar a-structured AlB2 crystals. In the as deposited state, this film exhibits an indentation hardness and elastic modulus of 19.2 ± 1.2 GPa and 331.8 ± 14.4 GPa, respectively. Between 850 and 900 °C, the AlB2.27 thin film starts to decompose into tetragonal (t-) AlB12, but still maintains dominant a structure up to 950 °C. At 1000 °C, the thin film is completely decomposed into t-AlB12 and hexagonal AlB10. The AlB2.27 thin film also shows exceptional oxidation-resistance with an onset temperature for the formation of oxides (a-Al2O3 and o-Al18B4O33) between 950 and 1000 °C when exposed to lab-air.	10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113584	[ [ "Chun", "Hu" ], [ "Stanislav", "Mráz" ], [ "Peter J.", "Pöllmann" ], [ "T.", "Wojcik" ], [ "M.", "Podsednik" ], [ "B.", "Hajas" ], [ "A.", "Limbeck" ], [ "Nikola", "Koutná" ], [ "Jochen M.", "Schneider" ], [ "Paul H.", "Mayrhofer" ] ]
Enhancing Industrial Cybersecurity: Insights From Analyzing Threat Groups and Strategies in Operational Technology Environments	In recent years, concepts and components of Information Technology (IT) have made their way into the shop floor, today better known as Operational Technology (OT). The increasing interconnection and convergence of IT and OT have exposed industrial infrastructures to cyber attacks. In addition, they have become vulnerable to Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). This article examines real-world incidents, looking at the complex landscape of threat groups targeting OT environments and the Tactic, Technique, and Procedures (TTPs) employed by these threat groups. Consequently, it highlights the need for increased vigilance in protecting OT environments, which can be done by using a variety of open-source threat intelligence platforms and databases, including ThaiCERT, Malpedia, MITRE ATT&CK, and ICS-CERT. We aim to provide relevant stakeholders (manufacturers, asset owners and system integrators), including Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs), with information on emerging threat groups, attack victims and their locations, the origins of attacks, the tools and types of tools used, and the motivations behind these attacks. This understanding is crucial to improving defensive strategies based on relevant standards and frameworks and protecting OT environments against evolving cyber threats.	10.1109/OJIES.2025.3527585	[ [ "Mukund", "Bhole" ], [ "Thilo", "Sauter" ], [ "Wolfgang", "Kastner" ] ]
High-throughput phase exploration of ternary transition metal carbide TM-X-C (X=Al/Si) thin films	Transition metal carbides (TMCs) are highly valued for their exceptional thermal stability (melting temperatures up to 4000 °C), refractory character, and outstanding mechanical properties, particularly hardness. These properties make TMCs crucial for applications in extreme conditions, such as in aerospace and tooling industries. Striving for novel oxidation-resistant ternary carbides, we systematically screened the phase formation of TM-X-C (where X = Al or Si) using a combined theoretical and experimental high-throughput approach. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations forecast the phase formation of (meta)stable TM-X-C solid solutions (with TM = Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, W) using the formation energy and lattice constant ratios as structural key parameters. These theoretical predictions are experimentally validated by synthesizing over 260 compositions across the 10 different TM-X-C material systems by combinatorial magnetron sputtering. The DFT calculations indicated that Si preferentially occupies both C and TM sites, while Al tends to fill TM sites. Structural analysis experimentally confirmed the formation of face-centered-cubic TM-X-C solid solutions up to alloying contents of 25–30 at.% – for all material families except W-X-C. Additional TEM investigation confirmed the formation of fcc solid solutions. A strong correlation between prevalent phases and mechanical properties is observed, with the highest hardness values (30–40 GPa) found for fcc structured TM-X-C thin films, followed by a significant decrease entering multi-phased or amorphization phase regions – typically occurring above 25 at.% Al or Si. This comprehensive phase screening paves the way for a targeted development of novel TM-X-C ceramic thin film materials.	10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120839	[ [ "S.", "Richter" ], [ "C.", "Gutschka" ], [ "D.", "Danner" ], [ "R.", "Hahn" ], [ "T.", "Wojcik" ], [ "E.", "Ntemou" ], [ "C.", "Jerg" ], [ "J.", "Ramm" ], [ "P.", "Polcik" ], [ "S.", "Kolozsvári" ], [ "D.", "Primetzhofer" ], [ "H.", "Riedl" ] ]
Si/Ge<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si16.svg" display="inline" id="d1e239"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>Sn<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si17.svg" display="inline" id="d1e251"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>/Si transistors with highly transparent Al contacts	We study the monolithic quasi-ohmic contact formation with single-elementary Al to Ge1??Sn? channel devices with various Sn concentrations between 0.5 % and 4 %. Thereby we investigate the influence of increasing Sn content on the electrical transport properties in field-effect transistors for a wide temperature range between 77 K and 400 K. At low temperatures, the devices exhibit improved performance metrics, promising for cryo-CMOS applications. Compared to pure Ge control devices, the introduction of Sn into the channel leads to a 20 times increased on-current. In a multi-gate architecture, we analyze the decoupled influence of the carrier injection through the metal–semiconductor junction and the channel conduction.	10.1016/j.sse.2025.109069	[ [ "Lukas", "Wind" ], [ "Stefan", "Preiß" ], [ "Daniele", "Nazzari" ], [ "Johannes", "Aberl" ], [ "Enrique Prado", "Navarrete" ], [ "Moritz", "Brehm" ], [ "Lilian", "Vogl" ], [ "Andrew M.", "Minor" ], [ "Masiar", "Sistani" ], [ "Walter M.", "Weber" ] ]
Predictive fuel cell thermal management for fuel cell electric tractors	This study addresses the significant challenges associated with adopting fuel cell powertrains for agricultural machinery, particularly concerning efficiency and durability due to the demanding operational environment. A critical factor is the fuel cell’s operational temperature, which can lead to degradation, higher auxiliary consumption, and larger radiator volumes. To mitigate these problems, the present study introduces a predictive control approach for thermal management. Specifically, the notable advantages of the non-linear model predictive controller over classical control approaches can be attributed to the combination of a control-oriented model and predictions into a real-time optimization problem. This approach stands as an innovative addition aimed at compensating the inertia of the cooling system while deploying predictions to improve the control accuracy and concurrently optimize the utilization of actuators. This work is organized into two principal contributions: the extensive modeling of a fuel cell system and its validation, and the comprehensive investigation of a model predictive control strategy. The results demonstrate that a predictive thermal management strategy can significantly diminish auxiliary consumption by up to 30% compared to classical control strategies across various ambient temperatures without compromising temperature reference control. In particular, a comparison with a classical control strategy reveals the effective deployment of multiple actuators and prediction under the prescribed constraints in the proposed control concept. Additionally, the study quantifies the impact of ambient temperature on auxiliary consumption and identifies operational scenarios where model predictive control performs optimally. As part of the unique contribution of this work, the cost function weights, length, and accuracy of the prediction horizon are also analyzed, with findings showing that a balance between performance and actuator consumption	10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125835	[ [ "Christian", "Varlese" ], [ "Maximilian", "Haslinger" ], [ "Christian", "Junger" ], [ "Johannes", "Konrad" ], [ "Rudolf", "Krizan" ], [ "Christoph", "Hametner" ], [ "Peter", "Hofmann" ] ]
Games and gamers: the influence of participating players on the process and outcome of regional spatial energy games	Background _x000D_ One major question of climate and energy policy is how to act under conditions of great uncertainty. This contribution relates to the literature that studies how various actors draft regional energy scenarios and pathways in so-called serious games. Serious gaming aims to foster contextual knowledge generation about complex problems and spatial solutions associated with sustainability transitions._x000D_ Little attention has thus far been paid to the question of how to design a serious game that enables desired game results through different player constellations. Shortcomings in the literature regarding the inclusion of relevant players and secure game experience through player interaction are covered by stakeholder theory. Our approach assigns different attributes to individual players which secures that the game is played from various perspectives and by actual stakeholders._x000D_ _x000D_ Results & conclusions _x000D_ Our empirical study shows the impact of players with different stakeholder attributes on two game results: The first game result is a spatial energy scenario (output) and the second result is the collective and place-based learning experience during the game (outcome). The paper closes with three concluding recommendations:_x000D_ • It is important to pay attention to player’s attributes as well as to constellations of players since they influence game experience (outcome) and achieved scenario (output)._x000D_ • Player’s attributes and constellations can partly explain differences in game results, but more empirical work on the influence of players and games on the results is necessary. In future, more attention could be paid to the interaction, discussions and dynamic within the player teams._x000D_ • The optimization of player teams needs to be strongly considered in game design. Also, we note that if the game is played in a regional context, the spatial orientation (the region) could be taken more into account when applying stakeholder theory.	10.1186/s13705-024-00501-z	[ [ "Hartmut", "Dumke" ], [ "Pia", "Nabielek" ] ]
