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C106159729
|
Financial economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1996.tb05202.x
|
branch of economics concerned with financial or monetary transactions
|
Multifactor Explanations of Asset Pricing Anomalies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Capital asset pricing model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181236170",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8535715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848354"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.68354326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64742386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
},
{
"display_name": "Earnings growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778392974",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59803873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326945"
},
{
"display_name": "Equity (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58560365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557"
},
{
"display_name": "Earnings",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.553855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940"
},
{
"display_name": "Cash flow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163428354",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53110677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047513"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37880442,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
}
] |
ABSTRACT Previous work shows that average returns on common stocks are related to firm characteristics like size, earnings/price, cash flow/price, book‐to‐market equity, past sales growth, long‐term past return, and short‐term past return. Because these patterns in average returns apparently are not explained by the CAPM, they are called anomalies. We find that, except for the continuation of short‐term returns, the anomalies largely disappear in a three‐factor model. Our results are consistent with rational ICAPM or APT asset pricing, but we also consider irrational pricing and data problems as possible explanations.
|
C106159729
|
Financial economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00077
|
branch of economics concerned with financial or monetary transactions
|
Investor Psychology and Security Market Under‐ and Overreactions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Overconfidence effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51110983",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89542955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16503490"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6268905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Predictability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197640229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6211004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5493467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
},
{
"display_name": "Volatility (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91602232",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49694327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115"
},
{
"display_name": "Stock market",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780299701",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47476625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475000"
},
{
"display_name": "Efficient-market hypothesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29368100",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4614583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724931"
},
{
"display_name": "Stock (firearms)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204036174",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44691333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380"
},
{
"display_name": "Attribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143299363",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4305539,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584"
},
{
"display_name": "Investor profile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48451196",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42621619,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3406874"
},
{
"display_name": "Behavioral economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109574028",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37614635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647525"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36203146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
}
] |
ABSTRACT We propose a theory of securities market under‐ and overreactions based on two well‐known psychological biases: investor overconfidence about the precision of private information; and biased self‐attribution, which causes asymmetric shifts in investors' confidence as a function of their investment outcomes. We show that overconfidence implies negative long‐lag autocorrelations, excess volatility, and, when managerial actions are correlated with stock mispricing, public‐event‐based return predictability. Biased self‐attribution adds positive short‐lag autocorrelations (“momentum”), short‐run earnings “drift,” but negative correlation between future returns and long‐term past stock market and accounting performance. The theory also offers several untested implications and implications for corporate financial policy.
|
C106159729
|
Financial economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/374184
|
branch of economics concerned with financial or monetary transactions
|
Liquidity Risk and Expected Stock Returns
|
[
{
"display_name": "Market liquidity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183582576",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8237126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184783"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital asset pricing model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181236170",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65785015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848354"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.61322725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Stock (firearms)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204036174",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5746111,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380"
},
{
"display_name": "Liquidity risk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189259953",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.539649,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1042259"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5304206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Liquidity crisis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176923680",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4752985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3002739"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45447382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
},
{
"display_name": "Expected return",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154611145",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44175604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4331879"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42661667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting liquidity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204468989",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42375398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1827667"
}
] |
This study investigates whether marketwide liquidity is a state variable important for asset pricing. We find that expected stock returns are related cross‐sectionally to the sensitivities of returns to fluctuations in aggregate liquidity. Our monthly liquidity measure, an average of individual‐stock measures estimated with daily data, relies on the principle that order flow induces greater return reversals when liquidity is lower. From 1966 through 1999, the average return on stocks with high sensitivities to liquidity exceeds that for stocks with low sensitivities by 7.5 percent annually, adjusted for exposures to the market return as well as size, value, and momentum factors. Furthermore, a liquidity risk factor accounts for half of the profits to a momentum strategy over the same 34‐year period.
|
C106159729
|
Financial economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00885.x
|
branch of economics concerned with financial or monetary transactions
|
Investor Sentiment and the Cross‐Section of Stock Returns
|
[
{
"display_name": "Stock (firearms)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204036174",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7155824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380"
},
{
"display_name": "Volatility (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91602232",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56876343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115"
},
{
"display_name": "Arbitrage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160623529",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53228575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273088"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5096731,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47481835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
},
{
"display_name": "Growth stock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143591128",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.45631063,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1746791"
},
{
"display_name": "Dividend",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116168712",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42748684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181201"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41705424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3618762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33807713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
}
] |
ABSTRACT We study how investor sentiment affects the cross-section of stock returns. We predict that a wave of investor sentiment has larger effects on securities whose valuations are highly subjective and difficult to arbitrage. Consistent with this prediction, we find that when beginning-of-period proxies for sentiment are low, subsequent returns are relatively high for small stocks, young stocks, high volatility stocks, unprofitable stocks, non-dividend-paying stocks, extreme growth stocks, and distressed stocks. When sentiment is high, on the other hand, these categories of stock earn relatively low subsequent returns.
|
C148383697
|
Regional science
|
https://doi.org/10.1787/533411815016
|
science
|
Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators
|
[
{
"display_name": "European commission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020782553",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7859107,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8880"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73096275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62287384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Commission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5717313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5332997,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Regional science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5198132,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
},
{
"display_name": "Unit (ring theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122637931",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49170023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084"
},
{
"display_name": "Globalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2119116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47453535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181"
},
{
"display_name": "Performance indicator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135510737",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4157513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4096896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36273086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3404989,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3312919,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3166346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458"
}
] |
This Handbook aims to provide a guide for constructing and using composite indicators for policy makers, academics, the media and other interested parties. While there are several types of composite indicators, this Handbook is concerned with those which compare and rank country performance in areas such as industrial competitiveness, sustainable development, globalisation and innovation. The Handbook aims to contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of composite indicators and to an improvement of the techniques currently used to build them. In particular, it contains a set of technical guidelines that can help constructors of composite indicators to improve the quality of their outputs. It has been prepared jointly by the OECD (the Statistics Directorate and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry) and the Applied Statistics and Econometrics Unit of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Ispra, Italy. Primary authors from the JRC are Michela Nardo, Michaela Saisana, Andrea Saltelli and Stefano Tarantola. Primary authors from the OECD are Anders Hoffmann and Enrico Giovannini. Editorial assistance was provided by Candice Stevens, Gunseli Baygan and Karsten Olsen. The research is partly funded by the European Commission, Research Directorate, under the project KEI (Knowledge Economy Indicators), Contract FP6 No. 502529. In the OECD context, the work has benefitted from a grant from the Danish government. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be regarded as stating an official position of either the European Commission or the OECD.
|
C148383697
|
Regional science
|
https://doi.org/10.5751/es-01759-110208
|
science
|
Scale and Cross-Scale Dynamics: Governance and Information in a Multilevel World
|
[
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6910319,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55004215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Multilevel model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53059260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44453603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758"
},
{
"display_name": "Regional science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4270707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4020977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38231036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36348623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33316138,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32633537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
}
] |
Cash, D. W., W. Adger, F. Berkes, P. Garden, L. Lebel, P. Olsson, L. Pritchard, and O. Young. 2006. Scale and cross-scale dynamics: governance and information in a multilevel world. Ecology and Society 11(2): 8. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01759-110208
|
C148383697
|
Regional science
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbl012
|
science
|
Path dependence and regional economic evolution
|
[
{
"display_name": "Path dependence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779272642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4428699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093521"
},
{
"display_name": "Path (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777735758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43988317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42685533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Regional science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40298465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33534366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32368255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3125495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
Journal Article Path dependence and regional economic evolution Get access Ron Martin, Ron Martin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Peter Sunley Peter Sunley Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Economic Geography, Volume 6, Issue 4, August 2006, Pages 395–437, https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbl012 Published: 05 July 2006 Article history Received: 10 February 2006 Accepted: 08 June 2006 Published: 05 July 2006
|
C148383697
|
Regional science
|
https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2005.12.9
|
science
|
World Urbanization Prospects
|
[
{
"display_name": "Urbanization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39853841",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9120492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078"
},
{
"display_name": "Projection (relational algebra)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57493831",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5782693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5024209,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4959117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Regional science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46349168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38447624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31321666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
}
] |
This paper proposes to critically examine the United Nations projections on urbanisation. Both the estimates of current trends based on national data and the method of projection are evaluated. The theory of mobility transition is used as an alternativ
|
C148383697
|
Regional science
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407994102
|
science
|
The worldwide air transportation network: Anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities' global roles
|
[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C137753397",
"level": 3,
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
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] |
We analyze the global structure of the world-wide air transportation network, a critical infrastructure with an enormous impact on local, national, and international economies. We find that the world-wide air transportation network is a scale-free small-world network. In contrast to the prediction of scale-free network models, however, we find that the most connected cities are not necessarily the most central, resulting in anomalous values of the centrality. We demonstrate that these anomalies arise because of the multi-community structure of the network. We identify the communities in the air transportation network and show that the community structure cannot be explained solely based on geographical constraints, and that geo-political considerations have to be taken into account. We identify each city's global role based on its pattern of inter- and intra-community connections, which enables us to obtain scale-specific representations of the network.
|
C148383697
|
Regional science
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/36.2.165
|
science
|
The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators
|
[
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"display_name": "Creative city",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780154990",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6183785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5183566"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.55019367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49333778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "Creative Cities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775974730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43103448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5183497"
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{
"display_name": "Regional science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41043273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38325801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31379008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
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] |
By Landry, C., Comedia and Earthscan Publications, London, 2000, 300 pp, £17.95 pbk. ISBN 185383 613 3.
|
C148383697
|
Regional science
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00142.x
|
science
|
‘Globalizing’ regional development: a global production networks perspective
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68159264,
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},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66705024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
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{
"display_name": "Commodity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779439359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58544695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317088"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46230686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
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{
"display_name": "Globalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2119116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45352325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181"
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{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4492126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
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{
"display_name": "Commodity chain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776929884",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4401393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414037"
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{
"display_name": "Regional science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42237902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
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{
"display_name": "Global value chain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778764706",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42101356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154120"
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{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42036372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281"
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{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4185906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4142089,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
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{
"display_name": "Global network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123138037",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4100896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5570871"
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{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.374784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
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] |
Recent literature concerning regional development has placed significant emphasis on local institutional structures and their capacity to ‘hold down’ the global. Conversely, work on inter‐firm networks – such as the global commodity chain approach – has highlighted the significance of the organizational structures of global firms’ production systems and their relation to industrial upgrading. In this paper, drawing upon a global production networks perspective, we conceptualize the connections between ‘globalizing’ processes, as embodied in the production networks of transnational corporations, and regional development in specific territorial formations. We delimit the ‘strategic coupling’ of the global production networks of firms and regional economies which ultimately drives regional development through the processes of value creation, enhancement and capture. In doing so, we stress the multi‐scalarity of the forces and processes underlying regional development, and thus do not privilege one particular geographical scale. By way of illustration, we introduce an example drawn from recent research into global production networks in East Asia and Europe. The example profiles the investments of car manufacturer BMW in Eastern Bavaria, Germany and Rayong, Thailand, and considers their implications for regional development.
|
C148383697
|
Regional science
|
https://doi.org/10.1191/030913201682688913
|
science
|
Progress in Human Geography
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C87427459",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67585945,
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
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"level": 1,
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C161034383",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53597444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524273"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47527117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45575988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Critical appraisal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152541439",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4360856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186693"
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{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3977586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37037817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34556258,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
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] |
Progress in Human Geography provides an authoritative, critical appraisal of geographical work in the social sciences and humanities. It publishes reviews of current research and theoretical developments on any aspect of social, economic, political and cultural geography and their interconnections with related disciplines. Progress reports cover current trends in the discipline, with systematic and regional reviews building into a comprehensive survey of geographical studies. Selected articles:
|
C162118730
|
Actuarial science
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03058.x
|
discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries
|
ON THE PRICING OF CORPORATE DEBT: THE RISK STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES*
|
[
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"score": 0.6956436,
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{
"display_name": "Debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120527767",
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"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
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{
"display_name": "Coupon",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.5660026,
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{
"display_name": "Interest rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175025494",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5594941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179179"
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{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.497864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
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{
"display_name": "Bond valuation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32959826",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48598346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2361268"
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{
"display_name": "Yield curve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176230804",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46932453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205257"
},
{
"display_name": "Probability of default",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779806880",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.455881,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778470"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780999293",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44232902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6503112"
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{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42939058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
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{
"display_name": "Black–Scholes model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163128081",
"level": 3,
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"display_name": "Default",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69637215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4201121,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702362"
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{
"display_name": "Callable bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96252135",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41068798,
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"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40626603,
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{
"display_name": "Credit risk",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.33386242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162714"
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] |
The value of a particular issue of corporate debt depends essentially on three items: (1) the required rate of return on riskless (in terms of default) debt (e.g., government bonds or very high grade corporate bonds); (2) the various provisions and restrictions contained in the indenture (e.g., maturity date, coupon rate, call terms, seniority in the event of default, sinking fund, etc.); (3) the probability that the firm will be unable to satisfy some or all of the indenture requirements (i.e., the probability of default). While a number of theories and empirical studies has been published on the term structure of interest rates (item 1), there has been no systematic development of a theory for pricing bonds when there is a significant probability of default. The purpose of this paper is to present such a theory which might be called a theory of the risk structure of interest rates. The use of the term “risk” is restricted to the possible gains or losses to bondholders as a result of (unanticipated) changes in the probability of default and does not include the gains or losses inherent to all bonds caused by (unanticipated) changes in interest rates in general. Throughout most of the analysis, a given term structure is assumed and hence, the price differentials among bonds will be solely caused by differences in the probability of default. In a seminal paper, Black and Scholes 1 present a complete general equilibrium theory of option pricing which is particularly attractive because the final formula is a function of “observable” variables. Therefore, the model is subject to direct empirical tests which they 2 performed with some success. Merton 5 clarified and extended the Black-Scholes model. While options are highly specialized and relatively unimportant financial instruments, both Black and Scholes 1 and Merton 5, 6 recognized that the same basic approach could be applied in developing a pricing theory for corporate liabilities in general. In Section II of the paper, the basic equation for the pricing of financial instruments is developed along Black-Scholes lines. In Section III, the model is applied to the simplest form of corporate debt, the discount bond where no coupon payments are made, and a formula for computing the risk structure of interest rates is presented. In Section IV, comparative statics are used to develop graphs of the risk structure, and the question of whether the term premium is an adequate measure of the risk of a bond is answered. In Section V, the validity in the presence of bankruptcy of the famous Modigliani-Miller theorem 7 is proven, and the required return on debt as a function of the debt-to-equity ratio is deduced. In Section VI, the analysis is extended to include coupon and callable bonds. The dynamics for the value of the firm, V, through time can be described by a diffusion-type stochastic process with stochastic differential equation α is the instantaneous expected rate of return on the firm per unit time, C is the total dollar payouts by the firm per unit time to either its shareholders or liabilities-holders (e.g., dividends or interest payments) if positive, and it is the net dollars received by the firm from new financing if negative; σ 2 is the instantaneous variance of the return on the firm per unit time; dz is a standard Gauss-Wiener process. Many of these assumptions are not necessary for the model to obtain but are chosen for expositional convenience. In particular, the “perfect market” assumptions (A.1-A.4) can be substantially weakened. A.6 is actually proved as part of the analysis and A.7 is chosen so as to clearly distinguish risk structure from term structure effects on pricing. A.5 and A.8 are the critical assumptions. Basically, A.5 requires that the market for these securities is open for trading most of time. A.8 requires that price movements are continuous and that the (unanticipated) returns on the securities be serially independent which is consistent with the “efficient markets hypothesis” of Fama 3 and Samuelson 9.11 Of course, this assumption does not rule out serial dependence in the earnings of the firm. See Samuelson 10 for a discussion. In closing this section, it is important to note which variables and parameters appear in (7) (and hence, affect the value of the security) and which do not. In addition to the value of the firm and time, F depends on the interest rate, the volatility of the firm's value (or its business risk) as measured by the variance, the payout policy of the firm, and the promised payout policy to the holders of the security. However, F does not depend on the expected rate of return on the firm nor on the riskȁpreferences of investors nor on the characteristics of other assets available to investors beyond the three mentioned. Thus, two investors with quite different utility functions and different expectations for the company's future but who agree on the volatility of the firm's value will for a given interest rate and current firm value, agree on the value of the particular security, F. Also all the parameters and variables except the variance are directly observable and the variance can be reasonably estimated from time series data. As a specific application of the formulation of the previous section, we examine the simplest case of corporate debt pricing. Suppose the corporation has two classes of claims: (1) a single, homogenous class of debt and (2) the residual claim, equity. Suppose further that the indenture of the bond issue contains the following provisions and restrictions: (1) the firm promises to pay a total of B dollars to the bondholders on the specified calendar date T; (2) in the event this payment is not met, the bondholders immediately take over the company (and the shareholders receive nothing); (3) the firm cannot issue any new senior (or of equivalent rank) claims on the firm nor can it pay cash dividends or do share repurchase prior to the maturity of the debt. For a given maturity, the risk premium is a function of only two variables: (1) the variance (or volatility) of the firm's operations, σ 2 and (2) the ratio of the present value (at the riskless rate) of the promised payment to the current value of the firm, d. Because d is the debt-to-firm value ratio where debt is valued at the riskless rate, it is a biased upward estimate of the actual (market-value) debt-to-firm value ratio. Since Merton 5 has solved the option pricing problem when the term structure is not “flat” and is stochastic, (by again using the isomorphic correspondence between options and levered equity) we could deduce the risk structure with a stochastic term structure. The formulae (13) and (14) would be the same in this case except that we would replace “ exp [ − r τ ]” by the price of a riskless discount bond which pays one dollar at time τ in the future and “ σ 2 τ ” by a generalized variance term defined in 5. In the derivation of the fundamental equation for pricing of corporate liabilities, (7), it was assumed that the Modigliani-Miller theorem held so that the value of the firm could be treated as exogeneous to the analysis. If, for example, due to bankruptcy costs or corporate taxes, the M-M theorem does not obtain and the value of the firm does depend on the debt-equity ratio, then the formal analysis of the paper is still valid. However, the linear property of (7) would be lost, and instead, a non-linear, simultaneous solution, F = F [ V ( F ) , τ ] , would be required. Fortunately, in the absence of these imperfections, the formal hedging analysis used in Section II to deduce (7), simultaneously, stands as a proof of the M-M theorem even in the presence of bankruptcy. To see this, imagine that there are two firms identical with respect to their investment decisions, but one firm issues debt and the other does not. The investor can “create” a security with a payoff structure identical to the risky bond by following a portfolio strategy of mixing the equity of the unlevered firm with holdings of riskless debt. The correct portfolio strategy is to hold ( F v V ) dollars of the equity and ( F – F v V ) dollars of riskless bonds where V is the value of the unlevered firm, and F and F v are determined by the solution of (7). Since the value of the “manufactured” risky debt is always F, the debt issued by the other firm can never sell for more than F. In a similar fashion, one could create levered equity by a portfolio strategy of holding ( f v V ) dollars of the unlevered equity and ( f – f v V ) dollars of borrowing on margin which would have a payoff structure identical to the equity issued by the levering firm. Hence, the value of the levered firm's equity can never sell for more than f. But, by construction, f + F = V, the value of the unlevered firm. Therefore, the value of the levered firm can be no larger than the unlevered firm, and it cannot be less. Note, unlike in the analysis by Stiglitz 11, we did not require a specialized theory of capital market equilibrium (e.g., the Arrow-Debreu model or the capital asset pricing model) to prove the theorem when bankruptcy is possible. Contrary to what many might believe, the relative riskiness of the debt can decline as either the business risk of the firm or the time until maturity increases. Inspection of (33) shows that this is the case if d > 1 (i.e., the present value of the promised payment is less than the current value of the firm). To see why this result is not unreasonable, consider the following: for small T (i.e., σ 2 or τ: small), the chances that the debt will become equity through default are large, and this will be reflected in the risk characteristics of the debt through a large g. By increasing T (through an increase in σ 2 or τ), the chances are better that the firm value will increase enough to meet the promised payment. It is also true that the chances that the firm value will be lower are increased. However, remember that g is a measure of how much the risky debt behaves like equity versus debt. Since for g large, the debt is already more aptly described by equity than riskless debt. (E.g., for d > 1 , g > 1 2 and the “replicating” portfolio will contain more than half equity.) Thus, the increased probability of meeting the promised payment dominates, and g declines. For d < 1 , g will be less than a half, and the argument goes just the opposite way. In the “watershed” case when d = 1 , g equals a half; the “replicating” portfolio is exactly half equity and half riskless debt, and the two effects cancel leaving g unchanged. In closing this section, we examine a classical problem in corporate finance: given a fixed investment decision, how does the required return on debt and equity change, as alternative debt-equity mixes are chosen? Because the investment decision is assumed fixed, and the Modigliani-Miller theorem obtains, V, σ 2 , and α (the required expected return on the firm) are fixed. For simplicity, suppose that the maturity of the debt, τ, is fixed, and the promised payment at maturity per bond is $1. Then, the debt-equity mix is determined by choosing the number of bonds to be issued. Since in our previous analysis, F is the value of the whole debt issue and B is the total promised payment for the whole issue, B will be the number of bonds (promising $1 at maturity) in the current analysis, and F /B will be the price of one bond. In the usual analysis of (default-free) bonds in term structure studies, the derivation of a pricing relationship for pure discount bonds for every maturity would be sufficient because the value of a default-free coupon bond can be written as the sum of discount bonds' values weighted by the size of the coupon payment at each maturity. Unfortunately, no such simple formula exists for risky coupon bonds. The reason for this is that if the firm defaults on a coupon payment, then all subsequent coupon payments (and payments of principal) are also defaulted on. Thus, the default on one of the “mini” bonds associated with a given maturity is not independent of the event of default on the “mini” bond associated with a later maturity. However, the apparatus developed in the previous sections is sufficient to solve the coupon problem. Moreover, even for those cases where closed-form solutions cannot be found, powerful numerical integration techniques have been developed for solving equations like (7) or (41). Hence, computation and empirical testing of these pricing theories is entirely feasible. Note that in deducing (40), it was assumed that coupon payments were made uniformly and continuously. In fact, coupon payments are usually only made semi-annually or annually in discrete lumps. However, it is a simple matter to take this into account by replacing “ C ¯ ” in (40) by “ Σ i C ¯ i δ ( τ − τ i ) ” where δ( ) is the dirac delta function and τ i is the length of time until maturity when the i th coupon payment of C ¯ i dollars is made. We have developed a method for pricing corporate liabilities which is grounded in solid economic analysis, requires inputs which are on the whole observable; can be used to price almost any type of financial instrument. The method was applied to risky discount bonds to deduce a risk structure of interest rates. The Modigliani-Miller theorem was shown to obtain in the presence of bankruptcy provided that there are no differential tax benefits to corporations or transactions costs. The analysis was extended to include callable, coupon bonds.
