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C524765639
|
Water resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200311109
|
management of water by humans
|
Groundwater depletion and sustainability of irrigation in the US High Plains and Central Valley
|
[
{
"display_name": "Groundwater recharge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C174091901",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.94112056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670986"
},
{
"display_name": "Groundwater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76177295",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79994535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598"
},
{
"display_name": "Aquifer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75622301",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.745104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791"
},
{
"display_name": "Overexploitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152613627",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66313356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3050262"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6301321,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
},
{
"display_name": "Irrigation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88862950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49202773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46264163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Depression-focused recharge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187606762",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.46114096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670986"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45941174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Surface water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8625798",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4170635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112"
},
{
"display_name": "Water resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524765639",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4112612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619"
}
] |
Aquifer overexploitation could significantly impact crop production in the United States because 60% of irrigation relies on groundwater. Groundwater depletion in the irrigated High Plains and California Central Valley accounts for ~50% of groundwater depletion in the United States since 1900. A newly developed High Plains recharge map shows that high recharge in the northern High Plains results in sustainable pumpage, whereas lower recharge in the central and southern High Plains has resulted in focused depletion of 330 km(3) of fossil groundwater, mostly recharged during the past 13,000 y. Depletion is highly localized with about a third of depletion occurring in 4% of the High Plains land area. Extrapolation of the current depletion rate suggests that 35% of the southern High Plains will be unable to support irrigation within the next 30 y. Reducing irrigation withdrawals could extend the lifespan of the aquifer but would not result in sustainable management of this fossil groundwater. The Central Valley is a more dynamic, engineered system, with north/south diversions of surface water since the 1950s contributing to ~7× higher recharge. However, these diversions are regulated because of impacts on endangered species. A newly developed Central Valley Hydrologic Model shows that groundwater depletion since the 1960s, totaling 80 km(3), occurs mostly in the south (Tulare Basin) and primarily during droughts. Increasing water storage through artificial recharge of excess surface water in aquifers by up to 3 km(3) shows promise for coping with droughts and improving sustainability of groundwater resources in the Central Valley.
|
C524765639
|
Water resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010001
|
management of water by humans
|
Comparative Influences of Precipitation and River Stage on Groundwater Levels in Near-River Areas
|
[
{
"display_name": "Stage (stratigraphy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146357865",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75549275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245"
},
{
"display_name": "Groundwater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76177295",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598"
},
{
"display_name": "Precipitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107054158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6930775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6107582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60818005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
},
{
"display_name": "Water resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524765639",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43572918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619"
}
] |
The sustainable performance of foundations of various urban buildings and infrastructures is strongly affected by groundwater level (GWL), as GWL causes changes in the stress state within soil. In the present study, the components affecting GWL were investigated, focusing on the effects of precipitation and river stage. These components were analyzed using a six-year database established for hydrological and groundwater monitoring data. Five study regions for which daily measured precipitation, river stage, and GWL data were available were compared. Different periods of precipitation, geographical characteristics, and local surface conditions were considered in the analysis. The results indicated that key influence components on GWL are different depending on the hydrological, geological, and geographical characteristics of the target regions. River stage had the strongest influence on GWL in urban areas near large rivers with a high ratio of paved surface. In rural areas, where the paved surface area ratio and soil permeability were low, the moving average showed a closer correlation to GWL than river stage. A moving average-based method to predict GWL variation with time was proposed for regions with a low ratio of paved surface area and low permeability soils.
|
C524765639
|
Water resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222474110
|
management of water by humans
|
Constraints and potentials of future irrigation water availability on agricultural production under climate change
|
[
{
"display_name": "Coupled model intercomparison project",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25022447",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.79840004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5178021"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71777344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Irrigation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88862950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6747903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6220009,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Representative Concentration Pathways",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778760939",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.56783223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7314241"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56301874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128383755",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50881034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336"
},
{
"display_name": "Water resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524765639",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46894786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168754636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45774764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920"
},
{
"display_name": "Water resources",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153823671",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44561082,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42353347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42261937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Water supply",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97053079",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42208725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061108"
}
] |
We compare ensembles of water supply and demand projections from 10 global hydrological models and six global gridded crop models. These are produced as part of the Inter-Sectoral Impacts Model Intercomparison Project, with coordination from the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project, and driven by outputs of general circulation models run under representative concentration pathway 8.5 as part of the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Models project that direct climate impacts to maize, soybean, wheat, and rice involve losses of 400-1,400 Pcal (8-24% of present-day total) when CO2 fertilization effects are accounted for or 1,400-2,600 Pcal (24-43%) otherwise. Freshwater limitations in some irrigated regions (western United States; China; and West, South, and Central Asia) could necessitate the reversion of 20-60 Mha of cropland from irrigated to rainfed management by end-of-century, and a further loss of 600-2,900 Pcal of food production. In other regions (northern/eastern United States, parts of South America, much of Europe, and South East Asia) surplus water supply could in principle support a net increase in irrigation, although substantial investments in irrigation infrastructure would be required.
|
C524765639
|
Water resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032688
|
management of water by humans
|
Global Monthly Water Scarcity: Blue Water Footprints versus Blue Water Availability
|
[
{
"display_name": "Water scarcity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51193700",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8395325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376358"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.65860987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Water use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149207113",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6342011,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26534"
},
{
"display_name": "Scarcity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109747225",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5742306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758"
},
{
"display_name": "Biodiversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130217890",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52125865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041"
},
{
"display_name": "Water resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524765639",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5122046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619"
},
{
"display_name": "Water resources",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153823671",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48795122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799"
},
{
"display_name": "Drainage basin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126645576",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44747964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620"
},
{
"display_name": "Surface water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8625798",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43545112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40868118,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.39891857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3801278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
}
] |
Freshwater scarcity is a growing concern, placing considerable importance on the accuracy of indicators used to characterize and map water scarcity worldwide. We improve upon past efforts by using estimates of blue water footprints (consumptive use of ground- and surface water flows) rather than water withdrawals, accounting for the flows needed to sustain critical ecological functions and by considering monthly rather than annual values. We analyzed 405 river basins for the period 1996-2005. In 201 basins with 2.67 billion inhabitants there was severe water scarcity during at least one month of the year. The ecological and economic consequences of increasing degrees of water scarcity--as evidenced by the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo), Indus, and Murray-Darling River Basins--can include complete desiccation during dry seasons, decimation of aquatic biodiversity, and substantial economic disruption.
|
C183696295
|
Biochemical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
| null |
Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made
|
[
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6935082,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41669905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33230573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32529318,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
We present the first ever global account of the production, use, and end-of-life fate of all plastics ever made by humankind.
|
C183696295
|
Biochemical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0605016
| null |
Microbial Fuel Cells: Methodology and Technology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microbial fuel cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165337572",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.91687167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902723"
},
{
"display_name": "Terminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547195049",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.665831,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6161945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51790357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50516254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43009922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Fuel cells",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987658370",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4274336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3677582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34481415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) research is a rapidly evolving field that lacks established terminology and methods for the analysis of system performance. This makes it difficult for researchers to compare devices on an equivalent basis. The construction and analysis of MFCs requires knowledge of different scientific and engineering fields, ranging from microbiology and electrochemistry to materials and environmental engineering. Describing MFC systems therefore involves an understanding of these different scientific and engineering principles. In this paper, we provide a review of the different materials and methods used to construct MFCs, techniques used to analyze system performance, and recommendations on what information to include in MFC studies and the most useful ways to present results.
|
C183696295
|
Biochemical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
| null |
Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Antimicrobial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4937899",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8164852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106"
},
{
"display_name": "Agar dilution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780493024",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6319792,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19903202"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50691944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Standardization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188087704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47082904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42777508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40582973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35434058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
}
] |
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat microbial resistance. Therefore, a greater attention has been paid to antimicrobial activity screening and evaluating methods. Several bioassays such as disk-diffusion, well diffusion and broth or agar dilution are well known and commonly used, but others such as flow cytofluorometric and bioluminescent methods are not widely used because they require specified equipment and further evaluation for reproducibility and standardization, even if they can provide rapid results of the antimicrobial agent's effects and a better understanding of their impact on the viability and cell damage inflicted to the tested microorganism. In this review article, an exhaustive list of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and detailed information on their advantages and limitations are reported.
|
C183696295
|
Biochemical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006
| null |
Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Raw material",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206139338",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5980456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355"
},
{
"display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58531713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5482349,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54021,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.537053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Characterization (materials science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780841128",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52451074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48995963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Service (business)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4333622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36855173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3583895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3508811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Hydrogel products constitute a group of polymeric materials, the hydrophilic structure of which renders them capable of holding large amounts of water in their three-dimensional networks. Extensive employment of these products in a number of industrial and environmental areas of application is considered to be of prime importance. As expected, natural hydrogels were gradually replaced by synthetic types due to their higher water absorption capacity, long service life, and wide varieties of raw chemical resources. Literature on this subject was found to be expanding, especially in the scientific areas of research. However, a number of publications and technical reports dealing with hydrogel products from the engineering points of view were examined to overview technological aspects covering this growing multidisciplinary field of research. The primary objective of this article is to review the literature concerning classification of hydrogels on different bases, physical and chemical characteristics of these products, and technical feasibility of their utilization. It also involved technologies adopted for hydrogel production together with process design implications, block diagrams, and optimized conditions of the preparation process. An innovated category of recent generations of hydrogel materials was also presented in some details.
|
C183696295
|
Biochemical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.3.506-577.2002
| null |
Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8717289,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Cellulose",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779251873",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57974666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55568814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4564694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3935992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
}
] |
Fundamental features of microbial cellulose utilization are examined at successively higher levels of aggregation encompassing the structure and composition of cellulosic biomass, taxonomic diversity, cellulase enzyme systems, molecular biology of cellulase enzymes, physiology of cellulolytic microorganisms, ecological aspects of cellulase-degrading communities, and rate-limiting factors in nature. The methodological basis for studying microbial cellulose utilization is considered relative to quantification of cells and enzymes in the presence of solid substrates as well as apparatus and analysis for cellulose-grown continuous cultures. Quantitative description of cellulose hydrolysis is addressed with respect to adsorption of cellulase enzymes, rates of enzymatic hydrolysis, bioenergetics of microbial cellulose utilization, kinetics of microbial cellulose utilization, and contrasting features compared to soluble substrate kinetics. A biological perspective on processing cellulosic biomass is presented, including features of pretreated substrates and alternative process configurations. Organism development is considered for "consolidated bioprocessing" (CBP), in which the production of cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of biomass, and fermentation of resulting sugars to desired products occur in one step. Two organism development strategies for CBP are examined: (i) improve product yield and tolerance in microorganisms able to utilize cellulose, or (ii) express a heterologous system for cellulose hydrolysis and utilization in microorganisms that exhibit high product yield and tolerance. A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.
|
C183696295
|
Biochemical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150124
| null |
The Effect of Nanoparticle Size, Shape, and Surface Chemistry on Biological Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7537277,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47190267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanomaterials",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138631740",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4467401,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967847"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4352197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39253306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
}
] |
An understanding of the interactions between nanoparticles and biological systems is of significant interest. Studies aimed at correlating the properties of nanomaterials such as size, shape, chemical functionality, surface charge, and composition with biomolecular signaling, biological kinetics, transportation, and toxicity in both cell culture and animal experiments are under way. These fundamental studies will provide a foundation for engineering the next generation of nanoscale devices. Here, we provide rationales for these studies, review the current progress in studies of the interactions of nanomaterials with biological systems, and provide a perspective on the long-term implications of these findings.
|
C183696295
|
Biochemical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15171a
| null |
Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mechanochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C508816927",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92874575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901098"
},
{
"display_name": "Mainstream",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777617010",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5875796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5476226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Supramolecular chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93275456",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5112426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756449"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4664117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Grinding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777571299",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46558228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3680646"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic synthesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C535685238",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43236274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153832"
},
{
"display_name": "Characterization (materials science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780841128",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42336234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32406053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3108619,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
The aim of this critical review is to provide a broad but digestible overview of mechanochemical synthesis, i.e. reactions conducted by grinding solid reactants together with no or minimal solvent. Although mechanochemistry has historically been a sideline approach to synthesis it may soon move into the mainstream because it is increasingly apparent that it can be practical, and even advantageous, and because of the opportunities it provides for developing more sustainable methods. Concentrating on recent advances, this article covers industrial aspects, inorganic materials, organic synthesis, cocrystallisation, pharmaceutical aspects, metal complexes (including metal-organic frameworks), supramolecular aspects and characterization methods. The historical development, mechanistic aspects, limitations and opportunities are also discussed (314 references).
|
C183696295
|
Biochemical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2015.02.007
| null |
A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7750987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Silver nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31499863",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71774876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905762"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65504473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Antimicrobial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4937899",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5627426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106"
},
{
"display_name": "Noble metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775871042",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48481432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585302"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47471133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44803002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmentally friendly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171534860",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4381296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655870"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40493342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544153396",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3520767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426"
}
] |
Metallic nanoparticles are being utilized in every phase of science along with engineering including medical fields and are still charming the scientists to explore new dimensions for their respective worth which is generally attributed to their corresponding small sizes. The up-and-coming researches have proven their antimicrobial significance. Among several noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have attained a special focus. Conventionally silver nanoparticles are synthesized by chemical method using chemicals as reducing agents which later on become accountable for various biological risks due to their general toxicity; engendering the serious concern to develop environment friendly processes. Thus, to solve the objective; biological approaches are coming up to fill the void; for instance green syntheses using biological molecules derived from plant sources in the form of extracts exhibiting superiority over chemical and/or biological methods. These plant based biological molecules undergo highly controlled assembly for making them suitable for the metal nanoparticle syntheses. The present review explores the huge plant diversity to be utilized towards rapid and single step protocol preparatory method with green principles over the conventional ones and describes the antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles.
|
C18547055
|
International economics
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
|
academic discipline
|
Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computable general equilibrium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20522121",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8808838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3589458"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.63939834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5276196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5208895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Per capita",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5037622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign direct investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33842695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4785838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513"
},
{
"display_name": "Free trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35532855",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45032987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435"
},
{
"display_name": "Free trade agreement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993512723",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44657508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536928"
},
{
"display_name": "Real gross domestic product",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181683161",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41899732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301159"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58823610",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41063464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418"
},
{
"display_name": "Gross domestic product",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114350782",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41030303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40434897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3804406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340"
}
] |
A reduction in trade barriers generally will affect the environment by expanding the scale of economic activity, by altering the composition of economic activity, and by bringing about a change in the techniques of production.We present empirical evidence to assess the relative magnitudes of these three effects as they apply to further trade liberalization in Mexico.In Section 1. we use comparable measures of three air pollutants in a cross-section of urban areas located in 42 countries to study the relationship between air quality and economic growth.We find for two pollutants (sulfur dioxide and smoke") that concentrations increase with per capita GDP at low levels of national income, but decrease with GD? growth at higher levels of income.Section 2 studies the determinants of the industry pattern of U.S. imports from Mexico and of value added by Mexico's maquiladora sector.We investigate whether the size of pollution abatement costs in the U.S. industry influences the pattern of international trade and investment.Finally, in Section 3, we use the results from a computable general equilibrium model to study the likely compositional effect of a NAFTA on pollution in Mexico.
|
C18547055
|
International economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970814
|
academic discipline
|
Export Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.77653754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign direct investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33842695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68776864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51638377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4093559,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39930785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
}
] |
This paper builds a multi-country, multi-sector general equilibrium model that explains the decision of heterogeneous firms to serve foreign markets either through exports or local subsidiary sales (FDI).These modes of market access involve different relative costs, some of which are sunk while others vary with sales volume (such as transport costs and tariffs).Relative to investment in a subsidiary, exporting involves lower sunk costs but higher per-unit costs.In equilibrium, only the more productive firms choose to serve the foreign markets and the most productive among this group will further choose to serve the overseas market via FDI.The paper then explores several implications of the individual firms' decisions for aggregate export and FDI sales relative to the domestic and foreign market sizes.In particular, it is shown that firm level heterogeneity is an important determinant of relative export and FDI flows.We use the model to derive testable empirical predictions on the relative aggregate export and FDI sales in a given country for a given sector based both on relative costs and the extent of firm level heterogeneity in that sector.These predictions are tested on data of US affiliate sales and US exports in 38 different countries and 52 sectors.The comparative statics based on relative costs are very similar to those tested by Brainard (AER 1997) and are confirmed in our data: sector/country specific transport costs and tariffs have a strong negative effect on export sales relative to FDI.More importantly, our new predictions for the effects of firm-level heterogeneity on the relative export and FDI sales are also strongly supported by the data: more heterogeneity leads to significantly more FDI sales relative to export sales.
