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C136229726
|
Biomedical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1216210
|
application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes
|
Photoacoustic Tomography: In Vivo Imaging from Organelles to Organs
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147080431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6662029,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953"
},
{
"display_name": "Tomography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163716698",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61539555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultrasound",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143753070",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57337606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564"
},
{
"display_name": "Optics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120665830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53852135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620"
},
{
"display_name": "Light scattering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120456961",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51038784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5086225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54932901",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48381275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187705"
},
{
"display_name": "Photoacoustic Doppler effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31771446",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45693392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187700"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultrasonic sensor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81288441",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43940574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125"
},
{
"display_name": "Microscope",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67649825",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43412018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196538"
},
{
"display_name": "Preclinical imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29331040",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4323283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239554"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomedical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4279621,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092"
},
{
"display_name": "Photoacoustic effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163740662",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4157828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187702"
},
{
"display_name": "In vivo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207001950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.39246032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124"
}
] |
Lights, Sound, Images Optical microscopy can readily image thin samples such as cells, but thicker samples, such as tissue, are more difficult to image directly, because of the multiple scattering of light. Wang and Hu (p. 1458 ) review methods for imaging biological samples on length scales ranging from organelles to whole organs that rely on the photoacoustic effect—the excitation of ultrasonic pressure waves when light is absorbed by molecules in solution. The incident light can be focused and scanned across a sample in a microscopy mode to create ultrasound images, or the entire region of interest can be illuminated and the ultrasound waves analyzed with a computer algorithm in a tomography mode. Imaging studies can reveal changes in oxygen metabolism and gene expression and in image biomarkers and vasculature.
|
C136229726
|
Biomedical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(11)70058-x
|
application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes
|
Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tissue engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49892992",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.851428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285"
},
{
"display_name": "Scaffold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89429830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77314913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735710"
},
{
"display_name": "Regeneration (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171056886",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58085966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193119"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomedical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53241944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3927894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36609626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35356355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
}
] |
Every day thousands of surgical procedures are performed to replace or repair tissue that has been damaged through disease or trauma. The developing field of tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate damaged tissues by combining cells from the body with highly porous scaffold biomaterials, which act as templates for tissue regeneration, to guide the growth of new tissue. This article describes the functional requirements, and types, of materials used in developing state of the art of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Furthermore, it describes the challenges and where future research and direction is required in this rapidly advancing field.
|
C136229726
|
Biomedical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802106
|
application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes
|
Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine
|
[
{
"display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9286579,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826"
},
{
"display_name": "Regenerative medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10854531",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7981837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061415"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.774452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Biocompatibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777230088",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7551012,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864426"
},
{
"display_name": "Tissue engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49892992",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7306057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6759014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug delivery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779820397",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65792954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806"
},
{
"display_name": "Microfabrication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C527607",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5193311,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175538"
},
{
"display_name": "Biocompatible material",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1318750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.429664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865663"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomedical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4214909,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092"
}
] |
Hydrogels, due to their unique biocompatibility, flexible methods of synthesis, range of constituents, and desirable physical characteristics, have been the material of choice for many applications in regenerative medicine. They can serve as scaffolds that provide structural integrity to tissue constructs, control drug and protein delivery to tissues and cultures, and serve as adhesives or barriers between tissue and material surfaces. In this work, the properties of hydrogels that are important for tissue engineering applications and the inherent material design constraints and challenges are discussed. Recent research involving several different hydrogels polymerized from a variety of synthetic and natural monomers using typical and novel synthetic methods are highlighted. Finally, special attention is given to the microfabrication techniques that are currently resulting in important advances in the field.
|
C136229726
|
Biomedical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0437
|
application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes
|
Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: Role of Porosity and Pore Size
|
[
{
"display_name": "Scaffold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89429830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.86297864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735710"
},
{
"display_name": "Porosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6648577",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8228019,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669"
},
{
"display_name": "Tissue engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49892992",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75915897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285"
},
{
"display_name": "Extracellular matrix",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189165786",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57592416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193825"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5325704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Fabrication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136525101",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52625597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139"
},
{
"display_name": "Rapid prototyping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780395129",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50525934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128971"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4787899,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomedical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46954402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092"
}
] |
Tissue engineering applications commonly encompass the use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the incorporation of cells or growth factors to regenerate damaged tissues or organs. These scaffolds serve to mimic the actual in vivo microenvironment where cells interact and behave according to the mechanical cues obtained from the surrounding 3D environment. Hence, the material properties of the scaffolds are vital in determining cellular response and fate. These 3D scaffolds are generally highly porous with interconnected pore networks to facilitate nutrient and oxygen diffusion and waste removal. This review focuses on the various fabrication techniques (e.g., conventional and rapid prototyping methods) that have been employed to fabricate 3D scaffolds of different pore sizes and porosity. The different pore size and porosity measurement methods will also be discussed. Scaffolds with graded porosity have also been studied for their ability to better represent the actual in vivo situation where cells are exposed to layers of different tissues with varying properties. In addition, the ability of pore size and porosity of scaffolds to direct cellular responses and alter the mechanical properties of scaffolds will be reviewed, followed by a look at nature's own scaffold, the extracellular matrix. Overall, the limitations of current scaffold fabrication approaches for tissue engineering applications and some novel and promising alternatives will be highlighted.
|
C136229726
|
Biomedical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1089/107632701753337645
|
application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes
|
The Design of Scaffolds for Use in Tissue Engineering. Part I. Traditional Factors
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tissue engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49892992",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8279233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285"
},
{
"display_name": "Scaffold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89429830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8227994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735710"
},
{
"display_name": "Extracellular matrix",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189165786",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57480854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193825"
},
{
"display_name": "Regeneration (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171056886",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55737054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193119"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomedical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5205939,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical strength",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2988076202",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46863198,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240553"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41760892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37432846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34685257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3388529,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32144588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
In tissue engineering, a highly porous artificial extracellular matrix or scaffold is required to accommodate mammalian cells and guide their growth and tissue regeneration in three dimensions. However, existing three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering proved less than ideal for actual applications, not only because they lack mechanical strength, but they also do not guarantee interconnected channels. In this paper, the authors analyze the factors necessary to enhance the design and manufacture of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering in terms of materials, structure, and mechanical properties and review the traditional scaffold fabrication methods. Advantages and limitations of these traditional methods are also discussed.
|
C136229726
|
Biomedical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v40.i5.10
|
application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes
|
Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Challenges
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tissue engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49892992",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7011926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomaterial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778414984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5768134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865663"
},
{
"display_name": "Stem cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28328180",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5716286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196"
},
{
"display_name": "Induced pluripotent stem cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107459253",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5652713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674925"
},
{
"display_name": "Mesenchymal stem cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198826908",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5565137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1922379"
},
{
"display_name": "Bone tissue",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778606738",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.514816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265868"
},
{
"display_name": "Regenerative medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10854531",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49338713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061415"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomedical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47944155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092"
},
{
"display_name": "Regeneration (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171056886",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45713624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193119"
},
{
"display_name": "Embryonic stem cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145103041",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41497967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151519"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3076679,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
The worldwide incidence of bone disorders and conditions has trended steeply upward and is expected to double by 2020, especially in populations where aging is coupled with increased obesity and poor physical activity. Engineered bone tissue has been viewed as a potential alternative to the conventional use of bone grafts, due to their limitless supply and no disease transmission. However, bone tissue engineering practices have not proceeded to clinical practice due to several limitations or challenges. Bone tissue engineering aims to induce new functional bone regeneration via the synergistic combination of biomaterials, cells, and factor therapy. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of bone tissue engineering, highlighting the current state of this field. Further, we review the recent advances of biomaterial and cell-based research, as well as approaches used to enhance bone regeneration. Specifically, we discuss widely investigated biomaterial scaffolds, micro- and nano-structural properties of these scaffolds, and the incorporation of biomimetic properties and/or growth factors. In addition, we examine various cellular approaches, including the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and their clinical application strengths and limitations. We conclude by overviewing the challenges that face the bone tissue engineering field, such as the lack of sufficient vascularization at the defect site, and the research aimed at functional bone tissue engineering. These challenges will drive future research in the field.
