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European Commission Fair Transitions Working Paper Series Labour market transitions and skills investment needs of the green transition - a new approach Written by Fulvimari A., Garaffa R., Kunertova L., Van Der Vorst C. and Weitzel M. March 2025
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion Directorate F Employment and Social Governance, Analysis Unit EMPL.F3 Fair Green and Digital Transitions, Research Contact: A. FULVIMARI, Unit EMPL/F3 E-mail: IMPL-FAI--TAAASSTOSS.......... European Commission B-1049 Brussels
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition - -a new approach require different skills when production shifts from cars powered by internal combustion engines to electric vehicles. (18) CEDEFOP also finds that by 2050, the European Green Deal may lead to large relative increa...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers Framework for sectoral transitions Sector-to-sector transitions represent one type of transitions that may occur in the labour market, next to occupational transitions, transitions out and into employment or inactivity, transitions across different contractual arrangements and wage trans...
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Figure 1: Employment in millions of workers in EU27 per NACE sector, 2023 Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach NACE section mln workers Manufacturing Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles Human health and social work activities Education ...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers Demographic profiles of workers in 'transforming sectors' in the EU In the EU, 'transforming sectors' have a fairly balanced representation of different age groups across the "transforming sectors' (Figure 14 in Annex). However, in certain Member States, there is a higher prevalence of w...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition - aa new approach ttransforinng sectors', with women making up only 20% of the workforce (Figure 15 in Annex). Conversely, the gender gap is the smallest in Lithuania and Bulgaria, with women making up 31% of the workforce in the 't...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers Sectoral transitions in the total economy in the EU In the EU, most of the sector-to-sector transition rates in the overall economy fall between 1.8% 3.9% (Figure 16 in Annex). (80) In many Member States, the transition rates remained relatively stable over the observed period (2010-2019...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach Estonia, Finland, France, and Hungary. Notably, there are countries where sector-to-secte transitions are relatively limited, such as Germany, Greece and Romania. While further research on labour mobility at Member S...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers from 2018 to 2019 (8)), with the intensity of the arrows indicating the frequency of sectoral transitions in this direction. Mining is the only sector that experienced a net outflow of workers between 2018 and 2019 in the EU out of the 'transforming sectors' considered. This sector is ch...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition - - aa new approach sectors may be moving when they make sectoral transitions. For example, the authors find relatively more mobility from sectors such as utilities, retail trade, and entertainment into sectors such as transportatio...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers While this trend is consistent across all Member States, the average participation rates vary widely. Figure 8 shows that, in Finland and Sweden, more than 24% of workers in the 'transforming sectors' participate in education and training, compared to less than 5% in Bulgaria, Croatia, G...
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION Estimating labour market transitions and skills investment needs of the green transition - a new approach Abstract The green transition is affecting the entire economy and is leading to significant transformations in some specific sectors, including sectors such as the energy industries, mining and ...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach mining and quarrying (B05-09), manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (C20), manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products (C23), manufacture of basic metals (C24), manufacture of motor vehicles, trailer...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers Member States, (44) although recent evidence by OECD shows that high-emission industries are also characterized by a higher incidence of low pay. (45) Analysis by OECD based on linked employee-employer data also shows that when changing employment, workers from high-emission industries a...