|
C162118730
|
Actuarial science
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00527.x
|
discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries
|
SOME PRACTICAL GUIDANCE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING
|
[
{
"display_name": "Propensity score matching",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17923572",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89037085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160"
},
{
"display_name": "Matching (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165064840",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8233057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061"
},
{
"display_name": "Average treatment effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89337504",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.573122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4828276"
},
{
"display_name": "Test (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.548267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023"
},
{
"display_name": "Estimation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96250715",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5084321,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5072462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5028431,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48868015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Measure (data warehouse)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780009758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47305718,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172"
},
{
"display_name": "Causal inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158600405",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46334133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566"
},
{
"display_name": "Sampling (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140779682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42699862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40029025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3577748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
Abstract Propensity score matching (PSM) has become a popular approach to estimate causal treatment effects. It is widely applied when evaluating labour market policies, but empirical examples can be found in very diverse fields of study. Once the researcher has decided to use PSM, he is confronted with a lot of questions regarding its implementation. To begin with, a first decision has to be made concerning the estimation of the propensity score. Following that one has to decide which matching algorithm to choose and determine the region of common support. Subsequently, the matching quality has to be assessed and treatment effects and their standard errors have to be estimated. Furthermore, questions like ‘what to do if there is choice‐based sampling?’ or ‘when to measure effects?’ can be important in empirical studies. Finally, one might also want to test the sensitivity of estimated treatment effects with respect to unobserved heterogeneity or failure of the common support condition. Each implementation step involves a lot of decisions and different approaches can be thought of. The aim of this paper is to discuss these implementation issues and give some guidance to researchers who want to use PSM for evaluation purposes.
|
C162118730
|
Actuarial science
|
https://doi.org/10.23874/amber/2016/v7/i1/121351
|
discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries
|
“Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives”
|
[
{
"display_name": "Futures contract",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106306483",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8853792,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183984"
},
{
"display_name": "Fraternity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777239462",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8481359,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q996839"
},
{
"display_name": "Hull",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37423430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.536052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6750281"
},
{
"display_name": "Derivative (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111771559",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5254185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66295"
},
{
"display_name": "ASHRAE 90.1",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206145494",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47282848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4654236"
},
{
"display_name": "Subject (documents)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777855551",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44151193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41496253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.393512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38781646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33244333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3255754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
"Options, Futures, and other Derivatives" an often suggested and recommended book by Professor John C. Hull, has over the years emerged the most preferred textbooks, especially in business management community and fraternity. Derivatives Management is taught as subject in various Bschools For business graduates, derivative instruments are introduced through a progression where the levels of intricacies and difficulty is progressed slowly to levels where one is involved in pricing, monitoring, comparing the price movements, feasibility, and even predicting the changes.
|
C162118730
|
Actuarial science
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342
|
discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries
|
Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations
|
[
{
"display_name": "Proxy (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780148112",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7771347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61555535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Racial bias",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992700788",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5373963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4389665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "White (mutation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56273599",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43623573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43328887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care cost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018080189",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41976434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37616804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Racism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139838865",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35538265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35107052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3405674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31330898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539"
}
] |
Health systems rely on commercial prediction algorithms to identify and help patients with complex health needs. We show that a widely used algorithm, typical of this industry-wide approach and affecting millions of patients, exhibits significant racial bias: At a given risk score, Black patients are considerably sicker than White patients, as evidenced by signs of uncontrolled illnesses. Remedying this disparity would increase the percentage of Black patients receiving additional help from 17.7 to 46.5%. The bias arises because the algorithm predicts health care costs rather than illness, but unequal access to care means that we spend less money caring for Black patients than for White patients. Thus, despite health care cost appearing to be an effective proxy for health by some measures of predictive accuracy, large racial biases arise. We suggest that the choice of convenient, seemingly effective proxies for ground truth can be an important source of algorithmic bias in many contexts.
|
C162118730
|
Actuarial science
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2951677
|
discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries
|
Bond Pricing and the Term Structure of Interest Rates: A New Methodology for Contingent Claims Valuation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6650342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69738904",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63043296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11693"
},
{
"display_name": "Bond valuation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32959826",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6226561,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2361268"
},
{
"display_name": "Contingent valuation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777834655",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59734344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643736"
},
{
"display_name": "Term (time)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61797465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5933693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986"
},
{
"display_name": "Valuation (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186027771",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58131397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5463881,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
},
{
"display_name": "Interest rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175025494",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5210887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179179"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47931588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
},
{
"display_name": "Yield curve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176230804",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.468893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205257"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33805344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
}
] |
This paper presents a unifying theory for valuing contingent claims under a stochastic term of interest rates. The methodology, based on the equivalent martingale measure technique, takes as given an initial forward rate curve and a family of potential stochastic processeE for its subsequent movements. A no arbitrage condition restricts this family of processes yielding valuation formulae for interest rate sensitive contingent claims which do not explicitly depend on the market prices of risk. Examples are provided to illustrate the key results. IN RELATION TO the term of interest rates, arbitrage pricing theory has two purposes. The first, is to price all zero coupon (default free) bonds of varying maturities from a finite number of economic fundamentals, called state variables. The second, is to price all interest rate sensitive contingent claims, taking as given the prices of the zero coupon bonds. This paper presents a general theory and a unifying framework for understanding arbitrage pricing theory in this context, of which all existing arbitrage pricing models are special cases (in particular, Vasicek (1977), Brennan and Schwartz (1979), Langetieg (1980), Ball and Torous (1983), Ho and Lee (1986), Schaefer and Schwartz (1987), and Artzner and Delbaen (1988)). The primary contribution of this paper, however, is a new methodology for solving the second problem, i.e., the pricing of interest rate sensitive contingent claims given the prices of all zero coupon bonds. The methodology is new because (i) it imposes its stochastic directly on the evolution of the forward rate curve, (ii) it does not require an inversion of the term structure to eliminate the market prices of risk from contingent claim values, and (iii) it has a stochastic spot rate process with multiple stochastic factors influencing the term structure. The model can be used to consistently price (and hedge) all contingent claims (American or European) on the term structure, and it is derived from necessary and (more importantly) sufficient conditions for the absence of arbitrage. The arbitrage pricing models of Vasicek (1977), Brennan and Schwartz (1979), Langetieg (1980), and Artzner and Delbaen (1988) all require an IFormerly titled Bond Pricing and the Term Structure of Interest Rates: A New Methodology.
|
C162118730
|
Actuarial science
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w8161
|
discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries
|
Boards of Directors as an Endogenously Determined Institution: A Survey of the Economic Literature
|
[
{
"display_name": "Institution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780510313",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6908588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50409114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4672133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4549725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4530319,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3623051,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34287834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
}
] |
1. INTRODUCTION Most organizations are governed by a board of directors. In fact, having a board is one of the legal requirements for incorporation. Many nonincorporated entities also have a governing board of some sort, such as a state university's board of regents. Given the myriad boards in place today, it is reasonable to ask, Why do they exist? What do they do? Can they be improved? These questions are at the heart of governance and, to a certain extent, management. As such, they have motivated much of the research on this topic. This paper surveys the research on boards of directors in the economics and finance literature. Boards of directors are an economic institution that, in theory, helps to solve the agency problems inherent in managing an organization. Although boards satisfy numerous regulatory requirements, their economic function is determined by the organizational problems they help to address. Yet formal economic theory on boards has been quite limited. For example, the characteristics of agency problems that could lead to boards being the equilibrium solution have not yet been specified. Similarly, the conditions under which regulation of boards will lead to improvements are unknown. Despite the absence of formal theory, we have a strong intuitive sense of the problems facing boards. A major conflict within the boardroom is between the CEO and the directors. The CEO has incentives to capture the board, so as to ensure that he can keep his job and increase the other benefits he derives from being CEO. Directors have incentives to maintain their independence, to monitor the CEO, and to replace the CEO if his performance is poor. To some extent, the vacuum in formal theory has been filled by empirical work on boards. The cost associated with this approach, however, is that little of the empirical work on boards has been motivated by formal theory. Rather, it has sought to answer one of three questions: 1. How do board characteristics such as composition or size affect profitability? 2. How do board characteristics affect the observable actions of the board? 3. What factors affect the makeup of boards and how do they evolve over time? A key issue in this empirical work is how to proxy for the board's degree of independence from the CEO. Much of this work starts from the sometimes implicit assumption that observable board characteristics such as size or composition are related to the level of board independence. (1) Research thus far has established a number of empirical regularities. First, board composition, as measured by the insider-outsider ratio, (2) is not correlated with firm performance. (3) However, the number of directors on a firm's board is negatively related to the firm's financial performance. Second, board actions do appear to be related to board characteristics. Firms with higher proportions of outside directors and smaller boards tend to make arguably better--or at least different--decisions concerning acquisitions, poison pills, executive compensation, and CEO replacement, ceteris paribus. Finally, boards appear to evolve over time depending on the bargaining position of the CEO relative to that of the existing directors. Firm performance, CEO turnover, and changes in ownership structure appear to be important factors affecting changes to boards. Two important issues complicate empirical work on boards of directors, as well as most other empirical work on governance. First, almost all the variables of interest are endogenous. The usual problems of joint endogeneity therefore plague these studies. For instance, firm performance is both a result of the actions of previous directors and itself a factor that potentially influences the choice of subsequent directors. Studies of boards often neglect this issue and thus obtain results that are hard to interpret. Second, many empirical results on governance can be interpreted as either equilibrium or out-of-equilibrium phenomena. …
|
C162118730
|
Actuarial science
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0200200403
|
discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries
|
Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Based on Propensity Scores
|
[
{
"display_name": "Propensity score matching",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17923572",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.946989,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160"
},
{
"display_name": "Estimator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185429906",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84110445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160"
},
{
"display_name": "Matching (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165064840",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7267488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061"
},
{
"display_name": "Estimation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96250715",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6759365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330"
},
{
"display_name": "Average treatment effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89337504",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6529901,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4828276"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64789677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5724621,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4622668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44769916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42931068,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
},
{
"display_name": "Difference in differences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33880087",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41806802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275276"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36738244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3023929,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
}
] |
In this paper, we give a short overview of some propensity score matching estimators suggested in the evaluation literature, and we provide a set of Stata programs, which we illustrate using the National Supported Work (NSW) demonstration widely known in labor economics.
|
C162118730
|
Actuarial science
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355397555280
|
discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries
|
Preference Parameters and Behavioral Heterogeneity: An Experimental Approach in the Health and Retirement Study
|
[
{
"display_name": "Preference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781249084",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7766497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656"
},
{
"display_name": "Uncorrelated",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169345407",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7657073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8216221"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6271329,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6083207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Substitution (logic)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778220771",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54215086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522579"
},
{
"display_name": "Treasury",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780889827",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5409412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10756188"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk aversion (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129915516",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4763458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17083550"
},
{
"display_name": "Time preference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178562925",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47225374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186412"
},
{
"display_name": "Health and Retirement Study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780176501",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4685555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5690755"
},
{
"display_name": "Revealed preference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779110102",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4376416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323737"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41036025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32048392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
This paper reports measures of preference parameters relating to risk tolerance, time preference, and intertemporal substitution. These measures are based on survey responses to hypothetical situations constructed using an economic theorist's concept of the underlying parameters. The individual measures of preference parameters display heterogeneity. Estimated risk tolerance and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution are essentially uncorrelated across individuals. Measured risk tolerance is positively related to risky behaviors, including smoking, drinking, failing to have insurance, and holding stocks rather than Treasury bills. These relationships are both statistically and quantitatively significant, although measured risk tolerance explains only a small fraction of the variation of the studied behaviors.
|
C26271046
|
Economic geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
|
study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities
|
Increasing Returns and Economic Geography
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economies of scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29321873",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7043046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087"
},
{
"display_name": "Core (optical fiber)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2164484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62928843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6145485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371"
},
{
"display_name": "Returns to scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165083353",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60088956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282942"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5913965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56609327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53278196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5119418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46499386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37952638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35465658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
}
] |
This paper develops a simple model that shows how a country can endogenously become differentiated into an industrialized "core" and an agricultural "periphery." In order to realize scale economies while minimizing transport costs, manufacturing firms tend to locate in the region with larger demand, but the location of demand itself depends on the distribution of manufacturing. Emergence of a core-periphery pattern depends on transportation costs, economies of scale, and the share of manufacturing in national income.
|
C26271046
|
Economic geography
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2118401
|
study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities
|
Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55149114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.413516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39757863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34268668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32215667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
We compare the geographic location of patent citations with that of the cited patents, as evidence of the extent to which knowledge spillovers are geographically localized. We find that citations to domestic patents are more likely to be domestic, and more likely to come from the same state and SMSA as the cited patents, compared with a "control frequency" reflecting the pre-existing concentration of related research activity. These effects are particularly significant at the local (SMSA) level. Localization fades over time, but only very slowly. There is no evidence that more "basic" inventions diffuse more rapidly than others.