|
C136229726
|
Biomedical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066102
|
application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes
|
Biodegradable, Elastic Shape-Memory Polymers for Potential Biomedical Applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Shape-memory alloy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49097943",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79825485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898455"
},
{
"display_name": "Shape-memory polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185698529",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77391446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906777"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermoplastic polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993417483",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7458759,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380677"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6377432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62910837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermoplastic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781247691",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62793094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380677"
},
{
"display_name": "Fibrous joint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777327002",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49918413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2865760"
},
{
"display_name": "Smart material",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88484716",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47314394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomedical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45507303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092"
},
{
"display_name": "Implant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781411149",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43442005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486975"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42543787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Composite material",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41909087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32574213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
The introduction of biodegradable implant materials as well as minimally invasive surgical procedures in medicine has substantially improved health care within the past few decades. This report describes a group of degradable thermoplastic polymers that are able to change their shape after an increase in temperature. Their shape-memory capability enables bulky implants to be placed in the body through small incisions or to perform complex mechanical deformations automatically. A smart degradable suture was created to illustrate the potential of these shape-memory thermoplastics in biomedical applications.
|
C136229726
|
Biomedical engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0028
|
application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes
|
Biomedical photoacoustic imaging
|
[
{
"display_name": "Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54932901",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7051445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187705"
},
{
"display_name": "Modality (human–computer interaction)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780226545",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63768804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultrasound",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143753070",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62763655,
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{
"display_name": "Biomedical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5807173,
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{
"display_name": "Medical imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31601959",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5231206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309"
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{
"display_name": "Preclinical imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29331040",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4928801,
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{
"display_name": "Optical imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C92630104",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4729041,
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{
"display_name": "Ultrasound imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986892559",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4282988,
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{
"display_name": "Optical coherence tomography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778818243",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42106238,
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{
"display_name": "Molecular imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136339569",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41083038,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142297"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40175864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.34368777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
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] |
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, also called optoacoustic imaging, is a new biomedical imaging modality based on the use of laser-generated ultrasound that has emerged over the last decade. It is a hybrid modality, combining the high-contrast and spectroscopic-based specificity of optical imaging with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. In essence, a PA image can be regarded as an ultrasound image in which the contrast depends not on the mechanical and elastic properties of the tissue, but its optical properties, specifically optical absorption. As a consequence, it offers greater specificity than conventional ultrasound imaging with the ability to detect haemoglobin, lipids, water and other light-absorbing chomophores, but with greater penetration depth than purely optical imaging modalities that rely on ballistic photons. As well as visualizing anatomical structures such as the microvasculature, it can also provide functional information in the form of blood oxygenation, blood flow and temperature. All of this can be achieved over a wide range of length scales from micrometres to centimetres with scalable spatial resolution. These attributes lend PA imaging to a wide variety of applications in clinical medicine, preclinical research and basic biology for studying cancer, cardiovascular disease, abnormalities of the microcirculation and other conditions. With the emergence of a variety of truly compelling in vivo images obtained by a number of groups around the world in the last 2-3 years, the technique has come of age and the promise of PA imaging is now beginning to be realized. Recent highlights include the demonstration of whole-body small-animal imaging, the first demonstrations of molecular imaging, the introduction of new microscopy modes and the first steps towards clinical breast imaging being taken as well as a myriad of in vivo preclinical imaging studies. In this article, the underlying physical principles of the technique, its practical implementation, and a range of clinical and preclinical applications are reviewed.
|
C159467904
|
Chemical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp810292n
|
subdiscipline of chemistry and physics
|
Universal Solvation Model Based on Solute Electron Density and on a Continuum Model of the Solvent Defined by the Bulk Dielectric Constant and Atomic Surface Tensions
|
[
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{
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{
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"level": 2,
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{
"display_name": "Surface tension",
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{
"display_name": "Solvent models",
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"level": 4,
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{
"display_name": "Polarizable continuum model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776122248",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.54760325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510715"
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{
"display_name": "Implicit solvation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64147673",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5473462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007318"
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{
"display_name": "Electrostatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117626034",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49257714,
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{
"display_name": "London dispersion force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185424724",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47685966,
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{
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"level": 2,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744771"
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{
"display_name": "Water model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119049451",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46702388,
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{
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"score": 0.43651298,
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{
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{
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"score": 0.43136242,
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.3217159,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
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] |
We present a new continuum solvation model based on the quantum mechanical charge density of a solute molecule interacting with a continuum description of the solvent. The model is called SMD, where the "D" stands for "density" to denote that the full solute electron density is used without defining partial atomic charges. "Continuum" denotes that the solvent is not represented explicitly but rather as a dielectric medium with surface tension at the solute-solvent boundary. SMD is a universal solvation model, where "universal" denotes its applicability to any charged or uncharged solute in any solvent or liquid medium for which a few key descriptors are known (in particular, dielectric constant, refractive index, bulk surface tension, and acidity and basicity parameters). The model separates the observable solvation free energy into two main components. The first component is the bulk electrostatic contribution arising from a self-consistent reaction field treatment that involves the solution of the nonhomogeneous Poisson equation for electrostatics in terms of the integral-equation-formalism polarizable continuum model (IEF-PCM). The cavities for the bulk electrostatic calculation are defined by superpositions of nuclear-centered spheres. The second component is called the cavity-dispersion-solvent-structure term and is the contribution arising from short-range interactions between the solute and solvent molecules in the first solvation shell. This contribution is a sum of terms that are proportional (with geometry-dependent proportionality constants called atomic surface tensions) to the solvent-accessible surface areas of the individual atoms of the solute. The SMD model has been parametrized with a training set of 2821 solvation data including 112 aqueous ionic solvation free energies, 220 solvation free energies for 166 ions in acetonitrile, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide, 2346 solvation free energies for 318 neutral solutes in 91 solvents (90 nonaqueous organic solvents and water), and 143 transfer free energies for 93 neutral solutes between water and 15 organic solvents. The elements present in the solutes are H, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, and Br. The SMD model employs a single set of parameters (intrinsic atomic Coulomb radii and atomic surface tension coefficients) optimized over six electronic structure methods: M05-2X/MIDI!6D, M05-2X/6-31G, M05-2X/6-31+G, M05-2X/cc-pVTZ, B3LYP/6-31G, and HF/6-31G. Although the SMD model has been parametrized using the IEF-PCM protocol for bulk electrostatics, it may also be employed with other algorithms for solving the nonhomogeneous Poisson equation for continuum solvation calculations in which the solute is represented by its electron density in real space. This includes, for example, the conductor-like screening algorithm. With the 6-31G basis set, the SMD model achieves mean unsigned errors of 0.6-1.0 kcal/mol in the solvation free energies of tested neutrals and mean unsigned errors of 4 kcal/mol on average for ions with either Gaussian03 or GAMESS.
|
C159467904
|
Chemical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502848102
|
subdiscipline of chemistry and physics
|
Two-dimensional atomic crystals
|
[
{
"display_name": "Boron nitride",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780243435",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7177534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410193"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic units",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66823137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6692749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757568"
},
{
"display_name": "Cleavage (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175156509",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60925287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990218"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779698641",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5830153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5309"
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{
"display_name": "Crystal (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781285689",
"level": 2,
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{
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"level": 0,
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{
"display_name": "Crystallography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8010536",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52002645,
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{
"display_name": "Chemical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159467904",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46844772,
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{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4584697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
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{
"display_name": "Boron",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C501308230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45378184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618"
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{
"display_name": "Hexagonal boron nitride",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991998659",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4519673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410193"
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{
"display_name": "Molecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43263215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369"
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{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.3052963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
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] |
We report free-standing atomic crystals that are strictly 2D and can be viewed as individual atomic planes pulled out of bulk crystals or as unrolled single-wall nanotubes. By using micromechanical cleavage, we have prepared and studied a variety of 2D crystals including single layers of boron nitride, graphite, several dichalcogenides, and complex oxides. These atomically thin sheets (essentially gigantic 2D molecules unprotected from the immediate environment) are stable under ambient conditions, exhibit high crystal quality, and are continuous on a macroscopic scale.
|
C159467904
|
Chemical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja100936w
|
subdiscipline of chemistry and physics
|
Revealing Noncovalent Interactions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Non-covalent interactions",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137277065",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.87562466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915446"
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{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8729506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "van der Waals force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126061179",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.746094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189627"
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{
"display_name": "Steric effects",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201194858",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7263147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898238"
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{
"display_name": "Hydrogen bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112887158",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55037725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169324"
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{
"display_name": "Chemical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159467904",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52764666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702"
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{
"display_name": "Covalent bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180577832",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51847833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127920"
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{
"display_name": "Molecule",
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"level": 2,
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{
"display_name": "Computational chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147597530",
"level": 1,
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{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.40717041,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
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] |
Molecular structure does not easily identify the intricate noncovalent interactions that govern many areas of biology and chemistry, including design of new materials and drugs. We develop an approach to detect noncovalent interactions in real space, based on the electron density and its derivatives. Our approach reveals the underlying chemistry that compliments the covalent structure. It provides a rich representation of van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, and steric repulsion in small molecules, molecular complexes, and solids. Most importantly, the method, requiring only knowledge of the atomic coordinates, is efficient and applicable to large systems, such as proteins or DNA. Across these applications, a view of nonbonded interactions emerges as continuous surfaces rather than close contacts between atom pairs, offering rich insight into the design of new and improved ligands.