|
C18547055
|
International economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.605
|
academic discipline
|
Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela
|
[
{
"display_name": "Foreign direct investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33842695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.839241,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign portfolio investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50787887",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5974966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5468447"
},
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5786544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.57076085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Panel data",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6422946",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56036496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354"
},
{
"display_name": "Equity (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5496243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.529606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Joint venture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983292776",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48810992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489209"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48478502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4475454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38827845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Return on investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169549615",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.37437114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939134"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34964293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Open-ended investment company",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181308471",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.31034935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25245118"
}
] |
Governments often promote inward foreign investment to encourage technology “spillovers” from foreign to domestic firms. Using panel data on Venezuelan plants, we find that foreign equity participation is positively correlated with plant productivity (the “own-plant” effect), but this relationship is only robust for small enterprises. We then test for spillovers from joint ventures to plants with no foreign investment. Foreign investment negatively affects the productivity of domestically owned plants. The net impact of foreign investment, taking into account these two offsetting effects, is quite small. The gains from foreign investment appear to be entirely captured by joint ventures. (JEL F2, O1, O3).
|
C18547055
|
International economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803769206296
|
academic discipline
|
Plants and Productivity in International Trade
|
[
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8020842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7852862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Imperfect competition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777098679",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7262262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281682"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberian dollar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109168655",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6709084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988"
},
{
"display_name": "Globalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2119116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5835346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5749514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56712836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56214714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Dispersion (optics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177562468",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42887986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893"
},
{
"display_name": "Bilateral trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780967403",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42769504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256330"
},
{
"display_name": "Trade barrier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182769425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4184458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302"
},
{
"display_name": "Imperfect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780310539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41575384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192"
}
] |
We reconcile trade theory with plant-level export behavior, extending the Ricardian model to accommodate many countries, geographic barriers, and imperfect competition. Our model captures qualitatively basic facts about U.S. plants: (i) productivity dispersion, (ii) higher productivity among exporters, (iii) the small fraction who export, (iv) the small fraction earned from exports among exporting plants, and (v) the size advantage of exporters. Fitting the model to bilateral trade among the United States and 46 major trade partners, we examine the impact of globalization and dollar appreciation on productivity, plant entry and exit, and labor turnover in U.S. manufacturing.
|
C18547055
|
International economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.877
|
academic discipline
|
Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Openness to experience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84976871",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8209854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73333865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521259446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66873765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C182769425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4316663,
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},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
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{
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"score": 0.4215051,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087"
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] |
This paper investigates how openness to international goods markets affects pollution concentrations. We develop a theoretical model to divide trade's impact on pollution into scale, technique, and composition effects and then examine this theory using data on sulfur dioxide concentrations. We find international trade creates relatively small changes in pollution concentrations when it alters the composition of national output. Estimates of the trade-induced technique and scale effects imply a net reduction in pollution from these sources. Combining our estimates of all three effects yields a somewhat surprising conclusion: freer trade appears to be good for the environment. (JEL F11, Q25)
|
C18547055
|
International economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464605
|
academic discipline
|
Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers Through Backward Linkages
|
[
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{
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{
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{
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"level": 1,
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49334493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47390544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46618742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
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{
"display_name": "Downstream (manufacturing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776207758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.412434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40774167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33875227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
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] |
Many countries strive to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) hoping that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic industries and increase their productivity. In contrast with earlier literature that failed to find positive intraindustry spillovers from FDI, this study focuses on effects operating across industries. The analysis, based on firm-level data from Lithuania, produces evidence consistent with positive productivity spillovers from FDI taking place through contacts between foreign affiliates and their local suppliers in upstream sectors. The data indicate that spillovers are associated with projects with shared domestic and foreign ownership but not with fully owned foreign investments.
|
C18547055
|
International economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/654419
|
academic discipline
|
Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic's Guide to the Cross-National Evidence
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8102979,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Romer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601356",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7532577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3690040"
},
{
"display_name": "Openness to experience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84976871",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7449969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673"
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{
"display_name": "Skepticism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18296254",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6253246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395219"
},
{
"display_name": "Tariff",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776060655",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51693124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389"
},
{
"display_name": "Commercial policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140413371",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50731367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572564"
},
{
"display_name": "Trade barrier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182769425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49423364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical evidence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166052673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47441074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberian dollar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109168655",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46034434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44499034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4163243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33484685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
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] |
Do countries with lower policy-induced barriers to international trade grow faster, once other relevant country characteristics are controlled for? There exists a large empirical literature providing an affirmative answer to this question. We argue that methodological problems with the empirical strategies employed in this literature leave the results open to diverse interpretations. In many cases, the indicators of openness used by researchers are poor measures of trade barriers or are highly correlated with other sources of bad economic performance. In other cases, the methods used to ascertain the link between trade policy and growth have serious shortcomings. Papers that we review include those by Dollar (1992), Ben-David (1993), Sachs and Warner (1995), Edwards (1998), and Frankel and Romer (1999). We find little evidence that open trade policies-in the sense of lower tariff and nontariff barriers to trade-are significantly associated with economic growth.
|
C18547055
|
International economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003465300558533
|
academic discipline
|
How Taxing is Corruption on International Investors?
|
[
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.84257555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign direct investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33842695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8093303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513"
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{
"display_name": "Language change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780027415",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7141386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648"
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{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5949926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
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{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5756612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4979279,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47729078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
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{
"display_name": "Estimation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96250715",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43063742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330"
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{
"display_name": "Sample (material)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42361894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39739615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
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{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34158057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
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] |
This paper studies the effect of corruption on foreign direct investment. The sample covers bilateral investment from twelve source countries to 45 host countries. There are two central findings. First, a rise in either the tax rate on multinational firms or the corruption level in a host country reduces inward foreign direct investment (FDI). In a benchmark estimation, an increase in the corruption level from that of Singapore to that of Mexico would have the same negative effect on inward FDI as raising the tax rate by fifty percentage points. Second, American investors are averse to corruption in host countries, but not necessarily more so than average OECD investors, in spite of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977.
|
C105639569
|
Economic policy
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw024
|
refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field
|
Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty*
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7239865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Newspaper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201280247",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62092716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032"
},
{
"display_name": "Volatility (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91602232",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5912815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115"
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{
"display_name": "Index (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57711464,
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{
"display_name": "Fiscal policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524878704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48918727,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187021"
},
{
"display_name": "Presidential system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197487636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48704293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48273963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
},
{
"display_name": "Debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120527767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47822922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46087602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42286932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35518473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
}
] |
Abstract We develop a new index of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) based on newspaper coverage frequency. Several types of evidence—including human readings of 12,000 newspaper articles—indicate that our index proxies for movements in policy-related economic uncertainty. Our U.S. index spikes near tight presidential elections, Gulf Wars I and II, the 9/11 attacks, the failure of Lehman Brothers, the 2011 debt ceiling dispute, and other major battles over fiscal policy. Using firm-level data, we find that policy uncertainty is associated with greater stock price volatility and reduced investment and employment in policy-sensitive sectors like defense, health care, finance, and infrastructure construction. At the macro level, innovations in policy uncertainty foreshadow declines in investment, output, and employment in the United States and, in a panel vector autoregressive setting, for 12 major economies. Extending our U.S. index back to 1900, EPU rose dramatically in the 1930s (from late 1931) and has drifted upward since the 1960s.
|
C105639569
|
Economic policy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00115_1
|
refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field
|
Fiscal policy and monetary integration in Europe
|
[
{
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"level": 4,
"score": 0.86476225,
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7397879,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Stability and Growth Pact",
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"level": 4,
"score": 0.68890965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832661"
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{
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.6115852,
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{
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.5754193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131569"
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{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55409276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.545935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic and monetary union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776109892",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4834412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q825026"
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{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45070267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
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{
"display_name": "Public investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994464924",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44496113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929688"
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{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41489238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
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] |
Journal Article Fiscal policy and monetary integration in Europe Get access Jordi Galí, Jordi Galí 1CREI, Universitat Pompeu Fabra and CEPR; European University Institute and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Roberto Perotti Roberto Perotti 1CREI, Universitat Pompeu Fabra and CEPR; European University Institute and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Economic Policy, Volume 18, Issue 37, 1 October 2003, Pages 533–572, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00115_1 Published: 26 July 2014
|
C105639569
|
Economic policy
|
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2198490
|
refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field
|
Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6604006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6485535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816"
},
{
"display_name": "Recession",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195742910",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58386296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176494"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52344936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5188607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
},
{
"display_name": "Presidential system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197487636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50591344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49997616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508"
},
{
"display_name": "Federal budget",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780822617",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43473452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5440514"
},
{
"display_name": "Tax policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776805697",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41372395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3445707"
},
{
"display_name": "Proxy (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780148112",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41369897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581"
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{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39322188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680"
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{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.322935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
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] |
Many commentators argue that uncertainty about tax, spending, monetary and regulatory policy slowed the recovery from the 2007-2009 recession. To investigate this we develop a new index of economic policy uncertainty (EPU), built on three components: the frequency of newspaper references to economic policy uncertainty, the number of federal tax code provisions set to expire, and the extent of forecaster disagreement over future inflation and government purchases. This EPU index spikes near consequential presidential elections and major events such as the Gulf wars and the 9/11 attack. It also rises steeply from 2008 onward. We then evaluate our EPU index, first on a sample of 3,500 human audited news articles, and second against other measures of policy uncertainty, with these suggesting our EPU index is a good proxy for actual economic policy uncertainty. Drilling down into our index we find that the post-2008 increase was driven mainly by tax, spending and healthcare policy uncertainty. Finally, VAR estimates show that an innovation in policy uncertainty equal to the increase from 2006 to 2011 foreshadows declines of up to 2.3% in GDP and 2.3 million in employment.
|
C105639569
|
Economic policy
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/3088407
|
refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field
|
The Dilemma of Fiscal Federalism: Grants and Fiscal Performance around the World
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fiscal federalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12017312",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.78689694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3740872"
},
{
"display_name": "Dilemma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778496695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65701854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128"
},
{
"display_name": "Commit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153180980",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62321967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675"
},
{
"display_name": "Federalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C533735693",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5895749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204886"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5654778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiscal union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114708693",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5493599,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651677"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5425686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiscal imbalance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202000216",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.51636565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6743161"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiscal policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524878704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48073196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187021"
},
{
"display_name": "Autonomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65414064",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4537842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40243846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3787824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Decentralization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136810230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32369256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961"
}
] |
This paper uses cross-national data to examine the effects of federal fiscal and political institutions on the fiscal performance of subnational governments.Balanced budgets among subnational governments are found when either (1) the center imposes strong borrowing restrictions or (2) subnational governments have both wide-ranging taxing and borrowing autonomy.Large and persistent aggregate deficits occur when subnational governments are simultaneously dependent on general-purpose intergovernmental transfers and free to borrow-a combination found most frequently among constituent units in federations.Time-series cross-section analysis reveals that as countries increase their reliance on transfers over time, subnational and overall fiscal performance decline, especially when subnational governments have easy access to credit.These findings illuminate a key dilemma of fiscal federalism and a more precise notion of its dangers: When constitutionally constrained or politically fragmented central governments take on heavy co-financing obligations, they cannot credibly commit to ignore the fiscal problems of lower-level governments.
|
C105639569
|
Economic policy
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.21
|
refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field
|
Reassessing Discretionary Fiscal Policy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fiscal policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524878704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8101027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187021"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7607199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6432669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64159626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiscal union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114708693",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6413864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651677"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46554932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46344995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45191437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680"
},
{
"display_name": "Social security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777111884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41258562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092"
},
{
"display_name": "Tax policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776805697",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41004047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3445707"
}
] |
Recent changes in policy research and in policy-making call for a reassessment of countercyclical fiscal policy. Such a reassessment indicates that countercyclical fiscal policy should focus on automatic stabilizers rather than discretionary actions. Monetary policy has been reacting more systematically to output and inflation; long expansions in the 1980s and 1990s demonstrate policy effectiveness. It is unlikely that discretionary countercyclical fiscal policy could improve things, even with less uncertainty about fiscal impacts. A discretionary countercyclical fiscal policy could make monetary policy making more difficult. Discretionary fiscal policy should focus on long-run issues, such as tax reform and social security reform.
|
C105639569
|
Economic policy
|
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1632145
|
refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field
|
Resolution of Banking Crises: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fiscal sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777711530",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6466877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5454403"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5724651,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56869984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiscal policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524878704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56604195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187021"
},
{
"display_name": "Debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120527767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56168044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867"
},
{
"display_name": "Scope (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778012447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52176934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5188078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
},
{
"display_name": "Government debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778489760",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5141321,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12695"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5095668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5051444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
},
{
"display_name": "Contingent liability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54879946",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49677402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475350"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42306972,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial crisis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778300220",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41586018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114380"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73283319",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40066004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3335011,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015"
}
] |
This paper presents a new database of systemic banking crises for the period 1970-2009. While there are many commonalities between recent and past crises, both in terms of underlying causes and policy responses, there are some important differences in terms of the scale and scope of interventions. Direct fiscal costs to support the financial sector were smaller this time as a consequence of swift policy action and significant indirect support from expansionary monetary and fiscal policy, the widespread use of guarantees on liabilities, and direct purchases of assets. While these policies have reduced the real impact of the current crisis, they have increased the burden of public debt and the size of government contingent liabilities, raising concerns about fiscal sustainability in some countries.
|
C105639569
|
Economic policy
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.161
|
refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field
|
Using Natural Resources for Development: Why Has It Proven So Difficult?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Natural resource",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29985473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74469966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188460"
},
{
"display_name": "Volatility (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91602232",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6274538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115"
},
{
"display_name": "Revenue",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195487862",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6185075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6098244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5944135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "Dutch disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79355281",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55621076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192523"
},
{
"display_name": "Resource (disambiguation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206345919",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5168565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951"
},
{
"display_name": "Rest (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77265313",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4585232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879844"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44964373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiscal policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524878704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4333992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187021"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39479166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37456572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3660901,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
}
] |
Developing economies have found it hard to use natural resource wealth to improve their economic performance. Utilizing resource endowments is a multistage economic and political problem that requires private investment to discover and extract the resource, fiscal regimes to capture revenue, judicious spending and investment decisions, and policies to manage volatility and mitigate adverse impacts on the rest of the economy. Experience is mixed, with some successes (such as Botswana and Malaysia) and more failures. This paper reviews the challenges that are faced in successfully managing resource wealth, the evidence on country performance, and the reasons for disappointing results.
|
C105639569
|
Economic policy
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-2318
|
refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field
|
Economic growth in the 1990s: learning from a decade of reform
|
[
{
"display_name": "Deregulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78780426",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6804447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902410"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic miracle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778763365",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.581828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11692772"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5496064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58823610",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5404606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418"
},
{
"display_name": "Accountability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776007630",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5144215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912"
},
{
"display_name": "Openness to experience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84976871",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5104703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673"
},
{
"display_name": "Modernization theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53844881",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4778064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856122"
},
{
"display_name": "Decentralization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136810230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47510585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainable growth rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134632028",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4293427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134482"
},
{
"display_name": "East Asia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76775654",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4144602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27231"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4084118,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37704262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37674204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3458922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
This book is part of a larger effort undertaken by the World Bank to understand the development experience of the 1990s, an extraordinary eventful decade. Each of the project's three volumes serves a different purpose. Development Challenges in the 1990s: Leading Policymakers Speak from Experience offers insights on the practical concerns faced by policymakers, while At the Frontlines of Development: Reflections from the World Bank considers the operational implications of the decade for the World Bank as an institution. This volume, Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform, provides comprehensive analysis of the decade's development experience and examines the impact of key policy and institutional reforms of growth. Economic Growth in the 1990s confirms and builds on the conclusions of an earlier World Bank book, The East Asian Miracle (1993), which reviewed experiences of highly successful East Asian economies. It confirms the importance of growth of fundamental principles: macro stability, market forces governing the allocation of resources, openness, and the sharing of the benefits of growth. At the same time, it echoes the finding that these principles translate into diverse policy and institutional paths, implying the economic policies and policy advice must be country-specific and institutional-sensitive if they are to be effective. The authors examine the impact of growth of key policy and institutional reforms: macroeconomic stabilization, trade liberalization, deregulation of finance, privatization, deregulation of utilities, modernization of the public sector with a view to increasing its effectiveness and accountability, and the spread of democracy and decentralization. They draw lessons both from a policy and institutional perspective and from the perspective of country experiences about how reforms in each policy and institutional area have affected growth.