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Percentage of workers in the EU that has received training or education in the four weeks prior to participating in the LFS, by NACE Section (workers aged 25 65) Figure 10: Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach Sourno: Own coloulations bonod on EC miorod...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers Data used and calculations Following the steps presented in Figure 11, this section describes the calculations and presents the data sources used to estimate the skills investment needs of the green transition. We take the wind and solar capacity expansions to calculate the additional in...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition - -a new approach generation (i) by Member State (r) represent the expansion rate of installed capacity additions needed to deliver on the European Green Deal targets by 2030. ap i,r 2030 MW ) = GDtarget_Cap i,r 2030 MW ) ENTSOE_Cap...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers total value added of the construction sector is 18% and the share of investment supplied by the construction sector in the installation of a wind mill is 12%, then we obtain a 2.2% share of labour payments to the construction sector. LABSH j.EU2 (%) LVA j,EU27 (%) INVSH j,EU27 (%) (2a) L...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach Overall, we find that the installations of wind turbines and solar panels would 130 000 to 145 000 additional skilled workers in construction, services and transpor in 2030 (Table 1). The number of additional skilled...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers | Table 1: Projected and solar energy in 2030. Average (%) | | number of additional and investment in share of renewable | skilled workers skills (in million Euro) by energy sources in | | needed for the EU Member State electricity generation | | deployment of wind and EU27 total over...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach the EU Green Deal targets may require at minimum an investment in skills of EUR 1.1 to 1.4 billion by 2030 (Table 1). The investment in skills is also similar to the ESDE 2023 estimate of EUR 0.9 billion by 2030, whi...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers installed capacity informed by the two energy models to calculate the job creation per person in the labour force by Member States. In Figure 12, we observe countries like Belgium, Italy and Ireland with about 1 job created per thousand people in the labour force in 2030, due to the depl...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers Analytical publications related to fair green and digital transitions and research are published on an ad-hoc basis. These Working Papers present analytical findings providing new evidence or insights and policy-relevant conclusions of in-depth in-house analytical work and, where relevan...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach On the other hand, Eastern Member States feature more prominently in the lower range of the distribution. For instance, re-training expenses range around EUR 1 (Bulgaria, Hungary) per person in the labour force in 20...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers decade. Anecdotal evidence from some Member States ("") can suggest that the higher incidence of trade union density in these sectors may be one of the possible explanations. Another plausible factor may be that these male-dominated sectors see relatively less flows out of employment ove...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach outcomes in the transition towards climate neutrality. (12) Taking different shapes and centres of focus, often supported by EU funds such as the Just Transition Fund, Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) or Europe...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers vulnerable regions, including in the tourism sector. (88) To this end, the quality of green jobs, equal opportunities, and job creation throughout the economy, play a pivotal role for ensuring a decent job standards in the context of the changing climate and green transformation. (83) Ga...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition - -a new approach References Aguiar, A., Chepeliev, M., Corong, E. L., McDougall, R., & Van Der Mensbrugghe, D. (2019), The GTAP Data Base: Version 10. Journal of Global Economic Analysis, 4(1), 1-27. 1tts://o....oo/00222222201.0011...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers EBRD (2023), EBRD Transition Report 2023-24: Transitions Big and Small, Chapter 3. https://2022..rrebbrrccom// European Commission (2018), In-depth analysis in support of the Commission communication COM(2018) 773: A clean planet for all A European long-term strategic vision for a prospe...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach of the Regions 'A Green Deal Industrial Plan for Net-Zero Age' (COM(2023) 62 final) European Commission (2023), Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council 'on establishing a framework of ...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers Fragkos, P. and Paroussos, L. (2018), Employment creation in EU related to renewables pp.935-945. expansion. Applied Energy, 230, García-León, D., Casanueva, A., Standardi, G., Burgstall, A., Flouris, A. D., & Nybo, L. (2021), Current and projected regional economic impacts of heatwaves ...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach Tamba, M., Krause, J., Weitzel, M., loan, R., Duboz, L., Grosso, M. and Vandyck, T. (2022), Economy-wide impacts of road eeancsprteeeetrricccatio in the EU. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 182 (121803). h...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers Annex Figure 14: Age distribution in 'transforming sectors', and sectoral transitions across the whole economy, by Member State, 2022 Age distribution in transforming sectors per Member State Color indicates sector-to-sector mobility per age group Percentage of workers moving to another ...
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Table 2: Median age in the 'transforming sectors' per Member State in 2022 | Estimating labour | market transition | transition and skills | investment needs | needs of the green | transition -a | -a new approach | | Member States | (B) Mining and quarrying | (C) Manufacturing | (D) Electricity, gas, steam and air cond...