Efficient and simplified numerical contact model for the braking simulation of a magnetic track brake	The magnetic track brake is a mechanical contact (with friction) based braking system that is typically actuated electromagnetically and used as an emergency brake in railway transport. Within this paper, the practically relevant task of predicting the effective local and global forces of the contacting bodies and the respective deformations during the quasi-static braking process is addressed. Therefore, a simplified, yet efficient and accurate numerical contact model is developed to treat the frictional sliding contact problem. In order to verify and validate the model a couple of numerical experiments are carried out. The proposed model and algorithm are first tested against an analytic benchmark problem of a parabolic indenter indenting an elastic half-space. The developed model is then compared against a reference Abaqus finite element simulation in application-oriented braking simulations that treat the contact problem between a single braking element (pole shoe) and the rail. The results demonstrate and highlight the applicability and efficiency of the proposed model but also show the current limitations and shortcomings that hint at possible future augmentations.	10.1007/s11012-024-01926-8	[ [ "Emin", "Kocbay" ], [ "Alois", "Steininger" ], [ "Andreas", "Pavicsics" ], [ "Eray", "Arslan" ], [ "Johannes", "Edelmann" ] ]
Lifetime of a freely decaying hollow atom	Hollow atoms (HAs) are an exotic type of matter formed when a highly charged ion impacts on a surface, capturing multiple electrons into highly excited states, leaving intermediate electronic states empty. Although experimental fingerprints of HAs were found in high-resolution x-ray spectra, it has been widely believed that HAs decay too rapidly to be studied directly. Using a simulation code for the full deexcitation cascade of the HAs, based on rates from atomic structure codes for highly excited states, we show that the lifetime of an HA, scattered under very grazing angles from a surface, can reach several tens of ps in free decay. In additional experiments, we use Ar¹4? ions on a Ni(110) surface under incidence angles below 0.5°. Comparing ion charge state distributions after scattering between experiment and simulation, we discuss the role of surface-stimulated decay in most interactions. We show that by minimizing the incidence angle, the influence of surface-near processes can be reduced and that HAs can exist for several picoseconds in free space.	10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.013176	[ [ "M.", "Werl" ], [ "T.", "Koller" ], [ "P.", "Haidegger" ], [ "S.", "Wrathall" ], [ "L.", "Eßletzbichler" ], [ "A.", "Niggas" ], [ "F.", "Aumayr" ], [ "K.", "Tőkési" ], [ "R. A.", "Wilhelm" ] ]
Faithful dynamic timing analysis of digital circuits using continuous thresholded mode-switched ODEs	Thresholded hybrid systems are restricted dynamical systems, where the current mode, and hence the ODE system describing its behavior, is solely determined by externally supplied digital input signals and where the only output signals are digital ones generated by comparing an internal state variable to a threshold value. An attractive feature of such systems is easy composition, which is facilitated by their purely digital interface. A particularly promising application domain of thresholded hybrid systems is digital integrated circuits: Modern digital circuit design considers them as a composition of Millions and even Billions of elementary logic gates, like inverters, OR and AND. Since every such logic gate is eventually implemented as an electronic circuit, however, which exhibits a behavior that is governed by some ODE system, thresholded hybrid systems are ideally suited for making the transition from the analog to the digital world rigorous. In this paper, we prove that the mapping from digital input signals to digital output signals is continuous for a large class of thresholded hybrid systems. Moreover, we show that, under some mild conditions regarding causality, this continuity also continues to hold for arbitrary compositions, which in turn guarantees that the composition faithfully captures the analog reality. By applying our generic results to some recently developed thresholded hybrid gate models, both for single-input single-output gates like inverters and for a two-input CMOS NOR gate, we show that they are continuous. Moreover, we provide a novel thresholded hybrid model for the two-input NOR gate, which is not only continuous but also, unlike the existing one, faithfully models all multi-input switching effects.	10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101572	[ [ "Arman", "Ferdowsi" ], [ "Matthias", "Függer" ], [ "Thomas", "Nowak" ], [ "Ulrich", "Schmid" ], [ "Michael", "Drmota" ] ]
Modeling RIS From Electromagnetic Principles to Communication Systems—Part II: System-Level Simulation, Ray Tracing, and Measurements	In this paper, we systematically study the electro-magnetic (EM) and communication aspects of a RIS through EM simulations, system-level and ray tracing simulations, and finally measurements. We simulate a nearly perfect, lossless RIS, and a realistic lossy anomalous reflector (AR) in a ray tracer and analyze the large-scale fading of simple RIS-assisted links. We also compare the results with continuous and quantized unit cell reflection phases with one to four-bit resolutions. Finally, we perform over-the-air communication link measurements in an indoor setting with a manufactured sample of a wide-angle AR. The EM, system-level, and ray tracing simulation results show good agreement with the measurement results. It is proved that the introduced macroscopic model of a RIS from the EM aspects is consistent with our proposed communication models, both for an ideal RIS and a realistic AR. The verified system-level simulator and ray tracer for a RIS could be tailored to, e.g., the wireless communication system engineers in the cellular network planning business, providing tools to optimize network performance.	10.1109/TAP.2025.3533902	[ [ "Le", "Hao" ], [ "Sravan Kumar Reddy", "Vuyyuru" ], [ "Sergei A.", "Tretyakov" ], [ "Artan", "Salihu" ], [ "Markus", "Rupp" ], [ "Risto", "Valkonen" ] ]
ViPErLEED package II: Spot tracking, extraction, and processing of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> curves	As part of the Vienna package for Erlangen LEED, low-energy electron diffraction (ViPErLEED) project, computer programs have been developed for facile and user-friendly data extraction from movies of LEED images. The programs make use of some concepts from astronomical image processing and analysis. As a first step, flat-field and dark-frame corrections reduce the effects of inhomogeneities of the camera and screen. In a second step, for identifying all diffraction maxima ("spots"), it is sufficient to manually mark and label a single spot or very few spots. Then the program can automatically identify all other spots and determine the distortions of the image. This forms the basis for automatic spot tracking (i.e., following the spots as they move across the LEED screen) and intensity measurement. Even for complex structures with hundreds to a few thousand diffraction beams, this step takes less than a minute. The package also includes a program for further processing of these I(V) curves (averaging of equivalent beams, manual and/or automatic selection, smoothing) as well as several utilities. The software is implemented as a set of plugins for the public-domain image processing program ImageJ and provided as an open-source package.	10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.013006	[ [ "Michael", "Schmid" ], [ "Florian", "Kraushofer" ], [ "Alexander M.", "Imre" ], [ "Tilman", "Kißlinger" ], [ "Lutz", "Hammer" ], [ "Ulrike", "Diebold" ], [ "Michele", "Riva" ] ]
ViPErLEED package I: Calculation of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> curves and structural optimization	Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a widely used technique in surface-science laboratories. Yet, it is rarely used to its full potential. The quantitative information about the surface structure, contained in the modulation of the intensities of the diffracted beams as a function of incident electron energy, LEED I(V), is underutilized. To acquire these data, only minor adjustments would be required in most experimental setups, but existing analysis software is cumbersome to use and often computationally inefficient. The ViPErLEED (Vienna package for Erlangen LEED) project lowers these barriers, introducing a combined solution for user-friendly data acquisition, extraction, and computational analysis. These parts are discussed in three separate publications. Here, the focus is on the computational part of ViPErLEED, which performs highly automated LEED-I(V) calculations and structural optimizations. Minimal user input is required, and the functionality is significantly enhanced compared to existing solutions. Computation is performed by embedding the existing Erlangen tensor-LEED package (TensErLEED). ViPErLEED manages additional parallelization, monitors convergence, and processes all input and output. This makes LEED I(V) more accessible to new users while minimizing the potential for errors and the manual labor. Added functionalities include intelligent structure-dependent defaults for most calculation parameters, automatic detection of bulk and surface symmetries and their relationship, automated search procedures that preserve the symmetry and speed up convergence, adjustments to the TensErLEED code to handle larger systems than before, as well as parallelization and optimization. Modern file formats are used as input and output, and there is a direct interface to the atomic simulation environment (ASE) package. The software is implemented primarily in Python (version =3.7) and provided as an open-source package (GNU GPLv3 or any later version). A struct	10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.013005	[ [ "Florian", "Kraushofer" ], [ "Alexander M.", "Imre" ], [ "Giada", "Franceschi" ], [ "Tilman", "Kißlinger" ], [ "Erik", "Rheinfrank" ], [ "Michael", "Schmid" ], [ "Ulrike", "Diebold" ], [ "Lutz", "Hammer" ], [ "Michele", "Riva" ] ]