|
C54750564
|
Commerce
|
https://doi.org/10.1108/09574090410700275
|
the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale
|
Building the Resilient Supply Chain
|
[
{
"display_name": "Supply chain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108713360",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8641629,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply chain risk management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192639820",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.75978214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114469"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73789674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65274847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply chain management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44104985",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53550977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492886"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52526796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Strategic sourcing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61869707",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50987303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7621856"
},
{
"display_name": "Service management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48840187",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4560854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689042"
},
{
"display_name": "Business environment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985243512",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41821304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491300"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32896092",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41747278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447"
},
{
"display_name": "Commerce",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54750564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40514028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34707016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31288564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
}
] |
In today's uncertain and turbulent markets, supply chain vulnerability has become an issue of significance for many companies. As supply chains become more complex as a result of global sourcing and the continued trend to “leaning‐down”, supply chain risk increases. The challenge to business today is to manage and mitigate that risk through creating more resilient supply chains.
|
C54750564
|
Commerce
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/4132332
|
the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale
|
Evidence of the Effect of Trust Building Technology in Electronic Markets: Price Premiums and Buyer Behavior
|
[
{
"display_name": "Electronic markets",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778739095",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7336567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358386"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6024657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4605739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Commerce",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54750564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43544805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4048158,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
}
] |
Despite the wide use of reputational mechanisms such as eBay's Feedback Forum to promote trust, empirical studies have shown conflicting results as to whether online feedback mechanisms induce trust and lead to higher auction prices. This study examines the extent to which trust can be induced by proper feedback mechanisms in electronic markets, and how some risk factors play a role in trust formation. Drawing from economic, sociological, and marketing theories and using data from both an online experiment and an online auction market, we demonstrate that appropriate feedback mechanisms can induce calculus-based credibility trust without repeated interactions between two transacting parties. Trust can mitigate information asymmetry by reducing transaction-specific risks, therefore generating price premiums for reputable sellers. In addition, the research also examines the role that trust plays in mitigating the risks inherent in transactions that involve very expensive products.
|
C54750564
|
Commerce
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w7552
|
the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale
|
Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Secrecy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776452267",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8009888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71059376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Copying",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779151265",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70408165,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791"
},
{
"display_name": "Commercialization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780625559",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.618959,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152592"
},
{
"display_name": "Negotiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5475822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875"
},
{
"display_name": "Product (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90673727",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54379207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.543307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Intellectual property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34974158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.515548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257"
},
{
"display_name": "Complementary assets",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776598745",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5052088,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156422"
},
{
"display_name": "Commerce",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54750564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4447329,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3573625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
}
] |
Based on a survey questionnaire administered to 1478 R&D labs in the U.S. manufacturing sector in 1994, we find that firms typically protect the profits due to invention with a range of mechanisms, including patents, secrecy, lead time advantages and the use of complementary marketing and manufacturing capabilities.Of these mechanisms, however, patents tend to be the least emphasized by firms in the majority of manufacturing industries, and secrecy and lead time tend to be emphasized most heavily.A comparison of our results with the earlier survey findings of Levin et al. [1987] suggest that patents may be relied upon somewhat more heavily by larger firms now than in the early 1980s.For the protection of product innovations, secrecy now appears to be much more heavily employed across most industries than previously.Our results on the motives to patent indicate that firms patent for reasons that often extend beyond directly profiting from a patented innovation through either its commercialization or licensing.In addition to the prevention of copying, the most prominent motives for patenting include the prevention of rivals from patenting related inventions (i.e., "patent blocking"), the use of patents in negotiations and the prevention of suits.We find that firms commonly patent for different reasons in "discrete" product industries, such as chemicals, versus "complex" product industries, such as telecommunications equipment or semiconductors.In the former, firms appear to use their patents commonly to block the development of substitutes by rivals, and in the latter, firms are much more likely to use patents to force rivals into negotiations.
|
C54750564
|
Commerce
|
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.49.11.1580.20580
|
the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale
|
Consumer Surplus in the Digital Economy: Estimating the Value of Increased Product Variety at Online Booksellers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economic surplus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167393938",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8206607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268617"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67611283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Product (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90673727",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6455084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60653734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48896778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Value (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776291640",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47404552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46821976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Commerce",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54750564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4532739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643"
},
{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44261414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42682338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Product differentiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33556415",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.426682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200129"
},
{
"display_name": "Welfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38903278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37782422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
}
] |
We present a framework and empirical estimates that quantify the economic impact of increased product variety made available through electronic markets. While efficiency gains from increased competition significantly enhance consumer surplus, for instance, by leading to lower average selling prices, our present research shows that increased product variety made available through electronic markets can be a significantly larger source of consumer surplus gains. One reason for increased product variety on the Internet is the ability of online retailers to catalog, recommend, and provide a large number of products for sale. For example, the number of book titles available at Amazon.com is more than 23 times larger than the number of books on the shelves of a typical Barnes & Noble superstore, and 57 times greater than the number of books stocked in a typical large independent bookstore. Our analysis indicates that the increased product variety of online bookstores enhanced consumer welfare by $731 million to $1.03 billion in the year 2000, which is between 7 and 10 times as large as the consumer welfare gain from increased competition and lower prices in this market. There may also be large welfare gains in other SKU-intensive consumer goods such as music, movies, consumer electronics, and computer software and hardware.
|
C54750564
|
Commerce
|
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2230
|
the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale
|
Agency Selling or Reselling? Channel Structures in Electronic Retailing
|
[
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7201169,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Stylized fact",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38935604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6498594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330363"
},
{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50467026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46021378,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "Commerce",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54750564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45450008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643"
},
{
"display_name": "Channel (broadcasting)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127162648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4129444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953"
},
{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36961323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35985547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
}
] |
In recent years, online retailers (also called e-tailers) have started allowing manufacturers direct access to their customers while charging a fee for providing this access, a format commonly referred to as agency selling. In this paper, we use a stylized theoretical model to answer a key question that e-tailers are facing: When should they use an agency selling format instead of using the more conventional reselling format? We find that agency selling is more efficient than reselling and leads to lower retail prices; however, the e-tailers end up giving control over retail prices to the manufacturer. Therefore, the reaction by the manufacturer, who makes electronic channel pricing decisions based on their impact on demand in the traditional channel (brick-and-mortar retailing), is an important factor for e-tailers to consider. We find that when sales in the electronic channel lead to a negative effect on demand in the traditional channel, e-tailers prefer agency selling, whereas when sales in the electronic channel lead to substantial stimulation of demand in the traditional channel, e-tailers prefer reselling. This preference is mediated by competition between e-tailers—as competition between them increases, e-tailers prefer to use agency selling. We also find that when e-tailers benefit from positive externalities from the sales of the focal product (such as additional profits from sales of associated products), retail prices may be lower under reselling than under agency selling, and the e-tailers prefer reselling under some conditions for which they would prefer agency selling without the positive externalities. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
|
C54750564
|
Commerce
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz015
|
the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale
|
Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: How Much Illegal Activity Is Financed through Cryptocurrencies?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cryptocurrency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180706569",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.98348844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54159564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52970314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Mainstream",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777617010",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50673777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957"
},
{
"display_name": "Commerce",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54750564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4484699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643"
},
{
"display_name": "Quarter (Canadian coin)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85079727",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44328058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560114"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34512857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
}
] |
Cryptocurrencies are among the largest unregulated markets in the world. We find that approximately one-quarter of bitcoin users are involved in illegal activity. We estimate that around $76 billion of illegal activity per year involve bitcoin (46% of bitcoin transactions), which is close to the scale of the U.S. and European markets for illegal drugs. The illegal share of bitcoin activity declines with mainstream interest in bitcoin and with the emergence of more opaque cryptocurrencies. The techniques developed in this paper have applications in cryptocurrency surveillance. Our findings suggest that cryptocurrencies are transforming the black markets by enabling "black e-commerce." Received June 1, 2017; editorial decision December 8, 2018 by Editor Andrew Karolyi. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
|
C54750564
|
Commerce
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.1997.11518287
|
the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale
|
An Exploratory Study of the Emerging Role of Electronic Intermediaries
|
[
{
"display_name": "Disintermediation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125706105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.97846395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137418"
},
{
"display_name": "Intermediary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139569457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9273437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666223"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic markets",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778739095",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.80454004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358386"
},
{
"display_name": "Intermediation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779143981",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7975122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1445414"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7699027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Exploratory research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85973986",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5528222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46939626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Commerce",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54750564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46815398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44371435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Matching (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165064840",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4280375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061"
}
] |
Abstract:Abstract:It is often argued that as electronic markets lower the cost of market transactions, traditional roles for intermediaries will be eliminated, leading to "disintermediation". We discuss the findings of an exploratory study of intermediaries in electronic markets that suggest that markets do not necessarily become disintermediated as they become facilitated by information technology. We explore thirteen case studies of firms participating in electronic commerce and find evidence of certain new emerging roles for electronic intermediaries, including aggregating, matching suppliers and customers, providing trust, and providing interorganizational market information. Two specific examples are discussed in greater detail to illustrate an unsuccessful strategy for electronic intermediation (Bargain Finder) as well as a successful one (Firefly).Key Words and Phrases: electronic data interchangeelectronic marketsintermediariesInternet commerce
|
C54750564
|
Commerce
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/1882643
|
the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale
|
Foreign Counterfeiting of Status Goods
|
[
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.74249774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Trademark",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779027411",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69118005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167270"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60316646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5877911,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038"
},
{
"display_name": "Enforcement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779777834",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5862092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277"
},
{
"display_name": "Commerce",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54750564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.573628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.539518,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "Confiscation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776869918",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4853829,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275038"
},
{
"display_name": "Counterfeit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779356469",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47006235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502918"
},
{
"display_name": "Copying",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779151265",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46568552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791"
},
{
"display_name": "Oligopoly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121398111",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45738333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103639"
},
{
"display_name": "Tariff",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776060655",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45542023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389"
},
{
"display_name": "Prestige",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778329345",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4276327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919978"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32060665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
}
] |
We study the positive and normative effects of counterfeiting, i.e., trademark infringement, in markets where consumers are not deceived by forgeries. Consumers are willing to pay more for counterfeits than for generic merchandise of similar quality because they value the prestige associated with brand-name trademarks. Counterfeiters of status goods impose a negative externality on consumers of genuine items, as fakes degrade the status associated with a given label. But counterfeits allow consumers to unbundle the status and quality attributes of the brand-name products, and alter the competition among oligopolistic trademark owners. We analyze two policies designed to combat counterfeiting: enforcement policy which increases the likelihood of confiscation of illegal items, and the imposition of a tariff on low-quality imports.
|
C3079626
|
Quantum electrodynamics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.140.a1133
|
branch of physics
|
Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.647892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Hartree–Fock method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113630233",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5939865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7879841"
},
{
"display_name": "Electron",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147120987",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5808104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225"
},
{
"display_name": "Fermi gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85867844",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5562979,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072904"
},
{
"display_name": "Hartree",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145196801",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51678646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476572"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic correlation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35052450",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50763786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733663"
},
{
"display_name": "Ground state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69523127",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4991088,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4480008"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4249845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41066858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
}
] |
From a theory of Hohenberg and Kohn, approximation methods for treating an inhomogeneous system of interacting electrons are developed. These methods are exact for systems of slowly varying or high density. For the ground state, they lead to self-consistent equations analogous to the Hartree and Hartree-Fock equations, respectively. In these equations the exchange and correlation portions of the chemical potential of a uniform electron gas appear as additional effective potentials. (The exchange portion of our effective potential differs from that due to Slater by a factor of $\frac{2}{3}$.) Electronic systems at finite temperatures and in magnetic fields are also treated by similar methods. An appendix deals with a further correction for systems with short-wavelength density oscillations.
|
C3079626
|
Quantum electrodynamics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.46.618
|
branch of physics
|
Note on an Approximation Treatment for Many-Electron Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Electron",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147120987",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7066293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225"
},
{
"display_name": "Zero order",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993784581",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67127407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8069600"
},
{
"display_name": "Zero (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780813799",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.651083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237"
},
{
"display_name": "Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C174256460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62388074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911364"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5924955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Hartree–Fock method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113630233",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47620332,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7879841"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46980032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45058957,
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},
{
"display_name": "Perturbation (astronomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177918212",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42384878,
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},
{
"display_name": "Total energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020065929",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42268312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11379"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41928405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
},
{
"display_name": "First order",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987642246",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.39493567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452196"
}
] |
A perturbation theory is developed for treating a system of $n$ electrons in which the Hartree-Fock solution appears as the zero-order approximation. It is shown by this development that the first order correction for the energy and the charge density of the system is zero. The expression for the second-order correction for the energy greatly simplifies because of the special property of the zero-order solution. It is pointed out that the development of the higher approximation involves only calculations based on a definite one-body problem.
|
C3079626
|
Quantum electrodynamics
|
https://doi.org/10.4310/atmp.1998.v2.n2.a1
|
branch of physics
|
The large $N$ limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity
|
[
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"level": 3,
"score": 0.8929486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958871"
},
{
"display_name": "Limit (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151201525",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73287886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239"
},
{
"display_name": "Higher-dimensional supergravity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139739703",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.58749294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5757952"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5827749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.56543744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51111585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50932705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Supersymmetry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116674579",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37646037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193442"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37244168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
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] |
We show that the large N limit of certain conformal field theories in various dimensions include in their Hilbert space a sector describing supergravity on the product of Anti-deSitter spacetimes, spheres and other compact manifolds.This is shown by taking some branes in the full M/string theory and then taking a low energy limit where the field theory on the brane decouples from the bulk.We observe that, in this limit, we can still trust the near horizon geometry for large N.The enhanced supersymmetries of the near horizon geometry correspond to the extra supersymmetry generators present in the superconformal group (as opposed to just the super-Poincare group).The 't Hooft limit of 3+1 J\f = 4 super-Yang-Mills at the conformal point is shown to contain strings: they are IIB strings.We conjecture that compactifications of M/string theory on various Anti-deSitter spacetimes is dual to various conformal field theories.This leads to a new proposal for a definition of M-theory which could be extended to include five noncompact dimensions. General IdeaIn the last few years it has been extremely fruitful to derive quantum field theories by taking various limits of string or M-theory.In some cases this
|
C3079626
|
Quantum electrodynamics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.127.1918
|
branch of physics
|
Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8392418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Nonlinear system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158622935",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50042343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848"
},
{
"display_name": "Plane wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40308292",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49428034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122518"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45822537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromagnetic radiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149773537",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4514689,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12969754"
},
{
"display_name": "Polarization (electrochemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205049153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42923754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605"
},
{
"display_name": "Omega",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779557605",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42785376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9890"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40926507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensed matter physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26873012",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33882278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781"
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] |
The induced nonlinear electric dipole and higher moments in an atomic system, irradiated simultaneously by two or three light waves, are calculated by quantum-mechanical perturbation theory. Terms quadratic and cubic in the field amplitudes are included. An important permutation symmetry relation for the nonlinear polarizability is derived and its frequency dependence is discussed. The nonlinear microscopic properties are related to an effective macroscopic nonlinear polarization, which may be incorporated into Maxwell's equations for an infinite, homogeneous, anisotropic, nonlinear, dielectric medium. Energy and power relationships are derived for the nonlinear dielectric which correspond to the Manley-Rowe relations in the theory of parametric amplifiers. Explicit solutions are obtained for the coupled amplitude equations, which describe the interaction between a plane light wave and its second harmonic or the interaction between three plane electromagnetic waves, which satisfy the energy relationship ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{3}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$, and the approximate momentum relationship ${\mathrm{k}}_{3}={\mathrm{k}}_{1}+{\mathrm{k}}_{2}+\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathrm{k}$. Third-harmonic generation and interaction between more waves is mentioned. Applications of the theory to the dc and microwave Kerr effect, light modulation, harmonic generation, and parametric conversion are discussed.