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Figure 15: Gender composition in 'transforming sectors' and sectoral transitions across the economy, by Member State, 2022 Percentage of workers moving to another sector in 2019 Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 % Of sectoral employment 10.0 20% 40% 60% 80% 20% 40% 60% 80% 20% 40% 60% 80% 20% 40% ...
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Figure 16: Yearly percentage of workforce making sector-to-sector transitions in the overall economy, 2010-2020 Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition a new approach HR 2010- 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2010- 2012 2014- 2016 2018 2020 2010 2012- 2014 2016- 2018 2020 2010 20...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers The figure displays outward sectoral mobility, i.e., the share of workers that leaves each of the sectors because they have found employment in another sector. Notes: Figure 17: Percentage of workers leaving to another sector in different years Sector B C D E F H A G K L M N O P Q R S % ...
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GETTING IN TOUCH WITH THE EU In person All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct information centres. You can find the address of the centre nearest you at: en On the phone or by email Europe Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union. You can contact this service: by...
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Publications Office of the European Union
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Manuscript completed in October 2024 document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this publication. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (h...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition - - a new approach Contents 1. Introduction 6 2. Exploring labour market transitions towards the net-zero economy.. 8 2.1. Literature review and definitions 8 2.2. Labour market transitions and demographical composition in 'transfor...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers Introduction Reaching climate neutrality in the EU by 2050, as enshrined in the European Climate Law adopted in July 2021, requires a fast and effective decarbonisation of the European Union (EU) economy. This includes an accelerated roll-out of renewable sources of energy, improvements ...
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Estimating labour market transition and skills investment needs of the green transition -a new approach integration of under-represented groups (such as women, low-skilled, young people, people with migrant background, people with disabilities) in key sectors to the transition. This is in line with the Council Recommen...
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Fair Transitions Working Papers evidence on this matter presented in the 2024 European Semester Country Reports, notably Annex 8 ("Fair Transition to Climate Neutrality"). (14) Section 5 draws conclusions. Exploring labour market transitions towards the net-zero economy 2.1. Literature review and definitions To underst...
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European Commission Employment and Social Developments in Europe Upward social convergence in the EU and the role of social investment 2024 Annual review
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Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2024 European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Directorate F Manuscript completed in September 2024
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Executive Summary UPWARD SOCIAL CONVERGENCE IN THE EU AND THE ROLE OF SOCIAL INVESTMENT This edition of the Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) review examines patterns and developments of social convergence in the EU over the last decade, showing important catching-up trends among Member States. It dis...
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Annex: Promoting upward social convergence in the EU Results - additional graphs Chart A3.2 The richest 20% of households have almost double the consumption footprint of the poorest 20% of households in the EU Consumption footprint inequality: comparing top 20% to bottom 20% income earners (580/S20 ratio) across Member...
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DATA SOURCES AND DEFINITIONS Most of the data used in this report originates from Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Union. The main data sources used are: European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS): ESA2010 National Accounts: EU-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC): Definition and data s...
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References Akenji, L. and Chen, H. (2016), 'A Framework for Shaping Sustainable Lifestyles: Determinants and Strategies' United Notions Environmental Programme, available at: http://:ww..pppppssssssssrprrpee httpg////aedeeeeeeeeeeeeessessee Alcidi, C., Musmeci, R., Di Salvo, M., Pilati, M. and Ferrer, J. N. (2018), 'In...
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Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2024 Campos, N. F., Coricelli, F. and Franceschi, E. (2021), 'Institutional integration and productivity growth: evidence from the 1995 enlargement of the European Union,, IZA Discussion Paper, no 14834. Card, D., Kluve, J. and Weber, A. (2018), 'What Works? A Meta Analysis ...