An analytical model of label-free nanoscale chemical imaging reveals avenues toward improved spatial resolution and sensitivity	Atomic force microscopy–infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) is a widely used scanning probe technique for label-free photothermal nanoscale chemical imaging, with diverse applications spanning single protein spectroscopy to analyzing nanoscale chemical, physical, and optical phenomena. However, the understanding of spatial resolution of the technique is limited to few specific, simple geometries (spheres, pillars, etc.). We introduce an analytical model of AFM-IR verified by numerical simulations and experiments that describes experimental data well for complex sample geometries. The model allows to reason about the spatial resolution and sensitivity of the technique and can give guidance for optimizing experimental parameter for sensitivity and resolution and interpreting results. Beyond this, it can be a stepping stone toward superresolution AFM-IR or nanoscale chemical tomography.	10.1073/pnas.2403079122	[ [ "Yide", "Zhang" ], [ "Ufuk", "Yilmaz" ], [ "Gustavo Vinicius Bassi", "Lukasievicz" ], [ "Liam", "O’Faolain" ], [ "Bernhard", "Lendl" ], [ "Georg", "Ramer" ] ]
Evolution of patterns of specific land use by free-field photovoltaic power plants in Europe from 2006 to 2022	Land use for the conversion of energy from renewable sources into electrical energy is increasingly competing with cultural landscapes and natural areas. It is anticipated that by 2050, solar energy generation will have increased by a factor of 15, which will result in a considerable expansion of the land area required for photovoltaic (PV) power plants on a global scale. An increase in the efficiency of PV modules and an optimisation of the space usage for PV power plant construction will contribute to a reduction in the expected environmental impact on land use. This study represents an empirical investigation into the European development of specific energy and arearelevant key performance indicators of free-field PV power plants. It employs a comprehensive sample drawn from diverse European geographical locations from different installation years._x000D_ This study investigated the evolution of various location-independent and location-dependent system parameters over time, using a sample of 107 free-field PV power plants across diverse European regions from 2006 to 2022 related to the fenced area. The investigations concentrated on the land use per installed power, land use per module area, land use per generated electrical energy, generated electrical energy per PV module area, energy density, capacity factor, and power density. The determined data provide the first European average life cycle inventory data, disaggregated by year and location, for environmental life cycle assessment. To facilitate a comparison of the system parameters of PV power plants with those of other renewable energy technologies, a further database was employed, including 89 power plants from the biomass, wind power, geothermal energy, solar thermal energy, and photovoltaic sectors. The selected samples were compiled from this database to compare the area-specific energy yields of both data sources._x000D_ The European trends for free-field PV power plants demonstrate a 60% reduction in specific l	10.1186/s13705-024-00504-w	[ [ "Manuela", "Franz" ], [ "Hartmut", "Dumke" ] ]
Insights into stability and control of the powerslide motion with variable drive torque distribution – applied to a driver assistance system	In this study, a theoretical investigation of the steady-state powerslide motion, or drift, is conducted to gain insight into the influence of the total drive torque and front/rear axle drive torque distribution on the powerslide dynamics of an all-wheel drive vehicle, including the case of a rear-wheel drive vehicle. The steady-state conditions and stability properties are derived, and different actuator inputs, i.e. steering angle, total drive torque and drive torque distribution, to stabilise the unstable powerslide motion are analysed and discussed with respect to different control strategies. The results indicate that the drive torque distribution is an effective control input for stabilisation and can be superior to the total drive torque input. The powerslide cannot be stabilised for particular conditions with the total drive torque input at fixed drive torque distribution. Based on these findings, a driver assistance system is presented that allows the human driver to track a desired circular path only by steering commands. The powerslide motion is stabilised automatically by a controller acting on the total drive torque and on the drive torque distribution if favourable. The characteristics, limitations in dynamics and reactions of a human driver are considered by introducing a virtual test driver model in a simulation environment. The successfully performed powerslide is shown in simulation with a basic vehicle model and in an experimental setup with a test vehicle.	10.1080/00423114.2025.2457433	[ [ "M.", "Eberhart" ], [ "M.", "Plöchl" ], [ "M.", "Unterreiner" ], [ "J.", "Edelmann" ] ]
Molecular Order Induced Charge Transfer in a C<sub>60</sub>-Topological Insulator Moiré Heterostructure	We synthesized and spectroscopically investigated monolayer (ML) C60 on the topological insulator (TI) Bi4Te3. This C60/Bi4Te3 heterostructure is characterized by an excellent translational order in a novel (4 × 4) C60 superstructure on a (9 × 9) cell of Bi4Te3. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) of C60/Bi4Te3 reveals that ML C60 accepts electrons from the TI at room temperature, but no charge transfer occurs at low temperatures. This temperature-dependent doping is further investigated by Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and calculations of C60/Bi4Te3. At low temperatures, Raman spectroscopy and PL show a dramatic intensity increase of the C60-related signal, suggesting a transition to a rotationally ordered state. Calculations explain the charge transfer by C60 adsorption to Bi4Te3 surface defects. The temperature dependence of the charge transfer is attributed to the orientational order of C60. The electron affinity of C60 increases at low temperatures due to the freezing of the rotational motion.	10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c06294	[ [ "Ram Prakash", "Pandeya" ], [ "Konstantin P.", "Shchukin" ], [ "Yannic", "Falke" ], [ "Gregor", "Mussler" ], [ "Abdur Rehman", "Jalil" ], [ "Nicolae", "Atodiresei" ], [ "Eddwi H.", "Hasdeo" ], [ "Alexander", "Fedorov" ], [ "Boris V.", "Senkovskiy" ], [ "Daniel", "Jansen" ], [ "Giovanni", "Di Santo" ], [ "Luca", "Petaccia" ], [ "Alexander", "Grüneis" ] ]
Critical manifolds in the dynamics of a two-wheel model of an automobile	Insight into steering and stability properties of automobiles in critical driving conditions is essential to advance driver assist systems and autonomous driving functions. To study the dynamic properties of an automobile with rear-wheel drive, methods of geometric singular perturbation theory are applied to a planar two-wheel vehicle model. Following a branch of periodic solutions bifurcating from the steady state of the vehicle at the limits of handling, a behaviour similar to a cycle near a homoclinic orbit is observed. The periodic orbit spends most of its period on a segment with an almost constant sideslip angle and slowly varying velocity. This behaviour can be explained by the nearby existence of a critical manifold consisting of a family of stationary solutions and a heteroclinic orbit connecting two points of this critical manifold. For slightly perturbed parameter values the critical manifold is replaced by a slow manifold with very slow dynamics, which governs the dynamics along the observed slow segment. The critical manifold and the heteroclinic orbit are calculated numerically, and good agreement with the derived approximations is obtained.	10.1007/s11071-025-10906-w	[ [ "Alois", "Steindl" ], [ "Johannes", "Edelmann" ], [ "Manfred", "Plöchl" ] ]
Combined X-ray microdiffraction and micromechanical testing for direct measurement of thin film elastic constants	Direct measurement of elastic constants for thin films is still far from routine and poses significant technical and analytical challenges compared to bulk materials. Ab initio Density Functional Theory calculations offer theoretical input, however, discrepancies between model systems and real-world properties persist, primarily due to a lack of available experimental data for newly emerging material systems. Moreover, computationally affordable models are typically limited to defect-free single crystals, omitting microstructural effects that strongly influence the material’s behavior. This study addresses this gap by proposing a novel experimental approach to measure direction-dependent elastic constants, combining synchrotron microdiffraction and micropillar compression, testing a polycrystalline face-centered cubic TiN0.8B0.2 thin film, where linear elastic failure prevails. We have established an advanced in-situ testing environment to continuously record the load–displacement of the indenter while simultaneously collecting the material’s deformation response to uniform uniaxial compression. This dynamic approach allows the evaluation of the orientation-dependent elastic strain components and the macroscopic uniaxial compressive stresses, each over time, enabling a differential analysis to assess the elastic and X-ray elastic constants. The excellent agreement between experimental and ab initio data solidifies the here-proposed robust method for direct elastic constant measurements, which is crucial for advancements in thin film material testing.	10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113720	[ [ "Rebecca", "Janknecht" ], [ "Rainer", "Hahn" ], [ "Nikola", "Koutná" ], [ "Juraj", "Todt" ], [ "Michael", "Meindlhumer" ], [ "Anton", "Davydok" ], [ "Helmut", "Riedl" ], [ "Jozef", "Keckes" ], [ "Paul H.", "Mayrhofer" ] ]