|
C26271046
|
Economic geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/089124240001400105
|
study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities
|
Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81096756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "Metropolitan area",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158739034",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72161067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6754358,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Globalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2119116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.583513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5459924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5097148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Shift-share analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40605704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49594268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3615000"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47522572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic competition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994141135",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41181827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319676"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4057074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33472878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810"
}
] |
Economic geography during an era of global competition involves a paradox. It is widely recognized that changes in technology and competition have diminished many of the traditional roles of location. Yet clusters, or geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, are a striking feature of virtually every national, regional, state, and even metropolitan economy, especially in more advanced nations. The prevalence of clusters reveals important insights about the microeconomics of competition and the role of location in competitive advantage. Even as old reasons for clustering have diminished in importance with globalization, new influences of clusters on competition have taken on growing importance in an increasingly complex, knowledge-based, and dynamic economy. Clusters represent a new way of thinking about national, state, and local economies, and they necessitate new roles for companies, government, and other institutions in enhancing competitiveness.
|
C26271046
|
Economic geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
|
study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities
|
Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Globalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2119116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9146584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181"
},
{
"display_name": "Index (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7740688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6917585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62217355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Panel data",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6422946",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6062385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354"
},
{
"display_name": "Affect (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776035688",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5718105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40850627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40492287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
}
] |
Abstract The study develops an index of globalization covering its three main dimensions: economic integration, social integration, and political integration. Using panel data for 123 countries in 1970–2000 it is analysed empirically whether the overall index of globalization as well as sub-indexes constructed to measure the single dimensions affect economic growth. As the results show, globalization indeed promotes growth. The dimensions most robustly related with growth refer to actual economic flows and restrictions in developed countries. Although less robustly, information flows also promote growth whereas political integration has no effect. Acknowledgements The author thanks Bernhard Boockmann, Christos Kotsogiannis, Quan Li, Verena Liessem, Fulvio Mulatero, Torsten Saadma, Lars-H. R. Siemers, seminar participants at the ENTER Jamboree Meeting 2003, the Passau Workshop ‘Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen’ 2003, the 6th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis (2003), the European Economic Association (2003), the Verein fuer Socialpolitik (2003), the Malmö workshop on Globalization and Health (2005), the universities of Goettingen, de las Americas and Exeter, and a referee of this journal for valuable comments.
|
C26271046
|
Economic geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/217913
|
study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities
|
Urbanism as a Way of Life
|
[
{
"display_name": "Urbanism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207141826",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7896582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59950"
},
{
"display_name": "Urbanization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39853841",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5775012,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56833184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5399482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3868906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
}
] |
The urbanization of the world, which is one of the most impressive facts of modern times, has wrought profound changes in virtually every phase of social life. The recency and rapidity of urbanization in the United States accounts for the acuteness of our urban problems and our lack of awareness of them. Despite the dominance of urbanism in the modern world we still lack a sociological definition of the city which would take adequate account of the fact that while the city is the characteristic locus of urbanism, the urban mode of life is not confined to cities. For sociological purpose a city is a relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of heterogenous individuals. Large numbers account for inidividual variability, the relative absence of intimate personal acquaintanceship, the segmentalization of human relations which are largely anonymous, superficial, and transitory, and associated characteristic. Density involves diversification and specialization, the coincidence of social relations, glaring contrasts, a complex pattern of segregation, the predominance of formal social control, and accentuated friction, among other phenomena. Heterogeneity tends to break down rigid social structures and to produce increased mobility, instability, and insecurity, and the affilitation of the individuals with a variety of intersecting and tangential social groups with a high rate of membership turnover. The pecuniary nexus tends to displace personal relations, institutions tend to cater to mass rather than to individual requirements. The individual thus becomes effective only as he acts through organized groups. The complicated phenomena of urbanism may acquire unity and coherence if the sociological analysis proceeds in the light of such a body of theory. The empirical evidence concerning the ecology, the social organization, and the social psychology of the urban mode of life confirms the fruitfulness of this approach.
|
C26271046
|
Economic geography
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w8460
|
study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities
|
Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution
|
[
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69228333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.66801494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Income distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4675796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3915542"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45419317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
}
] |
Among countries colonized by European powers during the past 500 years, those that were relatively rich in 1500 are now relatively poor. We document this reversal using data on urbanization patterns and population density, which, we argue, proxy for economic prosperity. This reversal weighs against a view that links economic development to geographic factors. Instead, we argue that the reversal ree ects changes in the institutions resulting from European colonialism. The European intervention appears to have created an “ institutional reversal” among these societies, meaning that Europeans were more likely to introduce institutions encouraging investment in regions that were previously poor. This institutional reversal accounts for the reversal in relative incomes. We provide further support for this view by documenting that the reversal in relative incomes took place during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and resulted from societies with good institutions taking advantage of the opportunity to industrialize.
|
C26271046
|
Economic geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.45.7.905
|
study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities
|
Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5814117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776960227",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5612735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2586354"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54654574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5356106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge flow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984563274",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53376484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2586354"
},
{
"display_name": "Labor mobility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780370025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5171482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282773"
},
{
"display_name": "Silicon valley",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984737752",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5164295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163820"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42570853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Regional science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36885184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35818553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Knowledge, once generated, spills only imperfectly among firms and nations. We posit that since institutions and labor networks vary by region, there should be regional variations in the localization of spillovers. We investigate the relationship between the mobility of major patent holders and the localization of technological knowledge through the analysis of patent citations of important semiconductor innovations. We find that knowledge localization is specific to only certain regions (particularly Silicon Valley) and that the degree of localization varies across regions. By analyzing data on the interfirm mobility of patent holders, we empirically show that the interfirm mobility of engineers influences the local transfer of knowledge. The flow of knowledge is embedded in regional labor networks.
|
C26271046
|
Economic geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610172104
|
study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities
|
Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities
|
[
{
"display_name": "Pace",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777526511",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7763854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543"
},
{
"display_name": "Urbanization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39853841",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.762123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68521947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5554279,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Population growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77352025",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4597888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386191"
},
{
"display_name": "Population size",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169733012",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42628616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613416"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40132618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3934128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37852886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
}
] |
Humanity has just crossed a major landmark in its history with the majority of people now living in cities. Cities have long been known to be society's predominant engine of innovation and wealth creation, yet they are also its main source of crime, pollution, and disease. The inexorable trend toward urbanization worldwide presents an urgent challenge for developing a predictive, quantitative theory of urban organization and sustainable development. Here we present empirical evidence indicating that the processes relating urbanization to economic development and knowledge creation are very general, being shared by all cities belonging to the same urban system and sustained across different nations and times. Many diverse properties of cities from patent production and personal income to electrical cable length are shown to be power law functions of population size with scaling exponents, β, that fall into distinct universality classes. Quantities reflecting wealth creation and innovation have β ≈1.2 >1 (increasing returns), whereas those accounting for infrastructure display β ≈0.8 <1 (economies of scale). We predict that the pace of social life in the city increases with population size, in quantitative agreement with data, and we discuss how cities are similar to, and differ from, biological organisms, for which β<1. Finally, we explore possible consequences of these scaling relations by deriving growth equations, which quantify the dramatic difference between growth fueled by innovation versus that driven by economies of scale. This difference suggests that, as population grows, major innovation cycles must be generated at a continually accelerating rate to sustain growth and avoid stagnation or collapse.
|
C4249254
|
Demographic economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2937943
|
application of economic analysis to demography
|
Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.70671254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Per capita",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67750335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635"
},
{
"display_name": "Real gross domestic product",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181683161",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6075708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301159"
},
{
"display_name": "Human capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59439194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687"
},
{
"display_name": "Proxy (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780148112",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57886696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581"
},
{
"display_name": "Gross domestic product",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114350782",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56451,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55182844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45336396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4449927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Consumption (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4141816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762"
}
] |
For 98 countries in the period 1960–1985, the growth rate of real per capita GDP is positively related to initial human capital (proxied by 1960 school-enrollment rates) and negatively related to the initial (1960) level of real per capita GDP. Countries with higher human capital also have lower fertility rates and higher ratios of physical investment to GDP. Growth is inversely related to the share of government consumption in GDP, but insignificantly related to the share of public investment. Growth rates are positively related to measures of political stability and inversely related to a proxy for market distortions.
|
C4249254
|
Demographic economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399555954
|
application of economic analysis to demography
|
Why do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker than Others?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77485967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.74167824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Solow residual",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156436729",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.61421955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156779"
},
{
"display_name": "Variation (astronomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778334786",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6113942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270"
},
{
"display_name": "Educational attainment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779297142",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5950751,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55155015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.514082,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48630103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Social capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68062652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4611637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693"
},
{
"display_name": "Human capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4593916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45793203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Growth accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107694188",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4551837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827032"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33654204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
}
] |
Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker—we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, productivity, and therefore output per worker are driven by differences in institutions and government policies, which we call social infrastructure. We treat social infrastructure as endogenous, determined historically by location and other factors captured in part by language.
|
C4249254
|
Demographic economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2118323
|
application of economic analysis to demography
|
Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors
|
[
{
"display_name": "Wage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7448239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.72883123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply and demand",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120330832",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65315604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166656"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60557103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Wage growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993530730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49543417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65042393"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43543705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
}
] |
A simple supply and demand framework is used to analyze changes in the U. S. wage structure from 1963 to 1987. Rapid secular growth in the demand for more-educated workers, “more-skilled” workers, and females appears to be the driving force behind observed changes in the wage structure. Measured changes in the allocation of labor between industries and occupations strongly favored college graduates and females throughout the period. Movements in the college wage premium over this period appear to be strongly related to fluctuations in the rate of growth of the supply of college graduates.
|
C4249254
|
Demographic economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/229068
|
application of economic analysis to demography
|
Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory
|
[
{
"display_name": "Friendship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778736484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7042304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491"
},
{
"display_name": "Juvenile delinquency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71376074",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67934823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001125"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61823946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5228439,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4980898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710"
},
{
"display_name": "Social control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37497375",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49358952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623971"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45526934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Social control theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24025453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4269993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1419281"
},
{
"display_name": "Sample (material)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41554934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3551426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35480654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
}
] |
Shaw and McKay's influential theory of community social disorganization has never been directly tested. To address this, a community-level theory that builds on Shaw and McKay's original model is formulated and tested. The general hypothesis is that low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, and family disruption lead to community social disorganization, which, in turn, increases crime and delinquency rates. A community's level of social organization is measured in terms of local friendship networks, control of street-corner teenage peer groups, and prevalence of organizational participation. The model is first tested by analyzing data for 238 localities in Great Britain constructed from a 1982 national survey of 10,905 residents. The model is then replicated on an independent national sample of 11,030 residents of 300 British localities in 1984. Results from both surveys support the theory and show that between-community variations in social disorganization transmit much of the effect of community structural characteristics on rates of both criminal victimization and criminal offending.
|
C4249254
|
Demographic economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.87.9.1491
|
application of economic analysis to demography
|
Social capital, income inequality, and mortality.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Disinvestment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43609274",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7627735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282250"
},
{
"display_name": "Social capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68062652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6509979,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693"
},
{
"display_name": "Per capita",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5595387,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5507237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53760684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C513380476",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53366065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020"
},
{
"display_name": "Mortality rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5145857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702"
},
{
"display_name": "Social inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165148211",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47781613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5431887"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46677604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3685404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have demonstrated that income inequality is related to mortality rates. It was hypothesized, in this study, that income inequality is related to reduction in social cohesion and that disinvestment in social capital is in turn associated with increased mortality. METHODS: In this cross-sectional ecologic study based on data from 39 states, social capital was measured by weighted responses to two items from the General Social Survey: per capita density of membership in voluntary groups in each state and level of social trust, as gauged by the proportion of residents in each state who believed that people could be trusted. Age-standardized total and cause-specific mortality rates in 1990 were obtained for each state. RESULTS: Income inequality was strongly correlated with both per capita group membership (r = -.46) and lack of social trust (r = .76). In turn, both social trust and group membership were associated with total mortality, as well as rates of death from coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and infant mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the notion that income inequality leads to increased mortality via disinvestment in social capital.
|
C4249254
|
Demographic economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/261881
|
application of economic analysis to demography
|
Wage Inequality and the Rise in Returns to Skill
|
[
{
"display_name": "Wage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7729869,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76119316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Current Population Survey",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777766161",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.74288976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5195069"
},
{
"display_name": "Wage inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994086107",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68253076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020"
},
{
"display_name": "Percentile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122048520",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66198856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6369313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61949754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53807217,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4499869,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Efficiency wage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6968784",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4413546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193835"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42673752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
}
] |
Using data from the March Current Population Survey, we document an increase over the past 30 years in wage inequality for males. Between 1963 and 1989, real average weekly wages for the least skilled workers (as measured by the tenth percentile of the wage distribution) declined by about 5 percent, whereas wages for the most skilled workers (as measured by the ninetieth percentile of the wage distribution) rose by about 40 percent. We find that the trend toward increased wage inequality is apparent within narrowly defined education and labor market experience groups. Our interpretation is that much of the increase in wage inequality for males over the last 20 years is due to increased returns to the components of skill other than years of schooling and years of labor market experience. Our primary explanation for the general rise in returns to skill is that the demand for skill rose in the United States over this period.
|
C4249254
|
Demographic economics
|
https://doi.org/10.17848/wp92-11
|
application of economic analysis to demography
|
Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Displaced workers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780536516",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8732271,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462531"
},
{
"display_name": "Earnings",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8689502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940"
},
{
"display_name": "Job loss",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993469481",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68584263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171"
},
{
"display_name": "Recession",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195742910",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6714884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176494"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61494625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5623173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Exploit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165696696",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5507669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45353484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34385902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
The 1990-1991 recession has intensified concerns about the consequences of workers' job losses. To estimate the magnitude and temporal pattern of displaced workers' earnings losses, we exploit an unusual administrative data set that includes both employees' quarterly earnings histories and information about their firms. We find that when high-tenure workers separate from distressed firms their long-term losses average 25 percent per year. Further, their losses mount even prior to separation, are not limited to workers in a few industrial sectors, and are substantial even for those who find new jobs in similar firms. This evidence suggests that displaced workers' earnings losses result largely from the loss of some unidentified attribute of the employment relationship.
|
C4249254
|
Demographic economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/298118
|
application of economic analysis to demography
|
Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families
|
[
{
"display_name": "Earnings",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82617843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7467395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Consumption (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73387265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762"
},
{
"display_name": "Luck",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61783943",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64650685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970348"
},
{
"display_name": "Welfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6356016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092"
},
{
"display_name": "Human capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.613427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5613052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "Overlapping generations model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7386506",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46025288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036426"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4531685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43042415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
}
] |
This paper develops a model of the transmission of earnings, assets, and consumption from parents to descendants. The model assumes utility-maximizing parents who are concerned about the welfare of their children. The degree of intergenerational mobility is determined by the interaction of this utility-maximizing behavior with investment and consumption opportunities in different generations and with different kinds of luck. We examine a number of empirical studies for different countries. Regression to the mean in earnings in rich countries appears to be rapid. Almost all the earnings advantages or disadvantages of ancestors are wiped out in three generations.
|
C145236788
|
Labour economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399555954
|
functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour
|
Why do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker than Others?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77485967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.74167824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Solow residual",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156436729",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.61421955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156779"
},
{
"display_name": "Variation (astronomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778334786",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6113942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270"
},
{
"display_name": "Educational attainment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779297142",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5950751,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55155015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.514082,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48630103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Social capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68062652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4611637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693"
},
{
"display_name": "Human capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4593916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45793203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Growth accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107694188",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4551837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827032"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33654204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
}
] |
Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker—we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, productivity, and therefore output per worker are driven by differences in institutions and government policies, which we call social infrastructure. We treat social infrastructure as endogenous, determined historically by location and other factors captured in part by language.
|
C145236788
|
Labour economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2118323
|
functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour
|
Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors
|
[
{
"display_name": "Wage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7448239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.72883123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply and demand",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120330832",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65315604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166656"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60557103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Wage growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993530730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49543417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65042393"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43543705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
}
] |
A simple supply and demand framework is used to analyze changes in the U. S. wage structure from 1963 to 1987. Rapid secular growth in the demand for more-educated workers, “more-skilled” workers, and females appears to be the driving force behind observed changes in the wage structure. Measured changes in the allocation of labor between industries and occupations strongly favored college graduates and females throughout the period. Movements in the college wage premium over this period appear to be strongly related to fluctuations in the rate of growth of the supply of college graduates.
|
C145236788
|
Labour economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828042002561
|
functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour
|
Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination
|
[
{
"display_name": "Callback",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204495577",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83815134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1205349"
},
{
"display_name": "Newspaper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201280247",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8025631,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032"
},
{
"display_name": "Race (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76509639",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71496654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036"
},
{
"display_name": "White (mutation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56273599",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6915195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841"
},
{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49600014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038"
},
{
"display_name": "African american",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987028688",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46188635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49085"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41410452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4028681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35625333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30022982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
We study race in the labor market by sending fictitious resumes to help-wanted ads in Boston and Chicago newspapers. To manipulate perceived race, resumes are randomly assigned African-American- or White-sounding names. White names receive 50 percent more callbacks for interviews. Callbacks are also more responsive to resume quality for White names than for African-American ones. The racial gap is uniform across occupation, industry, and employer size. We also find little evidence that employers are inferring social class from the names. Differential treatment by race still appears to still be prominent in the U.S. labor market.