|
C159467904
|
Chemical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5360.69
|
subdiscipline of chemistry and physics
|
The Structure of the Potassium Channel: Molecular Basis of K <sup>+</sup> Conduction and Selectivity
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C118792377",
"level": 3,
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{
"display_name": "Ion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145148216",
"level": 2,
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{
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{
"display_name": "KcsA potassium channel",
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{
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{
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.4868464,
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{
"display_name": "Potassium channel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83743174",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48502344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423778"
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{
"display_name": "Helix (gastropod)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778530040",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46694767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937315"
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{
"display_name": "Angstrom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37407028",
"level": 2,
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{
"display_name": "Ion channel",
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"level": 3,
"score": 0.44848478,
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{
"display_name": "Thermal conduction",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.41527164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7465774"
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] |
The potassium channel from Streptomyces lividans is an integral membrane protein with sequence similarity to all known K + channels, particularly in the pore region. X-ray analysis with data to 3.2 angstroms reveals that four identical subunits create an inverted teepee, or cone, cradling the selectivity filter of the pore in its outer end. The narrow selectivity filter is only 12 angstroms long, whereas the remainder of the pore is wider and lined with hydrophobic amino acids. A large water-filled cavity and helix dipoles are positioned so as to overcome electrostatic destabilization of an ion in the pore at the center of the bilayer. Main chain carbonyl oxygen atoms from the K + channel signature sequence line the selectivity filter, which is held open by structural constraints to coordinate K + ions but not smaller Na + ions. The selectivity filter contains two K + ions about 7.5 angstroms apart. This configuration promotes ion conduction by exploiting electrostatic repulsive forces to overcome attractive forces between K + ions and the selectivity filter. The architecture of the pore establishes the physical principles underlying selective K + conduction.
|
C159467904
|
Chemical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1742723
|
subdiscipline of chemistry and physics
|
On the Theory of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Involving Electron Transfer. I
|
[
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{
"display_name": "Ionic bonding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2182769",
"level": 3,
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{
"display_name": "Collision theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74134386",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60465634,
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C123669783",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C74859849",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5112703,
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{
"display_name": "Atomic orbital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189394030",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48272106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53860"
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{
"display_name": "Activated complex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86369940",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47994927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2421183"
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{
"display_name": "Atomic physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184779094",
"level": 1,
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{
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"level": 2,
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{
"display_name": "Thermodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97355855",
"level": 1,
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159467904",
"level": 1,
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{
"display_name": "Computational chemistry",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.42472887,
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{
"display_name": "Marcus theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89169741",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41074544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905122"
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{
"display_name": "Electron",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147120987",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3953407,
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{
"display_name": "Physical chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147789679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3607769,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372"
}
] |
A mechanism for electron transfer reactions is described, in which there is very little spatial overlap of the electronic orbitals of the two reacting molecules in the activated complex. Assuming such a mechanism, a quantitative theory of the rates of oxidation-reduction reactions involving electron transfer in solution is presented. The assumption of ``slight-overlap'' is shown to lead to a reaction path which involves an intermediate state X* in which the electrical polarization of the solvent does not have the usual value appropriate for the given ionic charges (i.e., it does not have an equilibrium value). Using an equation developed elsewhere for the electrostatic free energy of nonequilibrium states, the free energy of all possible intermediate states is calculated. The characteristics of the most probable state are then determined with the aid of the calculus of variations by minimizing its free energy subject to certain restraints. A simple expression for the electrostatic contribution to the free energy of formation of the intermediate state from the reactants, ΔF*, is thereby obtained in terms of known quantities, such as ionic radii, charges, and the standard free energy of reaction. This intermediate state X* can either disappear to reform the reactants, or by an electronic jump mechanism to form a state X in which the ions are characteristic of the products. When the latter process is more probable than the former, the over-all reaction rate is shown to be simply the rate of formation of the intermediate state, namely the collision number in solution multiplied by exp(—ΔF*/kT). Evidence in favor of this is cited. In a detailed quantitative comparison, given elsewhere, with the kinetic data, no arbitrary parameters are needed to obtain reasonable agreement of calculated and experimental results.
|
C159467904
|
Chemical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp071097f
|
subdiscipline of chemistry and physics
|
The MARTINI Force Field: Coarse Grained Model for Biomolecular Simulations
|
[
{
"display_name": "Force field (fiction)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10803110",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7667229,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341441"
},
{
"display_name": "Bilayer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192157962",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6847715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087243"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159467904",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6187755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702"
},
{
"display_name": "Polar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29705727",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59952843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294562"
},
{
"display_name": "Lipid bilayer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39944091",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.58559626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423279"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200093464",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5797062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166583"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59593255",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5250321,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47406238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Ring (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378348",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4611528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351438"
},
{
"display_name": "Planar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134786449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43672878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3391255"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4269944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36497295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34810132,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093"
},
{
"display_name": "Membrane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41625074",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32976365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147597530",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3045555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472"
}
] |
We present an improved and extended version of our coarse grained lipid model. The new version, coined the MARTINI force field, is parametrized in a systematic way, based on the reproduction of partitioning free energies between polar and apolar phases of a large number of chemical compounds. To reproduce the free energies of these chemical building blocks, the number of possible interaction levels of the coarse-grained sites has increased compared to those of the previous model. Application of the new model to lipid bilayers shows an improved behavior in terms of the stress profile across the bilayer and the tendency to form pores. An extension of the force field now also allows the simulation of planar (ring) compounds, including sterols. Application to a bilayer/cholesterol system at various concentrations shows the typical cholesterol condensation effect similar to that observed in all atom representations.
|
C159467904
|
Chemical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1856988
|
subdiscipline of chemistry and physics
|
Trends in the Exchange Current for Hydrogen Evolution
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemisorption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33790079",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.762594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899417"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512968161",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6727732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrocatalyst",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33989665",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.64949,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357962"
},
{
"display_name": "Density functional theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152365726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5250687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048589"
},
{
"display_name": "Current (fluid)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148043351",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51208144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4641235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Exchange current density",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96606616",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.43719333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705514"
},
{
"display_name": "Adsorption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150394285",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43601668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254"
},
{
"display_name": "Kinetic energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135889238",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.433695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159467904",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40927958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52859227",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39513943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184779094",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33856946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383"
}
] |
A density functional theory database of hydrogen chemisorption energies on close packed surfaces of a number of transition and noble metals is presented. The bond energies are used to understand the trends in the exchange current for hydrogen evolution. A volcano curve is obtained when measured exchange currents are plotted as a function of the calculated hydrogen adsorption energies and a simple kinetic model is developed to understand the origin of the volcano. The volcano curve is also consistent with Pt being the most efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
|
C159467904
|
Chemical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2370993
|
subdiscipline of chemistry and physics
|
A new local density functional for main-group thermochemistry, transition metal bonding, thermochemical kinetics, and noncovalent interactions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Thermochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29563950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.98381865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183410"
},
{
"display_name": "Density functional theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152365726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6604207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048589"
},
{
"display_name": "Non-covalent interactions",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137277065",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5972127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915446"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56172484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Transition metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106773901",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5247469,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19588"
},
{
"display_name": "Main group element",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54281723",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49572313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428830"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147597530",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4899589,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97355855",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4372844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473"
},
{
"display_name": "Kinetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148898269",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41118637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108792"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159467904",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40451205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147789679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36158866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372"
}
] |
We present a new local density functional, called M06-L, for main-group and transition element thermochemistry, thermochemical kinetics, and noncovalent interactions. The functional is designed to capture the main dependence of the exchange-correlation energy on local spin density, spin density gradient, and spin kinetic energy density, and it is parametrized to satisfy the uniform-electron-gas limit and to have good performance for both main-group chemistry and transition metal chemistry. The M06-L functional and 14 other functionals have been comparatively assessed against 22 energetic databases. Among the tested functionals, which include the popular B3LYP, BLYP, and BP86 functionals as well as our previous M05 functional, the M06-L functional gives the best overall performance for a combination of main-group thermochemistry, thermochemical kinetics, and organometallic, inorganometallic, biological, and noncovalent interactions. It also does very well for predicting geometries and vibrational frequencies. Because of the computational advantages of local functionals, the present functional should be very useful for many applications in chemistry, especially for simulations on moderate-sized and large systems and when long time scales must be addressed.