MEMS measurement microphone compatible to P48 amplifiers	In recent years, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) microphones have become increasingly popular in consumer-grade products due to their affordability, performance and low manufacturing variability. This paper presents a pre-amplifier designed to interface with these MEMS capsules and IEC 61938 pro-audio devices, offering high-precision audio measurement and recording at a low cost. The design allows the pre-amplifier and capsule to fit into a ¹/2-inch or 12 mm housing, making it a drop-in replacement for commercial measurement microphones. Comprehensive calculations, simulations and measurements of the pre-amplifier demonstrate its excellent performance. Testing of the device, when paired with a commercially available MEMS capsule, in an acoustically treated chamber, further validates its capabilities. The detailed circuit description also facilitates easy adaptation of the pre-amplifier to other MEMS capsules.	10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00627	[ [ "F.", "Huber" ], [ "F.", "Toth" ] ]
Advancing Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Cultivation and Hairy Root Transformation and Elicitation for Future Metabolite Overexpression	The production of valuable bioactive compounds in the medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (G. glabra) would benefit from biotechnological approaches for the cultivation and induction of metabolite-producing hairy roots. Germination trials were tested to overcome seed dormancy, achieving high germination rates with sulfuric acid treatment. Hairy root cultures of cotyledons using Rhizobium rhizogenes strain 1724 showed the highest transformation efficiency. A fast-growing line, line S, was subsequently exposed to light treatments (red, blue, and blue and red combined) to evaluate their effects on growth, phenolic content, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Hairy root cultures grown in blue light and in blue and red light combined had higher growth rates than those grown in red light only or in control conditions (dark). FRAP increased over time under all light treatments, including the control, and those cultures exposed to blue and red light combined had higher FRAP than the control. These findings provide valuable insights into conditions for optimal seed germination and hairy root transformation. Treatment of the line S with different qualities of light induced changes in antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, indicating promise for its use in upregulating secondary metabolite production in G. glabra for future biotechnological applications.	10.3390/horticulturae11010062	[ [ "Negin", "Afsharzadeh" ], [ "Renate", "Paltram" ], [ "Arne", "Jungwirth" ], [ "Leila", "Tabrizi" ], [ "Vahideh", "Nazeri" ], [ "Hadi", "Kalantari" ], [ "Heidi", "Halbwirth" ], [ "Leila", "Samiei" ], [ "Hester", "Sheehan" ], [ "Majid", "Shokrpour" ] ]
Automated 3D Modeling vs. Manual Methods: A Comparative Study on Historic Timber Tower Structure Assessment	The present study focuses on the preservation of historic timber constructions, crucial cultural heritage assets that demand effective structural health monitoring (SHM) to ensure safety and integrity. SHM aims to detect and evaluate potential structural deviations that may compromise performance, requiring both detailed geometric data acquisition and 3D modeling. For this purpose, contactless tools such as photogrammetry, laser scanning, and other topographic methods are employed to gather point cloud data. This research utilizes a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to generate 3D models of the historic timber tower of St. Michaeler church in Vienna. A novel automated modeling method is compared with two manual modeling approaches. The first is a traditional as-designed structural model created in Dlubal RSTAB software, and the second is a manually generated as-built model created using a scan-to-BIM application in Revit. While the first model is based on 2D plan documents created from the TLS point cloud, the second and automated models use the point cloud as direct input. The findings demonstrate that this automated model significantly enhances early-stage structural assessment efficiency, providing reliable insights into structural conditions with minimal processing time. This research underscores the potential of automated 3D modeling in preliminary structural assessments of historic timber structures.	10.3390/rs17030448	[ [ "Taşkın", "Özkan" ], [ "Iosif", "Lavric" ], [ "Georg", "Hochreiner" ], [ "Norbert", "Pfeifer" ] ]
Investigation of cyclic water infiltration and dry-out in coated spruce using finite-element simulations	Accurate prediction of moisture distributions in wood is among the most critical challenges in timber engineering. Achieving this requires a well-coordinated comparison of experimental methods and simulation tools. While significant progress has been made in developing simulation tools in recent years, a lack of experience with and trust in these tools continues to hinder broader implementation, especially when it comes to free water and its absorption. Investigations and model advancements have allowed for the simulation of increasingly complex cases, including one-dimensional moisture transport above the fiber saturation point (FSP) in coated boards and below FSP in coated glued laminated timber (GLT). However, free water flow in coated GLT beams has not yet been addressed, which can become problematic in case of extreme scenarios, such as water infiltration. In this study, we demonstrate that the multi-Fickian free water transport model developed by some of the authors can successfully simulate three-dimensional coated cases. Uncoated and coated boards and GLT members were subjected to cyclic wetting and drying, both experimentally and numerically. To simplify the calibration process of the mass transfer coefficient of free water-identified as the most significant parameter for the simulation of free water transport-experiments previously conducted by some of the authors were simulated. Based on the simulation results, approaches for an initial estimation of the mass transfer coefficient were developed. If the water uptake of coated specimens is measured three days after continuous soaking in water and the result exceeds a specific limit, the coefficient can be sufficiently predicted. The simulation and experimental results show a good agreement.	10.1007/s00226-025-01629-7	[ [ "Florian", "Brandstätter" ], [ "Magdalena", "Senoner" ], [ "Markus", "Lukacevic" ], [ "Maximilian", "Autengruber" ], [ "Michael", "Truskaller" ], [ "Gerhard", "Grüll" ], [ "Josef", "Füssl" ] ]
The Fully-Automatic Sentinel-1 Global Flood Monitoring Service: Scientific Challenges and Future Directions	One of the critical factors in operational satellite-based flood monitoring efforts is the time it takes from the acquisition of the satellite image to the delivery of the flood maps to users. Any human involvement, such as coordinating satellite acquisitions or manually interpreting images, can delay this process. To avoid such delays, a fundamentally new approach was adopted for the Sentinel-1 based Global Flood Monitoring (GFM) service: All Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by the Sentinel-1 satellites in VV polarisation over land are processed entirely automatically, enabling flood maps to be delivered within eight hours of acquisition. The flood maps, along with a novel flood likelihood layer, are generated using ensemble approaches that integrate three complementary flood mapping algorithms along with reference water maps to distinguish flooded areas from permanent and seasonal_x000D_ water bodies. A notable feature of the service is its capability not only to depict flood-pixels evident in the Sentinel-1 images but also to provide contextual information that identifies areas where flood mapping is not feasible or_x000D_ problematic due to land cover and environmental conditions. These advancements were made possible through the use of a global 20 m backscatter datacube, which has enabled the characterisation of the backscatter behaviour_x000D_ for approximately 379 billion land surface pixels and deriving the reference water maps and a global flood archive. The GFM service was launched in 2021 as a new component of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service_x000D_ (CEMS) and has quickly garnered attention from users worldwide. In this review, we offer the first comprehensive overview of the scientific accomplishments and challenges faced during the first three years of operations. This_x000D_ analysis discloses discrepancies between the current service capabilities and the requirements of operational users, and provides directions for future research and service improvements	10.2139/ssrn.5110703	[ [ "Wolfgang", "Wagner" ], [ "Bernhard", "Bauer-Marschallinger" ], [ "Florian", "Roth" ], [ "Tobias", "Stachl" ], [ "Christoph", "Reimer" ], [ "Niall", "McCormick" ], [ "Patrick", "Matgen" ], [ "Marco", "Chini" ], [ "Yu", "Li" ], [ "Sandro", "Martinis" ], [ "Marc", "Wieland" ], [ "Franziska", "Kraft" ], [ "Davide", "Festa" ], [ "Muhammed", "Hassaan" ], [ "Mark Edwin", "Tupas" ], [ "Jie", "Zhao" ], [ "Michaela", "Seewald" ], [ "Michael", "Riffler" ], [ "Luca", "Molini" ], [ "Richard", "Kidd" ], [ "Christian", "Briese" ], [ "Peter", "Salamon" ] ]
Chemical characterization of extracellular vesicles at the sub-vesicle level	Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized particles, which are associated with various physiological and pathological functions. They play a key role in inter-cell communication and are used as transport vehicles for various cell components. In human milk, EVs are believed to be important for the development of acquired immunity. State-of-the-art analysis methods are not able to provide label free chemical information at the single-vesicle level. We introduce a protocol to profile structure and composition of individual EVs with the help of photothermal scanning probe infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), a nanoscale chemical imaging technique. The protocol includes immobilization of EVs onto a silicon surface functionalized with anti-CD9 antibodies via microcontact printing. AFM-IR measurements of immobilized EVs provide size information and mid-infrared spectra at sub-vesicle spatial resolution. The received spectra compare favorably to bulk reference spectra. A key part of our protocol is a technique to acquire spectral information on a large number of EVs through hyperspectral imaging combined with image processing to correct for image drifts and selecting individual vesicles.	10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-4qshd	[ [ "Nikolaus", "Hondl" ], [ "Lena", "Neubauer" ], [ "Victoria", "Ramos-Garcia" ], [ "Julia", "Kuligowski" ], [ "Marina", "Bishara" ], [ "Eva", "Sevcsik" ], [ "Bernhard", "Lendl" ], [ "Georg", "Ramer" ] ]