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References Employment Committee and Social Protection Committee (2023), 'First Version of the Joint Monitoring Framework for the European Child Guarantee, perpared by the Social Protection Committee's Indicator's Sub- Group and the European Commission", Brussels, 23 December 2023, available at: http://uuwuuuu./o/o/osss...
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Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2024 European Commission (2019a), Employment and Social Development in Europe Sustainable Growth for All Choices for the Future of Social Furrpee:, Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: European Commission (2019b), 'The Economic Benefits of Improving Educat...
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References Trannesnips; SWD[2023] Tinal. European Commission (2023e), 'Fairness, Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility Report, available at: huop/////o.i.ieoooooeeeeessss/s/ European Commission (2023f), 'Housing Market Developments: Thematic Note to Support In-Depth Reviews', Institutionnl Paper, 197, Publications ...
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Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2024 Hemerijck, A., Ronchi, 5. and Plavgo, (2023), 'Social Investment as Conceptual Framework for Analysing Well- Being Returns and Reforms in 21st Century Welfare States', Socio-Economic Review, vol. 21, no 1, pp. 479-500, available at: http://k.cillllglll000Ssrrwra..1 Heyl...
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References instet (2024), Bauen und Wohnen 2024 in Deustchannnc at attpps//mmeeeerrtttteeeeeeeere http/////eeeesttttttttooooooeoee Plavgo, I. and Hemeriick, A. (2021), 'The Social Investment Litmus Test: Family Formation, Employment and Poverty', Journal of European Social Policy, vol. 31, no 3, SAGE Publications, pp. ...
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GETTING IN TOUCH WITH THE EU In person All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe information centres. You can find the address of the centre nearest you at: http:///csro....vvvvvrooonnnoooo en On the phone or by email Europe Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union. You ca...
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Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2024 The employment rate also rose to record heights in 2023, at 75.3% in the EU (74.7% in the euro area), and 75.7% in Q1 2024, placing the EU on track to reach the EU employment headline target of The employment rate alse rose to record heights in 2023, at 75.3% in the EU ...
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Publications Office of the European Union
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Executive Summary more above the shares for other income quartiles. In the context of easing inflation, this level reached 27 6% in July 2024 (-0.7 pp compared to one year before). Having slowed in 2021, social protection benefit expenditure decreased strongly in real terms, despite an increase in nominal terms in 2022...
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Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2024 employment outcomes) despite the COVID-19 pandemic, energy and geopolitical shocks reflect the effectiveness of the exceptional support measures adopted by Member States and the EU. Nevertheless, differences across Member States in AROPE rates remain considerable. In 20...
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Executive Summary CHAPTER 3: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL INVESTMENT prosperity, alongside better social outcomes, fastering upward social convergence. While there is no commonly agreed definition of social investment yet, this report considers social investment as public spending related to investments and reforms that, on top ...
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Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2024 European Regional Development Fund, the RRF as well as the Technical Support Instrument. The reformec economic governance framework agreed by co-legislators on 24 February 2024 underlines the importance oi sustainable and inclusive growth as a goal for macroeconomic pol...
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CHAPTER 1 Main employment and social developments 1. INTRODUCTION (4) In a context of still high, albeit diminishing, inflation in the EU, economic growth in 2023 was sluggish. The expansion of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) slowed significantly due to the erosion of real wages per employee, falling external demand,...
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Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2024 underrepresented groups, boosting workers' skills acquisition to improve skills matching, ensuring better working conditions and employment quality, strengthening fair intra-EU mobility, and attracting more talent from outside the EU. Participation of adults in formal o...
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Chapter 1: Main employment and social developments 2. MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND FORECAST Global economic activity expanded throughout all quarters in 2023, primarily driven by robust growth in China, the United States, and India. At the same time, economic activity slowed in other advanced economies, such as the U...
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Vidore3HrOCRRetrieval