|
C28490314
|
Speech recognition
|
https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1179
|
automatic conversion of spoken language into text
|
Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder–Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203005215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8681345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.78732455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Phrase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776224158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7133226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6715017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62967163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Encoder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118505674",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5642556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063"
},
{
"display_name": "Translation (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149364088",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5084921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982736386",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44394553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40475145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
}
] |
Kyunghyun Cho, Bart van Merriënboer, Caglar Gulcehre, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Fethi Bougares, Holger Schwenk, Yoshua Bengio. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2014.
|
C28490314
|
Speech recognition
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1409.3215
|
automatic conversion of spoken language into text
|
Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81489277,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.71594155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Sentence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777530160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67668414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796"
},
{
"display_name": "Phrase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776224158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.631516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778112365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5972195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54611605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Word (group theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90805587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53995466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557"
},
{
"display_name": "Task (project management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780451532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52450573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4690343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
},
{
"display_name": "Recurrent neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147168706",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45878652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50644808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43515947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203005215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42512923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798"
},
{
"display_name": "Vocabulary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4111171,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736"
},
{
"display_name": "Deep learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108583219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4103351,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536"
}
] |
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are powerful models that have achieved excellent performance on difficult learning tasks. Although DNNs work well whenever large labeled training sets are available, they cannot be used to map sequences to sequences. In this paper, we present a general end-to-end approach to sequence learning that makes minimal assumptions on the sequence structure. Our method uses a multilayered Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to map the input sequence to a vector of a fixed dimensionality, and then another deep LSTM to decode the target sequence from the vector. Our main result is that on an English to French translation task from the WMT'14 dataset, the translations produced by the LSTM achieve a BLEU score of 34.8 on the entire test set, where the LSTM's BLEU score was penalized on out-of-vocabulary words. Additionally, the LSTM did not have difficulty on long sentences. For comparison, a phrase-based SMT system achieves a BLEU score of 33.3 on the same dataset. When we used the LSTM to rerank the 1000 hypotheses produced by the aforementioned SMT system, its BLEU score increases to 36.5, which is close to the previous best result on this task. The LSTM also learned sensible phrase and sentence representations that are sensitive to word order and are relatively invariant to the active and the passive voice. Finally, we found that reversing the order of the words in all source sentences (but not target sentences) improved the LSTM's performance markedly, because doing so introduced many short term dependencies between the source and the target sentence which made the optimization problem easier.
|
C28490314
|
Speech recognition
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1412.3555
|
automatic conversion of spoken language into text
|
Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modeling
|
[
{
"display_name": "Recurrent neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147168706",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9458826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76644886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Focus (optics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192209626",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56429875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5452673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
},
{
"display_name": "Long short term memory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133488467",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.53929716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6673524"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778112365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.510843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5007236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Polyphony",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128979739",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4968591,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179465"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50644808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42772186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776"
}
] |
In this paper we compare different types of recurrent units in recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Especially, we focus on more sophisticated units that implement a gating mechanism, such as a long short-term memory (LSTM) unit and a recently proposed gated recurrent unit (GRU). We evaluate these recurrent units on the tasks of polyphonic music modeling and speech signal modeling. Our experiments revealed that these advanced recurrent units are indeed better than more traditional recurrent units such as tanh units. Also, we found GRU to be comparable to LSTM.
|
C28490314
|
Speech recognition
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6638947
|
automatic conversion of spoken language into text
|
Speech recognition with deep recurrent neural networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Recurrent neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147168706",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.92652893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.82395864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Connectionism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8521452",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67904735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790"
},
{
"display_name": "TIMIT",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778724510",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6582495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7670405"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6298375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.59778374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Deep learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108583219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5802343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5232453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Benchmark (surveying)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185798385",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51187056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707"
},
{
"display_name": "Time delay neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175202392",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46035168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434543"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50644808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4267023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776"
},
{
"display_name": "Hidden Markov model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23224414",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34714407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769"
},
{
"display_name": "Pattern recognition (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153180895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32677874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389"
}
] |
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a powerful model for sequential data. End-to-end training methods such as Connectionist Temporal Classification make it possible to train RNNs for sequence labelling problems where the input-output alignment is unknown. The combination of these methods with the Long Short-term Memory RNN architecture has proved particularly fruitful, delivering state-of-the-art results in cursive handwriting recognition. However RNN performance in speech recognition has so far been disappointing, with better results returned by deep feedforward networks. This paper investigates deep recurrent neural networks, which combine the multiple levels of representation that have proved so effective in deep networks with the flexible use of long range context that empowers RNNs. When trained end-to-end with suitable regularisation, we find that deep Long Short-term Memory RNNs achieve a test set error of 17.7% on the TIMIT phoneme recognition benchmark, which to our knowledge is the best recorded score.
|
C28490314
|
Speech recognition
|
https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1162
|
automatic conversion of spoken language into text
|
Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units
|
[
{
"display_name": "Machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203005215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8379806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8046633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Translation (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149364088",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.62433916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6199599,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.575492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Transfer-based machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130597682",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4837699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961922"
},
{
"display_name": "Example-based machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24687705",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4396334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4377681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
}
] |
Neural machine translation (NMT) models typically operate with a fixed vocabulary, but translation is an open-vocabulary problem.Previous work addresses the translation of out-of-vocabulary words by backing off to a dictionary.In this paper, we introduce a simpler and more effective approach, making the NMT model capable of open-vocabulary translation by encoding rare and unknown words as sequences of subword units.This is based on the intuition that various word classes are translatable via smaller units than words, for instance names (via character copying or transliteration), compounds (via compositional translation), and cognates and loanwords (via phonological and morphological transformations).We discuss the suitability of different word segmentation techniques, including simple character ngram models and a segmentation based on the byte pair encoding compression algorithm, and empirically show that subword models improve over a back-off dictionary baseline for the WMT 15 translation tasks English→German and English→Russian by up to 1.1 and 1.3 BLEU, respectively.
|
C28490314
|
Speech recognition
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298935
|
automatic conversion of spoken language into text
|
Show and tell: A neural image caption generator
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8725352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Pascal (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75608658",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6842811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6759056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777413886",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58087265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013"
},
{
"display_name": "Generator (circuit theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780992000",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55021584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203005215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5405537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52968085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Image (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115961682",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50650275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623"
},
{
"display_name": "Sentence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777530160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5059549,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45358753,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
},
{
"display_name": "Generative model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167966045",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41317743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625"
},
{
"display_name": "Generative grammar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39890363",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40618184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108"
},
{
"display_name": "Pattern recognition (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153180895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3567003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389"
}
] |
Automatically describing the content of an image is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence that connects computer vision and natural language processing. In this paper, we present a generative model based on a deep recurrent architecture that combines recent advances in computer vision and machine translation and that can be used to generate natural sentences describing an image. The model is trained to maximize the likelihood of the target description sentence given the training image. Experiments on several datasets show the accuracy of the model and the fluency of the language it learns solely from image descriptions. Our model is often quite accurate, which we verify both qualitatively and quantitatively. For instance, while the current state-of-the-art BLEU-1 score (the higher the better) on the Pascal dataset is 25, our approach yields 59, to be compared to human performance around 69. We also show BLEU-1 score improvements on Flickr30k, from 56 to 66, and on SBU, from 19 to 28. Lastly, on the newly released COCO dataset, we achieve a BLEU-4 of 27.7, which is the current state-of-the-art.
|
C28490314
|
Speech recognition
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99001776
|
automatic conversion of spoken language into text
|
A theory of lexical access in speech production
|
[
{
"display_name": "Speech production",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43617652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75126374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575399"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71751606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Articulation (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779337067",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5172549,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4800961"
},
{
"display_name": "Encoding (memory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125411270",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4976776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech error",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C541956065",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49618226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2250680"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4900719,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4798793,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81917197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46963334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760"
},
{
"display_name": "Language production",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776264592",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45842472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463837"
},
{
"display_name": "Conversation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777200299",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45138013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43245614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
},
{
"display_name": "Object (grammar)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781238097",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4273274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026"
},
{
"display_name": "Word (group theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90805587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41817033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3922175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37906453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3400868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
Preparing words in speech production is normally a fast and accurate process. We generate them two or three per second in fluent conversation; and overtly naming a clear picture of an object can easily be initiated within 600 msec after picture onset. The underlying process, however, is exceedingly complex. The theory reviewed in this target article analyzes this process as staged and feedforward. After a first stage of conceptual preparation, word generation proceeds through lexical selection, morphological and phonological encoding, phonetic encoding, and articulation itself. In addition, the speaker exerts some degree of output control, by monitoring of self-produced internal and overt speech. The core of the theory, ranging from lexical selection to the initiation of phonetic encoding, is captured in a computational model, called weaver++. Both the theory and the computational model have been developed in interaction with reaction time experiments, particularly in picture naming or related word production paradigms, with the aim of accounting for the real-time processing in normal word production. A comprehensive review of theory, model, and experiments is presented. The model can handle some of the main observations in the domain of speech errors (the major empirical domain for most other theories of lexical access), and the theory opens new ways of approaching the cerebral organization of speech production by way of high-temporal-resolution imaging.