Harvesting superior intrinsic plasticity in nitride ceramics with negative stacking fault energy	Ceramics face an everlasting challenge from their intrinsic brittleness at room temperature, which can lead to early-stage catastrophic failures. The fatal disadvantage primarily results from the high critical-resolved shear stress required to initiate dislocation movement and the limited number of operational slip systems. Here, we propose a new strategy for designing deformable ceramics by negative stacking fault energy (SFE), which realizes energetic barrier reduction of dislocation motion and slip system expansion. This way, we harvested a superior room-temperature compressive plasticity in TiN/TaN superlattice by successive and extensive atomic plane faulting and twinning. This strategy sheds light on the design of intrinsically ductile ceramics.	10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120774	[ [ "Yong", "Huang" ], [ "Zhuo", "Chen" ], [ "Michael", "Meindlhumer" ], [ "Rainer", "Hahn" ], [ "David", "Holec" ], [ "Thomas", "Leiner" ], [ "Verena", "Maier-Kiener" ], [ "Yonghui", "Zheng" ], [ "Zequn", "Zhang" ], [ "Lukas", "Hatzenbichler" ], [ "Helmut", "Riedl" ], [ "Christian", "Mitterer" ], [ "Zaoli", "Zhang" ] ]
<tt>SynTemp</tt>: Efficient Extraction of Graph-Based Reaction Rules from Large-Scale Reaction Databases	Reaction templates are graphs that represent the reaction center as well as the surrounding context in order to specify salient features of chemical reactions. They are subgraphs of imaginary transition states, which are equivalent to double pushout graph rewriting rules and thus can be applied directly to predict reaction outcomes at the structural formula level. We introduce here SynTemp, a framework designed to extract and hierarchically cluster reaction templates from large-scale reaction data repositories. Rule inference is implemented as a robust graph-theoretic approach, which first computes an atom-atom mapping (AAM) as a consensus over partial predictions from multiple state-of-the-art tools and then augments the raw AAM by mechanistically relevant hydrogen atoms and extracts the reactions center extended by relevant context. SynTemp achieves an exceptional accuracy of 99.5% and a success rate of 71.23% in obtaining AAMs on the chemical reaction dataset. Hierarchical clustering of the extended reaction centers based on topological features results in a library of 311 transformation rules explaining 86% of the reaction dataset.	10.1021/acs.jcim.4c01795	[ [ "Tieu-Long", "Phan" ], [ "Klaus", "Weinbauer" ], [ "Marcos E. González", "Laffitte" ], [ "Yingjie", "Pan" ], [ "Daniel", "Merkle" ], [ "Jakob L.", "Andersen" ], [ "Rolf", "Fagerberg" ], [ "Christoph", "Flamm" ], [ "Peter F.", "Stadler" ] ]
Conceptual service architecture to synchronise research data management services using machine-actionable data management plans	Researchers of all disciplines produce, share, and reuse data as part of everyday research. Most funders require them to manage and document their data using data management plans (DMPs). DMPs are often static documents that researchers create by answering questions in predefined templates at the beginning of the research and, therefore, may become outdated and obsolete as the project progresses. It is essential to keep the DMP up to date at all stages of the research lifecycle since numerous stakeholders and various services participate in data management that depend on information from them. In this paper, we propose a conceptual service architecture that uses machine-actionable data management plans to automate the exchange and synchronization of information between different semi-automated research data management (RDM) services acting on behalf of different stakeholders. To solve the stated problem, we analyze typical use cases in which the DMPs change and formulate requirements based on which we developed the conceptual architecture. We depict the designed architecture through a set of views, namely physical, development, logical, and process, using UML and BPMN representation that describe the processes required to synchronize DMP information among multiple services. We instantiate it by implementing a service that connects a data repository and a DMP tool. Thus, we evaluate to what extent the defined processes help in keeping DMP contents up to date and which criteria must be fulfilled to keep them highly automated. The result of the paper feeds into a larger discussion on streamlining interconnectivity and machine-actionability across planning, tracking, and assessing research phases. It also facilitates consensus building on enhancing the Research Data Alliance’s recommendation for machine-actionable DMPs.	10.1145/3712014	[ [ "Filip", "Zoubek" ], [ "Tomasz", "Miksa" ], [ "Andreas", "Rauber" ] ]
Effective quasistatic evolution models for perfectly plastic plates with periodic microstructure: The limiting regimes	We identify effective models for thin, linearly elastic and perfectly plastic plates exhibiting a microstructure resulting from the periodic alternation of two elastoplastic phases. We study here both the case in which the thickness of the plate converges to zero on a much faster scale than the periodicity parameter and the opposite scenario in which homogenization occurs on a much finer scale than dimension reduction. After performing a static analysis of the problem, we show convergence of the corresponding quasistatic evolutions. The methodology relies on two-scale convergence and periodic unfolding, combined with suitable measure-disintegration results and evolutionary G-convergence.	10.1515/acv-2023-0020	[ [ "Marin", "Bužančić" ], [ "Elisa", "Davoli" ], [ "Igor", "Velčić" ] ]
2025 roadmap on 3D nanomagnetism	The transition from planar (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) magnetic nanostructures represents a significant advancement in both fundamental research and practical applications, offering vast potential for next-generation technologies like ultrahigh-density storage, memory, logic, and neuromorphic computing. Despite being a relatively new field, the emergence of 3D nanomagnetism presents numerous opportunities for innovation, prompting the creation of a comprehensive roadmap by leading international researchers. This roadmap aims to facilitate collaboration and interdisciplinary dialogue to address challenges in materials science, physics, engineering, and computing._x000D_ The roadmap comprises eighteen sections, roughly divided into three parts. The first section explores the fundamentals of 3D nanomagnetism, focusing on recent trends in fabrication techniques and imaging methods crucial for understanding complex spin textures, curved surfaces, and small-scale interactions. Techniques such as two-photon lithography and focused electron beam-induced deposition enable the creation of intricate 3D architectures, while advanced imaging methods like electron holography and Lorentz electron Ptychography provide sub-nanometer resolution for studying magnetization dynamics in three dimensions. Various 3D magnetic systems, including coupled multilayer systems, artificial spin ice, magneto-plasmonic systems, topological spin textures, and molecular magnets, are discussed._x000D_ The second section introduces analytical and numerical methods for investigating 3D nanomagnetic structures and curvilinear systems, highlighting geometrically curved architectures, interconnected nanowire systems, and other complex geometries. Finite element methods are emphasized for capturing complex geometries, along with direct frequency domain solutions for addressing magnonic problems._x000D_ The final section focuses on 3D magnonic crystals and networks, exploring their fundamental properties and potential appl	10.1088/1361-648X/ad9655	[ [ "Gianluca", "Gubbiotti" ], [ "Anjan", "Barman" ], [ "Sam", "Ladak" ], [ "Cristina", "Bran" ], [ "Dirk", "Grundler" ], [ "Michael", "Huth" ], [ "Harald", "Plank" ], [ "Georg", "Schmidt" ], [ "Sebastiaan", "van Dijken" ], [ "Robert", "Streubel" ], [ "Oleksandr", "Dobrovoloskiy" ], [ "Valerio", "Scagnoli" ], [ "Laura", "Heyderman" ], [ "Claire", "Donnelly" ], [ "Olav", "Hellwig" ], [ "Lorenzo", "Fallarino" ], [ "M Benjamin", "Jungfleisch" ], [ "Alan", "Farhan" ], [ "Nicolò", "Maccaferri" ], [ "Paolo", "Vavassori" ], [ "Peter", "Fischer" ], [ "Riccardo", "Tomasello" ], [ "Giovanni", "Finocchio" ], [ "Rodolphe", "Clérac" ], [ "Roberta", "Sessoli" ], [ "Denys", "Makarov" ], [ "Denis D", "Sheka" ], [ "Maciej", "Krawczyk" ], [ "Rodolfo", "Gallardo" ], [ "Pedro", "Landeros" ], [ "Massimiliano", "d’Aquino" ], [ "Riccardo", "Hertel" ], [ "Philipp", "Pirro" ], [ "Florin", "Ciubotaru" ], [ "Markus", "Becherer" ], [ "Jack", "Gartside" ], [ "Teruo", "Ono" ], [ "Paolo", "Bortolotti" ], [ "Amalio", "Fernández-Pacheco" ] ]
Modelling and finite element simulation of martensite and bainite phase transformations during quenching under consideration of carbon repartitioning	Control of the microstructure of steel components during their processing is a crucial factor for reaching desired product properties. Realistic simulations of the microstructure evolution during processing can facilitate the improvement of existing processes as well as the design of new ones by reducing the need for time- and cost-intensive experimental investigations. This work focuses on the modelling and advanced simulation of quenching of components made of the high-carbon bearing steels 100Cr6 and 100CrMnSi6-4, during which transformations from austenite to martensite and bainite are considered. Special attention is given to the carbon-enrichment of the austenite phase during the formation of carbide-free bainite, since the change in carbon content also changes the martensite start temperature. A novel model based on the widely used Koistinen–Marburger and Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov models is proposed, which explicitly takes into account the carbon contents of the remaining austenite and its influence on the kinetics of both transformations. The proposed model is implemented as a user material for the commercial finite element software Abaqus. Our source code and calibration data are available at https://github.com/InstituteOfMechanics/Phase_Trafos_Carbon_Repartitioning.	10.1016/j.mechmat.2025.105275	[ [ "Tim", "Furlan" ], [ "Markus", "Schewe" ], [ "Philipp", "Scherm" ], [ "Philipp", "Retzl" ], [ "Ernst", "Kozeschnik" ], [ "Andreas", "Menzel" ] ]