|
C3079626
|
Quantum electrodynamics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.30.1343
|
branch of physics
|
Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8009968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181830111",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.666518,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850"
},
{
"display_name": "Abelian group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136170076",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6480438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181296"
},
{
"display_name": "Asymptotic freedom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149374227",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5327307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752732"
},
{
"display_name": "Introduction to gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65211518",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52987707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16743426"
},
{
"display_name": "Logarithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39927690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49917364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197"
},
{
"display_name": "Supersymmetric gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65266758",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4705204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3984151"
},
{
"display_name": "Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27428435",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46976706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645297"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46571374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
},
{
"display_name": "Gauge (firearms)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40976572",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46344924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4501401,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Scaling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99844830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43675458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42551968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Symmetry (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779886137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42381454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012"
}
] |
It is shown that a wide class of non-Abelian gauge theories have, up to calculable logarithmic corrections, free-field-theory asymptotic behavior. It is suggested that Bjorken scaling may be obtained from strong-interaction dynamics based on non-Abelian gauge symmetry.
|
C3079626
|
Quantum electrodynamics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.37.3406
|
branch of physics
|
Cosmological consequences of a rolling homogeneous scalar field
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9197285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalar field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110521144",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82604927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193460"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalar theories of gravitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117210361",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.58176863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421540"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4661153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalar (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57691317",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46445772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248"
},
{
"display_name": "Gravitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124017977",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44834512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4372872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Dark energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172790937",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4303788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18343"
},
{
"display_name": "Curvature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195065555",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42078716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40964466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26405456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35866958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338"
},
{
"display_name": "General relativity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147452769",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34831345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11452"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical field theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27877202",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.3338794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2603912"
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] |
The cosmological consequences of a pervasive, rolling, self-interacting, homogeneous scalar field are investigated. A number of models in which the energy density of the scalar field red-shifts in a specific manner are studied. In these models the current epoch is chosen to be scalar-field dominated to agree with dynamical estimates of the density parameter, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{dyn}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sim}}0.2}$, and zero spatial curvature. The required scalar-field potential is ``nonlinear'' and decreases in magnitude as the value of the scalar field increases. A special solution of the field equations which is an attractive, time-dependent, fixed point is presented. These models are consistent with the classical tests of gravitation theory. The E\"otv\"os-Dicke measurements strongly constrain the coupling of the scalar field to light (nongravitational) fields. Nucleosynthesis proceeds as in the standard hot big-bang model. In linear perturbation theory the behavior of baryonic perturbations, in the baryon-dominated epoch, do not differ significantly from the canonical scenario, while the presence of a substantial amount of homogeneous scalar-field energy density at low red-shifts inhibits the growth of perturbations in the baryonic fluid. The energy density in the scalar field is not appreciably perturbed by nonrelativistic gravitational fields, either in the radiation-dominated, matter-dominated, or scalar-field-dominated epochs. On the basis of this effect, we argue that these models could reconcile the low dynamical estimates of the mean mass density with the negligibly small spatial curvature preferred by inflation.
|
C3079626
|
Quantum electrodynamics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.96.191
|
branch of physics
|
Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7818756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Invariance principle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156387681",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74439585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6059484"
},
{
"display_name": "Spin (aerodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42704618",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6139816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917"
},
{
"display_name": "Gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181830111",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6085193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850"
},
{
"display_name": "Charge (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188082385",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5290607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73792"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49602732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Introduction to gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65211518",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48240173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16743426"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60799052",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46151352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221"
},
{
"display_name": "Charge conservation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164866673",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43266422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304054"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromagnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28843909",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42647368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4206468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3352667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
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] |
It is pointed out that the usual principle of invariance under isotopic spin rotation is not consistant with the concept of localized fields. The possibility is explored of having invariance under local isotopic spin rotations. This leads to formulating a principle of isotopic gauge invariance and the existence of a b field which has the same relation to the isotopic spin that the electromagnetic field has to the electric charge. The b field satisfies nonlinear differential equations. The quanta of the b field are particles with spin unity, isotopic spin unity, and electric charge $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}e$ or zero.
|
C3079626
|
Quantum electrodynamics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.22.2157
|
branch of physics
|
Exclusive processes in perturbative quantum chromodynamics
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9425795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum chromodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117137515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74330467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238170"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6039761,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Light cone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197067312",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5969335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137903"
},
{
"display_name": "Momentum transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76494280",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50565577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6897281"
},
{
"display_name": "Perturbative QCD",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776230626",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4996097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661245"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48259342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181830111",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47638148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850"
},
{
"display_name": "Quark",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7602139",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47281873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6718"
},
{
"display_name": "Deep inelastic scattering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89473665",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44544286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748917"
},
{
"display_name": "Gluon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123579102",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43013942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299"
},
{
"display_name": "Scattering amplitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153013531",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42795253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322810"
},
{
"display_name": "Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C174256460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42721748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911364"
},
{
"display_name": "Baryon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154153549",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4249048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159731"
},
{
"display_name": "Hadron",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19694890",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4198231,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101667"
},
{
"display_name": "Amplitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180205008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34001872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190"
}
] |
We present a systematic analysis in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD) of large-momentum-transfer exclusive processes. Predictions are given for the scaling behavior, angular dependence, helicity structure, and normalization of elastic and inelastic form factors and large-angle exclusive scattering amplitudes for hadrons and photons. We prove that these reactions are dominated by quark and gluon subprocesses at short distances, and thus that the dimensional-counting rules for the power-law falloff of these amplitudes with momentum transfer are rigorous predictions of QCD, modulo calculable logarithmic corrections from the behavior of the hadronic wave functions at short distances. These anomalous-dimension corrections are determined by evolution equations for process-independent meson and baryon "distribution amplitudes" $\ensuremath{\varphi}({x}_{i}, Q)$ which control the valence-quark distributions in high-momentum-transfer exclusive reactions. The analysis can be carried out systematically in powers of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}({Q}^{2})$, the QCD running coupling constant. Although the calculations are most conveniently carried out using light-cone perturbation theory and the light-cone gauge, we also present a gauge-independent analysis and relate the distribution amplitude to a gauge-invariant Bethe-Salpeter amplitude.
|
C1965285
|
Earth science
|
https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1473_ed1
|
fields of science dealing with planet Earth
|
Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water
|
[
{
"display_name": "Weathering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40724407",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71369964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179177"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical composition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149849071",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69273984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1263816"
},
{
"display_name": "Precipitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107054158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5256107,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776608160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52497715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462"
},
{
"display_name": "Water cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133830359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4552419,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81041"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44587988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4341628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42392144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40712392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37021297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35304755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30049556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
}
] |
The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from activities of man. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural fresh water. The ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position: of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken all together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry. Fundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in composition of moving water and the effects of particulate suspended material. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter. More than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubility controls, expected concentration ranges and other chemical factors. Concentrations of elements that are commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily explained, but present information suggests many are controlled by solubility of hydroxide or carbonate or by sorption on solid particles. Chemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by averages, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among waters, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrologic parameters, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps. About 75 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also utilized in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques. Relationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Activities of man may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of sea water in ground-water aquifiers. Water-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate. Fundamental knowledge of processes that control natural water composition is required for rational management of water quality.
|
C1965285
|
Earth science
|
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039900
|
fields of science dealing with planet Earth
|
Trace Elements in Soils and Plants
|
[
{
"display_name": "TRACE (psycholinguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75291252",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79981136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6014223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4826051,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4220512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41434172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Contemporary legislation respecting environmental protection and public health, at both national and international levels, are based on data that characterize chemical properties of environmental phenomena, especially those that reside in our food chain. Thus, environmental and food quality are now matters of major public concern and therefore a sy
|
C1965285
|
Earth science
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605127103
|
fields of science dealing with planet Earth
|
Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored “rare biosphere”
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107218244",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.88058525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42762"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrothermal vent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1898230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68454105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867648"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetic diversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98722961",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6405182,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7189436"
},
{
"display_name": "Abundance (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77077793",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6037356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336019"
},
{
"display_name": "Seawater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197248824",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60134965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184395"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5619976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52094615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45926893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbial population biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81407943",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43034935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17149178"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90132467",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39393044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38168693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36026287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
}
] |
The evolution of marine microbes over billions of years predicts that the composition of microbial communities should be much greater than the published estimates of a few thousand distinct kinds of microbes per liter of seawater. By adopting a massively parallel tag sequencing strategy, we show that bacterial communities of deep water masses of the North Atlantic and diffuse flow hydrothermal vents are one to two orders of magnitude more complex than previously reported for any microbial environment. A relatively small number of different populations dominate all samples, but thousands of low-abundance populations account for most of the observed phylogenetic diversity. This "rare biosphere" is very ancient and may represent a nearly inexhaustible source of genomic innovation. Members of the rare biosphere are highly divergent from each other and, at different times in earth's history, may have had a profound impact on shaping planetary processes.
|
C1965285
|
Earth science
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00150-2
|
fields of science dealing with planet Earth
|
The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.915324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Continental crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141646446",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71175617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858571"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7092188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Continental margin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201867031",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6218699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3290577"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanic crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154200439",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5914232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238851"
},
{
"display_name": "Magmatism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162973429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5779751,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1467769"
},
{
"display_name": "Mantle (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67236022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53889006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4364434"
},
{
"display_name": "Crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49466893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232578"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122792734",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4905221,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6538759"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbonate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780659211",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4214423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181699"
},
{
"display_name": "Subduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58097730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41548145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4052012,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
}
] |
Subducted sediments play an important role in arc magmatism and crust–mantle recycling. Models of continental growth, continental composition, convergent margin magmatism and mantle heterogeneity all require a better understanding of the mass and chemical fluxes associated with subducting sediments. We have evaluated subducting sediments on a global basis in order to better define their chemical systematics and to determine both regional and global average compositions. We then use these compositions to assess the importance of sediments to arc volcanism and crust–mantle recycling, and to re-evaluate the chemical composition of the continental crust. The large variations in the chemical composition of marine sediments are for the most part linked to the main lithological constituents. The alkali elements (K, Rb and Cs) and high field strength elements (Ti, Nb, Hf, Zr) are closely linked to the detrital phase in marine sediments; Th is largely detrital but may be enriched in the hydrogenous Fe–Mn component of sediments; REE patterns are largely continental, but abundances are closely linked to fish debris phosphate; U is mostly detrital, but also dependent on the supply and burial rate of organic matter; Ba is linked to both biogenic barite and hydrothermal components; Sr is linked to carbonate phases. Thus, the important geochemical tracers follow the lithology of the sediments. Sediment lithologies are controlled in turn by a small number of factors: proximity of detrital sources (volcanic and continental); biological productivity and preservation of carbonate and opal; and sedimentation rate. Because of the link with lithology and the wealth of lithological data routinely collected for ODP and DSDP drill cores, bulk geochemical averages can be calculated to better than 30% for most elements from fewer than ten chemical analyses for a typical drill core (100–1000 m). Combining the geochemical systematics with convergence rate and other parameters permits calculation of regional compositional fluxes for subducting sediment. These regional fluxes can be compared to the compositions of arc volcanics to asses the importance of sediment subduction to arc volcanism. For the 70% of the trenches worldwide where estimates can be made, the regional fluxes also provide the basis for a global subducting sediment (GLOSS) composition and flux. GLOSS is dominated by terrigenous material (76 wt% terrigenous, 7 wt% calcium carbonate, 10 wt% opal, 7 wt% mineral-bound H2O+), and therefore similar to upper continental crust (UCC) in composition. Exceptions include enrichment in Ba, Mn and the middle and heavy REE, and depletions in detrital elements diluted by biogenic material (alkalis, Th, Zr, Hf). Sr and Pb are identical in GLOSS and UCC as a result of a balance between dilution and enrichment by marine phases. GLOSS and the systematics of marine sediments provide an independent approach to the composition of the upper continental crust for detrital elements. Significant discrepancies of up to a factor of two exist between the marine sediment data and current upper crustal estimates for Cs, Nb, Ta and Ti. Suggested revisions to UCC include Cs (7.3 ppm), Nb (13.7 ppm), Ta (0.96 ppm) and TiO2 (0.76 wt%). These revisions affect recent bulk continental crust estimates for La/Nb and U/Nb, and lead to an even greater contrast between the continents and mantle for these important trace element ratios. GLOSS and the regional sediment data also provide new insights into the mantle sources of oceanic basalts. The classical geochemical distinction between `pelagic' and `terrigenous' sediment sources is not valid and needs to be replaced by a more comprehensive understanding of the compositional variations in complete sedimentary columns. In addition, isotopic arguments based on surface sediments alone can lead to erroneous conclusions. Specifically, the Nd/Hf ratio of GLOSS relaxes considerably the severe constraints on the amount of sediment recycling into the mantle based on earlier estimates from surface sediment compositions.
|
C1965285
|
Earth science
|
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00121.1
|
fields of science dealing with planet Earth
|
The Community Earth System Model: A Framework for Collaborative Research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Earth system science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80368990",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78858143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131980223",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57892597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178043"
},
{
"display_name": "Interoperability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20136886",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5530348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5314768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Documentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56666940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5084302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50829643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45965284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Workflow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177212765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45748654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4313795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168754636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42879835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41695616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3324939,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a flexible and extensible community tool used to investigate a diverse set of Earth system interactions across multiple time and space scales. This global coupled model significantly extends its predecessor, the Community Climate System Model, by incorporating new Earth system simulation capabilities. These comprise the ability to simulate biogeochemical cycles, including those of carbon and nitrogen, a variety of atmospheric chemistry options, the Greenland Ice Sheet, and an atmosphere that extends to the lower thermosphere. These and other new model capabilities are enabling investigations into a wide range of pressing scientific questions, providing new foresight into possible future climates and increasing our collective knowledge about the behavior and interactions of the Earth system. Simulations with numerous configurations of the CESM have been provided to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and are being analyzed by the broad community of scientists. Additionally, the model source code and associated documentation are freely available to the scientific community to use for Earth system studies, making it a true community tool. This article describes this Earth system model and its various possible configurations, and highlights a number of its scientific capabilities.
|
C1965285
|
Earth science
|
https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.283.7.641
|
fields of science dealing with planet Earth
|
The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years
|
[
{
"display_name": "Carbon dioxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530467964",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78584176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbonate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780659211",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77532697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181699"
},
{
"display_name": "Silicate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777335606",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66332996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7130787"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195048187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5714756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4468919"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5255365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6939412",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49657017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4810891,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4143262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3342371,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
A computer model has been constructed that considers the effects on the CO/sub 2/ level of the atmosphere, and the Ca, Mg, and HCO/sub 3/ levels of the ocean, of the following processes: weathering on the continents of calcite, dolomite, and calcium-and-magnesium-containing silicates; biogenic precipitation and removal of CaCO/sub 3/ from the ocean; removal of Mg from the ocean via volcanic-seawater reaction; and the metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation of calcite and dolomite (and resulting CO/sub 2/ degassing) as a consequence of plate subduction. Assuming steady state, values for fluxes to and from the atmosphere and oceans are first derived for the modern ocean-atmosphere system. Then the consequences of perturbing steady state are examined by deriving rate expressions for all transfer reactions. These rate expressions are constructed so as to reflect changes over the past 100 my. Results indicate that the CO/sub 2/ content of the atmosphere is highly sensitive to changes in seafloor spreading rate and continental land area, and, to a much lesser extent, to changes in the relative masses of calcite and dolomite. Consideration of a number of alternative seafloor spreading rate formulations shows that in all cases a several-fold higher CO/sub 2/ level for the Cretaceous atmosphere (65-100 mymore » BP) is obtained via the model. Assuming that CO/sub 2/ level and surface air temperature are positively correlated via an atmospheric greenhouse model, they authors predict Cretaceous paleotemperatures which are in rough general agreement with independent published data. Consequently, their results point to plate tectonics, as it affects both metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation and changes in continental land area, as a major control of world climate.« less
|
C1965285
|
Earth science
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/97eo00355
|
fields of science dealing with planet Earth
|
Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry
|
[
{
"display_name": "Aqueous solution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184651966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75928414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356"
},
{
"display_name": "Dozen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185181809",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5655717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605704"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47270867,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776608160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4221875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462"
},
{
"display_name": "Contrast (vision)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776502983",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41404298,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4134256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41224706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38299724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3576532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35011667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
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] |
With at least a half dozen hydrogeochemistry textbooks on the market, why do we need another one? Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry provides an answer to that question. Most current texts fall into one of two categories. Some are heavy on basic concepts and physical chemistry fundamentals, but contain relatively few relevant examples from the natural environment. Other texts fall at the opposite end of the spectrum, with plenty of good geochemical examples but only qualitative or semiquantitative approaches to understanding them. In contrast, Donald Langmuir's new book provides a thorough development of fundamentals important in low temperature aqueous geochemistry, along with a wealth of examples to illustrate how these fundamentals are applied in solving real problems.