|
C28490314
|
Speech recognition
|
https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1907229
|
automatic conversion of spoken language into text
|
Some Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears
|
[
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.69048977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
},
{
"display_name": "Point (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28719098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5950914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.54104537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Relation (database)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25343380",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46746778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521"
},
{
"display_name": "Acoustics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24890656",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43153554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35373643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
}
] |
This paper describes a number of objective experiments on recognition, concerning particularly the relation between the messages received by the two ears. Rather than use steady tones or clicks (frequency or time-point signals) continuous speech is used, and the results interpreted in the main statistically. Two types of test are reported: (a) the behavior of a listener when presented with two speech signals simultaneously (statistical filtering problem) and (b) behavior when different speech signals are presented to his two ears.
|
C78762247
|
Petroleum engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2118/942054-g
|
field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas
|
The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69990965",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8829161,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698"
},
{
"display_name": "Borehole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150560799",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7831551,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.645241,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Formation water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992173645",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46129665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247687"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42294937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4044397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34051067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
}
] |
The usefulness of the electrical resistivity log in determining reservoircharacteristics is governed largely by:the accuracy with which the trueresistivity of the formation can be determined;the scope of detailed dataconcerning the relation of resistivity measurements to formationcharacteristics;the available information concerning the conductivity ofconnate or formation waters;the extent of geologic knowledge regardingprobable changes in facies within given horizons, both vertically andlaterally, particularly in relation to the resultant effect on the electricalproperties of the reservoir. Simple examples are given in the following pagesto illustrate the use of resistivity logs in the solution of some problemsdealing with oil and gas reservoirs. From the available information, it isapparent that much care must be exercised in applying to more complicated casesthe methods suggested. It should be remembered that the equations given are notprecise and represent only approximate relationships. It is believed, however, that under favorable conditions their application falls within useful limits ofaccuracy. Introduction The electrical log has been used extensively in a qualitative way tocorrelate formations penetrated by the drill in the exploitation of oil and gasreservoirs and to provide some indication of reservoir content. However, itsuse in a quantitative way has been limited because of various factors that tendto obscure the significance of the electrical readings obtained. Some of thesefactors are the borehole size, the resistivity of the mud in the borehole, theeffect of invasion of the mud filtrate into the formation, the relation of therecorded thickness of beds to electrode spacing, the heterogeneity of geologicformations, the salinity or conductivity of connate water, and, perhaps ofgreatest importance, the lack of data indicating the relationship of theresistivity of a formation in situ to its character and fluid content. On the Gulf Coast it is found that the effects of the size of the boreholeand the mud resistivity are generally of little importance, except when dealingwith high formational resistivities or extremely low mud resistivities.Fortunately, little practical significance need be attached to the exact valuesof the higher resistivities recorded. Low mud resistivities are not common, butwhen this condition is encountered it may be corrected by replacing the mudcolumn. With the present advanced knowledge of mud control, invasion of mudfiltrate into sands can be minimized, thereby increasing the dependability ofthe electrical log. The effect of electrode spacing on the recorded thicknessof a bed is often subject to compensation or can be sufficiently accounted forto provide an acceptable approximation of the true resistivity of theformation. T.P. 1422
|
C78762247
|
Petroleum engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2118/942107-g
|
field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas
|
Mechanism of Fluid Displacement in Sands
|
[
{
"display_name": "Displacement (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107551265",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6653783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6478509,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
},
{
"display_name": "Gas oil ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2631668",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5597966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526358"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49908757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Fossil fuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68189081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47881776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748"
},
{
"display_name": "Oil sands",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131779963",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42282462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297322"
}
] |
The production of oil is accomplished as a result of its displacement fromthe reservoir by either gas or water, and the amount of oil recovery is limitedby the extent to which the displacing gas or water accumulates. This paperdescribes the mechanism by which the displacement is effected and theadvantages of water over gas as a displacing agent. In the light of the resultsof experimental observations of the flow of mixtures of oil and/or gas and/orwater through sands, certain conclusions are drawn relative to the changingcharacter of the displacement as depletion proceeds, and on the effects of theproperties of the fluids and of producing conditions on the ultimate oilrecovery. Introduction Crude oil has no inherent ability to expel itself from the pores of thereservoir rocks in which it is found; rather, it must be forcibly ejected ordisplaced by the accumulation of other fluids. Accordingly, a knowledge of themechanism by which one fluid is displaced by another is essential to anunderstanding of the fundamental process by which oil is recovered. The displacing fluids normally available are gas and water, either or bothof which may exist originally associated with the oil in a potentially usableform or may be supplied to the reservoir from external sources. Gas is presentin most oil reservoirs. If the quantity is relatively small, it may existoriginally completely dissolved in the oil, but if the quantity exceeds thatwhich may be held in solution by the oil at the prevailing pressure, the excesswill be found in the free state. Most reservoir sands appear to contain somewater, and in the majority of fields the oil is trapped in the structure andheld over water. In certain conditions the entrapping water may advance intothe oil zone and displace the oil therefrom. This paper describes in a qualitative manner some of the characteristics ofthe displacement of oil by either gas or water, with an attempt to elucidatesomewhat the mechanism by which such displacement is effected. T.P. 1337
|
C78762247
|
Petroleum engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.03.003
|
field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas
|
Pore-scale imaging and modelling
|
[
{
"display_name": "Multiphase flow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779379648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7294665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1559665"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.66613317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
},
{
"display_name": "Enhanced oil recovery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779681308",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5957721,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049254"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon sequestration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22884784",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5407967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550"
},
{
"display_name": "Characterisation of pore space in soil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78609370",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53685266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073758"
},
{
"display_name": "Relative permeability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113378726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50504357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310797"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4847238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon capture and storage (timeline)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778379663",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46225828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5037942"
},
{
"display_name": "Permeability (electromagnetism)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120882062",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46167326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352"
},
{
"display_name": "Capillary action",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196806460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42000288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188603"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41904932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon dioxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530467964",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40349388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37262627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31954488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
}
] |
Pore-scale imaging and modelling – digital core analysis – is becoming a routine service in the oil and gas industry, and has potential applications in contaminant transport and carbon dioxide storage. This paper briefly describes the underlying technology, namely imaging of the pore space of rocks from the nanometre scale upwards, coupled with a suite of different numerical techniques for simulating single and multiphase flow and transport through these images. Three example applications are then described, illustrating the range of scientific problems that can be tackled: dispersion in different rock samples that predicts the anomalous transport behaviour characteristic of highly heterogeneous carbonates; imaging of super-critical carbon dioxide in sandstone to demonstrate the possibility of capillary trapping in geological carbon storage; and the computation of relative permeability for mixed-wet carbonates and implications for oilfield waterflood recovery. The paper concludes by discussing limitations and challenges, including finding representative samples, imaging and simulating flow and transport in pore spaces over many orders of magnitude in size, the determination of wettability, and upscaling to the field scale. We conclude that pore-scale modelling is likely to become more widely applied in the oil industry including assessment of unconventional oil and gas resources. It has the potential to transform our understanding of multiphase flow processes, facilitating more efficient oil and gas recovery, effective contaminant removal and safe carbon dioxide storage.