Improved sampling strategy for high-performance materials: The introduction of the stethoscope cell for online-LASIL experiments	The development and optimization of high-performance materials, which are crucial for efficient and sustainable technologies, require a precise quantitative analysis of their bulk composition. Online-laser ablation of solids in liquids (online-LASIL) combined with an ICP-MS detection is a method that allows simple determination of the elemental composition with commercially available liquid standards and avoids error-prone digestion of the sample. To overcome the limitations in the analysis of samples with varying geometries, the stethoscope cell was introduced to eliminate the problems of previous designs. In this work, the analytical performance of the stethoscope cell is demonstrated, enabling the analysis of samples with dimensions ranging between 7 and 20 mm and sample thicknesses up to 10 mm. Two application examples further show the achieved improvements using the stethoscope cell: A quantitative bulk measurement of an industrial TiW-sputter target and a depth-resolved analysis of protective coatings deposited on steel substrates. The analysis demonstrates the quantification of main and minor components within the samples with a measurement reproducibility varying between <1–10 %RSD depending on the concentration. To validate the results of the new cell design, acid digestions with a subsequent ICP-OES measurement were performed. Both online-LASIL measurements show a good agreement with the ICP-OES reference measurements, confirming the suitability of the stethoscope cell for quantitative and depth-resolved online-LASIL experiments.	10.1016/j.microc.2025.112956	[ [ "Maximilian", "Podsednik" ], [ "Maximilian", "Weiss" ], [ "Johannes", "Frank" ], [ "Erwin", "Peck" ], [ "Silvia", "Larisegger" ], [ "Helmut", "Riedl" ], [ "Paul H.", "Mayrhofer" ], [ "Andreas", "Limbeck" ] ]
A Sentinel-1 SAR-based global 1-km resolution soil moisture data product: Algorithm and preliminary assessment	High spatial resolution of satellite-based soil moisture (SM) data are essential for hydrological, meteorological, ecological, and agricultural studies. Especially, for watershed hydrological simulation and crop water stress analysis, 1-km resolution SM data have attracted considerable attention. In this study, a dual-polarization algorithm (DPA) for SM estimation is proposed to produce a global-scale, 1-km resolution SM dataset (S1-DPA) using the Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Specifically, a forward model was constructed to simulate the backscatter observed by the Sentinel-1 dual-polarization SAR, and SM retrieval was achieved by minimizing the simulation error for different soil and vegetation states. The produced S1-DPA data products cover the global land surface for the period 2016–2022 and include both ascending and descending data with an observation frequency of 3–6 days for Europe and 6–12 days for the other regions. The validation results show that the S1-DPA reproduces the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the ground-observed SM, with an unbiased root mean squared difference (ubRMSD) of 0.077 m³/m³. The generated 1-km SM product will facilitate the application of high-resolution SM data in the field of hydrology, meteorology and ecology.	10.1016/j.rse.2024.114579	[ [ "Dong", "Fan" ], [ "Tianjie", "Zhao" ], [ "Xiaoguang", "Jiang" ], [ "Almudena", "García-García" ], [ "Toni", "Schmidt" ], [ "Luis", "Samaniego" ], [ "Sabine", "Attinger" ], [ "Hua", "Wu" ], [ "Yazhen", "Jiang" ], [ "Jiancheng", "Shi" ], [ "Lei", "Fan" ], [ "Bo-Hui", "Tang" ], [ "Wolfgang", "Wagner" ], [ "Wouter", "Dorigo" ], [ "Alexander", "Gruber" ], [ "Francesco", "Mattia" ], [ "Anna", "Balenzano" ], [ "Luca", "Brocca" ], [ "Thomas", "Jagdhuber" ], [ "Jean-Pierre", "Wigneron" ], [ "Carsten", "Montzka" ], [ "Jian", "Peng" ] ]
Potential of long-term satellite observations and reanalysis products for characterising soil drying: trends and drought events	Soil drying has multiple adverse impacts on the environment, society, and economy. Thus, it is crucial to monitor and characterise related drought events and to understand how underlying geophysical trends may affect them. Here, we compare the ability of long-term satellite observations and state-of-the-art reanalysis products to characterise soil drying. We consider the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) remote-sensing surface soil moisture products (encompassing an ACTIVE, a PASSIVE, and a COMBINED product) as well as surface and root zone soil moisture from the ERA5, ERA5-Land, and MERRA-2 reanalysis products. In addition, we use a new root zone soil moisture dataset derived from the ESA CCI COMBINED product. We analyse global surface and root zone soil moisture trends in these products over the 2000-2022 period. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of the products' trend representation on their ability to capture major seasonal soil moisture (or agroecological) drought events as a use case. The latter is based on the analysis of 17 selected drought events documented in the scientific literature; these events are characterised by their severity (the time-accumulated standardised soil moisture anomalies), magnitude (the minimum of the standardised anomalies over time), duration, and spatial extent. The soil moisture trends are globally diverse and partly contradictory between products. ERA5, ERA5-Land, and ESA CCI COMBINED show larger fractions of drying trends, whereas ESA CCI ACTIVE and MERRA-2 display more widespread wetting trends. The differences between reanalysis products are related to a positive mean bias in the precipitation trends and regionally negative biases in surface air temperature trends in MERRA-2 compared with ground observational products, suggesting that this reanalysis underestimates drying trends. Given these biases in the MERRA-2 precipitation and temperature trends and considering available validation studies, the	10.5194/hess-29-397-2025	[ [ "Martin", "Hirschi" ], [ "Pietro", "Stradiotti" ], [ "Bas", "Crezee" ], [ "Wouter", "Dorigo" ], [ "Sonia I.", "Seneviratne" ] ]
Significant Efficiency Enhancements in Non‐Y Series Acceptors by the Addition of Outer Side Chains	Most current highly efficient organic solar cells utilize small molecules like Y6 and its derivatives as electron acceptors in the photoactive layer. In this work, a small molecule acceptor, SC8-IT4F, is developed through outer side chain engineering on the terminal thiophene of a conjugated 6,12-dihydro-dithienoindeno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (IDTT) central core. Compared to the reference molecule C8-IT4F, which lacks outer side chains, SC8-IT4F displays notable differences in molecule geometry (as shown by simulations), thermal behavior, single-crystal packing, and film morphology. Blend films of SC8-IT4F and the polymer donor PM6 exhibit larger carrier mobilities, longer carrier lifetimes, and reduced recombination compared to C8-IT4F, resulting in improved device performance. Binary photovoltaic devices based on the PM6:SC8-IT4F films reveal an optimal efficiency over 15%, which is one of the best values for non-Y type small molecule acceptors (SMAs). The resultant devices also show better thermal and operational stability than the control PM6:L8-BO devices. SC8-IT4F and its blend exhibit a higher relative degree of crystallinity and p coherence length, compared to C8-IT4F samples, beneficial for charge transport and device performance. The results indicate that outer side chain engineering on existing small electron acceptors can be a promising molecular design strategy for further pursuing high-performance organic solar cells.	10.1002/advs.202414042	[ [ "Qiao", "He" ], [ "Wisnu Tantyo", "Hadmojo" ], [ "Xiantao", "Hu" ], [ "Subhrangsu", "Mukherjee" ], [ "Maryam", "Alqurashi" ], [ "Wejdan", "Althobaiti" ], [ "Catherine S. P.", "De Castro" ], [ "Byongkyu", "Lee" ], [ "Bowen", "Ding" ], [ "Joel", "Luke" ], [ "Panagiota", "Kafourou" ], [ "Zhuping", "Fei" ], [ "Andrew J. P.", "White" ], [ "Julien", "Gorenflot" ], [ "Florian", "Glöcklhofer" ], [ "Frédéric", "Laquai" ], [ "Harald", "Ade" ], [ "Thomas D.", "Anthopoulos" ], [ "Martin", "Heeney" ] ]
Hybridized Soliton Lasing in Coupled Semiconductor Lasers	Coupling is an essential mechanism that drives complexity in natural systems, transforming single, noninteracting elements into intricate networks with rich physical properties. Here, we demonstrate a chip-scale coupled laser system that exhibits complex optical states impossible to achieve in an uncoupled system. We show that a pair of coupled semiconductor ring lasers spontaneously forms a frequency comb consisting of the hybridized modes of its coupled cavity, exhibiting a large number of phase-locked tones that anticross with one another. Experimental coherent waveform reconstruction reveals that the hybridized frequency comb manifests itself as pairs of bright and dark picosecond-long solitons circulating simultaneously. The dark and bright solitons exit the coupled cavity at the same time, leading to breathing bright solitons temporally overlapped with their dark soliton counterparts—a state inaccessible for a single, free-running laser. Our results demonstrate that the rules that govern allowable states of light can be broken by simply coupling elements together, paving the way for the design of more complex networks of coupled on-chip lasers.	10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.023802	[ [ "Theodore P.", "Letsou" ], [ "Dmitry", "Kazakov" ], [ "Pawan", "Ratra" ], [ "Lorenzo L.", "Columbo" ], [ "Massimo", "Brambilla" ], [ "Franco", "Prati" ], [ "Cristina", "Rimoldi" ], [ "Sandro", "Dal Cin" ], [ "Nikola", "Opačak" ], [ "Henry O.", "Everitt" ], [ "Marco", "Piccardo" ], [ "Benedikt", "Schwarz" ], [ "Federico", "Capasso" ] ]