|
C145236788
|
Labour economics
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-6396
|
functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour
|
Unemployment: macroeconomic performance and the labour market
|
[
{
"display_name": "Unemployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778126366",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8778436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7039095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.650225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Full employment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68286588",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48001283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384136"
}
] |
Introduction to New Edition Preface to First Edition 1. Overview THE MICROFOUNDATIONS 2. Wage-Bargaining and Unions 3. Efficiency Wages 4. Wage Behaviour: the Evidence 5. Job Search: the Duration of Unemployment 6. Mismatch: the Structure of Unemployment 7. The Pricing and Employment Behaviour of Firms THE MACROECONOMIC OUTCOME 8. The Macroeconomics of Unemployment 9. Explaining Post-war Unemployment in OECD Countries POLICY IMPLICATIONS 10. Policies to Cut Unemployment Annexes Discussion Questions References
|
C145236788
|
Labour economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/504455
|
functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour
|
The Effects of Cognitive and Noncognitive Abilities on Labor Market Outcomes and Social Behavior
|
[
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71876657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6385454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Causality (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64357122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61357325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive skill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134290984",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6031203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141241"
},
{
"display_name": "Affect (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776035688",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5940412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5697175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169900460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56139255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48565686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Imperfect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780310539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48240578,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3933996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
This article establishes that a low‐dimensional vector of cognitive and noncognitive skills explains a variety of labor market and behavioral outcomes. Our analysis addresses the problems of measurement error, imperfect proxies, and reverse causality that plague conventional studies. Noncognitive skills strongly influence schooling decisions and also affect wages, given schooling decisions. Schooling, employment, work experience, and choice of occupation are affected by latent noncognitive and cognitive skills. We show that the same low‐dimensional vector of abilities that explains schooling choices, wages, employment, work experience, and choice of occupation explains a wide variety of risky behaviors.
|
C145236788
|
Labour economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.6.2121
|
functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour
|
The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.78937614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Unemployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778126366",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77571046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7163043,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6341759,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5702743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Quarter (Canadian coin)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85079727",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43901208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560114"
},
{
"display_name": "Transfer payment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158830683",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41488707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411457"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38887796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
}
] |
We analyze the effect of rising Chinese import competition between 1990 and 2007 on US local labor markets, exploiting cross-market variation in import exposure stemming from initial differences in industry specialization and instrumenting for US imports using changes in Chinese imports by other high-income countries. Rising imports cause higher unemployment, lower labor force participation, and reduced wages in local labor markets that house import-competing manufacturing industries. In our main specification, import competition explains one-quarter of the contemporaneous aggregate decline in US manufacturing employment. Transfer benefits payments for unemployment, disability, retirement, and healthcare also rise sharply in more trade-exposed labor markets. (JEL E24, F14, F16, J23, J31, L60, O47, R12, R23)
|
C145236788
|
Labour economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(98)00027-0
|
functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour
|
Exceptional exporter performance: cause, effect, or both?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8006943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73325133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Point (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28719098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58000916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54868907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5384661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Wage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5112443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213"
},
{
"display_name": "Wage growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993530730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50263643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65042393"
},
{
"display_name": "Ex-ante",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122251271",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44695693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940039"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41845506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Percentage point",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44648626",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41666245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049848"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical evidence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166052673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41464606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3454517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
}
] |
A growing body of empirical work has documented the superior performance characteristics of exporting plants and firms relative to non-exporters. Employment, shipments, wages, productivity and capital intensity are all higher at exporters at any given moment. This paper asks whether good firms become exporters or whether exporting improves firm performance. The evidence is quite clear on one point: good firms become exporters, both growth rates and levels of success measures are higher ex-ante for exporters. The benefits of exporting for the firm are less clear. Employment growth and the probability of survival are both higher for exporters; however, productivity and wage growth is not superior, particularly over longer horizons.
|
C145236788
|
Labour economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/261876
|
functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour
|
Occupational Choice and the Process of Development
|
[
{
"display_name": "Prosperity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776554220",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6900133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760011"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6658667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6202074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5729239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55912316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Wage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777388388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5219078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital market imperfections",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778661386",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52091426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035708"
},
{
"display_name": "Subsistence agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156005406",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48511183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2787508"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47079602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Income distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519300510",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4434091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3915542"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4212249,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
}
] |
This paper models economic development as a process of institutional transformation by focusing on the interplay between agents' occupational decisions and the distribution of wealth. Because of capital market imperfections, poor agents choose working for a wage over self-employment, and wealthy agents become entrepreneurs who monitor workers. Only with sufficient inequality, however, will there be employment contracts; otherwise, there is either subsistence or self-employment. Thus, in static equilibrium, the occupational structure depends on distribution. Since the latter is itself endogenous, we demonstrate the robustness of this result by extending the model dynamically and studying examples in which initial wealth distributions have long-run effects. In one case the economy develops either widespread cottage industry (self-employment) or factory production (employment contracts), depending on the initial distribution; in the other example, it develops into prosperity or stagnation.
|
C119767625
|
Optometry
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.081224
|
field of health care which involves examining the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease
|
The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.89826477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778527774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8546572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Blindness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780929884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66103023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Optometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119767625",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5874772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211"
},
{
"display_name": "Angle-closure glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909822487",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5487821,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5302809,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51161224,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5002444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3443416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
}
] |
Aim: To estimate the number of people with open angle (OAG) and angle closure glaucoma (ACG) in 2010 and 2020. Methods: A review of published data with use of prevalence models. Data from population based studies of age specific prevalence of OAG and ACG that satisfied standard definitions were used to construct prevalence models for OAG and ACG by age, sex, and ethnicity, weighting data proportional to sample size of each study. Models were combined with UN world population projections for 2010 and 2020 to derive the estimated number with glaucoma. Results: There will be 60.5 million people with OAG and ACG in 2010, increasing to 79.6 million by 2020, and of these, 74% will have OAG. Women will comprise 55% of OAG, 70% of ACG, and 59% of all glaucoma in 2010. Asians will represent 47% of those with glaucoma and 87% of those with ACG. Bilateral blindness will be present in 4.5 million people with OAG and 3.9 million people with ACG in 2010, rising to 5.9 and 5.3 million people in 2020, respectively. Conclusions: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, disproportionately affecting women and Asians.
|
C119767625
|
Optometry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006
|
field of health care which involves examining the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease
|
Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88804007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Optometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119767625",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60597736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3405064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
}
] |
PurposeMyopia is a common cause of vision loss, with uncorrected myopia the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. Individual studies show variations in the prevalence of myopia and high myopia between regions and ethnic groups, and there continues to be uncertainty regarding increasing prevalence of myopia.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of myopia and high myopia and estimated temporal trends from 2000 to 2050 using data published since 1995. The primary data were gathered into 5-year age groups from 0 to ≥100, in urban or rural populations in each country, standardized to definitions of myopia of −0.50 diopter (D) or less and of high myopia of −5.00 D or less, projected to the year 2010, then meta-analyzed within Global Burden of Disease (GBD) regions. Any urban or rural age group that lacked data in a GBD region took data from the most similar region. The prevalence data were combined with urbanization data and population data from United Nations Population Department (UNPD) to estimate the prevalence of myopia and high myopia in each country of the world. These estimates were combined with myopia change estimates over time derived from regression analysis of published evidence to project to each decade from 2000 through 2050.ResultsWe included data from 145 studies covering 2.1 million participants. We estimated 1406 million people with myopia (22.9% of the world population; 95% confidence interval [CI], 932–1932 million [15.2%–31.5%]) and 163 million people with high myopia (2.7% of the world population; 95% CI, 86–387 million [1.4%–6.3%]) in 2000. We predict by 2050 there will be 4758 million people with myopia (49.8% of the world population; 3620–6056 million [95% CI, 43.4%–55.7%]) and 938 million people with high myopia (9.8% of the world population; 479–2104 million [95% CI, 5.7%–19.4%]).ConclusionsMyopia and high myopia estimates from 2000 to 2050 suggest significant increases in prevalences globally, with implications for planning services, including managing and preventing myopia-related ocular complications and vision loss among almost 1 billion people with high myopia.
|
C119767625
|
Optometry
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.80.5.389
|
field of health care which involves examining the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease
|
Number of people with glaucoma worldwide.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778527774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9136018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.87853634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Optometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119767625",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.71070707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211"
},
{
"display_name": "Blindness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780929884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.674132,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Open angle glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991803831",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52916193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48906928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46315637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42631274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
}
] |
AIM: To estimate the prevalence of glaucoma among people worldwide. METHODS: Available published data on glaucoma prevalence were reviewed to determine the relation of open angle and angle closure glaucoma with age in people of European, African, and Asian origin. A comparison was made with estimated world population data for the year 2000. RESULTS: The number of people with primary glaucoma in the world by the year 2000 is estimated at nearly 66.8 million, with 6.7 million suffering from bilateral blindness. In developed countries, fewer than 50% of those with glaucoma are aware of their disease. In the developing world, the rate of known disease is even lower. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of vision loss in the world. Improved methods of screening and therapy for glaucoma are urgently needed.
|
C119767625
|
Optometry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30393-5
|
field of health care which involves examining the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease
|
Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Blindness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780929884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7662432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Meta-analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95190672",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76283735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual impairment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781372952",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6777898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "MEDLINE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49095514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899"
},
{
"display_name": "Optometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119767625",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48128194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211"
},
{
"display_name": "Systematic review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189708586",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4476237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4380843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Contemporary data for causes of vision impairment and blindness form an important basis of recommendations in public health policies. Refreshment of the Global Vision Database with recently published data sources permitted modelling of cause of vision loss data from 1990 to 2015, further disaggregation by cause, and forecasts to 2020.In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we analysed published and unpublished population-based data for the causes of vision impairment and blindness from 1980 to 2014. We identified population-based studies published before July 8, 2014, by searching online databases with no language restrictions (MEDLINE from Jan 1, 1946, and Embase from Jan 1, 1974, and the WHO Library Database). We fitted a series of regression models to estimate the proportion of moderate or severe vision impairment (defined as presenting visual acuity of <6/18 but ≥3/60 in the better eye) and blindness (presenting visual acuity of <3/60 in the better eye) by cause, age, region, and year.We identified 288 studies of 3 983 541 participants contributing data from 98 countries. Among the global population with moderate or severe vision impairment in 2015 (216·6 million [80% uncertainty interval 98·5 million to 359·1 million]), the leading causes were uncorrected refractive error (116·3 million [49·4 million to 202·1 million]), cataract (52·6 million [18·2 million to 109·6 million]), age-related macular degeneration (8·4 million [0·9 million to 29·5 million]), glaucoma (4·0 million [0·6 million to 13·3 million]), and diabetic retinopathy (2·6 million [0·2 million to 9·9 million]). Among the global population who were blind in 2015 (36·0 million [12·9 million to 65·4 million]), the leading causes were cataract (12·6 million [3·4 million to 28·7 million]), uncorrected refractive error (7·4 million [2·4 million to 14·8 million]), and glaucoma (2·9 million [0·4 million to 9·9 million]). By 2020, among the global population with moderate or severe vision impairment (237·1 million [101·5 million to 399·0 million]), the number of people affected by uncorrected refractive error is anticipated to rise to 127·7 million (51·0 million to 225·3 million), by cataract to 57·1 million (17·9 million to 124·1 million), by age-related macular degeneration to 8·8 million (0·8 million to 32·1 million), by glaucoma to 4·5 million (0·5 million to 15·4 million), and by diabetic retinopathy to 3·2 million (0·2 million to 12·9 million). By 2020, among the global population who are blind (38·5 million [13·2 million to 70·9 million]), the number of patients blind because of cataract is anticipated to rise to 13·4 million (3·3 million to 31·6 million), because of uncorrected refractive error to 8·0 million (2·5 million to 16·3 million), and because of glaucoma to 3·2 million (0·4 million to 11·0 million). Cataract and uncorrected refractive error combined contributed to 55% of blindness and 77% of vision impairment in adults aged 50 years and older in 2015. World regions varied markedly in the causes of blindness and vision impairment in this age group, with a low prevalence of cataract (<22% for blindness and 14·1-15·9% for vision impairment) and a high prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (>14% of blindness) as causes in the high-income subregions. Blindness and vision impairment at all ages in 2015 due to diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio 2·52 [1·48-3·73]) and cataract (1·21 [1·17-1·25]) were more common among women than among men, whereas blindness and vision impairment due to glaucoma (0·71 [0·57-0·86]) and corneal opacity (0·54 [0·43-0·66]) were more common among men than among women, with no sex difference related to age-related macular degeneration (0·91 [0·70-1·14]).The number of people affected by the common causes of vision loss has increased substantially as the population increases and ages. Preventable vision loss due to cataract (reversible with surgery) and refractive error (reversible with spectacle correction) continue to cause most cases of blindness and moderate or severe vision impairment in adults aged 50 years and older. A large scale-up of eye care provision to cope with the increasing numbers is needed to address avoidable vision loss.Brien Holden Vision Institute.
|
C119767625
|
Optometry
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.4.477
|
field of health care which involves examining the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease
|
Causes and Prevalence of Visual Impairment Among Adults in the UnitedStates
|
[
{
"display_name": "Visual impairment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781372952",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6870994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6075347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6048918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5910342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5905968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Macular degeneration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776403814",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5748309,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual acuity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778257484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5600104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555066"
},
{
"display_name": "Blindness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780929884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5103423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Census",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52130261",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48808444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825"
},
{
"display_name": "Glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778527774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44860768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780084366",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4441447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Optometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119767625",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4128637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33868158,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387"
}
] |
To estimate the cause-specific prevalence and distribution of blindness and low vision in the United States by age, race/ethnicity, and gender, and to estimate the change in these prevalence figures over the next 20 years.Summary prevalence estimates of blindness (both according to the US definition of < or =6/60 [< or =20/200] best-corrected visual acuity in the better-seeing eye and the World Health Organization standard of < 6/120 [< 20/400]) and low vision (< 6/12 [< 20/40] best-corrected vision in the better-seeing eye) were prepared separately for black, Hispanic, and white persons in 5-year age intervals starting at 40 years. The estimated prevalences were based on recent population-based studies in the United States, Australia, and Europe. These estimates were applied to 2000 US Census data, and to projected US population figures for 2020, to estimate the number of Americans with visual impairment. Cause-specific prevalences of blindness and low vision were also estimated for the different racial/ethnic groups.Based on demographics from the 2000 US Census, an estimated 937 000 (0.78%) Americans older than 40 years were blind (US definition). An additional 2.4 million Americans (1.98%) had low vision. The leading cause of blindness among white persons was age-related macular degeneration (54.4% of the cases), while among black persons, cataract and glaucoma accounted for more than 60% of blindness. Cataract was the leading cause of low vision, responsible for approximately 50% of bilateral vision worse than 6/12 (20/40) among white, black, and Hispanic persons. The number of blind persons in the US is projected to increase by 70% to 1.6 million by 2020, with a similar rise projected for low vision.Blindness or low vision affects approximately 1 in 28 Americans older than 40 years. The specific causes of visual impairment, and especially blindness, vary greatly by race/ethnicity. The prevalence of visual disabilities will increase markedly during the next 20 years, owing largely to the aging of the US population.
|
C119767625
|
Optometry
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.86.2.238
|
field of health care which involves examining the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease
|
The definition and classification of glaucoma in prevalence surveys
|
[
{
"display_name": "Glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778527774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.911813,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.89620507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Optometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119767625",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.699695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058522",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58529836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364768"
},
{
"display_name": "Optic nerve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780837183",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52834046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186029"
},
{
"display_name": "Classification scheme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13460635",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5280417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85753676"
},
{
"display_name": "Optic neuropathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778233873",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49438453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2879095"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48509014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.476259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
}
] |
This review describes a scheme for diagnosis of glaucoma in population based prevalence surveys. Cases are diagnosed on the grounds of both structural and functional evidence of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The scheme also makes provision for diagnosing glaucoma in eyes with severe visual loss where formal field testing is impractical, and for blind eyes in which the optic disc cannot be seen because of media opacities.
|
C119767625
|
Optometry
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.119.7.1050
|
field of health care which involves examining the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease
|
Development of the 25-list-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71975386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Macular degeneration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776403814",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5113966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetic retinopathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779829184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49401766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361"
},
{
"display_name": "Glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778527774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46893597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Optometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119767625",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45247307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211"
},
{
"display_name": "Cohort",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72563966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43778384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41889375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
}
] |
To develop and test the psychometric properties of a 25-item version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25).Prospective observational cohort study of persons with 1 of 5 chronic eye diseases or low vision who were scheduled for nonurgent visits in ophthalmology practices and a reference sample of persons without eye disease.Eleven university-based ophthalmology practices and the NEI Clinical Center.Eligible participants had to have 1 of the following eye conditions: age-related cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, primary open-angle glaucoma, cytomegalovirus retinitis, or low vision from any cause. Seven of the 12 sites also enrolled persons in a reference sample. Reference sample participants had no evidence of underlying eye disease but were scheduled for either screening eye examinations or correction of refractive error. All eligible persons had to be 21 years or older, English speaking, and cognitively able to give informed consent and participate in a health status interview.To provide the data needed to create the NEI VFQ-25, all subjects completed an interview that included the 51-item NEI VFQ. Estimates of internal consistency indicate that the subscales of the NEI VFQ-25 are reliable. The validity of the NEI VFQ-25 is supported by high correlations between the short- and long-form versions of the measure, observed between-group differences in scores for persons with different eye diseases of varying severity, and the moderate-to-high correlations between the NEI VFQ-25 subscales that have the most to do with central vision and measured visual acuity.The reliability and validity of the NEI VFQ-25 are comparable to those of the 51-item NEI VFQ field test version of the survey. This shorter version will be more feasible in settings such as clinical trials where interview length is a critical consideration. In addition, preliminary analyses indicate that the psychometric properties of the NEI VFQ-25 are robust for the eye conditions studied; this suggests that the measure will provide reproducible and valid data when used across multiple conditions of varying severity.