|
C78762247
|
Petroleum engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2118/2458-pa
|
field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas
|
A Rapid Method of Predicting Width and Extent of Hydraulically Induced Fractures
|
[
{
"display_name": "Borehole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150560799",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7537638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydraulic fracturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779096232",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7437086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890794"
},
{
"display_name": "Fracture (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43369102",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63046587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625"
},
{
"display_name": "Comminution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780952559",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6133863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191671"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultimate tensile strength",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112950240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5924223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005"
},
{
"display_name": "Geotechnical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187320778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5512682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5363027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
},
{
"display_name": "Viscosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127172972",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5155923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128709"
},
{
"display_name": "Tight gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777447996",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5060412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991263"
},
{
"display_name": "Well stimulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81803558",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49616703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7981135"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47301152,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Flow (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38349280",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4641062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57879066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43590528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30334595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
}
] |
With the design charts presented here, and nothing more elaborate than aslide rule, it is possible to predict the dimensions of either a linearly or aradially propagating, hydraulically induced fracture around a wellbore. Introduction During the hydraulic fracturing treatment of an oil or gas well the liquidpressure in the borehole is increased until tensile stress in the surroundingrock exceeds tensile strength. Once a tensile fracture is initiated, it ispenetrated by liquid from the borehole and fracture propagation undercontinuous hydraulic action takes place. The fracturing liquid carries apropping agent to ensure a highly permeable flow propping agent to ensure ahighly permeable flow channel after pressure release. Field results range fromfailure to obtain increased production to outstanding success. In all cases, production to outstanding success. In all cases, however, it unfortunatelyremains uncertain whether the values chosen for the operational parameters, such as injection rate, pumping time and fluid viscosity, were in fact theideal ones. Though experience provides a lead, a more satisfactory way topredict results would seem to be the subject the fracture propagation processto a theoretical analysis that (1) makes the maximum use of the relevantphysical information and (2) so simplifies the resulting calculations that thefield engineer gets practical data that he can handle comfortably. We areattempting here to do this in connection with the prediction of fracture widthand areal extent before pressure release. What remains of the fractureafterwards depends on the distribution of the propping agent between thefracture walls, and that is a propping agent between the fracture walls, andthat is a separate story. Idealization of the Problem To keep the problem tractable, a number of simplifying assumptions have hadto be made:The formation is homogeneous and isotropic as regards those ofits properties that influence the fracture-propagation process.Thedeformations of the formation during fracture propagation can be derived fromlinear elastic stress-strain relations.The fracturing fluid behaves like apurely viscous liquid; i.e., any peculiar flow behavior due to the addition ofgelling agents or other additives is neglected. Moreover, the effect of thepropping agent distribution on the distribution of fluid viscosity in thefracture is not taken into account.Fluid flow in the fracture is everywherelaminar.Simple geometric fracture-extension patterns are assumed - eitherradially symmetrical propagation from a point source (Fig. 1A) or rectilinearpropagation originating from a line source (Fig. 1B). In the first case theperiphery of the fracture is circular, in the second case it is rectangular.A rectilinear propagation mode can be accomplished only by injection over alarge perforated interval, thus forming a line source. Such a rectilinearfracture must therefore be located in the vertical plane. A circularpropagation mode might be expected from injection through propagation modemight be expected from injection through a narrow band of perforations. Thisforms a point source. JPT P. 1571
|
C78762247
|
Petroleum engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2011-01/4/151
|
field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas
|
Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fossil fuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68189081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49620587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44524473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
},
{
"display_name": "Methanol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779607525",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4420458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14982"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39448023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36915272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
Abstract not Available.
|
C78762247
|
Petroleum engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1998036
|
field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas
|
Rock-Eval 6 Applications in Hydrocarbon Exploration, Production, and Soil Contamination Studies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Source rock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126559015",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7798228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988844"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548895740",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65425384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum exploration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985768699",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62654644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241434"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.58407307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.508489,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
},
{
"display_name": "Maturity (psychological)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101433766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49276188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrocarbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777207669",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46793172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43648"
},
{
"display_name": "Mining engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16674752",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44283015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.360287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
}
] |
Successful petroleum exploration relies on detailed analysis of the petroleum system in a given area. Identification of potential source rocks, their maturity and kinetic parameters, and their regional distribution are best accomplished by rapid screening of rock samples (cores and/or cuttings) using the Rock-Eval apparatus. The technique has been routinely used for about fifteen years and has become a standard tool for hydrocarbon exploration. This paper describes how the new functions of the latest version of Rock-Eval (Rock-Eval 6) have expanded applications of the method in petroleum geoscience. Examples of new applications are illustrated for source rock characterization, reservoir geochemistry, and environmental studies, including quantification.
|
C78762247
|
Petroleum engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2118/96-pa
|
field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas
|
Wellbore Heat Transmission
|
[
{
"display_name": "Heat transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50517652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64854634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635"
},
{
"display_name": "Casing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30399818",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6201782,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048830"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57879066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5974414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermal conduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172100665",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5575402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7465774"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5211211,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
},
{
"display_name": "Wellbore",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9677107",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47666505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97355855",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37467003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34578216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
}
] |
Abstract As fluids move through a wellbore, there is transfer of heat between fluids and the earth due to the difference between fluid and geothermal temperatures. This type of heat transmission is involved in drilling and in all producing operations. In certain cases, quantitative knowledge of wellbore heat transmission is very important. This paper presents an approximate solution to the wellbore heat-transmission problem involved in injection of hot or cold fluids. The solution permits estimation of the temperature of fluids, tubing and casing as a function of depth and lime. The result is expressed in simple algebraic form suitable for slide-rule calculation. The solution assumes that heat transfer in the wellbore is steady-state, while heat transfer to the earth will be unsteady radial conduction. Allowance is made for heat resistances in the wellbore. The method used may be applied to derivation of other heat problems such as flow through multiple strings in a wellbore. Comparisons of computed and field results are presented to establish the usefulness of the solution. Introduction During the past few years, considerable interest has been generated in hot-fluid-injection oil-recovery methods. These methods depend upon application of heat to a reservoir by means of a heat-transfer medium heated at the surface. Clearly, heat losses between the surface and the injection interval could be extremely important to this process. Not quite so obvious is the fact that every injection and production operation is accompanied by transmission of heat between wellbore fluids and the earth. Previously, the interpretation of temperature logs has been the main purpose of wellbore heat studies. The only papers dealing specifically with long-time injection operations are those of Moss and White and Lesem, et al. The purpose of the present study is to investigate wellbore heat transmission to provide engineering methods useful in both production and injection operations, and basic techniques useful in all wellbore heat- transmission problems. The approach is similar to that of Moss and White. DEVELOPMENT The transient heat-transmission problem under consideration is as follows. Let us consider the injection of a fluid down the tubing in a well which is cased to the top of the injection interval. Assuming fluid is injected at known rates and surface temperatures, determine the temperature of the injected fluid as a function of depth and time. Consideration of the heat transferred from the injected fluid to the formation leads to the following equations. For liquid, ........................(1) and for gas, ....................(1A) where ....................(2) Eqs. 1, 1A and 2 are developed in the Appendix. These equations were developed under the assumption that physical and thermal properties of the earth and wellbore fluids do not vary with temperature, that heat will transfer radially in the earth and that heat transmission in the wellbore is rapid compared to heat flow in the formation and, thus, can be represented by steady-state solutions. Special cases of this development have been presented by Nowak and Moss and White. Both references are recommended for excellent background material. Nowak presents very useful information concerning the effect of a shut-in period on subsequent temperatures. Since one purpose of this paper is to present methods which may be used to derive approximate solutions for heat-transmission problems associated to those specifically considered here, a brief discussion of associated heat problems is also presented in the Appendix. Analysis of the derivation presented in the Appendix will indicate that many terms can be re-defined to modify the solution for application to other problems. Before Eqs. 1, 1A and 2 can be used, it is necessary to consider the significance of the over-all heat-transfer coefficient U and the time function f(t).Thorough discussions of the concept of the over-all heat-transfer coefficient may be found in many references on heat transmission. See McAdams or Jakob, for example. Briefly, the over-all coefficient U considers the net resistance to heat flow offered by fluid inside the tubing, the tubing wall, fluids or solids in the annulus, and the casing wall. The effect of radiant heat transfer from the tubing to the casing and resistance to heat flow caused by scale or wax on the tubing or casing may also be included in the over-all coefficient. JPT P. 427^
|
C78762247
|
Petroleum engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.3390/en3091529
|
field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas
|
Enhanced Oil Recovery: An Update Review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Enhanced oil recovery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779681308",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7164928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049254"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6762945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
},
{
"display_name": "Submarine pipeline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162284963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5708571,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102"
},
{
"display_name": "Fossil fuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68189081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51905495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748"
},
{
"display_name": "Flooding (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186594467",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47102648,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39686367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3565591,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
}
] |
With the decline in oil discoveries during the last decades it is believed that EOR technologies will play a key role to meet the energy demand in years to come. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EOR status and opportunities to increase final recovery factors in reservoirs ranging from extra heavy oil to gas condensate. Specifically, the paper discusses EOR status and opportunities organized by reservoir lithology (sandstone and carbonates formations and turbiditic reservoirs to a lesser extent) and offshore and onshore fields. Risk and rewards of EOR methods including growing trends in recent years such as CO2 injection, high pressure air injection (HPAI) and chemical flooding are addressed including a brief overview of CO2-EOR project economics.