|
C1965285
|
Earth science
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/98eo00015
|
fields of science dealing with planet Earth
|
Biogeochemistry, An Analysis of Global Change
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biogeochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130309983",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.95652777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864379"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126026641",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9267751,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83169"
},
{
"display_name": "Biosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107218244",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83320546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42762"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth system science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80368990",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68736196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459"
},
{
"display_name": "Biogeochemical cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71915725",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65834904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846303"
},
{
"display_name": "Global change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199491958",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6481378,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737514"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62897885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43130463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.382883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36596972,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
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] |
Compared to the well‐established disciplines, the field of Earth system science/global change has relatively few books from which to choose. Of the small subset of books dealing specifically with biogeochemical aspects of global change, the first edition of Schlesinger's Biogeochemistry in 1991 was an early entry. It has since gained sufficient popularity and demand to merit a second, extensively revised edition. The first part of the book provides a general introduction to biogeochemistry and cycles, and to the origin of elements, our planet, and life on Earth. It then describes the functioning and biogeochemistry of the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, including marine and freshwater systems. Although system function and features are stressed, the author begins to introduce global change topics, such as soil organic matter and global change in Chapter 5, and landscape and mass balance in Chapter 6.
|
C41999313
|
Molecular physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.444267
|
branch of physics
|
Self-consistent molecular orbital methods. XXIII. A polarization-type basis set for second-row elements
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C96149497",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.91760695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556957"
},
{
"display_name": "Basis set",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65956243",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7172891,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664086"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.69710636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Bond length",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155860418",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5452519,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863695"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular orbital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139358910",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5013969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725417"
},
{
"display_name": "Atom (system on chip)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58312451",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4808884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817200"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184779094",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48059365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147597530",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47470656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472"
},
{
"display_name": "Basis (linear algebra)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12426560",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46768716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569"
},
{
"display_name": "Hartree–Fock method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113630233",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43584877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7879841"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular geometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193547582",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41866025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911331"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41999313",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41068518,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37584004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369"
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] |
The 6-31G* and 6-31G** basis sets previously introduced for first-row atoms have been extended through the second-row of the periodic table. Equilibrium geometries for one-heavy-atom hydrides calculated for the two-basis sets and using Hartree–Fock wave functions are in good agreement both with each other and with the experimental data. HF/6-31G* structures, obtained for two-heavy-atom hydrides and for a variety of hypervalent second-row molecules, are also in excellent accord with experimental equilibrium geometries. No large deviations between calculated and experimental single bond lengths have been noted, in contrast to previous work on analogous first-row compounds, where limiting Hartree–Fock distances were in error by up to a tenth of an angstrom. Equilibrium geometries calculated at the HF/6-31G level are consistently in better agreement with the experimental data than are those previously obtained using the simple split-valance 3-21G basis set for both normal- and hypervalent compounds. Normal-mode vibrational frequencies derived from 6-31G* level calculations are consistently larger than the corresponding experimental values, typically by 10%–15%; they are of much more uniform quality than those obtained from the 3-21G basis set. Hydrogenation energies calculated for normal- and hypervalent compounds are in moderate accord with experimental data, although in some instances large errors appear. Calculated energies relating to the stabilities of single and multiple bonds are in much better accord with the experimental energy differences.
|
C41999313
|
Molecular physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1003937
|
branch of physics
|
Anomalous Lattice Vibrations of Single- and Few-Layer MoS<sub>2</sub>
|
[
{
"display_name": "Raman spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40003534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8239256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228"
},
{
"display_name": "van der Waals force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126061179",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8046769,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189627"
},
{
"display_name": "Stacking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33347731",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.749999,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7175708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Molybdenum disulfide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780423959",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6141992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424257"
},
{
"display_name": "Lattice (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781204021",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52943707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091"
},
{
"display_name": "Layer (electronics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779227376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49952006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41999313",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4939404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic force microscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102951782",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46256527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49295"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular vibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24123453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4594977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900121"
},
{
"display_name": "Substrate (aquarium)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777289219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43903908,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensed matter physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26873012",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41275412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159467904",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3543635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702"
},
{
"display_name": "Crystallography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8010536",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33179474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398"
}
] |
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) of single- and few-layer thickness was exfoliated on SiO2/Si substrate and characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The number of S−Mo−S layers of the samples was independently determined by contact-mode atomic force microscopy. Two Raman modes, E12g and A1g, exhibited sensitive thickness dependence, with the frequency of the former decreasing and that of the latter increasing with thickness. The results provide a convenient and reliable means for determining layer thickness with atomic-level precision. The opposite direction of the frequency shifts, which cannot be explained solely by van der Waals interlayer coupling, is attributed to Coulombic interactions and possible stacking-induced changes of the intralayer bonding. This work exemplifies the evolution of structural parameters in layered materials in changing from the three-dimensional to the two-dimensional regime.
|
C41999313
|
Molecular physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl201432g
|
branch of physics
|
Quantifying Defects in Graphene via Raman Spectroscopy at Different Excitation Energies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Excitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83581075",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84822285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503"
},
{
"display_name": "Raman spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40003534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84620905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228"
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{
"display_name": "Graphene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30080830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79231846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917"
},
{
"display_name": "Spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32891209",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58918715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5334459,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184779094",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49334684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383"
},
{
"display_name": "Dispersion (optics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177562468",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48322973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41999313",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47113413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328"
},
{
"display_name": "Ion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145148216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4353196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496"
},
{
"display_name": "Laser",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C520434653",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4159202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867"
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] |
We present a Raman study of Ar+-bombarded graphene samples with increasing ion doses. This allows us to have a controlled, increasing, amount of defects. We find that the ratio between the D and G peak intensities, for a given defect density, strongly depends on the laser excitation energy. We quantify this effect and present a simple equation for the determination of the point defect density in graphene via Raman spectroscopy for any visible excitation energy. We note that, for all excitations, the D to G intensity ratio reaches a maximum for an interdefect distance ∼3 nm. Thus, a given ratio could correspond to two different defect densities, above or below the maximum. The analysis of the G peak width and its dispersion with excitation energy solves this ambiguity.
|
C41999313
|
Molecular physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl061702a
|
branch of physics
|
Spatially Resolved Raman Spectroscopy of Single- and Few-Layer Graphene
|
[
{
"display_name": "Raman spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40003534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8867763,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30080830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.886521,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6504551,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Phonon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24169881",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57451856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186608"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41999313",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5501207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328"
},
{
"display_name": "Layer (electronics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779227376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51014286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497"
},
{
"display_name": "Spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32891209",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5052493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666"
},
{
"display_name": "Dispersion (optics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177562468",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43231452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893"
},
{
"display_name": "Line (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198352243",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42343473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105"
},
{
"display_name": "Optics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120665830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37766463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensed matter physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26873012",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3068732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781"
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] |
We present Raman spectroscopy measurements on single- and few-layer graphene flakes. Using a scanning confocal approach we collect spectral data with spatial resolution, which allows us to directly compare Raman images with scanning force micrographs. Single-layer graphene can be distinguished from double- and few-layer by the width of the D' line: the single peak for single-layer graphene splits into different peaks for the double-layer. These findings are explained using the double-resonant Raman model based on ab-initio calculations of the electronic structure and of the phonon dispersion. We investigate the D line intensity and find no defects within the flake. A finite D line response originating from the edges can be attributed either to defects or to the breakdown of translational symmetry.
|
C41999313
|
Molecular physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.472902
|
branch of physics
|
How does basis set superposition error change the potential surfaces for hydrogen-bonded dimers?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Counterpoise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C92664086",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.96573937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4381739"
},
{
"display_name": "Basis set",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65956243",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.70712155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664086"
},
{
"display_name": "Basis (linear algebra)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12426560",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61724496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.57595044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Superposition principle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27753989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5599051,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885"
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{
"display_name": "Computational chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147597530",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48916534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112887158",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44566125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169324"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184779094",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4351098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383"
},
{
"display_name": "Hartree–Fock method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113630233",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42258748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7879841"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular vibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24123453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4211219,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900121"
},
{
"display_name": "Surface (topology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776799497",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41850033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41999313",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.408539,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31446302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369"
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] |
We describe a simple method to automate the geometric optimization of molecular orbital calculations of supermolecules on potential surfaces that are corrected for basis set superposition error using the counterpoise (CP) method. This method is applied to the H-bonding complexes HF/HCN, HF/H2O, and HCCH/H2O using the 6-31G(d,p) and D95++(d,p) basis sets at both the Hartree–Fock and second-order Mo/ller–Plesset levels. We report the interaction energies, geometries, and vibrational frequencies of these complexes on the CP-optimized surfaces; and compare them with similar values calculated using traditional methods, including the (more traditional) single point CP correction. Upon optimization on the CP-corrected surface, the interaction energies become more negative (before vibrational corrections) and the H-bonding stretching vibrations decrease in all cases. The extent of the effects vary from extremely small to quite large depending on the complex and the calculational method. The relative magnitudes of the vibrational corrections cannot be predicted from the H-bond stretching frequencies alone.
|
C41999313
|
Molecular physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0502672
|
branch of physics
|
Highly Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Colloidal PbSe and PbS Quantum Dots
|
[
{
"display_name": "Exciton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17729963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84434825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858289"
},
{
"display_name": "Biexciton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165330911",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8428519,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1976324"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum dot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124657808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8286766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133068"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiple exciton generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58041110",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68535846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934931"
},
{
"display_name": "Absorption (acoustics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125287762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.649589,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948"
},
{
"display_name": "Photon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159317903",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63806325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultrafast laser spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95503338",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6206533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186105"
},
{
"display_name": "Photon energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778785133",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5236257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25303639"
},
{
"display_name": "Absorption spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119824511",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4831652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13553575"
},
{
"display_name": "Spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32891209",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45695734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41999313",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4565307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184779094",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4169944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3927896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3711638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensed matter physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26873012",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36595267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781"
},
{
"display_name": "Optoelectronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31340992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091"
}
] |
We report ultra-efficient multiple exciton generation (MEG) for single photon absorption in colloidal PbSe and PbS quantum dots (QDs). We employ transient absorption spectroscopy and present measurement data acquired for both intraband as well as interband probe energies. Quantum yields of 300% indicate the creation, on average, of three excitons per absorbed photon for PbSe QDs at photon energies that are four times the QD energy gap. Results indicate that the threshold photon energy for MEG in QDs is twice the lowest exciton absorption energy. We find that the biexciton effect, which shifts the transition energy for absorption of a second photon, influences the early time transient absorption data and may contribute to a modulation observed when probing near the lowest interband transition. We present experimental and theoretical values of the size-dependent interband transition energies for PbSe QDs. We present experimental and theoretical values of the size-dependent interband transition energies for PbSe QDs, and we also introduce a new model for MEG based on the coherent superposition of multiple excitonic states.
|
C41999313
|
Molecular physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.86.1114
|
branch of physics
|
Theory of Extraordinary Optical Transmission through Subwavelength Hole Arrays
|
[
{
"display_name": "Surface plasmon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136676167",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.82122356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151829"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum tunnelling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120398109",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7931926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175751"
},
{
"display_name": "Plasmon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110879396",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69757533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58392"
},
{
"display_name": "Extraordinary optical transmission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27384368",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.65424633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422238"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6228266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Dielectric",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133386390",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59461653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996"
},
{
"display_name": "Transmission (telecommunications)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C761482",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5404049,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093"
},
{
"display_name": "Optics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120665830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4880251,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620"
},
{
"display_name": "Surface plasmon polariton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150835508",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4813981,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15916346"
},
{
"display_name": "Metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544153396",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48119122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426"
},
{
"display_name": "Surface (topology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776799497",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47871876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298"
},
{
"display_name": "Localized surface plasmon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10165471",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4403341,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1548263"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensed matter physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26873012",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4230248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41999313",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40082976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328"
},
{
"display_name": "Optoelectronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3819413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3780276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
We present a fully three-dimensional theoretical study of the extraordinary transmission of light through subwavelength hole arrays in optically thick metal films. Good agreement is obtained with experimental data. An analytical minimal model is also developed, which conclusively shows that the enhancement of transmission is due to tunneling through surface plasmons formed on each metal-dielectric interfaces. Different regimes of tunneling (resonant through a ''surface plasmon molecule", or sequential through two isolated surface plasmons) are found depending on the geometrical parameters defining the system.
|
C41999313
|
Molecular physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.97.017402
|
branch of physics
|
Enhancement of Single-Molecule Fluorescence Using a Gold Nanoparticle as an Optical Nanoantenna
|
[
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.74215645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluorescence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91881484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63660467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807"
},
{
"display_name": "Plasmon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110879396",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63073045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58392"
},
{
"display_name": "Excitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83581075",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6282415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503"
},
{
"display_name": "Excited state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181500209",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6030174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215328"
},
{
"display_name": "Surface plasmon resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106847996",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5679429,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898756"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778517922",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56404996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5532224,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5500032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41999313",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5150323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328"
},
{
"display_name": "Quenching (fluorescence)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121745418",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48629317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585536"
},
{
"display_name": "Coupling (piping)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131584629",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47112322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705"
},
{
"display_name": "Colloidal gold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104819515",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43817446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900961"
},
{
"display_name": "Resonance (particle physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139210041",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4243817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145840"
},
{
"display_name": "Optoelectronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36495346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184779094",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33574253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383"
},
{
"display_name": "Optics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120665830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32932746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620"
}
] |
We investigate the coupling of a single molecule to a single spherical gold nanoparticle acting as a nano-antenna. Using scanning probe technology, we position the particle in front of the molecule with nanometer accuracy and measure a strong enhancement of more than 20 times in the fluorescence intensity simultaneous to a 20-fold shortening of the excited state lifetime. Direct comparison with three-dimensional calculations allow us to decipher the contributions of the excitation enhancement, spontaneous emission modification, and quenching. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence for the role of the particle plasmon resonance in the modification of the molecular emission.
|
C5900021
|
Petrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi084
|
branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks
|
The Genesis of Intermediate and Silicic Magmas in Deep Crustal Hot Zones
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8879657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Silicic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104962623",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7905694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16919729"
},
{
"display_name": "Partial melting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79572550",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69567937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2054924"
},
{
"display_name": "Basalt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161509811",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6915832,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43338"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68164915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Igneous rock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42787717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6704397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42045"
},
{
"display_name": "Sill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40201923",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6605114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830230"
},
{
"display_name": "Crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54476166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232578"
},
{
"display_name": "Magmatism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162973429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49854493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1467769"
},
{
"display_name": "Magma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183222429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4978311,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42278"
},
{
"display_name": "Flood basalt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6787264",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4655918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13410264"
},
{
"display_name": "Fractional crystallization (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11872896",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43111658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577904"
},
{
"display_name": "Mantle (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67236022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4218886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4364434"
},
{
"display_name": "Felsic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193429443",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4168502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847257"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41087288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
}
] |
A model for the generation of intermediate and silicic igneous rocks is presented, based on experimental data and numerical modelling. The model is directed at subduction-related magmatism, but has general applicability to magmas generated in other plate tectonic settings, including continental rift zones. In the model mantle-derived hydrous basalts emplaced as a succession of sills into the lower crust generate a deep crustal hot zone. Numerical modelling of the hot zone shows that melts are generated from two distinct sources; partial crystallization of basalt sills to produce residual H2O-rich melts; and partial melting of pre-existing crustal rocks. Incubation times between the injection of the first sill and generation of residual melts from basalt crystallization are controlled by the initial geotherm, the magma input rate and the emplacement depth. After this incubation period, the melt fraction and composition of residual melts are controlled by the temperature of the crust into which the basalt is intruded. Heat and H2O transfer from the crystallizing basalt promote partial melting of the surrounding crust, which can include meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous basement rocks and earlier basalt intrusions. Mixing of residual and crustal partial melts leads to diversity in isotope and trace element chemistry. Hot zone melts are H2O-rich. Consequently, they have low viscosity and density, and can readily detach from their source and ascend rapidly. In the case of adiabatic ascent the magma attains a super-liquidus state, because of the relative slopes of the adiabat and the liquidus. This leads to resorption of any entrained crystals or country rock xenoliths. Crystallization begins only when the ascending magma intersects its H2O-saturated liquidus at shallow depths. Decompression and degassing are the driving forces behind crystallization, which takes place at shallow depth on timescales of decades or less. Degassing and crystallization at shallow depth lead to large increases in viscosity and stalling of the magma to form volcano-feeding magma chambers and shallow plutons. It is proposed that chemical diversity in arc magmas is largely acquired in the lower crust, whereas textural diversity is related to shallow-level crystallization.