|
C119767625
|
Optometry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30293-0
|
field of health care which involves examining the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease
|
Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Visual impairment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781372952",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8666272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual acuity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778257484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70377475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555066"
},
{
"display_name": "Presbyopia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779909278",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64770573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319595"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6043337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Meta-analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95190672",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5424453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382"
},
{
"display_name": "Blindness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780929884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51253414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50853074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Optometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119767625",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4150269,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211"
}
] |
Global and regional prevalence estimates for blindness and vision impairment are important for the development of public health policies. We aimed to provide global estimates, trends, and projections of global blindness and vision impairment.We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based datasets relevant to global vision impairment and blindness that were published between 1980 and 2015. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate the prevalence (by age, country, and sex), in 2015, of mild visual impairment (presenting visual acuity worse than 6/12 to 6/18 inclusive), moderate to severe visual impairment (presenting visual acuity worse than 6/18 to 3/60 inclusive), blindness (presenting visual acuity worse than 3/60), and functional presbyopia (defined as presenting near vision worse than N6 or N8 at 40 cm when best-corrected distance visual acuity was better than 6/12).Globally, of the 7·33 billion people alive in 2015, an estimated 36·0 million (80% uncertainty interval [UI] 12·9-65·4) were blind (crude prevalence 0·48%; 80% UI 0·17-0·87; 56% female), 216·6 million (80% UI 98·5-359·1) people had moderate to severe visual impairment (2·95%, 80% UI 1·34-4·89; 55% female), and 188·5 million (80% UI 64·5-350·2) had mild visual impairment (2·57%, 80% UI 0·88-4·77; 54% female). Functional presbyopia affected an estimated 1094·7 million (80% UI 581·1-1686·5) people aged 35 years and older, with 666·7 million (80% UI 364·9-997·6) being aged 50 years or older. The estimated number of blind people increased by 17·6%, from 30·6 million (80% UI 9·9-57·3) in 1990 to 36·0 million (80% UI 12·9-65·4) in 2015. This change was attributable to three factors, namely an increase because of population growth (38·4%), population ageing after accounting for population growth (34·6%), and reduction in age-specific prevalence (-36·7%). The number of people with moderate and severe visual impairment also increased, from 159·9 million (80% UI 68·3-270·0) in 1990 to 216·6 million (80% UI 98·5-359·1) in 2015.There is an ongoing reduction in the age-standardised prevalence of blindness and visual impairment, yet the growth and ageing of the world's population is causing a substantial increase in number of people affected. These observations, plus a very large contribution from uncorrected presbyopia, highlight the need to scale up vision impairment alleviation efforts at all levels.Brien Holden Vision Institute.
|
C16685009
|
Andrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0700219
|
medical specialty
|
Development of an assay to assess the functional integrity of the human sperm membrane and its relationship to other semen characteristics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Semen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778093475",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83816504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9715"
},
{
"display_name": "Sperm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781087480",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7267719,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145"
},
{
"display_name": "Andrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16685009",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6952394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057"
},
{
"display_name": "Swelling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778540859",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.543744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43270707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Eosin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779751288",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42358214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422637"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3690559,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Summary. The objective of this study was to develop a relatively simple test to evaluate the functional integrity of the membranes of human spermatozoa. As in some other species, human spermatozoa 'swell' under hypo-osmotic conditions due to the influx of water and the expansion of the membranes. A mixture of equal parts of fructose and sodium citrate (150 mosmol) with calculated ionic strength of 0·15 resulted in a maximal number of clearly identifiable swollen spermatozoa. Only small variations were seen when different aliquants of the same semen samples were separately evaluated. A high correlation (r = 0·94) was obtained between expected and observed values of swollen spermatozoa when known amounts of heat-treated spermatozoa, unable to undergo swelling, were added to untreated spermatozoa. A good correlation (r = 0·90) was also observed between the % spermatozoa in a semen sample that were capable of undergoing swelling and the % of denuded hamster oocytes that were penetrated by capacitated spermatozoa from the same semen sample. By contrast, the correlations between % sperm swelling in ejaculates and % normal sperm forms, % motile spermatozoa and % spermatozoa that do not stain with eosin-Y (supravital stain) in the same ejaculates were 0·30,0·61 and 0·52, respectively. Therefore, the hypo-osmotic swelling technique to evaluate the functional integrity of the sperm membrane appears to give high repeatability and accuracy and is closely correlated to the in-vitro fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. It may be a useful addition to the standard semen analysis.
|
C16685009
|
Andrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod38.5.1171
|
medical specialty
|
Capacitation of Bovine Sperm by Heparin1
|
[
{
"display_name": "Capacitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780301668",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9753021,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1728362"
},
{
"display_name": "Sperm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781087480",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.94311035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145"
},
{
"display_name": "Acrosome reaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779995066",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8306757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163261"
},
{
"display_name": "Human fertilization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88972607",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7600595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2666904"
},
{
"display_name": "Acrosome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778252442",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7259396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421111"
},
{
"display_name": "Andrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16685009",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6952073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5958224,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Heparin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777557582",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58416045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190016"
},
{
"display_name": "Incubation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25642318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47830442,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1992532"
}
] |
Capacitation of bovine sperm was evaluated by determining the ability of sperm to fertilize bovine oocytes in vitro and to undergo an acrosome reaction upon exposure to lysophosphatidylcholine (LC). Incubation of sperm with heparin (10 micrograms/ml) increased the percentage of oocytes fertilized, but this required exposing sperm to heparin for at least 4 h before adding them to oocytes. There was no effect on the percentage of motile or acrosome-reacted sperm after exposure of noncapacitated sperm to 100 micrograms/ml LC for 15 min. When sperm were incubated for 4 h with heparin, exposure to 100 micrograms/ml LC for 15 min had no effect on the percentage of sperm that were motile, but the percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm increased from less than 10% to over 70%. The acrosome reactions (ARs) induced by LC were synchronous, reached maximal levels within 15 min, and differed (p less than 0.001) between sperm incubated under capacitating (with heparin) and noncapacitating conditions (without heparin). The time course required for heparin to capacitate sperm as judged by in vitro fertilization and to render sperm sensitive to LC induction of the AR were found to be similar. The percentage of ARs induced by LC and percentage of oocytes fertilized by sperm were found to be heparin-dose-dependent, with the maximum responses occurring at 5-10 micrograms/ml heparin. The correlation between the mean fertilization and LC-induced AR percentages was 0.997 (p less than 0.01). These studies demonstrate capacitation of bovine sperm by heparin requires at least a 4-h exposure of sperm to heparin and suggest that plasma membrane changes prior to an AR can be detected by exposure of bovine sperm to LC.
|
C16685009
|
Andrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.24.11298
|
medical specialty
|
Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Spermatogenesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123765429",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.918941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36961"
},
{
"display_name": "Germ cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779122487",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.75928986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281579"
},
{
"display_name": "Stem cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28328180",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71344054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7056822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Andrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16685009",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.623731,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057"
},
{
"display_name": "Transplantation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2911091166",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59441584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106419912"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53979665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95444343",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5165614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141"
},
{
"display_name": "Germ",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780258238",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48101407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2520842"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1491633281",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4641802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868"
}
] |
In the adult male, a population of diploid stem-cell spermatogonia continuously undergoes self-renewal and produces progeny cells, which initiate the complex process of cellular differentiation that results in mature spermatozoa. We report here that stem cells isolated from testes of donor male mice will repopulate sterile testes when injected into seminiferous tubules. Donor cell spermatogenesis in recipient testes showed normal morpholigical characteristics and produced mature spermatozoa. This methodology, besides opening new avenues of basic research into spermatogenesis and stem-cell self-renewal, may prove useful as a tool for biomedical science and biotechnology.
|
C16685009
|
Andrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-3-28
|
medical specialty
|
Role of oxidative stress in female reproduction
|
[
{
"display_name": "Infertility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777688143",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7398303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179399"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6419039,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814"
},
{
"display_name": "Ovulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777702977",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62088317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187082"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51555777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
},
{
"display_name": "Follicular phase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187785154",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5130176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5464664"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4756541,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Andrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16685009",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46295032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057"
},
{
"display_name": "Endometriosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779522080",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44628426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205764"
},
{
"display_name": "Oocyte",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776690073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43276605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246226"
},
{
"display_name": "Fertility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518429986",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41756278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41090494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3952682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33635384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30215195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Abstract In a healthy body, ROS (reactive oxygen species) and antioxidants remain in balance. When the balance is disrupted towards an overabundance of ROS, oxidative stress (OS) occurs. OS influences the entire reproductive lifespan of a woman and even thereafter (i.e. menopause). OS results from an imbalance between prooxidants (free radical species) and the body's scavenging ability (antioxidants). ROS are a double-edged sword – they serve as key signal molecules in physiological processes but also have a role in pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract. ROS affect multiple physiological processes from oocyte maturation to fertilization, embryo development and pregnancy. It has been suggested that OS modulates the age-related decline in fertility. It plays a role during pregnancy and normal parturition and in initiation of preterm labor. Most ovarian cancers appear in the surface epithelium, and repetitive ovulation has been thought to be a causative factor. Ovulation-induced oxidative base damage and damage to DNA of the ovarian epithelium can be prevented by antioxidants. There is growing literature on the effects of OS in female reproduction with involvement in the pathophsiology of preeclampsia, hydatidiform mole, free radical-induced birth defects and other situations such as abortions. Numerous studies have shown that OS plays a role in the pathoysiology of infertility and assisted fertility. There is some evidence of its role in endometriosis, tubal and peritoneal factor infertility and unexplained infertility. This article reviews the role OS plays in normal cycling ovaries, follicular development and cyclical endometrial changes. It also discusses OS-related female infertility and how it influences the outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques. The review comprehensively explores the literature for evidence of the role of oxidative stress in conditions such as abortions, preeclampsia, hydatidiform mole, fetal embryopathies, preterm labour and preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. The review also addresses the growing literature on the role of nitric oxide species in female reproduction. The involvement of nitric oxide species in regulation of endometrial and ovarian function, etiopathogenesis of endometriosis, and maintenance of uterine quiescence, initiation of labour and ripening of cervix at parturition is discussed. Complex interplay between cytokines and oxidative stress in the etiology of female reproductive disorders is discussed. Oxidant status of the cell modulates angiogenesis, which is critical for follicular growth, corpus luteum formation endometrial differentiation and embryonic growth is also highlighted in the review. Strategies to overcome oxidative stress and enhance fertility, both natural and assisted are delineated. Early interventions being investigated for prevention of preeclampsia are enumerated. Trials investigating combination intervention strategy of vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation in preventing preeclampsia are highlighted. Antioxidants are powerful and there are few trials investigating antioxidant supplementation in female reproduction. However, before clinicians recommend antioxidants, randomized controlled trials with sufficient power are necessary to prove the efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in disorders of female reproduction. Serial measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers in longitudinal studies may help delineate the etiology of some of the diosorders in female reproduction such as preeclampsia.
|
C16685009
|
Andrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842002000400008
|
medical specialty
|
Determination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: some helpful considerations
|
[
{
"display_name": "Estrous cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1998276",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9816908,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388121"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6524373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Vaginal smear",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020724952",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63248193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7908510"
},
{
"display_name": "Vagina",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777744392",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44380665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5880"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44169253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Morning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19720800",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43674615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7722"
},
{
"display_name": "Andrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16685009",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41823694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3210073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31376776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
}
] |
The short length of the estrous cycle of rats makes them ideal for investigation of changes occurring during the reproductive cycle. The estrous cycle lasts four days and is characterized as: proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus, which may be determined according to the cell types observed in the vaginal smear. Since the collection of vaginal secretion and the use of stained material generally takes some time, the aim of the present work was to provide researchers with some helpful considerations about the determination of the rat estrous cycle phases in a fast and practical way. Vaginal secretion of thirty female rats was collected every morning during a month and unstained native material was observed using the microscope without the aid of the condenser lens. Using the 10 x objective lens, it was easier to analyze the proportion among the three cellular types, which are present in the vaginal smear. Using the 40 x objective lens, it is easier to recognize each one of these cellular types. The collection of vaginal lavage from the animals, the observation of the material, in the microscope, and the determination of the estrous cycle phase of all the thirty female rats took 15-20 minutes.
|
C16685009
|
Andrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmn004
|
medical specialty
|
Oxidative stress and male infertility—a clinical perspective
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxidative stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8759698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814"
},
{
"display_name": "Sperm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781087480",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.716602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145"
},
{
"display_name": "Reactive oxygen species",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48349386",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68135047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361"
},
{
"display_name": "Infertility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777688143",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6571926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179399"
},
{
"display_name": "Male infertility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777338322",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.632907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280156"
},
{
"display_name": "Semen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778093475",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52662855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9715"
},
{
"display_name": "Andrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16685009",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5193661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057"
},
{
"display_name": "DNA damage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143425029",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48744014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5205747"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative phosphorylation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57600042",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4319927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227564"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42133534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95444343",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3377893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3319381,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30077448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Oxidative stress occurs when the production of potentially destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the bodies own natural antioxidant defenses, resulting in cellular damage. Oxidative stress is a common pathology seen in approximately half of all infertile men. ROS, defined as including oxygen ions, free radicals and peroxides are generated by sperm and seminal leukocytes within semen and produce infertility by two key mechanisms. First, they damage the sperm membrane, decreasing sperm motility and its ability to fuse with the oocyte. Second, ROS can alter the sperm DNA, resulting in the passage of defective paternal DNA on to the conceptus. This review will provide an overview of oxidative biochemistry related to sperm health and will identify which men are most at risk of oxidative infertility. Finally, the review will outline methods available for diagnosing oxidative stress and the various treatments available.
|
C16685009
|
Andrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.74.1.68
|
medical specialty
|
Spermatogenic cells of the prepuberal mouse: isolation and morphological characterization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8411764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Sertoli cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781068068",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.80324054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195614"
},
{
"display_name": "Spermatogenesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123765429",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7538521,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36961"
},
{
"display_name": "Meiosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148196450",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7465371,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21100485"
},
{
"display_name": "Andrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16685009",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6122236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057"
},
{
"display_name": "Spermatocyte",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776053789",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.52073383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3486515"
},
{
"display_name": "Testicle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779066085",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47607937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9384"
},
{
"display_name": "Germ cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779122487",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4558422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281579"
},
{
"display_name": "Prophase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45413362",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45300734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6013254"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36020613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95444343",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3579775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34339657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32338324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162"
}
] |
A procedure is described which permits the isolation from the prepuberal mouse testis of highly purified populations of primitive type A spermatogonia, type A spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, preleptotene primary spermatocytes, leptotene and zygotene primary spermatocytes, pachytene primary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells. The successful isolation of these prepuberal cell types was accomplished by: (a) defining distinctive morphological characteristics of the cells, (b) determining the temporal appearance of spermatogenic cells during prepuberal development, (c) isolating purified seminiferous cords, after dissociation of the testis with collagenase, (d) separating the trypsin-dispersed seminiferous cells by sedimentation velocity at unit gravity, and (e) assessing the identity and purity of the isolated cell types by microscopy. The seminiferous epithelium from day 6 animals contains only primitive type A spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. Type A and type B spermatogonia are present by day 8. At day 10, meiotic prophase is initiated, with the germ cells reaching the early and late pachytene stages by 14 and 18, respectively. Secondary spermatocytes and haploid spermatids appear throughout this developmental period. The purity and optimum day for the recovery of specific cell types are as follows: day 6, Sertoli cells (purity&gt;99 percent) and primitive type A spermatogonia (90 percent); day 8, type A spermatogonia (91 percent) and type B spermatogonia (76 percent); day 18, preleptotene spermatocytes (93 percent), leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes (52 percent), and pachytene spermatocytes (89 percent), leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes (52 percent), and pachytene spermatocytes (89 percent).
|
C16685009
|
Andrology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa003005
|
medical specialty
|
Sperm Morphology, Motility, and Concentration in Fertile and Infertile Men
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sperm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781087480",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83259535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145"
},
{
"display_name": "Fertility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518429986",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77872735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401"
},
{
"display_name": "Semen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778093475",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7164271,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9715"
},
{
"display_name": "Andrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16685009",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6616669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057"
},
{
"display_name": "Male infertility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777338322",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.64114064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280156"
},
{
"display_name": "Semen analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777589648",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6209963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501844"
},
{
"display_name": "Sperm motility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777632594",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5989077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27116486"
},
{
"display_name": "Infertility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777688143",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.563172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179399"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46705902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38423073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Gynecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29456083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33449453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899"
}
] |
Although semen analysis is routinely used to evaluate the male partner in infertile couples, sperm measurements that discriminate between fertile and infertile men are not well defined.