|
C9390403
|
Computer hardware
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2616357
|
physical components of a computer
|
Eyeriss: An Energy-Efficient Reconfigurable Accelerator for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Dram",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7366592",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8355218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.793144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Dataflow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96324660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77049863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446"
},
{
"display_name": "Convolutional neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81363708",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7242214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460"
},
{
"display_name": "Efficient energy use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2742236",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7235344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713"
},
{
"display_name": "Computation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45374587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56765836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5371701,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Throughput",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157764524",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5305282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5015826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Chip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165005293",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46669394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780165032",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4418635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4234627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118524514",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37848085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212"
}
] |
Eyeriss is an accelerator for state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). It optimizes for the energy efficiency of the entire system, including the accelerator chip and off-chip DRAM, for various CNN shapes by reconfiguring the architecture. CNNs are widely used in modern AI systems but also bring challenges on throughput and energy efficiency to the underlying hardware. This is because its computation requires a large amount of data, creating significant data movement from on-chip and off-chip that is more energy-consuming than computation. Minimizing data movement energy cost for any CNN shape, therefore, is the key to high throughput and energy efficiency. Eyeriss achieves these goals by using a proposed processing dataflow, called row stationary (RS), on a spatial architecture with 168 processing elements. RS dataflow reconfigures the computation mapping of a given shape, which optimizes energy efficiency by maximally reusing data locally to reduce expensive data movement, such as DRAM accesses. Compression and data gating are also applied to further improve energy efficiency. Eyeriss processes the convolutional layers at 35 frames/s and 0.0029 DRAM access/multiply and accumulation (MAC) for AlexNet at 278 mW (batch size N = 4), and 0.7 frames/s and 0.0035 DRAM access/MAC for VGG-16 at 236 mW (N = 3).
|
C9390403
|
Computer hardware
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/1468075.1468121
|
physical components of a computer
|
Sorting networks and their applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7797742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scheme (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77618280",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69693434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772"
},
{
"display_name": "Sorting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111696304",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6913783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697"
},
{
"display_name": "Limiting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188198153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5687681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840"
},
{
"display_name": "Throughput",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157764524",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5424093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47519052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4712767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix (chemical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106487976",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4548829,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42071998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix multiplication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17349429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41228402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049914"
}
] |
To achieve high throughput rates today's computers perform several operations simultaneously. Not only are I/O operations performed concurrently with computing, but also, in multiprocessors, several computing operations are done concurrently. A major problem in the design of such a computing system is the connecting together of the various parts of the system (the I/O devices, memories, processing units, etc.) in such a way that all the required data transfers can be accommodated. One common scheme is a high-speed bus which is time-shared by the various parts; speed of available hardware limits this scheme. Another scheme is a cross-bar switch or matrix; limiting factors here are the amount of hardware (an m × n matrix requires m × n cross-points) and the fan-in and fan-out of the hardware.
|
C9390403
|
Computer hardware
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076996
|
physical components of a computer
|
Microfluidic Large-Scale Integration
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microfluidics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8673954",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.90214324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluidics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651336",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7107001,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185571"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiplexer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70970002",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7021139,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189434"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4732792,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45274314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic component",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81060104",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44819936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11653"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43336102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Component (thermodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168167062",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43176153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970"
},
{
"display_name": "Binary number",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48372109",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42696127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3305246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32020694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
}
] |
We developed high-density microfluidic chips that contain plumbing networks with thousands of micromechanical valves and hundreds of individually addressable chambers. These fluidic devices are analogous to electronic integrated circuits fabricated using large-scale integration. A key component of these networks is the fluidic multiplexor, which is a combinatorial array of binary valve patterns that exponentially increases the processing power of a network by allowing complex fluid manipulations with a minimal number of inputs. We used these integrated microfluidic networks to construct the microfluidic analog of a comparator array and a microfluidic memory storage device whose behavior resembles random-access memory.
|
C9390403
|
Computer hardware
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.00332
|
physical components of a computer
|
ProxylessNAS: Direct Neural Architecture Search on Target Task and Hardware
|
[
{
"display_name": "Task (project management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780451532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73666525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118524514",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.69160986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212"
},
{
"display_name": "Architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6748062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6710469,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45386246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32984525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32621467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
Neural architecture search (NAS) has a great impact by automatically designing effective neural network architectures. However, the prohibitive computational demand of conventional NAS algorithms (e.g. $10^4$ GPU hours) makes it difficult to \emph{directly} search the architectures on large-scale tasks (e.g. ImageNet). Differentiable NAS can reduce the cost of GPU hours via a continuous representation of network architecture but suffers from the high GPU memory consumption issue (grow linearly w.r.t. candidate set size). As a result, they need to utilize~\emph{proxy} tasks, such as training on a smaller dataset, or learning with only a few blocks, or training just for a few epochs. These architectures optimized on proxy tasks are not guaranteed to be optimal on the target task. In this paper, we present \emph{ProxylessNAS} that can \emph{directly} learn the architectures for large-scale target tasks and target hardware platforms. We address the high memory consumption issue of differentiable NAS and reduce the computational cost (GPU hours and GPU memory) to the same level of regular training while still allowing a large candidate set. Experiments on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet demonstrate the effectiveness of directness and specialization. On CIFAR-10, our model achieves 2.08\% test error with only 5.7M parameters, better than the previous state-of-the-art architecture AmoebaNet-B, while using 6$\times$ fewer parameters. On ImageNet, our model achieves 3.1\% better top-1 accuracy than MobileNetV2, while being 1.2$\times$ faster with measured GPU latency. We also apply ProxylessNAS to specialize neural architectures for hardware with direct hardware metrics (e.g. latency) and provide insights for efficient CNN architecture design.
|
C9390403
|
Computer hardware
|
https://doi.org/10.1107/s0909049502015170
|
physical components of a computer
|
<i>Blu-Ice</i>and the<i>Distributed Control System</i>: software for data acquisition and instrument control at macromolecular crystallography beamlines
|
[
{
"display_name": "Beamline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136959337",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9044382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3300772"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66598487,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Data acquisition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163985040",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60772294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399"
},
{
"display_name": "Synchrotron radiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16332341",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5515004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212871"
},
{
"display_name": "Automation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115901376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5499109,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199"
},
{
"display_name": "Instrument control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777628319",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5290424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6041841"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphical user interface",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37789001",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.519642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5157547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Interface (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113843644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47905695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41724992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Synchrotron",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21368211",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4164719,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689863"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36619854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
}
] |
The Blu-Ice and Distributed Control System (DCS) software packages were developed to provide unified control over the disparate hardware resources available at a macromolecular crystallography beamline. Blu-Ice is a user interface that provides scientific experimenters and beamline support staff with intuitive graphical tools for collecting diffraction data and configuring beamlines for experiments. Blu-Ice communicates with the hardware at a beamline via DCS, an instrument-control and data-acquisition package designed to integrate hardware resources in a highly heterogeneous networked computing environment. Together, Blu-Ice and DCS provide a flexible platform for increasing the ease of use, the level of automation and the remote accessibility of beamlines. Blu-Ice and DCS are currently installed on four Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory crystallographic beamlines and are being implemented at sister light sources.