|
C5900021
|
Petrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90295-u
|
branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks
|
Delamination and delamination magmatism
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.855245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16942324",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8447698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83296"
},
{
"display_name": "Asthenosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13495919",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.80225325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166257"
},
{
"display_name": "Magmatism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162973429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.80196345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1467769"
},
{
"display_name": "Delamination (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30239060",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7647815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5253111"
},
{
"display_name": "Mantle (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67236022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74173284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4364434"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46724987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
},
{
"display_name": "Crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46162704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232578"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39881957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
}
] |
Lithospheric delamination is the foundering of dense lithosphere into less dense asthenosphere. The causes for this density inversion are thermal, compositional, and due to phase changes. For delamination to occur in the specific, and probably common, case where lithospheric mantle is intrinsically less dense than underlying asthenosphere due to compositional differences, a critical amount of shortening is required for the densifying effect of cooler temperature to counterbalance the effect of composition. Crustal thickening that results from shortening may result in a crustal root that, due to phase changes, becomes denser than the underlying mantle lithosphere and should delaminate with it: most of the negative buoyancy resides at the top of the mantle and the bottom of the crust. In most cases composition is not known well enough to calculate the driving energy of delamination from densities of equilibrium mineral assemblages in a lithospheric column. Poorly known kinetics of phase changes contribute additional uncertainties. In all cases however, the effects of delamination under a region are readily recognizable: rapid uplift and stress change, and profound changes in crustal and mantle-derived magmatism (a reflection of changes in thermal and compositional structure). Characteristics of delamination magmatism are exhibited in the Southern Puna Plateau, central Andes. The consequences of delamination for theories of crustal and mantle evolution remain speculative, but could be important. Recognition of delamination-related magmas in older (including Archean) orogens may be the best way to recognize past delamination events, because the magmas are among the most indelible and least ambiguous of delamination indicators.
|
C5900021
|
Petrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/37.6.1491
|
branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks
|
Na-rich Partial Melts from Newly Underplated Basaltic Crust: the Cordillera Blanca Batholith, Peru
|
[
{
"display_name": "Batholith",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172660882",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9142008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810808"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88929105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Partial melting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79572550",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.694895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2054924"
},
{
"display_name": "Crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68787986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232578"
},
{
"display_name": "Subduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58097730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6827223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318"
},
{
"display_name": "Adakite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154489570",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.63828766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347060"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6277306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanic crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154200439",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.61190206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238851"
},
{
"display_name": "Underplating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118270999",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.57795113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17102921"
},
{
"display_name": "Continental crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141646446",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5552652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858571"
},
{
"display_name": "Basalt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161509811",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45578757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43338"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4218074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
}
] |
The late Miocene Cordillera Blanca Batholith lies directly over thick (50 km) crust, inboard of the older Cretaceous Coastal Batholith. Its peraluminous ‘S’ type mineralogy and its position suggest recycling of continental crust, which is commonly thought to be an increasingly important component in magmas inboard of continental margins. However, the peraluminous, apparent ‘S’ type character of the batholith is an artefact of deformation and uplift along a major crustal lineament. The batholith is a metaluminous ‘I’ type and the dominant high-silica rocks (>70%) are Na rich with many of the characteristics of subducted oceanic slab melts. However, the position of the batholith and age of the oceanic crust at the trench during the Miocene preclude slab melting. Instead, partial melting of newly underplated Miocene crust is proposed. In this dynamic model newly underplated basaltic material is melted to produce high-Na, low HREE, high-Al ‘trondhjemitic’ type melts with residues of garnet, clinopyroxene and amphibole. Such Na-rich magmas are characteristic of thick Andean crust; they are significantly different from typical cole-alkaline, tonalite-grano-diorite magmas, and their presence along the spine of the Andes provokes questions about models of trondhjemite genesis by melting of subducted oceanic crust, as well as any generalized, circum-Pacific model involving consistent isotopic or chemical changes inboard from the trench.
|
C5900021
|
Petrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002tc001406
|
branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks
|
Exhumation of high‐pressure metamorphic rocks in a subduction channel: A numerical simulation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9175142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Subduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58097730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8372816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318"
},
{
"display_name": "Mantle wedge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73462661",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.69870603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527560"
},
{
"display_name": "Metamorphic rock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26687426",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67836857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47069"
},
{
"display_name": "Mantle (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67236022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64178,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4364434"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4727353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46327683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
},
{
"display_name": "Eclogitization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164485859",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.41677788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333061"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3180436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
}
] |
High‐pressure metamorphic rocks provide evidence that in subduction zones material can return from depths of more than 100 km to the surface. The pressure‐temperature paths recorded by these rocks are variable, mostly revealing cooling during decompression, while the time constraints are generally narrow and indicate that the exhumation rates can be on the order of plate velocities. As such, subduction cannot be considered as a single pass process; instead, return flow of a considerable portion of crustal and upper mantle material must be accounted for. Our numerical simulations provide insight into the self‐organizing large‐scale flow patterns and temperature field of subduction zones, primarily controlled by rheology, phase transformations, fluid budget, and heat transfer, which are all interrelated. They show the development of a subduction channel with forced return flow of low‐viscosity material and progressive widening by hydration of the mantle wedge. The large‐scale structures and the array of pressure‐temperature paths obtained by these simulations favorably compare to the record of natural rocks and the structure of high‐pressure metamorphic areas.
|
C5900021
|
Petrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.9.1577
|
branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks
|
Peridotites from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Forearc (ODP Leg 125): Evidence for Mantle Melting and Melt-Mantle Interaction in a Supra-Subduction Zone Setting
|
[
{
"display_name": "Forearc",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94436079",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.96841,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630967"
},
{
"display_name": "Subduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58097730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8544679,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.83386266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Mantle (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67236022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81646335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4364434"
},
{
"display_name": "Mantle wedge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73462661",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5195232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527560"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4405922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Partial melting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79572550",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4119885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2054924"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40704864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39954644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
}
] |
quartz) -1•1 (log units) and FMQ + 0•4 which ODP Leg 125; Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc overlap those of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) peridotites.Dunites from Conical Seamount contain small amounts of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and amphibole and are light REE (LREE) enriched.Moreover, they are considerably more oxidized than the harzburgites
|
C5900021
|
Petrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1975.tb06195.x
|
branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks
|
Generation of Pseudotachylyte by Ancient Seismic Faulting
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8505105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Slip (aerodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195268267",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51423424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928883"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5034763,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49814653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Shear (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96035792",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48790523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43606218"
},
{
"display_name": "Brittleness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136478896",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4800621,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898288"
}
] |
Pseudotachylyte occurs as vein material infilling highly brittle shear and extensional fractures developed along the western margin of the late Caledonian, Outer Hebrides Thrust zone in NW Scotland. Vein geometries and textures show clearly that the pseudotachylyte has been through a melt phase. From the composition of the pseudotachylyte matrix which is close to that of a basaltic andesite, probable melt temperatures of around 1100°C are inferred. Field and theoretical studies demonstrate that the pseudotachylyte was generated by relatively high stress seismic faulting in crystalline sialic crust devoid of an intergranular fluid, most probably at the time of thrust inception and at a depth of around 4–5 km. A study of pseudotachylyte-bearing 'single-jerk' microfaults shows that the slip (d) is related to the thickness of the pseudotachylyte layer (a) by the equation, where d and a are measured in centimetres. Work-energy calculations based on this empirical relationship suggest that the pre-failure shear stress on the microfaults must have been as high as 1·6 kbar to overcome the initial frictional resistance (τf), which decreases with increasing slip during a single movement according to the relationship, which may arise solely from the viscous shear resistance of the melt layer.
|
C5900021
|
Petrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<0004:apaomo>2.0.co;2
|
branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks
|
Are plutons assembled over millions of years by amalgamation from small magma chambers?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Pluton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34122518",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9736439,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513110"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81267273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Magma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183222429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.74315053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42278"
},
{
"display_name": "Magma chamber",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9566828",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6758471,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488634"
},
{
"display_name": "Caldera",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49708893",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5995229,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159954"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58717537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Volcano",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120806208",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52408427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8072"
},
{
"display_name": "Igneous differentiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167236342",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48535267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498203"
},
{
"display_name": "Dike",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83893233",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4813643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q662806"
},
{
"display_name": "Silicic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104962623",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47286296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16919729"
},
{
"display_name": "Diapir",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199007388",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45136547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q943898"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4211582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3612345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32101294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
}
] |
Field and geochronologic evidence indicate that large and broadly homogeneous plutons can accumulate incrementally over millions of years.This contradicts the common assumption that plutons form from large, mobile bodies of magma.Incremental assembly is consistent with seismic results from active volcanic areas which rarely locate masses that contain more than 10% melt.At such a low melt fraction, a material is incapable of bulk flow as a liquid and perhaps should not even be termed magma.Volumes with higher melt fractions may be present in these areas if they are small, and this is consistent with geologic evidence for plutons growing in small increments.The large melt volumes required for eruption of large ignimbrites are rare and ephemeral, and links between these and emplacement of most plutons are open to doubt.We suggest that plutons may commonly form incrementally without ever existing as a large magma body.If so, then many widely accepted magma ascent and emplacement processes (e.g., diapirism and stoping) may be uncommon in nature, and many aspects of the petrochemical evolution of magmatic systems (e.g., in situ crystal fractionation and magma mixing) need to be reconsidered.
|
C5900021
|
Petrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002809
|
branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks
|
Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9061884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7188693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232578"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreland basin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193748577",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7057797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1978695"
},
{
"display_name": "Denudation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87432785",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6641977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745430"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16942324",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63505757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83296"
},
{
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6293707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343"
},
{
"display_name": "Main Central Thrust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777950383",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6205208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19840389"
},
{
"display_name": "Shear zone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23295444",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4962893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1578160"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46431375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
},
{
"display_name": "Gneiss",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171701179",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44492605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166409"
},
{
"display_name": "Mountain formation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99092211",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42429364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6925465"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39129373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Geomorphology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114793014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36551574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32394856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
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] |
Plane strain, thermal‐mechanical numerical models are used to examine the development of midcrustal channel flows in large hot orogens. In the models, radioactive self‐heating reduces the viscosity of tectonically thickened crust and increases its susceptibility to large‐scale horizontal flow. Channels can be exhumed and exposed by denudation focused on the high‐relief transition between plateau and foreland. We interpret the Himalaya to have evolved in this manner. Channel flows are poorly developed if the channel has a ductile rheology based on wet quartz flow laws, and well developed if there is an additional reduction in viscosity to 10 19 Pa s. This reduction occurs from 700°C to 750°C in the models and is attributed to a small percentage of in situ partial melt (“melt weakening”). Model HT1 provides an internally consistent explanation for the tectonic evolution of many features of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogenic system. Erosional exhumation exposes the migmatitic channel, equivalent to the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), between coeval normal and thrust sense ductile shear zones, corresponding to the South Tibetan Detachment and the Main Central Thrust systems. Outward flow of unstable upper crust rotates these shears to low dip angles. In the model both the GHS and the Lesser Himalayan Sequence are derived from Indian crust, with the latter from much farther south. Similar models exhibit a range of tectonic styles, including the formation of domes resembling north Himalayan gneiss domes. Model results are relatively insensitive to channel heterogeneities and to variations in the behavior of the mantle lithosphere beneath the model plateau.
|
C165556158
|
Keynesian economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/1912017
|
group of macroeconomic theories
|
Macroeconomics and Reality
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6446431,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5173513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38240314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680"
}
] |
Existing strategies for econometric analysis related to macroeconomics are subject to a number of serious objections, some recently formulated, some old. These objections are summarized in this paper, and it is argued that taken together they make it unlikely that macroeconomic models are in fact over identified, as the existing statistical theory usually assumes. The implications of this conclusion are explored, and an example of econometric work in a non-standard style, taking account of the objections to the standard style, is presented. THE STUDY OF THE BUSINESS cycle, fluctuations in aggregate measures of economic activity and prices over periods from one to ten years or so, constitutes or motivates a large part of what we call macroeconomics. Most economists would agree that there are many macroeconomic variables whose cyclical fluctuations are of interest, and would agree further that fluctuations in these series are interrelated. It would seem to follow almost tautologically that statistical models involving large numbers of macroeconomic variables ought to be the arena within which macroeconomic theories confront reality and thereby each other. Instead, though large-scale statistical macroeconomic models exist and are by some criteria successful, a deep vein of skepticism about the value of these models runs through that part of the economics profession not actively engaged in constructing or using them. It is still rare for empirical research in macroeconomics to be planned and executed within the framework of one of the large models. In this lecture I intend to discuss some aspects of this situation, attempting both to offer some explanations and to suggest some means for improvement. I will argue that the style in which their builders construct claims for a connection between these models and reality-the style in which is achieved for these models-is inappropriate, to the point at which claims for identification in these models cannot be taken seriously. This is a venerable assertion; and there are some good old reasons for believing it;2 but there are also some reasons which have been more recently put forth. After developing the conclusion that the identification claimed for existing large-scale models is incredible, I will discuss what ought to be done in consequence. The line of argument is: large-scale models do perform useful forecasting and policy-analysis functions despite their incredible identification; the restrictions imposed in the usual style of identification are neither essential to constructing a model which can perform these functions nor innocuous; an alternative style of identification is available and practical. Finally we will look at some empirical work based on an alternative style of macroeconometrics. A six-variable dynamic system is estimated without using 1 Research for this paper was supported by NSF Grant Soc-76-02482. Lars Hansen executed the computations. The paper has benefited from comments by many people, especially Thomas J. Sargent
|
C165556158
|
Keynesian economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.4.1661
|
group of macroeconomic theories
|
The Science of Monetary Policy: A New Keynesian Perspective
|
[
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81834364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7743678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Imperfect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780310539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7084125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70823187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508"
},
{
"display_name": "New Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10688316",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65041476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936174"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation targeting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185824701",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61945826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193759"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6079214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281"
},
{
"display_name": "Baseline (sea)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12725497",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50822496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247"
},
{
"display_name": "Contrast (vision)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776502983",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4753706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182"
},
{
"display_name": "Perfect information",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123676819",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47179717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074338"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45000485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4434811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41185614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4012428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680"
}
] |
The paper reviews the recent literature on monetary policy rules. We exposit the monetary policy design problem within a simple baseline theoretical framework. We then consider the implications of adding various real world complications. Among other things, we show that the optimal policy implicitly incorporates inflation targeting. We also characterize the gains from making a credible commitment to fight inflation. In contrast to conventional wisdom, we show that gains from commitment may emerge even if the central bank is not trying to inadvisedly push output above its natural level. We also consider the implications of frictions such as imperfect information.