|
C8058405
|
Geophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/94rg01872
|
study of physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity
|
Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Boundary layer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111603439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6443261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752193"
},
{
"display_name": "Mixing (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138777275",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63141406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054"
},
{
"display_name": "Eddy diffusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104196234",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6019823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283046"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermocline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105824904",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59132046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849599"
},
{
"display_name": "Planetary boundary layer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86338904",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5051268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757268"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46955612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermal diffusivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37668627",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46176973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3381809"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45350292,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Turbulence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196558001",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44833097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132"
},
{
"display_name": "Mixed layer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122120755",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4412201,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043905"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43070427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Ocean dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7228185",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41881645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7076138"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146864707",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41121432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382774"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind shear",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135558025",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41106564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027878"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57879066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40647402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30300888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
}
] |
If model parameterizations of unresolved physics, such as the variety of upper ocean mixing processes, are to hold over the large range of time and space scales of importance to climate, they must be strongly physically based. Observations, theories, and models of oceanic vertical mixing are surveyed. Two distinct regimes are identified: ocean mixing in the boundary layer near the surface under a variety of surface forcing conditions (stabilizing, destabilizing, and wind driven), and mixing in the ocean interior due to internal waves, shear instability, and double diffusion (arising from the different molecular diffusion rates of heat and salt). Mixing schemes commonly applied to the upper ocean are shown not to contain some potentially important boundary layer physics. Therefore a new parameterization of oceanic boundary layer mixing is developed to accommodate some of this physics. It includes a scheme for determining the boundary layer depth h , where the turbulent contribution to the vertical shear of a bulk Richardson number is parameterized. Expressions for diffusivity and nonlocal transport throughout the boundary layer are given. The diffusivity is formulated to agree with similarity theory of turbulence in the surface layer and is subject to the conditions that both it and its vertical gradient match the interior values at h . This nonlocal “ K profile parameterization” (KPP) is then verified and compared to alternatives, including its atmospheric counterparts. Its most important feature is shown to be the capability of the boundary layer to penetrate well into a stable thermocline in both convective and wind‐driven situations. The diffusivities of the aforementioned three interior mixing processes are modeled as constants, functions of a gradient Richardson number (a measure of the relative importance of stratification to destabilizing shear), and functions of the double‐diffusion density ratio, R ρ . Oceanic simulations of convective penetration, wind deepening, and diurnal cycling are used to determine appropriate values for various model parameters as weak functions of vertical resolution. Annual cycle simulations at ocean weather station Papa for 1961 and 1969–1974 are used to test the complete suite of parameterizations. Model and observed temperatures at all depths are shown to agree very well into September, after which systematic advective cooling in the ocean produces expected differences. It is argued that this cooling and a steady salt advection into the model are needed to balance the net annual surface heating and freshwater input. With these advections, good multiyear simulations of temperature and salinity can be achieved. These results and KPP simulations of the diurnal cycle at the Long‐Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS) site are compared with the results of other models. It is demonstrated that the KPP model exchanges properties between the mixed layer and thermocline in a manner consistent with observations, and at least as well or better than alternatives.
|
C8058405
|
Geophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/94jb03098
|
study of physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity
|
Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cenozoic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73707237",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9082501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102416"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth's magnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199635899",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8381507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81492484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Cretaceous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12294951",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80954957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44626"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.73267996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
},
{
"display_name": "Polarity (international relations)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777361361",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.713362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1112585"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleogene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204330871",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6077423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55810"
},
{
"display_name": "Geomagnetic reversal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152406496",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5062722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059740"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49364722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Mesozoic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202783661",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4770883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83222"
}
] |
Recently reported radioisotopic dates and magnetic anomaly spacings have made it evident that modification is required for the age calibrations for the geomagnetic polarity timescale of Cande and Kent (1992) at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary and in the Pliocene. An adjusted geomagnetic reversal chronology for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic is presented that is consistent with astrochronology in the Pleistocene and Pliocene and with a new timescale for the Mesozoic.
|
C8058405
|
Geophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/(issn)1944-8007
|
study of physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity
|
Geophysical Research Letters
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mixing (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138777275",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60250705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5183164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49040818,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Salinity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129513315",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4790855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46940032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Sea ice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136894858",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4232515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41267186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33010757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Key Points Choice of sea ice thermodynamics does not lead to large differences in sea ice state due to compensating thermodynamic changes Antarctic Bottom Water production increases by 0.5 Sv and upper ocean becomes denser due to increasing salinity with mushy thermodynamics Wintertime air-sea fluxes, atmospheric low-level mixing, and low cloud cover all decrease with mushy thermodynamics
|
C8058405
|
Geophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511549816
|
study of physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity
|
Potential Theory in Gravity and Magnetic Applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Interpretation (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C527412718",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54241216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395"
},
{
"display_name": "Statement (logic)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777026412",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5070977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5009947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47437316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
},
{
"display_name": "Fortran",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778241615",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4431697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83303"
},
{
"display_name": "Rigour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71008984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43378752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076"
},
{
"display_name": "Ideal (ethics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776639384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43112874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37573734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Calculus (dental)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777686260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36791256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34445226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
This text bridges the gap between the classic texts on potential theory and modern books on applied geophysics. It opens with an introduction to potential theory, emphasising those aspects particularly important to earth scientists, such as Laplace's equation, Newtonian potential, magnetic and electrostatic fields, and conduction of heat. The theory is then applied to the interpretation of gravity and magnetic anomalies, drawing on examples from modern geophysical literature. Topics explored include regional and global fields, forward modeling, inverse methods, depth-to-source estimation, ideal bodies, analytical continuation, and spectral analysis. The book includes numerous exercises and a variety of computer subroutines written in FORTRAN. Graduate students and researchers in geophysics will find this book essential.
|
C8058405
|
Geophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1071/pvv2011n155other
|
study of physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity
|
An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5335648,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3286643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31947294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
}
] |
The book covers a range of applications including mineral, hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration, and emphasises the use of geophysics in civil engineering and in environmental investigations. Following on from the international popularity of the first edition, this new, revised, and much expanded edition contains additional case histories, and descriptions of geophysical techniques not previously included in such textbooks. The level of mathematics and physics is deliberately kept to a minimum but is described qualitatively within the text. Relevant mathematical expressions are separated into boxes to supplement the text. The book is profusely illustrated with many figures, photographs and line drawings, many never previously published. Key source literature is provided in an extensive reference section; a list of web addresses for key organisations is also given in an appendix as a valuable additional resource. Covers new techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Sounding, Controlled- Source EM, shear-wave seismic refraction, and airborne gravity and EM techniques -- Now includes radioactivity surveying and more discussions of down-hole geophysical methods; hydrographic and Sub-Bottom Profiling surveying; and Unexploded Ordnance detection -- Expanded to include more forensic, archaeological, glaciological, agricultural and bio-geophysical applications -- Includes more information on physio-chemical properties of geological, engineering and environmental materials.
|
C8058405
|
Geophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001rg000106
|
study of physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity
|
Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere
|
[
{
"display_name": "Gravity wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185975314",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.80383134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599451"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67137504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177707082",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.58822954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757526"
},
{
"display_name": "Gravitational wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190330329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49824047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190035"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4891627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47906026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromagnetic spectrum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155761240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46619764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133139"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45842898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994030904",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44189316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric circulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150284090",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43489626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2615451"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118365302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43099403,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35040772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34080437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
}
] |
Atmospheric gravity waves have been a subject of intense research activity in recent years because of their myriad effects and their major contributions to atmospheric circulation, structure, and variability. Apart from occasionally strong lower‐atmospheric effects, the major wave influences occur in the middle atmosphere, between ∼ 10 and 110 km altitudes because of decreasing density and increasing wave amplitudes with altitude. Theoretical, numerical, and observational studies have advanced our understanding of gravity waves on many fronts since the review by Fritts [1984a] ; the present review will focus on these more recent contributions. Progress includes a better appreciation of gravity wave sources and characteristics, the evolution of the gravity wave spectrum with altitude and with variations of wind and stability, the character and implications of observed climatologies, and the wave interaction and instability processes that constrain wave amplitudes and spectral shape. Recent studies have also expanded dramatically our understanding of gravity wave influences on the large‐scale circulation and the thermal and constituent structures of the middle atmosphere. These advances have led to a number of parameterizations of gravity wave effects which are enabling ever more realistic descriptions of gravity wave forcing in large‐scale models. There remain, nevertheless, a number of areas in which further progress is needed in refining our understanding of and our ability to describe and predict gravity wave influences in the middle atmosphere. Our view of these unknowns and needs is also offered.
|
C8058405
|
Geophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.44.1_25
|
study of physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity
|
Quasi-Geostrophic Motions in the Equatorial Area
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rossby wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145151356",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8424609,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053589"
},
{
"display_name": "Equator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12980444",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7243964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23538"
},
{
"display_name": "Gravity wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185975314",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7083556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599451"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6186344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Equatorial waves",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176341353",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5813683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530080"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.578826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Geostrophic wind",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133877212",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55206174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929043"
},
{
"display_name": "Rossby radius of deformation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110992570",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5376332,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433864"
},
{
"display_name": "Wavenumber",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121130766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49469373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192510"
},
{
"display_name": "Wave shoaling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103437262",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.47648188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7975331"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43179477",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47160774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132631"
},
{
"display_name": "Wave propagation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44886760",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4649896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758425"
},
{
"display_name": "Amplitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180205008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44193995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190"
},
{
"display_name": "Rossby number",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42652486",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42807508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676622"
},
{
"display_name": "Infragravity wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190791664",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.41160136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031425"
},
{
"display_name": "Breaking wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169596890",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41046017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661247"
},
{
"display_name": "Longitudinal wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143351421",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39001018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626707"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57879066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36740837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217"
}
] |
Quasi-horizontal wave motions in the equatorial area are discussed. A single layer of homogeneous incompressible fluid with free surface is treated. The Coriolis parameter is assumed to be proportional to the latitude. In general, waves of two different types are obtained as solutions, one being the inertio-gravity wave and the other Rossby wave. They are distinguished from each other by the difference of frequencies and by the relationships between pressure and velocity fields.For the solutions of the lowest mode (waves confined near the equator), however, the distinction between the Rossby and the inertio-gravity waves is not clear. The wave moves westward and the frequency of this wave is compared to that of the gravity wave, if wave length is large. With the increase of the wave number the frequency decreases and approaches to that of the Rossby type wave. The pressure and wind fields of this wave show somewhat mixed character of the two types, and change continuously with the wave number. In this connection it seems impossible to "filter out" gravity waves from large scale motions.Another interesting feature of the equatorial disturbances is that the low frequency waves are trapped near the equator. It is shown that the both waves of inertio-gravity type and of the Rossby type have appreciable amplitude only near the equator. The characteristic north-south extent of the waves is (c/β)1/2, where c is the velocity of long gravity waves and β is the Rossby parameter. This expression is identical with that derived by Bretherton (1964) for inertio-gravity oscillations in a meridional plane.In the later half, "forced stationary motion" in the equatorial region is treated. Based on the same model, mass sources and sinks are introduced periodically in the east-west direction. Then the motions and surface topography caused by them are calculated.As expected, high and low pressures appear where mass source and sink are given respectively. But these high and low cells are splitted into two parts separated by troughs or ridges located along the equator. Strong east-west current was formed along the equator. The flow directs from source to sink and it is intensified by the turning of the circular flow in the higher latitudes.
|
C8058405
|
Geophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:tslroa>2.0.co;2
|
study of physical processes and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity
|
The Steady Linear Response of a Spherical Atmosphere to Thermal and Orographic Forcing
|
[
{
"display_name": "Barotropic fluid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29712183",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8361003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739293"
},
{
"display_name": "Rossby wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145151356",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6863134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053589"
},
{
"display_name": "Baroclinity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53631411",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6282724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1548585"
},
{
"display_name": "Orographic lift",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134295995",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5753319,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1506685"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55314773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle latitudes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18101618",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.533649,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9346670"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.530746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52869856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Orography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194507410",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5261492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901704"
},
{
"display_name": "Forcing (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197115733",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5188088,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136"
},
{
"display_name": "Wavelength",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6260449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50814295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5041059,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48266986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177707082",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47311303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757526"
},
{
"display_name": "Latitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122523270",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44814062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57879066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38161516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217"
},
{
"display_name": "Gravity wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185975314",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.32500064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599451"
}
] |
Motivated by some results from barotropic models, a linearized steady-state five-layer baroclinic model is used to study the response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. At low levels the significant perturbations are confined to the neighborhood of the source and for midlatitude thermal forcing these perturbations are crucially dependent on the vertical distribution of the source. In the upper troposphere the sources generate wavetrains which are very similar to those given by barotropic models. For a low-latitude source, long wavelengths propagate strongly polewards as well as eastwards. Shorter wavelengths are trapped equatorward of the poleward flank of the jet, resulting in a split of the wave-trains at this latitude. Using reasonable dissipation magnitudes, the easiest way to produce an appreciable response in middle and high latitudes is by subtropical forcing. These results suggest an explanation for the shapes of patterns described in observational studies. The theory for waves propagating in a slowly varying medium is applied to Rossby waves propagating in a barotropic atmosphere. The slow variation of the medium is associated with the sphericity of the domain and the latitudinal structure of the zonal wind. Rays along which wave activity propagates, the speeds of propagation, and the amplitudes and phases along these rays are determined for a constant angular velocity basic flow as well as a more realistic jet flow. They agree well with the observational and numerical model results and give a simple interpretation of them.
|
C539667460
|
Management science
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
|
study of problem-solving in human organizations
|
Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework
|
[
{
"display_name": "Systematic review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189708586",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6215422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425"
},
{
"display_name": "Relation (database)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25343380",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61040765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5007322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47420055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4305766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38321045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75630572",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35687095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904"
}
] |
Abstract This paper focuses on scoping studies, an approach to reviewing the literature which to date has received little attention in the research methods literature. We distinguish between different types of scoping studies and indicate where these stand in relation to full systematic reviews. We outline a framework for conducting a scoping study based on our recent experiences of reviewing the literature on services for carers for people with mental health problems. Where appropriate, our approach to scoping the field is contrasted with the procedures followed in systematic reviews. We emphasize how including a consultation exercise in this sort of study may enhance the results, making them more useful to policy makers, practitioners and service users. Finally, we consider the advantages and limitations of the approach and suggest that a wider debate is called for about the role of the scoping study in relation to other types of literature reviews. Acknowledgements This paper is based on a study funded by a grant from the UK NHS Service Delivery & Organization (SDO) Research and Development Programme. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily shared by any individual, government or agency. We wish to thank our colleagues on this project: Sally Baldwin (Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York) and Jennifer Harris (SPRU, University of York); Anne Mason (Centre for Health Economics, University of York); Su Golder (NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York); Elizabeth Newbronner and Philippa Hare (Acton.Shapiro). Sally Baldwin died tragically in October 2003. Sally was a key member of the research team, and we greatly valued her input to the project and this article. We are grateful to Julie Glanville, Su Golder, Rachel Peto, Gill Ritchie, Mark Rodgers, Amanda Sowden, Alison Wallace and Kath Wright for comments on an earlier draft of this paper. We would also like to acknowledge the referees' comments which have been incorporated into the paper. Notes We would like to acknowledge Su Golder's valuable support and contribution to the scoping study. Additional informationNotes on contributorsHilary ArkseyLisa O'Malley is a Research Fellow in the Centre for Housing Policy at the University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD; UK. Tel: + 44 (0)1904 321480; Fax: + 44 (0)1904 321481; Email: [email protected]. Her research interests include research methods; the Internet, health and social policy; and the voluntary sector.
|
C539667460
|
Management science
|
https://doi.org/10.21225/d54s3d
|
study of problem-solving in human organizations
|
Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches
|
[
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47740948,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimethodology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156393514",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4754581,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934800"
},
{
"display_name": "Research design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779318504",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45807454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4571327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4134219,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40923303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38745788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
}
] |
Given the increased use of qualitative and mixed methods, and the continued use of quantitative methods, Creswell's third edition of Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches is most timely.He not only compares and contrasts these approaches but also promotes a framework, a process, and strategies for the design and conduct of research in the human and social sciences.The book has two parts.The four chapters that make up Part 1, "Preliminary Considerations," describe the basic elements of a research undertaking, such as philosophical assumptions, the literature review, the use of theory, and the writing style and ethics.The six chapters in Part 2, "Designing Research," elaborate on the design components of research, such as the introduction, the research purpose, research questions and problems, and methods and procedures for data collection and analysis.
|
C539667460
|
Management science
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
|
study of problem-solving in human organizations
|
Scoping studies: advancing the methodology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Health services research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780877353",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5471569,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777921204",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5374392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66104672"
},
{
"display_name": "Rigour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71008984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53312093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076"
},
{
"display_name": "Thematic analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74196892",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51396745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5079425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4975913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Health informatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145642194",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47779426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4625034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Relevance (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158154518",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44945493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44070148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43519744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43501768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Health administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137992405",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42233896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137608"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40081534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
}
] |
Scoping studies are an increasingly popular approach to reviewing health research evidence. In 2005, Arksey and O'Malley published the first methodological framework for conducting scoping studies. While this framework provides an excellent foundation for scoping study methodology, further clarifying and enhancing this framework will help support the consistency with which authors undertake and report scoping studies and may encourage researchers and clinicians to engage in this process.We build upon our experiences conducting three scoping studies using the Arksey and O'Malley methodology to propose recommendations that clarify and enhance each stage of the framework. Recommendations include: clarifying and linking the purpose and research question (stage one); balancing feasibility with breadth and comprehensiveness of the scoping process (stage two); using an iterative team approach to selecting studies (stage three) and extracting data (stage four); incorporating a numerical summary and qualitative thematic analysis, reporting results, and considering the implications of study findings to policy, practice, or research (stage five); and incorporating consultation with stakeholders as a required knowledge translation component of scoping study methodology (stage six). Lastly, we propose additional considerations for scoping study methodology in order to support the advancement, application and relevance of scoping studies in health research.Specific recommendations to clarify and enhance this methodology are outlined for each stage of the Arksey and O'Malley framework. Continued debate and development about scoping study methodology will help to maximize the usefulness and rigor of scoping study findings within healthcare research and practice.
|
C539667460
|
Management science
|
https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x033007014
|
study of problem-solving in human organizations
|
Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come
|
[
{
"display_name": "Multimethodology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156393514",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8111625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934800"
},
{
"display_name": "Eclecticism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156270389",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7173121,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192068"
},
{
"display_name": "Pragmatism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158573231",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6348555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126692"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5670221,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5394152,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486"
},
{
"display_name": "Research design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779318504",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4834986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035"
},
{
"display_name": "Pluralism (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49831778",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44539666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879021"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43752378,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4241045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33514833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
The purposes of this article are to position mixed methods research ( mixed research is a synonym) as the natural complement to traditional qualitative and quantitative research, to present pragmatism as offering an attractive philosophical partner for mixed methods research, and to provide a framework for designing and conducting mixed methods research. In doing this, we briefly review the paradigm “wars” and incompatibility thesis, we show some commonalities between quantitative and qualitative research, we explain the tenets of pragmatism, we explain the fundamental principle of mixed research and how to apply it, we provide specific sets of designs for the two major types of mixed methods research ( mixed-model designs and mixed-method designs), and, finally, we explain mixed methods research as following (recursively) an eight-step process. A key feature of mixed methods research is its methodological pluralism or eclecticism, which frequently results in superior research (compared to monomethod research). Mixed methods research will be successful as more investigators study and help advance its concepts and as they regularly practice it.