Roughness and Energy Losses Induced by Mussel Growth on the Walls of Hydraulic Structures and Application to a Water Transfer Project	Mussel biofouling increases energy losses in hydraulic structures. The first contribution of this paper is the quantification of the mussel-induced equivalent sand roughness ks as function of the mussel attachment density N and the shell length L. Laboratory experiments reveal that ks/L ˜ 1.5 for a continuous regular layer of mussels, which is found for N L² > 1.2. For 0.5 < N L² < 1.2, the mussels form a continuous irregular roughness layer with increased values of ks/L of up to 2.4. These geometrical irregularities are interpreted as macro-roughness elements, that is, roughness elements with a spatial scale larger than that of an individual mussel. For N L2 < 0.5, the density of the irregularities is too low to act as macro-roughness elements leading to ks/L < 1.5. The second contribution is the establishment of a threshold criterion for the importance of filtering activity on ks based on data from the here reported experiments and data reported in literature in other configurations and/or with other mussel species. It is found that laboratory conditions are often close to the threshold value but that mussel filtering is always negligible in large hydraulic structures. The third contribution is the development of a method based on 3-D numerical simulations for estimating a Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f for walls that are only partially covered with patches of mussels. An application example illustrates how the thus obtained f can be used in a 1-D model for quantifying the additional energy losses in large water transfer projects.	10.1029/2023WR036503	[ [ "Jiahao", "Zhang" ], [ "Mengzhen", "Xu" ], [ "Boris", "Huber" ], [ "Markus", "Grünzner" ], [ "Koen", "Blanckaert" ] ]
All-mirror wavefront division interferometer for Fourier transform spectrometry across multiple spectral ranges	We report on the design of an all-mirror wavefront-division interferometer capable of spectroscopic studies across multiple spectral ranges—from the plasma frequencies of metals to terahertz wavelengths and beyond. The proposed method leverages the properties of laser sources with high spatial coherence. A theoretical framework for the interferometer scheme is presented, along with an analytical solution for determining the far-field interference pattern, which is validated through both optical propagation simulations and experimental results. The practical implementation of the spectrometer, using cost-effective off-the-shelf components (knife-edge prisms for separation and recombination), is demonstrated. The system features ultra-broad optical bandwidth, high throughput, simple architecture, dispersion-free operation, and variable arm split ratio. These unique attributes make our approach a prospective alternative to standard Fourier transform spectrometer schemes, specifically tailored to laser-based scenarios. Further, the employed design inherently enables the measurement of the sample’s dispersion. In the experimental section, we demonstrate the feasibility of spectroscopic measurements by coupling the system with a supercontinuum source with more than an octave-spanning range (1.5 µm - 4.4 µm). As a proof-of-concept, an experimental demonstration is provided for various applied spectroscopic studies: transmission measurements of polymers (polypropylene) and gas (methane), as well as reflectance measurements of dried pharmaceuticals (insulin products on a metal surface).	10.1364/OE.545267	[ [ "Ivan", "Zorin" ], [ "Paul", "Gattinger" ], [ "Giovanna", "Ricchiuti" ], [ "Bernhard", "Lendl" ], [ "Bettina", "Heise" ], [ "Markus", "Brandstetter" ] ]
A dislocation-based model for the substructure evolution and flow stress of aluminum alloys during high-temperature compression	The microstructure evolution of aluminum alloys during plastic deformation is a complex metallurgical process controlled by interacting physical mechanisms, such as recovery, continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), and substructure evolution. The present study proposes a dislocation-based model framework to describe the microstructural evolution of dislocation density, subgrain size, misorientation angle, and flow stress. The wall dislocation density is modeled on the basis of the average subgrain size and misorientation evolution. The dislocation density and substructure evolution are independently simulated and compared with electron back- scatter diffraction (EBSD) experimental results. Their mechanisms are thoroughly discussed. The decrease in low- angle subgrain size and the increase in the misorientation angle of subgrain boundaries with increasing strain rate, as well as their evolution with temperature and strain rate, are well reproduced over a wide range of large strains. Furthermore, the evolution of these experimental substructures is employed to model other related mechanical properties. The framework is successfully applied and validated for AA1050 and AA5052 aluminum alloys across different deformation conditions.	10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.02.132	[ [ "Qi", "Yang" ], [ "Tomasz", "Wojcik" ], [ "Ernst", "Kozeschnik" ] ]
On time-splitting methods for gradient flows with two dissipation mechanisms	We consider generalized gradient systems in Banach spaces whose evolutions are generated by the interplay between an energy functional and a dissipation potential. We focus on the case in which the dual dissipation potential is given by a sum of two functionals and show that solutions of the associated gradient-flow evolution equation with combined dissipation can be constructed by a split-step method, i.e. by solving alternately the gradient systems featuring only one of the dissipation potentials and concatenating the corresponding trajectories. Thereby the construction of solutions is provided either by semiflows, on the time-continuous level, or by using Alternating Minimizing Movements in the time-discrete setting. In both cases the convergence analysis relies on the energy-dissipation principle for gradient systems.	10.1007/s00526-024-02849-8	[ [ "Alexander", "Mielke" ], [ "Riccarda", "Rossi" ], [ "Artur", "Stephan" ] ]
Two Material Properties from One Wavelength‐Orthogonal Photoresin Enabled by a Monochromatic Laser Integrated Stereolithographic Apparatus (Mono LISA)	Multi-material printing has experienced critical advances in recent years, yet material property differentiation capabilities remain limited both with regard to the accessible properties - typically hard versus soft - and the achievable magnitude of differentiation. To enhance multi-material printing capabilities, precise photochemical control during 3D printing is essential. Wavelength-differentiation is a particularly intriguing concept yet challenging to implement. Notably, dual-wavelength printing to fabricate hard and soft sections within one object has emerged, where one curing process is insensitive to visible light, while UV irradiation inevitably activates the entire resin, limiting true spatio-temporal control of the material properties. Until now, pathway-independent wavelength-orthogonal printing has not been realized, where each wavelength exclusively triggers only one of two possible reactions, independent of the order in which the wavelengths are applied. Herein, a multi-wavelength printing technique is introduced employing a tunable laser to monochromatically deliver light to the printing platform loaded with a fully wavelength-orthogonal resin. Guided by photochemical action plots, two distinct wavelengths - each highly selective toward a specific photocycloaddtion reaction - are utilized to generate distinct networks within the photoresin. Ultimately, together with the printing technique, this orthogonally addressable photoresin allows fabricating multi-material objects with degradable and non-degradable properties, in a single fabrication step.	10.1002/adma.202419639	[ [ "Xingyu", "Wu" ], [ "Katharina", "Ehrmann" ], [ "Ching Thye", "Gan" ], [ "Benjamin", "Leuschel" ], [ "Fred", "Pashley‐Johnson" ], [ "Christopher", "Barner‐Kowollik" ] ]
Conformal invariance of double random currents I: Identification of the limit	This is the first of two papers devoted to the proof of conformal invariance of the critical double random current model on the square lattice. More precisely, we show the convergence of loop ensembles obtained by taking the cluster boundaries in the sum of two independent currents with free and wired boundary conditions. The strategy is first to prove convergence of the associated height function to the continuum Gaussian free field, and then to characterise the scaling limit of the loop ensembles as certain local sets of this Gaussian free field. In this paper, we identify uniquely the possible subsequential limits of the loop ensembles. Combined with Duminil-Copin et al., this completes the proof of conformal invariance.	10.1112/plms.70022	[ [ "Hugo", "Duminil‐Copin" ], [ "Marcin", "Lis" ], [ "Wei", "Qian" ] ]
Social infrastructures from a global perspective: beyond the formal and informal divide	In this chapter, conceptualizations of the formal/informal are related to social infrastructure in order to allow for a different reading beyond the seemingly (un)regulated production of different typologies of social infrastructures. By describing urban informality conceptions along their development in time, different and more specific definitions, understandings and readings of social infrastructure become visible, focusing on the diverse specificity of geographical, political, historical, and social realities. Exploring informality as a form of practice (McFarlane, 2012) and reading social infrastructures as “peopled” (Simone, 2004) referring directly to people’s activities in the city helps on the one hand to uncover the interrelatedness of different social infrastructures (such as housing, education, health etc.) and on the other hand to reveal the connection between everyday-life practices and infrastructures against the background of power structures.	10.4337/9781800883130.00032	[ [ "Judith M.", "Lehner" ] ]