|
C165556158
|
Keynesian economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554692
|
group of macroeconomic theories
|
Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability: Evidence and Some Theory*
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.85536575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76071435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7299721,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62273675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
},
{
"display_name": "Taylor rule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778222704",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.572572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898150"
},
{
"display_name": "Output gap",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779513878",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51378757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631916"
},
{
"display_name": "Interest rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175025494",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4877892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179179"
},
{
"display_name": "Point (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28719098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46998608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46390316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Stability (learning theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112972136",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45790362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718"
},
{
"display_name": "Function (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14036430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.444626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37674606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680"
}
] |
We estimate a forward-looking monetary policy reaction function for the postwar United States economy, before and after Volcker's appointment as Fed Chairman in 1979. Our results point to substantial differences in the estimated rule across periods. In particular, interest rate policy in the Volcker-Greenspan period appears to have been much more sensitive to changes in expected inflation than in the pre-Volcker period. We then compare some of the implications of the estimated rules for the equilibrium properties of inflation and output, using a simple macroeconomic model, and show that the Volcker-Greenspan rule is stabilizing.
|
C165556158
|
Keynesian economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3932(99)00023-9
|
group of macroeconomic theories
|
Inflation dynamics: A structural econometric analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Phillips curve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778774626",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.904547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220841"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8485875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80005825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508"
},
{
"display_name": "New Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10688316",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79859465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936174"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62797016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Marginal cost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66887028",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6178842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382444"
},
{
"display_name": "Output gap",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779513878",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61443263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631916"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5260984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometric model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180075932",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50380677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333342"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3957767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
}
] |
We develop and estimate a structural model of inflation that allows for a fraction of firms that use a backward-looking rule to set prices. The model nests the purely forward-looking New Keynesian Phillips curve as a particular case. We use measures of marginal cost as the relevant determinant of inflation, as the theory suggests, instead of an ad hoc output gap. Real marginal costs are a significant and quantitatively important determinant of inflation. Backward-looking price setting, while statistically significant, is not quantitatively important. Thus, we conclude that the New Keynesian Phillips curve provides a good first approximation to the dynamics of inflation.
|
C165556158
|
Keynesian economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(98)00016-6
|
group of macroeconomic theories
|
Monetary policy rules in practice
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7832947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6906746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43946612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38057032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37097508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680"
}
] |
Abstract This paper reports estimates of monetary policy reaction functions for two sets of countries: the G3 (Germany, Japan, and the US) and the E3 (UK, France, and Italy). We find that since 1979 each of the G3 central banks has pursued an implicit form of inflation targeting, which may account for the broad success of monetary policy in those countries over this time period. The evidence also suggests that these central banks have been forward looking: they respond to anticipated inflation as opposed to lagged inflation. As for the E3, even prior to the emergence of the `hard ERM', the E3 central banks were heavily influenced by German monetary policy. Further, using the Bundesbank's policy rule as a benchmark, we find that at the time of the EMS collapse, interest rates in each of the E3 countries were much higher than domestic macroeconomic conditions warranted. Taken all together, the results lend support to the view that some form of inflation targeting may be superior to fixing exchange rates, as a means to gain a nominal anchor for monetary policy.
|
C165556158
|
Keynesian economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302320935034
|
group of macroeconomic theories
|
Sticky Information versus Sticky Prices: A Proposal to Replace the New Keynesian Phillips Curve
|
[
{
"display_name": "New Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10688316",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64318573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936174"
},
{
"display_name": "Phillips curve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778774626",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5847985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220841"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4957734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45713884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
}
] |
Journal Article Sticky Information versus Sticky Prices: A Proposal to Replace the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Get access N. Gregory Mankiw, N. Gregory Mankiw Department of Economics, Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ricardo Reis Ricardo Reis Department of Economics, Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 117, Issue 4, November 2002, Pages 1295–1328, https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302320935034 Published: 01 November 2002
|
C165556158
|
Keynesian economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.573
|
group of macroeconomic theories
|
Growth in a Time of Debt
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7988857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120527767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5569482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4624676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44274616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33641982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680"
}
] |
We study economic growth and inflation at different levels of government and external debt. Our analysis is based on new data on forty-four countries spanning about two hundred years. The dataset incorporates over 3,700 annual observations covering a wide range of political systems, institutions, exchange rate arrangements, and historic circumstances. Our main findings are: First, the relationship between government debt and real GDP growth is weak for debt/GDP ratios below a threshold of 90 percent of GDP. Above 90 percent, median growth rates fall by one percent, and average growth falls considerably more. We find that the threshold for public debt is similar in advanced and emerging economies. Second, emerging markets face lower thresholds for external debt (public and private)--which is usually denominated in a foreign currency. When external debt reaches 60 percent of GDP, annual growth declines by about two percent; for higher levels, growth rates are roughly cut in half. Third, there is no apparent contemporaneous link between inflation and public debt levels for the advanced countries as a group (some countries, such as the United States, have experienced higher inflation when debt/GDP is high.) The story is entirely different for emerging markets, where inflation rises sharply as debt increases.
|
C165556158
|
Keynesian economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/261997
|
group of macroeconomic theories
|
Exchange Rate Dynamics Redux
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8925739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Monopolistic competition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80799131",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8149263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379579"
},
{
"display_name": "Exchange rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776988154",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63218904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100"
},
{
"display_name": "New Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10688316",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6123624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936174"
},
{
"display_name": "Redux",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777087702",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6037053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7306421"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomic model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55986821",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49216145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188791"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44309536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43932188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43603262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4355505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
},
{
"display_name": "Welfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42458603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35862547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
}
] |
We develop an analytically tractable two-country model that marries a full account of global macroeconomic dynamics to a supply framework based on monopolistic competition and sticky nominal prices. The model offers simple and intuitive predictions about exchange rates and current accounts that sometimes differ sharply from those of either modern flexible-price intertemporal models or traditional sticky-price Keynesian models. Our analysis leads to a novel perspective on the international welfare spillovers due to monetary and fiscal policies.
|
C186060115
|
Biological system
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/29.9.e45
|
complex network of biologically relevant entities on the macro to the nanoscopic scale
|
A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.80718815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time polymerase chain reaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48023723",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7580071,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61943686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymerase chain reaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49105822",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5552146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996"
},
{
"display_name": "Complementary DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187882448",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5131005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283478"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4801135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093"
},
{
"display_name": "Melting curve analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84133368",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47188413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6813768"
},
{
"display_name": "Reproducibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9893847",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4693034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625"
},
{
"display_name": "Sample (material)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46757275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146"
},
{
"display_name": "Nucleic acid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24107716",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44912058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123619"
},
{
"display_name": "Digital polymerase chain reaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48126324",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44593477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276136"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene expression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150194340",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43766367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43385148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33810383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162"
}
] |
Use of the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify cDNA products reverse transcribed from mRNA is on the way to becoming a routine tool in molecular biology to study low abundance gene expression. Real-time PCR is easy to perform, provides the necessary accuracy and produces reliable as well as rapid quantification results. But accurate quantification of nucleic acids requires a reproducible methodology and an adequate mathematical model for data analysis. This study enters into the particular topics of the relative quantification in real-time RT–PCR of a target gene transcript in comparison to a reference gene transcript. Therefore, a new mathematical model is presented. The relative expression ratio is calculated only from the real-time PCR efficiencies and the crossing point deviation of an unknown sample versus a control. This model needs no calibration curve. Control levels were included in the model to standardise each reaction run with respect to RNA integrity, sample loading and inter-PCR variations. High accuracy and reproducibility (<2.5% variation) were reached in LightCycler PCR using the established mathematical model.
|
C186060115
|
Biological system
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.10.3088
|
complex network of biologically relevant entities on the macro to the nanoscopic scale
|
Neurons with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two-state neurons.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sigmoid function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81388566",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.73317003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6238055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56207883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54443145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.54382324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Function (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14036430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52137786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076"
},
{
"display_name": "Collective behavior",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100339178",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5164147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2548752"
},
{
"display_name": "Credence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779513410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46977016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351567"
},
{
"display_name": "Connection (principal bundle)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13355873",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44109362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37742147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
}
] |
A model for a large network of "neurons" with a graded response (or sigmoid input-output relation) is studied. This deterministic system has collective properties in very close correspondence with the earlier stochastic model based on McCulloch - Pitts neurons. The content- addressable memory and other emergent collective properties of the original model also are present in the graded response model. The idea that such collective properties are used in biological systems is given added credence by the continued presence of such properties for more nearly biological "neurons." Collective analog electrical circuits of the kind described will certainly function. The collective states of the two models have a simple correspondence. The original model will continue to be useful for simulations, because its connection to graded response systems is established. Equations that include the effect of action potentials in the graded response system are also developed.
|
C186060115
|
Biological system
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.202427399
|
complex network of biologically relevant entities on the macro to the nanoscopic scale
|
Escaping free-energy minima
|
[
{
"display_name": "Maxima and minima",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186633575",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89345706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060"
},
{
"display_name": "Potential energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84551667",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55587035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155640"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5557797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4816193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093"
},
{
"display_name": "Dissociation (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102931765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.468423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189673"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4107803,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147597530",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36749882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3619852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3347757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
}
] |
We introduce a powerful method for exploring the properties of the multidimensional free energy surfaces (FESs) of complex many-body systems by means of coarse-grained non-Markovian dynamics in the space defined by a few collective coordinates. A characteristic feature of these dynamics is the presence of a history-dependent potential term that, in time, fills the minima in the FES, allowing the efficient exploration and accurate determination of the FES as a function of the collective coordinates. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach in the case of the dissociation of a NaCl molecule in water and in the study of the conformational changes of a dialanine in solution.
|
C186060115
|
Biological system
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560020916
|
complex network of biologically relevant entities on the macro to the nanoscopic scale
|
Verification of protein structures: Patterns of nonbonded atomic interactions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Pairwise comparison",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184898388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76632166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46022162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41321167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093"
},
{
"display_name": "Atom (system on chip)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58312451",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41279182,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817200"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147597530",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32591814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31187758,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Abstract A novel method for differentiating between correctly and incorrectly determined regions of protein structures based on characteristic atomic interactions is described. Different types of atoms are distributed nonrandomly with respect to each other in proteins. Errors in model building lead to more randomized distributions of the different atom types, which can be distinguished from correct distributions by statistical methods. Atoms are classified in one of three categories: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). This leads to six different combinations of pairwise noncovalently bonded interactions (CC, CN, CO, NN, NO, and OO). A quadratic error function is used to characterize the set of pairwise interactions from nine‐residue sliding windows in a database of 96 reliable protein structures. Regions of candidate protein structures that are mistraced or misregistered can then be identified by analysis of the pattern of nonbonded interactions from each window.
|
C186060115
|
Biological system
|
https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1983.1
|
complex network of biologically relevant entities on the macro to the nanoscopic scale
|
Graphical Evaluation of Blood-to-Brain Transfer Constants from Multiple-Time Uptake Data
|
[
{
"display_name": "Plasma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82706917",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5691821,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251"
},
{
"display_name": "Compartment (ship)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203635412",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5470227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007432"
},
{
"display_name": "Graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132525143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5257543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488"
},
{
"display_name": "Kinetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148898269",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51281697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108792"
},
{
"display_name": "Brain tissue",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986936838",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49072897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492038"
},
{
"display_name": "Steady state (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8171440",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47709996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903414"
},
{
"display_name": "Constant (computer programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777027219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4703864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190"
},
{
"display_name": "Time constant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81370116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4648437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335249"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45112106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Sampling (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140779682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4252607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40355468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3432295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32697266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
A theoretical model of blood-brain exchange is developed and a procedure is derived that can be used for graphing multiple-time tissue uptake data and determining whether a unidirectional transfer process was dominant during part or all of the experimental period. If the graph indicates unidirectionality of uptake, then an influx constant (Ki) can be calculated. The model is general, assumes linear transfer kinetics, and consists of a blood-plasma compartment, a reversible tissue region with an arbitrary number of compartments, and one or more irreversible tissue regions. The solution of the equations for this model shows that a graph of the ratio of the total tissue solute concentration at the times of sampling to the plasma concentration at the respective times (Cp) versus the ratio of the arterial plasma concentration-time integral to Cp should be drawn. If the data are consistent with this model, then this graph will yield a curve that eventually becomes linear, with a slope of Ki and an ordinate intercept less than or equal to the vascular plus steady-state space of the reversible tissue region.
|
C186060115
|
Biological system
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.1.31
|
complex network of biologically relevant entities on the macro to the nanoscopic scale
|
Model-based analysis of oligonucleotide arrays: Expression index computation and outlier detection
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oligonucleotide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129312508",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6642239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133686"
},
{
"display_name": "Outlier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79337645",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64024097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58386135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "DNA microarray",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95371953",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.51387405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591745"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51180285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50879484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4296869,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38828817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Pattern recognition (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153180895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3381341,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3184415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187"
}
] |
Recent advances in cDNA and oligonucleotide DNA arrays have made it possible to measure the abundance of mRNA transcripts for many genes simultaneously. The analysis of such experiments is nontrivial because of large data size and many levels of variation introduced at different stages of the experiments. The analysis is further complicated by the large differences that may exist among different probes used to interrogate the same gene. However, an attractive feature of high-density oligonucleotide arrays such as those produced by photolithography and inkjet technology is the standardization of chip manufacturing and hybridization process. As a result, probe-specific biases, although significant, are highly reproducible and predictable, and their adverse effect can be reduced by proper modeling and analysis methods. Here, we propose a statistical model for the probe-level data, and develop model-based estimates for gene expression indexes. We also present model-based methods for identifying and handling cross-hybridizing probes and contaminating array regions. Applications of these results will be presented elsewhere.
|
C186060115
|
Biological system
|
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.04.463034
|
complex network of biologically relevant entities on the macro to the nanoscopic scale
|
Protein complex prediction with AlphaFold-Multimer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Homomeric",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776104367",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9292222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891451"
},
{
"display_name": "Benchmark (surveying)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185798385",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70455056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6787646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Template",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82714645",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6306387,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438331"
},
{
"display_name": "Linker",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780557392",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5790455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523796"
},
{
"display_name": "Interface (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113843644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.51806927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46214613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093"
},
{
"display_name": "Stoichiometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144082473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44788146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213185"
},
{
"display_name": "Pattern recognition (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153180895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36328924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.357336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32117927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
While the vast majority of well-structured single protein chains can now be predicted to high accuracy due to the recent AlphaFold [1] model, the prediction of multi-chain protein complexes remains a challenge in many cases. In this work, we demonstrate that an AlphaFold model trained specifically for multimeric inputs of known stoichiometry, which we call AlphaFold-Multimer, significantly increases accuracy of predicted multimeric interfaces over input-adapted single-chain AlphaFold while maintaining high intra-chain accuracy. On a benchmark dataset of 17 heterodimer proteins without templates (introduced in [2]) we achieve at least medium accuracy (DockQ [3] ≥ 0.49) on 13 targets and high accuracy (DockQ ≥ 0.8) on 7 targets, compared to 9 targets of at least medium accuracy and 4 of high accuracy for the previous state of the art system (an AlphaFold-based system from [2]). We also predict structures for a large dataset of 4,446 recent protein complexes, from which we score all non-redundant interfaces with low template identity. For heteromeric interfaces we successfully predict the interface (DockQ ≥ 0.23) in 70% of cases, and produce high accuracy predictions (DockQ ≥ 0.8) in 26% of cases, an improvement of +27 and +14 percentage points over the flexible linker modification of AlphaFold [4] respectively. For homomeric inter-faces we successfully predict the interface in 72% of cases, and produce high accuracy predictions in 36% of cases, an improvement of +8 and +7 percentage points respectively.
|
C186060115
|
Biological system
|
https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2008.6.572
|
complex network of biologically relevant entities on the macro to the nanoscopic scale
|
Characterizing dissolved organic matter fluorescence with parallel factor analysis: a tutorial
|
[
{
"display_name": "Dissolved organic carbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36574619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8022487,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449096"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluorescence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91881484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7476469,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151304367",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6969921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910067"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5058453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5038969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48743137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4112321,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783121"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39324963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
},
{
"display_name": "Analytical Chemistry (journal)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113196181",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36422595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223"
}
] |
A sub‐fraction of dissolved organic matter fluoresces when excited with ultraviolet light. This property is used to quantify and characterize changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environments. Detailed mapping of the fluorescence properties of DOM produces excitation emission matrices (EEM), which are well suited to multi‐way data analysis techniques (chemometrics). Techniques such as parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) are increasingly being applied to characterize DOM fluorescence properties. Here, an introduction to the technique and description of the advantages and pitfalls of its application to DOM fluorescence is presented. Additionally a MATLAB based tutorial and toolbox specific to PARAFAC analysis of DOM fluorescence is presented.