An MTEB dataset
Massive Text Embedding Benchmark

Retrieve associated pages according to questions. This dataset, HR, is a corpus of reports released by the european union, intended for complex-document understanding tasks. Original queries were created in english, then translated to french, german, italian, portuguese and spanish. This variant includes the OCR'ed markdown so allow for comparison across image-text and text-only models. It is currently released as a beta and might be removed at a later stage.

Task category t2it
Domains Social
Reference https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08620

Source datasets:

How to evaluate on this task

You can evaluate an embedding model on this dataset using the following code:

import mteb

task = mteb.get_task("Vidore3HrOCRRetrieval")
evaluator = mteb.MTEB([task])

model = mteb.get_model(YOUR_MODEL)
evaluator.run(model)

To learn more about how to run models on mteb task check out the GitHub repository.

Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite the dataset as well as mteb, as this dataset likely includes additional processing as a part of the MMTEB Contribution.


@article{loison2026vidorev3comprehensiveevaluation,
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  author = {António Loison and Quentin Macé and Antoine Edy and Victor Xing and Tom Balough and Gabriel Moreira and Bo Liu and Manuel Faysse and Céline Hudelot and Gautier Viaud},
  eprint = {2601.08620},
  primaryclass = {cs.AI},
  title = {ViDoRe V3: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Retrieval Augmented Generation in Complex Real-World Scenarios},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08620},
  year = {2026},
}


@article{enevoldsen2025mmtebmassivemultilingualtext,
  title={MMTEB: Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmark},
  author={Kenneth Enevoldsen and Isaac Chung and Imene Kerboua and Márton Kardos and Ashwin Mathur and David Stap and Jay Gala and Wissam Siblini and Dominik Krzemiński and Genta Indra Winata and Saba Sturua and Saiteja Utpala and Mathieu Ciancone and Marion Schaeffer and Gabriel Sequeira and Diganta Misra and Shreeya Dhakal and Jonathan Rystrøm and Roman Solomatin and Ömer Çağatan and Akash Kundu and Martin Bernstorff and Shitao Xiao and Akshita Sukhlecha and Bhavish Pahwa and Rafał Poświata and Kranthi Kiran GV and Shawon Ashraf and Daniel Auras and Björn Plüster and Jan Philipp Harries and Loïc Magne and Isabelle Mohr and Mariya Hendriksen and Dawei Zhu and Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef and Tom Aarsen and Jan Kostkan and Konrad Wojtasik and Taemin Lee and Marek Šuppa and Crystina Zhang and Roberta Rocca and Mohammed Hamdy and Andrianos Michail and John Yang and Manuel Faysse and Aleksei Vatolin and Nandan Thakur and Manan Dey and Dipam Vasani and Pranjal Chitale and Simone Tedeschi and Nguyen Tai and Artem Snegirev and Michael Günther and Mengzhou Xia and Weijia Shi and Xing Han Lù and Jordan Clive and Gayatri Krishnakumar and Anna Maksimova and Silvan Wehrli and Maria Tikhonova and Henil Panchal and Aleksandr Abramov and Malte Ostendorff and Zheng Liu and Simon Clematide and Lester James Miranda and Alena Fenogenova and Guangyu Song and Ruqiya Bin Safi and Wen-Ding Li and Alessia Borghini and Federico Cassano and Hongjin Su and Jimmy Lin and Howard Yen and Lasse Hansen and Sara Hooker and Chenghao Xiao and Vaibhav Adlakha and Orion Weller and Siva Reddy and Niklas Muennighoff},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.13595},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13595},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2502.13595},
}

@article{muennighoff2022mteb,
  author = {Muennighoff, Niklas and Tazi, Nouamane and Magne, Loïc and Reimers, Nils},
  title = {MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07316},
  year = {2022}
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07316},
  doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.07316},
}

Dataset Statistics

Dataset Statistics

The following code contains the descriptive statistics from the task. These can also be obtained using:

import mteb

task = mteb.get_task("Vidore3HrOCRRetrieval")

desc_stats = task.metadata.descriptive_stats
{}

This dataset card was automatically generated using MTEB

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