|
C539667460
|
Management science
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
|
study of problem-solving in human organizations
|
The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8559091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382"
},
{
"display_name": "Behaviour change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020759390",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77077967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880694"
},
{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6073255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298"
},
{
"display_name": "Behavior change methods",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56329447",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55746794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880697"
},
{
"display_name": "Behavior change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14262774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.520567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880695"
},
{
"display_name": "Health psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155164915",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43278807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403186"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42275086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41834807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40019342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75630572",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3859382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3455863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31485832,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
Improving the design and implementation of evidence-based practice depends on successful behaviour change interventions. This requires an appropriate method for characterising interventions and linking them to an analysis of the targeted behaviour. There exists a plethora of frameworks of behaviour change interventions, but it is not clear how well they serve this purpose. This paper evaluates these frameworks, and develops and evaluates a new framework aimed at overcoming their limitations. A systematic search of electronic databases and consultation with behaviour change experts were used to identify frameworks of behaviour change interventions. These were evaluated according to three criteria: comprehensiveness, coherence, and a clear link to an overarching model of behaviour. A new framework was developed to meet these criteria. The reliability with which it could be applied was examined in two domains of behaviour change: tobacco control and obesity. Nineteen frameworks were identified covering nine intervention functions and seven policy categories that could enable those interventions. None of the frameworks reviewed covered the full range of intervention functions or policies, and only a minority met the criteria of coherence or linkage to a model of behaviour. At the centre of a proposed new framework is a 'behaviour system' involving three essential conditions: capability, opportunity, and motivation (what we term the 'COM-B system'). This forms the hub of a 'behaviour change wheel' (BCW) around which are positioned the nine intervention functions aimed at addressing deficits in one or more of these conditions; around this are placed seven categories of policy that could enable those interventions to occur. The BCW was used reliably to characterise interventions within the English Department of Health's 2010 tobacco control strategy and the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence's guidance on reducing obesity. Interventions and policies to change behaviour can be usefully characterised by means of a BCW comprising: a 'behaviour system' at the hub, encircled by intervention functions and then by policy categories. Research is needed to establish how far the BCW can lead to more efficient design of effective interventions.
|
C539667460
|
Management science
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
|
study of problem-solving in human organizations
|
Thematic Analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Thematic analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74196892",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7917094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.67112565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Traceability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153876917",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6595094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704"
},
{
"display_name": "Thematic map",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93692415",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.649062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5560185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5443723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Presentation (obstetrics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601897",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.535023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48722926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46930674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486"
},
{
"display_name": "Trustworthiness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153701036",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4489401,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018587665",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43984887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.320989,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
}
] |
As qualitative research becomes increasingly recognized and valued, it is imperative that it is conducted in a rigorous and methodical manner to yield meaningful and useful results. To be accepted as trustworthy, qualitative researchers must demonstrate that data analysis has been conducted in a precise, consistent, and exhaustive manner through recording, systematizing, and disclosing the methods of analysis with enough detail to enable the reader to determine whether the process is credible. Although there are numerous examples of how to conduct qualitative research, few sophisticated tools are available to researchers for conducting a rigorous and relevant thematic analysis. The purpose of this article is to guide researchers using thematic analysis as a research method. We offer personal insights and practical examples, while exploring issues of rigor and trustworthiness. The process of conducting a thematic analysis is illustrated through the presentation of an auditable decision trail, guiding interpreting and representing textual data. We detail our step-by-step approach to exploring the effectiveness of strategic clinical networks in Alberta, Canada, in our mixed methods case study. This article contributes a purposeful approach to thematic analysis in order to systematize and increase the traceability and verification of the analysis.
|
C539667460
|
Management science
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
|
study of problem-solving in human organizations
|
A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Typology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75795011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8301865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904"
},
{
"display_name": "Terminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547195049",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8175237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62169546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Strengths and weaknesses",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63882131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59455127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51114136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Systematic review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189708586",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.508004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425"
},
{
"display_name": "Categorization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94124525",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5024462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550"
},
{
"display_name": "Warrant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776916960",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49859095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637156"
},
{
"display_name": "Confusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781140086",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49656087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945"
},
{
"display_name": "Vocabulary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4960054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4714269,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4696426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34336305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
Abstract Background and objectives: The expansion of evidence‐based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains. Methods: Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework—Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA)—was used to examine the main review types. Results: Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain. Conclusions: Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain.
|
C539667460
|
Management science
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-13-117
|
study of problem-solving in human organizations
|
Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7392717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486"
},
{
"display_name": "Discipline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8795937",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5889505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11862829"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5312445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Confusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781140086",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51593286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5086885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87156501",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4630352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4621855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018587665",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43036056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696"
},
{
"display_name": "Health services research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780877353",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41449538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32849914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31943956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3050785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
The Framework Method is becoming an increasingly popular approach to the management and analysis of qualitative data in health research. However, there is confusion about its potential application and limitations. The article discusses when it is appropriate to adopt the Framework Method and explains the procedure for using it in multi-disciplinary health research teams, or those that involve clinicians, patients and lay people. The stages of the method are illustrated using examples from a published study. Used effectively, with the leadership of an experienced qualitative researcher, the Framework Method is a systematic and flexible approach to analysing qualitative data and is appropriate for use in research teams even where not all members have previous experience of conducting qualitative research.
|
C117671659
|
Manufacturing engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2017.05.015
|
discipline of engineering dealing with various manufacturing sciences and practices including the research, design and development of systems, processes, machines, tools, and equipment
|
Intelligent Manufacturing in the Context of Industry 4.0: A Review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64187366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Industry 4.0",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777986313",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63627696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1661989"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61291033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492"
},
{
"display_name": "Big data",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75684735",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.541661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810"
},
{
"display_name": "Advanced manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77854861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5334364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4686346"
},
{
"display_name": "Cloud manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778819808",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5014765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135707"
},
{
"display_name": "Cloud computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79974875",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48952588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175700187",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47523382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47025716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4700956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41865143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35710937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3224222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
Our next generation of industry—Industry 4.0—holds the promise of increased flexibility in manufacturing, along with mass customization, better quality, and improved productivity. It thus enables companies to cope with the challenges of producing increasingly individualized products with a short lead-time to market and higher quality. Intelligent manufacturing plays an important role in Industry 4.0. Typical resources are converted into intelligent objects so that they are able to sense, act, and behave within a smart environment. In order to fully understand intelligent manufacturing in the context of Industry 4.0, this paper provides a comprehensive review of associated topics such as intelligent manufacturing, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled manufacturing, and cloud manufacturing. Similarities and differences in these topics are highlighted based on our analysis. We also review key technologies such as the IoT, cyber-physical systems (CPSs), cloud computing, big data analytics (BDA), and information and communications technology (ICT) that are used to enable intelligent manufacturing. Next, we describe worldwide movements in intelligent manufacturing, including governmental strategic plans from different countries and strategic plans from major international companies in the European Union, United States, Japan, and China. Finally, we present current challenges and future research directions. The concepts discussed in this paper will spark new ideas in the effort to realize the much-anticipated Fourth Industrial Revolution.
|
C117671659
|
Manufacturing engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/208760
|
discipline of engineering dealing with various manufacturing sciences and practices including the research, design and development of systems, processes, machines, tools, and equipment
|
A Review of Additive Manufacturing
|
[
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.71441835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereolithography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779154291",
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"score": 0.68744457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022471"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167740415",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64074016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer-aided manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180539650",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5475971,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660192"
},
{
"display_name": "Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150256626",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52250934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042822"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5223076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Process development execution system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201547687",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5201045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247240"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51746947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer-integrated manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53688548",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51202613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122190"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing process",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987875673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50331897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939"
},
{
"display_name": "Advanced manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77854861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50331444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4686346"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175700187",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47944084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing operations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154742593",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4463333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6753121"
},
{
"display_name": "CAD",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194789388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42672282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering drawing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199639397",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32384956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3050251,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Additive manufacturing processes take the information from a computer-aided design (CAD) file that is later converted to a stereolithography (STL) file. In this process, the drawing made in the CAD software is approximated by triangles and sliced containing the information of each layer that is going to be printed. There is a discussion of the relevant additive manufacturing processes and their applications. The aerospace industry employs them because of the possibility of manufacturing lighter structures to reduce weight. Additive manufacturing is transforming the practice of medicine and making work easier for architects. In 2004, the Society of Manufacturing Engineers did a classification of the various technologies and there are at least four additional significant technologies in 2012. Studies are reviewed which were about the strength of products made in additive manufacturing processes. However, there is still a lot of work and research to be accomplished before additive manufacturing technologies become standard in the manufacturing industry because not every commonly used manufacturing material can be handled. The accuracy needs improvement to eliminate the necessity of a finishing process. The continuous and increasing growth experienced since the early days and the successful results up to the present time allow for optimism that additive manufacturing has a significant place in the future of manufacturing.
|
C117671659
|
Manufacturing engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.11.017
|
discipline of engineering dealing with various manufacturing sciences and practices including the research, design and development of systems, processes, machines, tools, and equipment
|
Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing
|
[
{
"display_name": "3D printing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524769229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6841165,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367"
},
{
"display_name": "Tissue engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49892992",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5134169,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44084466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43970388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42989233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomedical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40826732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30420518,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
With the advent of additive manufacturing technologies in the mid 1980s, many applications benefited from the faster processing of products without the need for specific tooling or dies. However, the application of such techniques in the area of biomedical devices has been slow due to the stringent performance criteria and concerns related to reproducibility and part quality, when new technologies are in their infancy. However, the use of additive manufacturing technologies in bone tissue engineering has been growing in recent years. Among the different technology options, three dimensional printing (3DP) is becoming popular due to the ability to directly print porous scaffolds with designed shape, controlled chemistry and interconnected porosity. Some of these inorganic scaffolds are biodegradable and have proven ideal for bone tissue engineering, sometimes even with site specific growth factor/drug delivery abilities. This review article focuses on recent advances in 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds along with current challenges and future directions.
|
C117671659
|
Manufacturing engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001
|
discipline of engineering dealing with various manufacturing sciences and practices including the research, design and development of systems, processes, machines, tools, and equipment
|
Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities
|
[
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62279725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Machining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523214423",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53433895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192047"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5239199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5204949,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Advanced manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77854861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5076963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4686346"
},
{
"display_name": "Digital manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780841897",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47320527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25349015"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4643479,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "Forging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96494537",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4336006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193057"
},
{
"display_name": "Casting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16635281",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41825783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496098"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35167605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333"
}
] |
Additive manufacturing (AM) is fundamentally different from traditional formative or subtractive manufacturing in that it is the closest to the ‘bottom up’ manufacturing where a structure can be built into its designed shape using a ‘layer-by-layer’ approach rather than casting or forming by technologies such as forging or machining. AM is versatile, flexible, highly customizable and, as such, can suite most sectors of industrial production. Materials to make these parts/objects can be of a widely varying type. These include metallic, ceramic and polymeric materials along with combinations in the form of composites, hybrid, or functionally graded materials (FGMs). The challenge remains, however, to transfer this ‘making’ shapes and structures into obtaining objects that are functional. A great deal of work is needed in AM in addressing the challenges related to its two key enabling technologies namely ‘materials’ and ‘metrology’ to achieve this functionality in a predictive and reproductive ways. The good news is that there is a significant interest in industry for taking up AM as one of the main production engineering route. Additive Manufacturing, in our opinion, is definitely at the cross-road from where this new, much-hyped but somewhat unproven manufacturing process must move towards a technology that can demonstrate the ability to produce real, innovative, complex and robust products.
|
C117671659
|
Manufacturing engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2015754
|
discipline of engineering dealing with various manufacturing sciences and practices including the research, design and development of systems, processes, machines, tools, and equipment
|
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks: Challenges, Design Principles, and Technical Approaches
|
[
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6231641,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61675215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492"
},
{
"display_name": "Automation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115901376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.609592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless sensor network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24590314",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60640395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47355762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4396663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42375353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42046875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "ISA100.11a",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81667532",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41062587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5973709"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3524379,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32859296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
}
] |
<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In today's competitive industry marketplace, the companies face growing demands to improve process efficiencies, comply with environmental regulations, and meet corporate financial objectives. Given the increasing age of many industrial systems and the dynamic industrial manufacturing market, intelligent and low-cost industrial automation systems are required to improve the productivity and efficiency of such systems. The collaborative nature of industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) brings several advantages over traditional wired industrial monitoring and control systems, including self-organization, rapid deployment, flexibility, and inherent intelligent-processing capability. In this regard, IWSN plays a vital role in creating a highly reliable and self-healing industrial system that rapidly responds to real-time events with appropriate actions. In this paper, first, technical challenges and design principles are introduced in terms of hardware development, system architectures and protocols, and software development. Specifically, radio technologies, energy-harvesting techniques, and cross-layer design for IWSNs have been discussed. In addition, IWSN standards are presented for the system owners, who plan to utilize new IWSN technologies for industrial automation applications. In this paper, our aim is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in IWSNs and discuss the still-open research issues in this field and, hence, to make the decision-making process more effective and direct. </para>
|
C117671659
|
Manufacturing engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24jun909
|
discipline of engineering dealing with various manufacturing sciences and practices including the research, design and development of systems, processes, machines, tools, and equipment
|
Implementation of Total Productive Maintenance on Frame Welding Machine Maintenance Using the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) Method at PT Electronics Components Indonesia
|
[
{
"display_name": "Total productive maintenance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3285680",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8363068,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757670"
},
{
"display_name": "Overall equipment effectiveness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781106871",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7791072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029015"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138331895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6287396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650"
},
{
"display_name": "Welding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19474535",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59501624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172"
},
{
"display_name": "Frame (networking)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126042441",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.582671,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.57802904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39232546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37832564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36398837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200601418",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3530367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887"
}
] |
PT. Electronics Components Indonesia manufactures capacitors and focuses on enhancing productivity and operational efficiency of the frame welding machines through effective maintenance. This study employs a quantitative method to analyze the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) values, including availability, performance efficiency, and rate of quality, as well as conducting a Six Big Losses analysis. The results indicate that the average availability reached 97.83%, with a significant decrease in August due to downtime. Performance efficiency remained consistently above 90%, although higher product output tended to reduce efficiency. The rate of quality was stable and high, reflecting improvements in production processes and quality control. The average OEE value reached 88%, exceeding the global standard of 85%. To further enhance the effectiveness of the frame welding machines, suggested improvements include operator training, regular performance evaluations, attention to operator well-being, selection of high-quality raw materials, updating SOPs, regular preventive maintenance, improving workplace safety, and investing in backup energy systems. In conclusion, the improvements implemented successfully enhanced the performance and operational quality of the frame welding machines.
|
C117671659
|
Manufacturing engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.150
|
discipline of engineering dealing with various manufacturing sciences and practices including the research, design and development of systems, processes, machines, tools, and equipment
|
Additive manufacturing and sustainability: an exploratory study of the advantages and challenges
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.786614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416"
},
{
"display_name": "Product (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90673727",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5937926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718"
},
{
"display_name": "Advanced manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77854861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51861715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4686346"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.509772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4773243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46073836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175700187",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42286187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38509437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33296207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31986785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31681353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
The emergence of advanced manufacturing technologies, coupled with consumer demands for more customised products and services, are causing shifts in the scale and distribution of manufacturing. In this paper, consideration is given to the role of one such advanced manufacturing process technology: additive manufacturing. The consequences of adopting this novel production technology on industrial sustainability are not well understood and this exploratory study draws on publically available data to provide insights into the impacts of additive manufacturing on sustainability. Benefits are found to exist across the product and material life cycles through product and process redesign, improvements to material input processing, make-to-order component and product manufacturing, and closing the loop. As an immature technology, there are substantial challenges to these benefits being realised at each stage of the life cycle. This paper summarises these advantages and challenges, and discusses the implications of additive manufacturing on sustainability in terms of the sources of innovation, business models, and the configuration of value chains.
|
C117671659
|
Manufacturing engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.089
|
discipline of engineering dealing with various manufacturing sciences and practices including the research, design and development of systems, processes, machines, tools, and equipment
|
An Overview on 3D Printing Technology: Technological, Materials, and Applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "3D printing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524769229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.85501283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6631832,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Mass customization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72414096",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6241058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367461"
},
{
"display_name": "Fused deposition modeling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780329122",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5749344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18349149"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526921623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5222493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47788396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Personalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183003079",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44386336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35655385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Digital fabrication technology, also referred to as 3D printing or additive manufacturing, creates physical objects from a geometrical representation by successive addition of materials. 3D printing technology is a fast-emerging technology. Nowadays, 3D Printing is widely used in the world. 3D printing technology increasingly used for the mass customization, production of any types of open source designs in the field of agriculture, in healthcare, automotive industry, locomotive industry and aviation industries. 3D printing technology can print an object layer by layer deposition of material directly from a computer aided design (CAD) model. This paper presents the overview of the types of 3D printing technologies, the application of 3D printing technology and lastly, the materials used for 3D printing technology in manufacturing industry.
|
C2549261
|
Ethnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500001729
|
branch of anthropology
|
Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chiefdom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205285802",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9425695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1642488"
},
{
"display_name": "New guinea",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017739461",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6812407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40285"
},
{
"display_name": "Atoll",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117480383",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6639963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42523"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6056421,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5485811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4828894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Anthropology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19165224",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4669923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44304782,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35043073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498"
}
] |
With an eye to their own life goals, the native peoples of Pacific Islands unwittingly present to anthropologists a generous scientific gift: an extended series of experiments in cultural adaptation and evolutionary development. They have compressed their institutions within the confines of infertile coral atolls, expanded them on volcanic islands, created with the means history gave them cultures adapted to the deserts of Australia, the mountains and warm coasts of New Guinea, the rain forests of the Solomon Islands. From the Australian Aborigines, whose hunting and gathering existence duplicates in outline the cultural life of the later Paleolithic, to the great chiefdoms of Hawaii, where society approached the formative levels of the old Fertile Crescent civilizations, almost every general phase in the progress of primitive culture is exemplified.