|
C118084267
|
Positive economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-3322(00)17011-1
|
branch of economics
|
The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rationalization (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52438962",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.817317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1555139"
},
{
"display_name": "Ambiguity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780522230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.752537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419"
},
{
"display_name": "Normative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44725695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6920415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156"
},
{
"display_name": "Bureaucracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51575053",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67045283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468"
},
{
"display_name": "Organizational field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778804568",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6290955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7102017"
},
{
"display_name": "Rationality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201717286",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5728327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938185"
},
{
"display_name": "Professionalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781334022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.556304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355523"
},
{
"display_name": "Isomorphism (crystallography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203436722",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5352804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902950"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4302327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41617596,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4131964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40093923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Institutional logic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779366050",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30673975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6041206"
}
] |
What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.
|
C118084267
|
Positive economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/1884324
|
branch of economics
|
Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axioms
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ambiguity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780522230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8771272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419"
},
{
"display_name": "Axiom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167729594",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75436914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7139373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144237770",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5089574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4618733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Neoclassical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35686898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571"
}
] |
I. Are there uncertainties that are not risks? 643. — II. Uncertainties that are not risks, 647. — III. Why are some uncertainties not risks? — 656.
|
C118084267
|
Positive economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2586011
|
branch of economics
|
Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Path dependence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779272642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79202676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093521"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70596755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Path dependent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020054081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66722435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093521"
},
{
"display_name": "Scholarship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778061430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6547992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6238698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Historical institutionalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86060140",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5430055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5976203"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51675075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "Path (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777735758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47642383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44532576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4393872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3980488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38971913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Neoclassical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36743987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.319862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
It is increasingly common for social scientists to describe political processes as “path dependent.” The concept, however, is often employed without careful elaboration. This article conceptualizes path dependence as a social process grounded in a dynamic of “increasing returns.” Reviewing recent literature in economics and suggesting extensions to the world of politics, the article demonstrates that increasing returns processes are likely to be prevalent, and that good analytical foundations exist for exploring their causes and consequences. The investigation of increasing returns can provide a more rigorous framework for developing some of the key claims of recent scholarship in historical institutionalism: Specific patterns of timing and sequence matter; a wide range of social outcomes may be possible; large consequences may result from relatively small or contingent events; particular courses of action, once introduced, can be almost impossible to reverse; and consequently, political development is punctuated by critical moments or junctures that shape the basic contours of social life.
|
C118084267
|
Positive economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/0198287976.001.0001
|
branch of economics
|
The Quality of Life
|
[
{
"display_name": "Thriving",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776745293",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9563732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7798302"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5664493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Human life",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019207227",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5306688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10883614"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality of life (healthcare)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779951463",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51256776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788"
},
{
"display_name": "Social life",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992884035",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45845762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551229"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44819537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42162114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4089799,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39340073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39321208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34241456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33702368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33361134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32619032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31284443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30106235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
This volume gathers the thoughts of reputed academics in economics, social policy, philosophy, and the social sciences as they scrutinize contentions regarding quality of life and the way in which it is, it can be, and ought to be measured. Such debates roughly boil down to the merits and shortcomings of measuring the quality of human life in terms of utility, as well as to the advantages and pitfalls of alternatives to the utilitarian approach. Philosophical inquiries concerning what constitutes thriving human life, engage with concrete policy‐making and economic considerations in this work, ... More
|
C118084267
|
Positive economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225
|
branch of economics
|
Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68062652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82358444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693"
},
{
"display_name": "Individual capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63545947",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6253809,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10958910"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6143176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Social reproduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186314094",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5320588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25423384"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5137707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57495647",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44722593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295385"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42552552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Social mobility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37129596",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42423472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194417"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39180946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34703064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33626103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33518785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749"
}
] |
In the 1990s the concept of social capital—defined here as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively—enjoyed a remarkable rise to prominence across all the social science disciplines. The authors trace the evolution of social capital research as it pertains to economic development and identify four distinct approaches the research has taken: communitarian, networks, institutional, and synergy. The evidence suggests that of the four, the synergy view, with its emphasis on incorporating different levels and dimensions of social capital and its recognition of the positive and negative outcomes that social capital can generate, has the greatest empirical support and lends itself best to comprehensive and coherent policy prescriptions. The authors argue that a significant virtue of the idea of and discourse on social capital is that it helps to bridge orthodox divides among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers.
|
C118084267
|
Positive economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.137
|
branch of economics
|
Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms
|
[
{
"display_name": "Collective action",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777932401",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7212877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1471594"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69575846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "Dilemma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778496695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6837553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128"
},
{
"display_name": "Nonmarket forces",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119008658",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67640454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17162779"
},
{
"display_name": "Social dilemma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187206662",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6583903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55607920"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5616241,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5514428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47702217,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Public good",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162222271",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46312886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871"
}
] |
I assume multiple types of players--“rational egoists,” as well as “conditional cooperators” and “willing punishers”--in models of nonmarket behavior. I use an indirect evolutionary approach to explain how multiple types of players could survive and flourish in social dilemma situations. Contextual variables that enhance knowledge about past behavior assist in explaining the origin of collective action. Among the important contextual variables are types of goods, types of groups, and rules that groups use to provide and allocate goods. Finally, I reexamine a series of design principles that were derived earlier from an examination of extensive case materials.
|
C118084267
|
Positive economics
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w0133
|
branch of economics
|
Toward a More General Theory of Regulation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Disenchantment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779582090",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6759804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345803"
},
{
"display_name": "Neoclassical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5926562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571"
},
{
"display_name": "Generalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177148314",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58768153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55035037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5397817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45791972,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44465852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
}
] |
George Stigler's work on the theory of regulation is one of those rare contributions--rare for the rest of us, though not for him--which force a fundamental change in the way important problems are analyzed.Stigler's influence will be clear in this paper.There is perhaps no more telling evidence of this influence than that its basic motivation was my dissatisfaction with some of Stigler's conclusions.(it was a dissatisfaction that Stigler shared, since I can report that we simultaneously reached one of the conclusions elaborated here--that regulatory agencies will not exclusively serve a single economic interest.)My intellectual debt to Stigler is so great that this paper emerges as an extension and generalization of his pioneering work.What Stigler accomplished in his Theory of Economic Regulation was to crystallize a revisionism in the economic analysis of regulation that he had helped launch in his and Claire Friedland's work on electric utilities.1The revisionism had its genesis in a growing disenchantment
|
C118084267
|
Positive economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.2.23
|
branch of economics
|
Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Affect (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776035688",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68577564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5785772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41149536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38564667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
Until recently, economists have been reluctant to rely on culture as a possible determinant of economic phenomena. Much of this reluctance stems from the very notion of culture: it is so broad and the channels through which it can enter the economic discourse so ubiquitous (and vague) that it is difficult to design testable, refutable hypotheses. In recent years, however, better techniques and more data have made it possible to identify systematic differences in people's preferences and beliefs and to relate them to various measures of cultural legacy. These developments suggest an approach to introducing culturally-based explanations into economics that can be tested and may substantially enrich our understanding of economic phenomena. This paper summarizes this approach and its achievements so far, and outlines directions for future research.
|
C107053488
|
Construction engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)lm.1943-5630.0000127
|
professional discipline dealing with the designing, planning, construction and management of infrastructures
|
Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for the AEC Industry
|
[
{
"display_name": "Building information modeling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66862320",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.94826114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842017"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62368023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984708878",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6126166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385378"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60120285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.543006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47612458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47207785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Information model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21338462",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47021154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662581"
},
{
"display_name": "Building design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190831278",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4166986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323611"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32719094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32194823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737"
}
] |
Building information modeling (BIM) is one of the most promising recent developments in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. With BIM technology, an accurate virtual model of a building is digitally constructed. This model, known as a building information model, can be used for planning, design, construction, and operation of the facility. It helps architects, engineers, and constructors visualize what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any potential design, construction, or operational issues. BIM represents a new paradigm within AEC, one that encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project. In this paper, current trends, benefits, possible risks, and future challenges of BIM for the AEC industry are discussed. The findings of this study provide useful information for AEC industry practitioners considering implementing BIM technology in their projects.
|
C107053488
|
Construction engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.006
|
professional discipline dealing with the designing, planning, construction and management of infrastructures
|
3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mortar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130767629",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71223044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7905205"
},
{
"display_name": "Extrusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778958987",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68448275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139143"
},
{
"display_name": "3D printing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524769229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6088496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367"
},
{
"display_name": "Component (thermodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168167062",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49160534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45512247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4470437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44294405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Layer (electronics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779227376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4411524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42631623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Cement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523993062",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42610306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40154067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37097663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36202484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3275286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333"
}
] |
Large-scale additive manufacturing processes for construction utilise computer-controlled placement of extruded cement-based mortar to create physical objects layer-by-layer. Demonstrated applications include component manufacture and placement of in-situ walls for buildings. These applications vary the constraints on design parameters and present different technical issues for the production process. In this paper, published and new work are utilised to explore the relationship between fresh and hardened paste, mortar, and concrete material properties and how they influence the geometry of the created object. Findings are classified by construction application to create a matrix of issues that identifies the spectrum of future research exploration in this emerging field.
|
C107053488
|
Construction engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2016.1209867
|
professional discipline dealing with the designing, planning, construction and management of infrastructures
|
Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing
|
[
{
"display_name": "Globe",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775899829",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7361269,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109007"
},
{
"display_name": "3D printing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524769229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6575582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60794395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Product (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90673727",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5762954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56636757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53802925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984708878",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5371388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385378"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5158133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5028481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4796434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43353313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37015492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31835562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Additive manufacturing is gaining ground in the construction industry. The potential to improve on current construction methods is significant. One of such methods being explored currently, both in academia and in construction practice, is the additive manufacturing of concrete (AMoC). Albeit a steadily growing number of researchers and private enterprises active in this field, AMoC is still in its infancy. Different variants in this family of manufacturing methods are being developed and improved continuously. Fundamental scientific understanding of the relations between design, material, process, and product is being explored. The collective body of work in that area is still very limited. After sketching the potential of AMoC for construction, this paper introduces the variants of AMoC under development around the globe and goes on to describe one of these in detail, the 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) facility of the Eindhoven University of Technology. It is compared to other AMoC methods as well as to 3D printing in general. Subsequently, the paper will address the characteristics of 3DCP product geometry and structure, and discuss issues on parameter relations and experimental research. Finally, it will present the primary obstacles that stand between the potential of 3DCP and large-scale application in practice, and discuss the expected evolution of AMoC in general.
|
C107053488
|
Construction engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24jul060
|
professional discipline dealing with the designing, planning, construction and management of infrastructures
|
Design and Analysis of Various Formwork Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Formwork",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778684775",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9725917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752323"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69287175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6212829,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5882725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.573583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177606310",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5529389,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297"
},
{
"display_name": "Timeline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4438859",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47621736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117"
},
{
"display_name": "Modular design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101468663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47060403,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4614258,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "SAFER",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776654903",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42967334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4215723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
}
] |
Concrete is a fundamental material in the construction industry, with formwork playing a crucial role in shaping and strengthening concrete elements. It also represents a significant cost in building projects. The history of formwork is extensive, and diverse systems have been employed across various projects. When selecting a formwork system, considerations such as safety, cost, structural requirements, construction duration, and environmental impact must be carefully weighed. This project provides a comprehensive review of different formwork systems used in concrete construction, encompassing their materials, flexibility, fabrication methods, application in structures, and environmental implications. The advantages and limitations of these systems are analysed and compared, culminating in practical recommendations. Formwork systems are pivotal in determining the success of construction projects in terms of efficiency, quality, cost-effectiveness, and safety. Recent innovations, particularly modular formwork systems, have revolutionized the construction industry in countries like Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Middle East. These systems have proven to be cost- effective, enhance construction quality, and accelerate project timelines. Their adaptability makes them particularly suitable for mass construction projects in India, where achieving high-quality, rapid construction is crucial. By leveraging modern formwork technologies, construction practices can achieve safer, faster, and more sustainable outcomes, aligning with advancements
|
C107053488
|
Construction engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2017.1326724
|
professional discipline dealing with the designing, planning, construction and management of infrastructures
|
3D printing trends in building and construction industry: a review
|
[
{
"display_name": "3D printing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524769229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79592264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61620015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5879332,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5336987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48921776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Three dimensional printing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983112114",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4404098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41421744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40427315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38991264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3384836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737"
}
] |
Three-dimensional (3D) printing (also known as additive manufacturing) is an advanced manufacturing process that can produce complex shape geometries automatically from a 3D computer-aided design model without any tooling, dies and fixtures. This automated manufacturing process has been applied to many diverse fields of industries today due to significant advantages of creating functional prototypes in reasonable build time with less human intervention and minimum material wastage. However, a more recent application of this technology towards the built environment seems to improve our traditional building strategies while reducing the need for human resources, high capital investments and additional formworks. Research interest in employing 3D printing for building and construction has increased exponentially in the past few years. This paper reviews the latest research trends in the discipline by analysing publications from 1997 to 2016. Some recent developments for 3D concrete printing at the Singapore Centre for 3D Printing are also discussed here. Finally, this paper gives a brief description of future work that can be done to improve both the capability and printing quality of the current systems.
|
C107053488
|
Construction engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.16
|
professional discipline dealing with the designing, planning, construction and management of infrastructures
|
Digital Concrete: Opportunities and Challenges
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fabrication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136525101",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69071823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139"
},
{
"display_name": "Cementitious",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779666059",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6620494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4744457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4187777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4125216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40946823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35265866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737"
}
] |
Digital fabrication has been termed the “third industrial revolution” in recent years, and promises to revolutionize the construction industry with the potential of freeform architecture, less material waste, reduced construction costs, and increased worker safety. Digital fabrication techniques and cementitious materials have only intersected in a significant way within recent years. In this letter, we review the methods of digital fabrication with concrete, including 3D printing, under the encompassing term “digital concrete”, identifying major challenges for concrete technology within this field. We additionally provide an analysis of layered extrusion, the most popular digital fabrication technique in concrete technology, identifying the importance of hydration control in its implementation.
|
C107053488
|
Construction engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100894
|
professional discipline dealing with the designing, planning, construction and management of infrastructures
|
Additive manufacturing in construction: A review on processes, applications, and digital planning methods
|
[
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51517427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5134026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Automation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115901376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51072836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199"
},
{
"display_name": "3D printing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524769229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48709536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43650335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42061377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36627936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36265284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3625517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32125038,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
The application of additive manufacturing (AM) in construction has been increasingly studied in recent years. Large robotic arm- and gantry-systems have been created to print building parts using aggregate-based materials, metals, or polymers. Significant benefits of AM are the automation of the production process, a high degree of design freedom, and the resulting potential for optimization. However, the building components and 3D-printing processes need to be modeled appropriately. In this paper, the current state of AM in construction is reviewed. AM processes and systems as well as their application in research and construction projects are presented. Moreover, digital methods for planning 3D-printed building parts and AM processes are described.
|
C107053488
|
Construction engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1452-3981(23)17049-0
|
professional discipline dealing with the designing, planning, construction and management of infrastructures
|
Corrosion Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Structures – A Review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Durability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104304963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80190235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5316114"
},
{
"display_name": "Corrosion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20625102",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7736696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137056"
},
{
"display_name": "Reinforced concrete",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2988805333",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6814561,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184190"
},
{
"display_name": "Forensic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77595967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5153986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013"
},
{
"display_name": "Reinforcement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67203356",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51490915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50674826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Nondestructive testing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56529433",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4317091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700"
},
{
"display_name": "Corrosion monitoring",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781272187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41277725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5173027"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40209082,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34039593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32720503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32658494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3143964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
}
] |
Reinforced concrete structures have the potential to be very durable and capable of withstanding a variety of adverse environmental conditions. However, failures in the structures do still occur as a result of premature reinforcement corrosion. The maintenance and repair of bridges and buildings for their safety requires effective inspection and monitoring techniques for assessing the reinforcement corrosion. Engineers need better techniques for assessing the condition of the structure when the maintenance or repair is required. These methods need to be able to identify any possible durability problems within structures before they become serious. This paper reviews all the electrochemical and nondestructive techniques from the point of view of corrosion assessment and their applications to bridges, buildings and other civil engineering structures.
|
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