Public recreation areas as social infrastructure: empirical results from Vienna	The City of Vienna historically has a long tradition of social equity and environmental justice, starting already after the First World War. Planning green spaces has been an important element of urban development. In this chapter, recreation areas are conceptualized as social infrastructures, both in the sense of places where communication and social contacts take place, but also from the viewpoint of the recreation needs of low-income families satisfied by high-quality public recreation areas. An empirical survey of visitors in two large recreation areas (Kurpark Oberlaa, Danube Island/Donauinsel) revealed various important insights for urban development and spatial planning. On the one hand, the frequency of visits to the areas is - ceteris paribus - higher for families with larger households, below-average incomes, and precarious housing conditions. On the other hand, the recreation areas are consistently considered as public goods, for which the idea of charging entry fees is rejected by a large share of respondents. In all, the results indicate that urban recreation areas are part of the social infrastructure of a city, and that policies supporting high-quality green spaces not only improve public health, but are also an important feature of a wider understanding of social policies.	10.4337/9781800883130.00026	[ [ "Michael", "Getzner" ] ]
Cultural infrastructure as part of social infrastructure: perspectives of cultural policy and economics	Cultural infrastructures are part of social infrastructures from various viewpoints. While cultural institutions fulfill their role as public places for social exchange and social life, they are also “infrastructure” in the more concrete and narrow focus of the welfare state. Cultural infrastructures help in producing and distributing diverse artifacts (music, performing arts, fine arts) and also play a role in social policies in regard to providing equal access to cultural events, and preserving cultural heritage. The welfare state perspective on cultural infrastructures is highlighted by the normative and positive analyses of public intervention in providing, regulating and funding the cultural infrastructure. Many theories resting on market failures and civil society reasoning (equal access, social participation and inclusion) infer a substantial involvement of the public sector in cultural policies. Though, cultural infrastructures, of course, may be provided and funded - formally as well as informally - both by the public sector, by private institutions and the civil society.	10.4337/9781800883130.00024	[ [ "Michael", "Getzner" ] ]
COVID-19 public transport responses in Tokyo	Japan is one of the first countries where COVID-19 was confirmed outside China. Before the outbreak of COVID-19, Japan prepared a national framework including public transport to respond to an epidemic of a new and unknown infectious disease based on the learning from the H1N1 influenza in 2009. Public transport runs generally on a commercial basis, but operators are required to prepare for epidemic of infectious diseases and operate as usual as possible, while limited financial support was given to the operators during the COVID-19 pandemic. As working from home diffuses and the number of commuters seems to remain continuously reduced in Tokyo and other large cities, surplus of operator incomes available for cross-subsidies for rural and regional services are much reduced. This will probably lead to a necessity to amend organization and financial structures of rural and regional PT services outside of Tokyo.	10.1016/B978-0-443-13295-7.00006-X	[ [ "Takeru", "Shibayama" ], [ "Le", "He" ] ]
Work from home	Arguably one of the most long-lasting legacies of COVID-19 will be the diffusion of working from home (WFH). The separation of work and home is a product of the Industrial Revolution, and commuting culture was established by the development of rail-based public transport in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The office culture as we know today was established by the middle of the 20th century. By the pandemic, diffusion of computers to households and readiness of various IT tools had reached to a point enabling the diffusion of WFH. Public transport will have to address this new normalcy with the transformation into a new commuting culture, which is an ongoing and dynamic process. It means that public transport has to rethink its balance between commuting tool and more general means of transport to serve as a sustainable and more efficient mode of transport.	10.1016/B978-0-443-13295-7.00008-3	[ [ "Takeru", "Shibayama" ] ]
Psychological and behavioral changes in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic	An international survey and a series of panel survey onto anxiety and risk erception about COVID-19 imply that people's anxiety level was highest at the beginning of the pandemic but became lower as time went by and people got accustomed to the new disease. The results, together with “national” reports in Part 2 of this book, make it possible to surmise that the lower numbers of passengers among many public transport systems cannot be explained by the fear and anxiety of infections on board. Rather, it is likely to be attributed to the changes of working conditions and styles. Similar temporary reductions of passengers can occur in future epidemics: monitoring and simulating infection on board would remain an important measure to retain trust on the infection hygiene of public transport.	10.1016/B978-0-443-13295-7.00012-5	[ [ "Ayako", "Taniguchi" ], [ "Takeru", "Shibayama" ] ]
Modal share of public transport, COVID-19 responses and recovery	Where public transport's modal share is relatively higher in normalcy, decisions to maintain public transport services during the pandemic were made relatively easily even as an ad hoc decision in response to COVID-19. In such places, the recovery of the number of passengers tends to be faster and reaching closer to 100% of the prepandemic level. On the contrary, where public transport's modal share is relatively low in normalcy and car is a convenient and realistic travel option, difficulty in decision-making is observed to keep up services during the pandemic, and the recovery of passengers seems slower. Where the service volume is reduced, the less passengers are coming back to public transport as a consequence. This is especially the case with some commuter rail services in North America, which typically have a hub-and-spoke type of network and whose timetable is adapted for commuters plying suburbs and CBDs.	10.1016/B978-0-443-13295-7.00030-7	[ [ "Takeru", "Shibayama" ], [ "Gurvann", "Rebillon" ] ]
Public transport responses to COVID-19 in Germany and Austria with a focus on Berlin and Vienna	COVID-19 had a severe impact on public transport services in Germany and Austria. It became evident that the public transport sector was not well prepared for a pandemic and that there were limited contingency plans in place. Due to several lockdowns and reduced mobility in general, public transport suffered a loss of demand. On the supply side, infections of the public transport staff challenged operators. These factors led to service reductions, especially during the peaks of the pandemic, when the numbers of infections were high. To provide sufficient mobility services, German and Austrian governments granted financial aids to public transport operators. A unique characteristic of Germany and Austria is their federal structure, making the legal decision-making process more difficult and resulting in inconsistencies among their federal states. Although there was a lack of preparation, COVID-19 can be seen as a learning experience for the public transport sector. However, during the later course of the crisis, the public transport sector developed new strategies and some adjustments to its services have already been implemented.	10.1016/B978-0-443-13295-7.00004-6	[ [ "Leo", "Kostka" ], [ "Helmut", "Lemmerer" ], [ "Guenter", "Emberger" ] ]
Mitigation and preparedness for epidemic and pandemic	In the public transport sector, response to terrorist attacks as extreme events was much discussed prior to COVID-19, but the prearrangement of epidemic response was almost nonexistent with a few exceptions in East Asian countries. Public transport is exposed to different types of risks in epidemics, namely infection risks for passengers on board, simultaneous sickness of operational staff leading to the inability of service provision, and financial risks arising from sudden and radical decrease of passengers. Prearrangement during the normalcy would avoid public transport being marginalized and merely being a decision-taker of improvized countermeasures against infectious diseases, which are often overwhelmed by interests of nontransport sectors. Instead, prearrangement serves as a platform for stakeholder participation. Mitigation of financial risks can be made with less dependency on hypothecated taxes directly tied to economic activities such as sales tax, but also by the introduction of subscription tickets.	10.1016/B978-0-443-13295-7.00001-0	[ [ "Takeru", "Shibayama" ] ]

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

TU Wien Publication Abstracts

This dataset holds English (and only English) the abstracts of TU Wiens publications from 2018 till the beginning of April 2025. This is an intersection of several datasource, some publications might still be missing.

The sources for this dataset have been provided by the TU Wien Service Unit for Research Information Systems, which are thankfully acknowledged.

The final dataset was assembled in its current form by Thomas Haschka.

If you use this dataset please cite:

Semantic Tree Inference on Text Corpa using a Nested Density Approach together with Large Language Model Embeddings Thomas Haschka and Joseph Bakarji (2025) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2512.23471 BibTeX:

@misc{haschka2025semantictreeinferencetext,
      title={Semantic Tree Inference on Text Corpa using a Nested Density Approach together with Large Language Model Embeddings}, 
      author={Thomas Haschka and Joseph Bakarji},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2512.23471},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.23471}, 
}

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