|
C2549261
|
Ethnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822397021
|
branch of anthropology
|
Indigenous Mestizos
|
[
{
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"score": 0.68811774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313594"
},
{
"display_name": "Convention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5297816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367293"
},
{
"display_name": "Indigenous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55958113",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5084959,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49387127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48579478,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4801766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4037914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3360678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
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] |
An Introduction to the PresentLa violencia etnica existe en todas las sociedades que como la nuestra albergan culturas y tradiciones diferentes.(Ethnic violence exists in any society which, like ours, harbors different cultures and traditions.)-MARIOVARGAS LLOSA, 1990 Indian peasants live in such a primitive way that communication is practically impossible.It is only when they move to the cities that they have the opportunity to mingle with the other Peru.The price they must pay for integration is high -renunciation of their culture, their language, their beliefs, their traditions, and customs, and the adoption of the culture of their ancient masters.After one generation they become mestizos.They are no longer Indians.-MARIO VARGAS LLOSA, 1990 En nuestro pais la raza ya no manda, ahora manda la inteligencia, la educaci6n, la cultura.(In our country, race does not rule anymore; instead, intelligence, education, and culture do.) -ADRIANA B., CUZCO, 1992 In Peru everyone accepts that social discrimination is pervasive, and almost everybody would explain and even justify such practices in terms of "cultural differences."Apparently innocuous and incidental, this social convention is at the heart of the Peruvian racial formation (Omi and Winant, 1986; Winant, 1994).Peruvian modern discourses that acquit racist practices and even legitimize them by appealing to culture are integral to the political process through
|
C2549261
|
Ethnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822380337
|
branch of anthropology
|
The Blood of Guatemala
|
[
{
"display_name": "Indigenous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55958113",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7648403,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480"
},
{
"display_name": "Maya",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179335157",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.645982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223890"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52434355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.443817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43543047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Dirt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778582501",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43339312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555882"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4193233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39096737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32109112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
}
] |
Searching for the Living among the DeadThe memory of the living gives life to the dead.-Inscription above the entrance to Quetzaltenango's general cemetery, 1894 A Walk in the Cemetery It is easy to imagine the city of Quetzaltenango's sprawling general cemetery as a metaphor for Guatemalan society.Shaded by bowers of pepper trees, elaborate mausoleums of prominent Ladino families line the main path at the front of the graveyard.∞ Gated enclaves segregate and protect the graves of wealthy European immigrants-Italian manufacturers and German planters and merchants who helped build Guatemala's co√ee economy.At the end of the walk, stairs abruptly rise to a plateau where the poor are buried under crowded dirt mounds.Amid patches of wildflowers, simple crosses and headstones bear mostly Indian surnames.It seems as if even in death, Quetzaltecos could not escape an unjust and racially divided existence.If one were to venture o√ the main path, however, and examine the lowland graves more closely, a more complicated picture of the city emerges.Mixed among the Ladino vaults, numerous mausoleums of Maya-K'iche's testify to the existence of a large urban indigenous middle class comprised of artisans, builders, farmers, merchants, and political elites.These Indians, their importance in regional and national politics, and how they managed to avoid the fate of similar indigenous communities are the subject of this work.Just down the path from the pantheon of former Guatemalan president Manuel Estrada Cabrera, stands the tomb of Agatón Boj, who died in 1915.Boj, in his day a skilled mason and one of the largest employers in the city, built Estrada's tomb-replete with an ornate frieze and fluted columnsin 1907.A few rows away, Santiago Coyoy's modest grave understates his importance.
|
C2549261
|
Ethnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176869
|
branch of anthropology
|
Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe’s First Farmers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Domestication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134387633",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77775484,
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{
"display_name": "Mitochondrial DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24586158",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6951117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27075"
},
{
"display_name": "Immigration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70036468",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6103085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5903953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.57308817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189338579",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52307683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290447"
},
{
"display_name": "Hunter-gatherer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58051837",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5144313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27443"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46314523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41263855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455"
}
] |
Cultivating Farmers Were the ancestors of modern Europeans the local hunter-gatherers who assimilated farming practices from neighboring cultures, or were they farmers who migrated from the Near East in the early Neolithic? By analyzing ancient hunter-gatherer skeletal DNA from 2300 to 13,400 B.C.E. Bramanti et al. (p. 137 , published online 3 September) investigated the genetic relationship of European Ice Age hunter-gatherers, the first farmers of Europe, and modern Europeans. The results reject the hypothesis of direct continuity between hunter-gatherers and early farmers and between hunter-gatherers and modern Europeans. Major parts of central and northern Europe were colonized by incoming farmers 7500 years ago, who were not descended from the resident hunter-gatherers. Thus, migration rather than cultural diffusion was the driver of farming communities in Europe.
|
C2549261
|
Ethnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/499510
|
branch of anthropology
|
Colonialism and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and British Colonies
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9473875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167"
},
{
"display_name": "Mercantilism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97369593",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9165052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162527"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776927270",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6776238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815962"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40820467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37217093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3433869,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3231669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
Recent research shows that colonialism reversed levels of development in much of the non‐European world. To explain this reversal, analysts focus on conditions within the colonized areas. By contrast, drawing on evidence from Spanish and British colonialism, the authors show that the economic models of the colonizing nations also affected the reversals of fortune. Mercantilist Spain tended to colonize most extensively precolonial regions that were populous and highly developed; in turn, extensive Spanish colonization had negative consequences for postcolonial development. In comparison, liberal Britain tended to colonize most extensively precolonial regions that were sparsely populated and underdeveloped; in turn, extensive British colonialism had comparatively positive effects. Thus, both Spain and Britain reversed the fortunes of precolonial regions, but in largely opposite ways.
|
C2549261
|
Ethnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511811623
|
branch of anthropology
|
Mosquito Empires
|
[
{
"display_name": "Malaria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778048844",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7757479,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156"
},
{
"display_name": "Empire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77084386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48349"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63039184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5388704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Yellow fever",
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"level": 3,
"score": 0.5081208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154874"
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{
"display_name": "Resistance (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57473165",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50786287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604"
},
{
"display_name": "Vector (molecular biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C92087593",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45818156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427389"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44273204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
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{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43180788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43025395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493"
},
{
"display_name": "Face (sociological concept)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779304628",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41594893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39818108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3864724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33528987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3079762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
This book explores the links among ecology, disease, and international politics in the context of the Greater Caribbean - the landscapes lying between Surinam and the Chesapeake - in the seventeenth through early twentieth centuries. Ecological changes made these landscapes especially suitable for the vector mosquitoes of yellow fever and malaria, and these diseases wrought systematic havoc among armies and would-be settlers. Because yellow fever confers immunity on survivors of the disease, and because malaria confers resistance, these diseases played partisan roles in the struggles for empire and revolution, attacking some populations more severely than others. In particular, yellow fever and malaria attacked newcomers to the region, which helped keep the Spanish Empire Spanish in the face of predatory rivals in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In the late eighteenth and through the nineteenth century, these diseases helped revolutions to succeed by decimating forces sent out from Europe to prevent them.
|
C2549261
|
Ethnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255832
|
branch of anthropology
|
The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic
|
[
{
"display_name": "Arctic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518008717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9026978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322"
},
{
"display_name": "Prehistory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204852536",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7923891,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11756"
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{
"display_name": "The arctic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018378255",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71797067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5473615,
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{
"display_name": "Genome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141231307",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5104341,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020"
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{
"display_name": "Arctic ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142619676",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45067385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787571"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44352958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44196206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43597704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4086874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39989907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38133118,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31748515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30065292,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
}
] |
The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (~3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions. Furthermore, the genetic continuity characterizing the Paleo-Eskimo period was interrupted by the arrival of a new population, representing the ancestors of present-day Inuit, with evidence of past gene flow between these lineages. Despite periodic abandonment of major Arctic regions, a single Paleo-Eskimo metapopulation likely survived in near-isolation for more than 4000 years, only to vanish around 700 years ago.
|
C2549261
|
Ethnology
|
https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.11359
|
branch of anthropology
|
The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest
|
[
{
"display_name": "CONQUEST",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780175911",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.98409843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013404"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8725473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6073666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53932065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44128618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35292625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35148585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
This title revisits the history of American colonization. In this iconoclastic book, Francis Jennings recasts the story of American colonization as a territorial invasion. The traditional history of early America paints the colonies as a transplantation of European culture to a new continent - a 'virgin land' in which Native Americans were assigned the role of foil whose main contribution was to stimulate the energy and ingenuity of European dispossessors. Jennings rejects this ideology and examines the relationships between Europeans and Indians from a far more critical point of view. Shorn of old mythology and rationalizations, Puritan actions are seen in the cold light of material interest and naked expansion.
|
C199104240
|
Marine engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2172/947422
|
engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure
|
Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development
|
[
{
"display_name": "Offshore wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8735168",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7908472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704"
},
{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.76971084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291"
},
{
"display_name": "Turbine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778449969",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75645137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760"
},
{
"display_name": "Variable (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182365436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63458955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701"
},
{
"display_name": "Submarine pipeline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162284963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5760045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51926255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5113568,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47814998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4507801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind speed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161067210",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43806693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943"
}
] |
This report describes a three-bladed, upwind, variable-speed, variable blade-pitch-to-feather-controlled multimegawatt wind turbine model developed by NREL to support concept studies aimed at assessing offshore wind technology.
|
C199104240
|
Marine engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0495
|
engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure
|
The complex network of global cargo ship movements
|
[
{
"display_name": "Container (type theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781018962",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8361486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884"
},
{
"display_name": "Bulk cargo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206037427",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59610736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359395"
},
{
"display_name": "Construct (python library)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780801425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54251987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392"
},
{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46301198,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4409126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43305355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32769984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Transportation networks play a crucial role in human mobility, the exchange of goods and the spread of invasive species. With 90 per cent of world trade carried by sea, the global network of merchant ships provides one of the most important modes of transportation. Here, we use information about the itineraries of 16 363 cargo ships during the year 2007 to construct a network of links between ports. We show that the network has several features that set it apart from other transportation networks. In particular, most ships can be classified into three categories: bulk dry carriers, container ships and oil tankers. These three categories do not only differ in the ships' physical characteristics, but also in their mobility patterns and networks. Container ships follow regularly repeating paths whereas bulk dry carriers and oil tankers move less predictably between ports. The network of all ship movements possesses a heavy-tailed distribution for the connectivity of ports and for the loads transported on the links with systematic differences between ship types. The data analysed in this paper improve current assumptions based on gravity models of ship movements, an important step towards understanding patterns of global trade and bioinvasion.
|
C199104240
|
Marine engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2172/921803
|
engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure
|
Dynamics Modeling and Loads Analysis of an Offshore Floating Wind Turbine
|
[
{
"display_name": "Turbine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778449969",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8254653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760"
},
{
"display_name": "Offshore wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8735168",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7725762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704"
},
{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.65757513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291"
},
{
"display_name": "Submarine pipeline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162284963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5781146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102"
},
{
"display_name": "Design load",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191339014",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5053206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877060"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4867499,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4539993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4354253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41992742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
optimization process. An extensive loads and stability analysis for ultimate and fatigue loads according to the procedure of the International Electrotechnical Commission offshore wind turbine design standard was performed with the verified TLP model. Response statistics, extreme event tables, fatigue lifetimes, and selected time histories of design-driving extreme events are analyzed and presented. Loads for the wind turbine on the TLP are compared to those of an equivalent land-based turbine in terms of load ratios. Major instabilities for the TLP are identified and described.
|
C199104240
|
Marine engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2172/15000240
|
engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure
|
Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment Phase VI: Wind Tunnel Test Configurations and Available Data Campaigns
|
[
{
"display_name": "Aerodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13393347",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9101746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8424"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind tunnel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100086909",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.868331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193010"
},
{
"display_name": "Scope (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778012447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6573477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58500713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49992943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42402625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42255816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3600446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35488188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33728623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
}
] |
The primary objective of the insteady aerodynamics experiment was to provide information needed to quantify the full-scale, three-dimensional aerodynamic behavior of horizontal-axis wind turbines. This report is intended to familiarize the user with the entire scope of the wind tunnel test and to support the use of the resulting data.
|
C199104240
|
Marine engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00473-0
|
engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure
|
Wind-Turbine and Wind-Farm Flows: A Review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6970417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302"
},
{
"display_name": "Turbine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778449969",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6627327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5485653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Planetary boundary layer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86338904",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5216451,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757268"
},
{
"display_name": "Offshore wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8735168",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49650103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704"
},
{
"display_name": "Wake",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48939323",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46610627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294879"
},
{
"display_name": "Turbulence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196558001",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46534786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46251786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42803448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4226054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705"
}
] |
Abstract Wind energy, together with other renewable energy sources, are expected to grow substantially in the coming decades and play a key role in mitigating climate change and achieving energy sustainability. One of the main challenges in optimizing the design, operation, control, and grid integration of wind farms is the prediction of their performance, owing to the complex multiscale two-way interactions between wind farms and the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). From a fluid mechanical perspective, these interactions are complicated by the high Reynolds number of the ABL flow, its inherent unsteadiness due to the diurnal cycle and synoptic-forcing variability, the ubiquitous nature of thermal effects, and the heterogeneity of the terrain. Particularly important is the effect of ABL turbulence on wind-turbine wake flows and their superposition, as they are responsible for considerable turbine power losses and fatigue loads in wind farms. These flow interactions affect, in turn, the structure of the ABL and the turbulent fluxes of momentum and scalars. This review summarizes recent experimental, computational, and theoretical research efforts that have contributed to improving our understanding and ability to predict the interactions of ABL flow with wind turbines and wind farms.
|
C199104240
|
Marine engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119994367.ch3
|
engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure
|
Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines
|
[
{
"display_name": "Aerodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13393347",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8149788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8424"
},
{
"display_name": "Blade element theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55589367",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.78443956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2561707"
},
{
"display_name": "Blade element momentum theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91196187",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.75110817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923690"
},
{
"display_name": "Airfoil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112124176",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7324676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4698744"
},
{
"display_name": "Wake",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48939323",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7283175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294879"
},
{
"display_name": "Rotor (electric)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17281054",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68762076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193466"
},
{
"display_name": "Rotation (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74050887",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57515556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368"
},
{
"display_name": "Turbine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778449969",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51518214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760"
},
{
"display_name": "Turbine blade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20381859",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49591932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829511"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49316376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4699545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4684197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Drag",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72921944",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46084735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206621"
},
{
"display_name": "Lift (data mining)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139002025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42873833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001212"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42815098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Blade (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776132848",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42522946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045036"
},
{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40586147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291"
}
] |
This chapter contains sections titled: General Overview One-dimensional Momentum Theory and the Betz Limit Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Wake Rotation Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics Blade Design for Modern Wind Turbines Momentum Theory and Blade Element Theory Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation General Rotor Blade Shape Performance Prediction Blade Shape for Optimum Rotor with Wake Rotation Generalized Rotor Design Procedure Simplified HAWT Rotor Performance Calculation Procedure Effect of Drag and Blade Number on Optimum Performance Computational and Aerodynamic Issues in Aerodynamic Design Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines References
|
C199104240
|
Marine engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522703
|
engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure
|
Underwater Gliders for Ocean Research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Underwater glider",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34824556",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.98436725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2634473"
},
{
"display_name": "Glider",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73525677",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.97692406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2396202"
},
{
"display_name": "Underwater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98083399",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5698973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111368507",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55027086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518"
},
{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5395789,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291"
},
{
"display_name": "Buoyancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C538625479",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5108604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497624"
},
{
"display_name": "Range (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204323151",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46974117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43734282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Ocean observations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776248883",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42550594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154087"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34818444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33614612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
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] |
Underwater gliders are autonomous vehicles that profile vertically by controlling buoyancy and move horizontally on wings. Gliders are reviewed, from their conception by Henry Stommel as an extension of autonomous profiling floats, through their development in three models, and including their first deployments singly and in numbers. The basics of glider function are discussed as implemented by University of Washington in Seaglider, Scripps Institution of Oceanography in Spray, and Webb Research in Slocum. Gliders sample in the archetypical modes of sections and of "virtual moorings." Preliminary results are presented from a recent demonstration project that used a network of gliders off Monterey. A wide range of sensors has already been deployed on gliders, with many under current development, and an even wider range of future possibilities. Glider networks appear to be one of the best approaches to achieving subsurface spatial resolution necessary for ocean research.
|
C199104240
|
Marine engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1822
|
engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure
|
Wind plant power optimization through yaw control using a parametric model for wake effects-a CFD simulation study
|
[
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"display_name": "Wake",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48939323",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9092147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294879"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational fluid dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1633027",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6596861,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56624717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302"
},
{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52628475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291"
},
{
"display_name": "Parametric statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117251300",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49075064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4592381,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4488129,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42412034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38933384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35141432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34572804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
This article presents a wind plant control strategy that optimizes the yaw settings of wind turbines for improved energy production of the whole wind plant by taking into account wake effects. The optimization controller is based on a novel internal parametric model for wake effects called the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady-state (FLORIS) model. The FLORIS model predicts the steady-state wake locations and the effective flow velocities at each turbine, and the resulting turbine electrical energy production levels, as a function of the axial induction and the yaw angle of the different rotors. The FLORIS model has a limited number of parameters that are estimated based on turbine electrical power production data. In high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations of a small wind plant, we demonstrate that the optimization control based on the FLORIS model increases the energy production of the wind plant, with a reduction of loads on the turbines as an additional effect. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
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