|
C9390403
|
Computer hardware
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/63526.63532
|
physical components of a computer
|
Micropipelines
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76297176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Pipeline (software)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43521106",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7334071,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493"
},
{
"display_name": "Pipeline transport",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175309249",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7152164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47656918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3978932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32899642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
}
] |
The pipeline processor is a common paradigm for very high speed computing machinery. Pipeline processors provide high speed because their separate stages can operate concurrently, much as different people on a manufacturing assembly line work concurrently on material passing down the line. Although the concurrency of pipeline processors makes their design a demanding task, they can be found in graphics processors, in signal processing devices, in integrated circuit components for doing arithmetic, and in the instruction interpretation units and arithmetic operations of general purpose computing machinery. Because I plan to describe a variety of pipeline processors, I will start by suggesting names for their various forms. Pipeline processors, or more simply just pipelines, operate on data as it passes along them. The latency of a pipeline is a measure of how long it takes a single data value to pass through it. The throughput rate of a pipeline is a measure of how many data values can pass through it per unit time. Pipelines both store and process data; the storage elements and processing logic in them alternate along their length. I will describe pipelines in their complete form later, but first I will focus on their storage elements alone, stripping away all processing logic. Stripped of all processing logic, any pipeline acts like a series of storage elements through which data can pass. Pipelines can be clocked or event-driven, depending on whether their parts act in response to some widely-distributed external clock, or act independently whenever local events permit. Some pipelines are inelastic; the amount of data in them is fixed. The input rate and the output rate of an inelastic pipeline must match exactly. Stripped of any processing logic, an inelastic pipeline acts like a shift register. Other pipelines are elastic; the amount of data in them may vary. The input rate and the output rate of an elastic pipeline may differ momentarily because of internal buffering. Stripped of all processing logic, an elastic pipeline becomes a flow-through first-in-first-out memory, or FIFO. FIFOs may be clocked or event-driven; their important property is that they are elastic. I assign the name micropipeline to a particularly simple form of event-driven elastic pipeline with or without internal processing. The micro part of this name seems appropriate to me because micropipelines contain very simple circuitry, because micropipelines are useful in very short lengths, and because micropipelines are suitable for layout in microelectronic form. I have chosen micropipelines as the subject of this lecture for three reasons. First, micropipelines are simple and easy to understand. I believe that simple ideas are best, and I find beauty in the simplicity and symmetry of micropipelines. Second, I see confusion surrounding the design of FIFOs. I offer this description of micropipelines in the hope of reducing some of that confusion. The third reason I have chosen my subject addresses the limitations imposed on us by the clocked-logic conceptual framework now commonly used in the design of digital systems. I believe that this conceptual framework or mind set masks simple and useful structures like micropipelines from our thoughts, structures that are easy to design and apply given a different conceptual framework. Because micropipelines are event-driven, their simplicity is not available within the clocked-logic conceptual framework. I offer this description of micropipelines in the hope of focusing attention on an alternative transition-signalling conceptual framework. We need a new conceptual framework because the complexity of VLSI technology has now reached the point where design time and design cost often exceed fabrication time and fabrication cost. Moreover, most systems designed today are monolithic and resist mid-life improvement. The transition-signalling conceptual framework offers the opportunity to build up complex systems by hierarchical composition from simpler pieces. The resulting systems are easily modified. I believe that the transition-signalling conceptual framework has much to offer in reducing the design time and cost of complex systems and increasing their useful lifetime. I offer this description of micropipelines as an example of the transition-signalling conceptual framework. Until recently only a hardy few used the transition-signalling conceptual framework for design because it was too hard. It was nearly impossible to design the small circuits of 10 to 100 transistors that form the elemental building blocks from which complex systems are composed. Moreover, it was difficult to prove anything about the resulting compositions. In the past five years, however, much progress has been made on both fronts. Charles Molnar and his colleagues at Washington University have developed a simple way to design the small basic building blocks [9]. Martin Rem's "VLSI Club" at the Technical University of Eindhoven has been working effectively on the mathematics of event-driven systems [6, 10, 11, 19]. These emerging conceptual tools now make transition signalling a lively candidate for widespread use.
|
C9390403
|
Computer hardware
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/ipsn.2005.1440950
|
physical components of a computer
|
Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Telos",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777885928",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8189813,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3243630"
},
{
"display_name": "Testbed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31395832",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7937758,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.66285825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.60034466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Microcontroller",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173018170",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55737406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless sensor network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24590314",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5368197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038"
},
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5182619,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49769858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41424638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118524514",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32337472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212"
}
] |
We present Telos, an ultra low power wireless sensor module ("mote") for research and experimentation. Telos is the latest in a line of motes developed by UC Berkeley to enable wireless sensor network (WSN) research. It is a new mote design built from scratch based on experiences with previous mote generations. Telos' new design consists of three major goals to enable experimentation: minimal power consumption, easy to use, and increased software and hardware robustness. We discuss how hardware components are selected and integrated in order to achieve these goals. Using a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller, Chipcon IEEE 802.15.4-compliant radio, and USB, Telos' power profile is almost one-tenth the consumption of previous mote platforms while providing greater performance and throughput. It eliminates programming and support boards, while enabling experimentation with WSNs in both lab, testbed, and deployment settings.
|
C9390403
|
Computer hardware
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/1409944.1409959
|
physical components of a computer
|
Wireless device identification with radiometric signatures
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.77756906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Transmitter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47798520",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.72835445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157"
},
{
"display_name": "Frame (networking)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126042441",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6846187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888"
},
{
"display_name": "Identification (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116834253",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6327625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60824645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108037233",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47134563,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375"
},
{
"display_name": "Modulation (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123079801",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44922417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240"
},
{
"display_name": "Radio-frequency identification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204222849",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42850244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104954"
},
{
"display_name": "Frequency domain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19118579",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42480832,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41426465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Interface (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113843644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41213015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882"
}
] |
We design, implement, and evaluate a technique to identify the source network interface card (NIC) of an IEEE 802.11 frame through passive radio-frequency analysis. This technique, called PARADIS, leverages minute imperfections of transmitter hardware that are acquired at manufacture and are present even in otherwise identical NICs. These imperfections are transmitter-specific and manifest themselves as artifacts of the emitted signals. In PARADIS, we measure differentiating artifacts of individual wireless frames in the modulation domain, apply suitable machine-learning classification tools to achieve significantly higher degrees of NIC identification accuracy than prior best known schemes.
|
C188147891
|
Cognitive science
|
https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1202
|
interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes
|
Deep Contextualized Word Representations
|
[
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6092933,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162"
},
{
"display_name": "Human language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993724205",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.594597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315"
},
{
"display_name": "Word (group theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90805587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5764996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5658412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155092808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46061277,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45738712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40153998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38813323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
}
] |
Matthew E. Peters, Mark Neumann, Mohit Iyyer, Matt Gardner, Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, Luke Zettlemoyer. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers). 2018.
|
C188147891
|
Cognitive science
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00076512
|
interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes
|
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6749372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62957716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5497721,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41690226",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51304615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499210"
},
{
"display_name": "Theory of mind",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779560602",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4986441,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639219"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4879629,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Reflexive pronoun",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150104678",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4683045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953129"
},
{
"display_name": "Peck (Imperial)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189338036",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46830356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351646"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44390482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3988175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37547368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
}
] |
Abstract An individual has a theory of mind if he imputes mental states to himself and others. A system of inferences of this kind is properly viewed as a theory because such states are not directly observable, and the system can be used to make predictions about the behavior of others. As to the mental states the chimpanzee may infer, consider those inferred by our own species, for example, purpose or intention , as well as knowledge, belief, thinking, doubt, guessing, pretending, liking , and so forth. To determine whether or not the chimpanzee infers states of this kind, we showed an adult chimpanzee a series of videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with a variety of problems. Some problems were simple, involving inaccessible food – bananas vertically or horizontally out of reach, behind a box, and so forth – as in the original Kohler problems; others were more complex, involving an actor unable to extricate himself from a locked cage, shivering because of a malfunctioning heater, or unable to play a phonograph because it was unplugged. With each videotape the chimpanzee was given several photographs, one a solution to the problem, such as a stick for the inaccessible bananas, a key for the locked up actor, a lit wick for the malfunctioning heater. The chimpanzee's consistent choice of the correct photographs can be understood by assuming that the animal recognized the videotape as representing a problem, understood the actor's purpose, and chose alternatives compatible with that purpose.
|
C188147891
|
Cognitive science
|
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315799438
|
interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes
|
The Architecture of Cognition
|
[
{
"display_name": "Architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6615258,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169900460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59242207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49317592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20854674",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4590965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4386060"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3641014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35275683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
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] |
Now available in paper, The Architecture of Cognition is a classic work that remains relevant to theory and research in cognitive science. The new version of Anderson's theory of cognitive architecture -- Adaptive Control of Thought (ACT*) -- is a theory of the basic principles of operation built into the cognitive system and is the main focus of the book. (http://books.google.fr/books?id=Uip3_g7zlAUC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false)
|
C188147891
|
Cognitive science
|
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.115
|
interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes
|
Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51142067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4841412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Image (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115961682",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44923195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4474339,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42286837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35345763,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N £ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensiona l image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermination. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position an$ image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory. Any single object can project an infinity of image configurations to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimensional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but instead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its particular category. But it is only with rare exceptions that an image fails to be rapidly and readily classified, either as an instance of a familiar object category or as an instance that cannot be so classified (itself a form of classification).
|
C188147891
|
Cognitive science
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12000477
|
interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes
|
Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science
|
[
{
"display_name": "Situated",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132829578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8502755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50358075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169900460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47624615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45377663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36660236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33504823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
}
] |
Brains, it has recently been argued, are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles of cells that support perception and action by constantly attempting to match incoming sensory inputs with top-down expectations or predictions. This is achieved using a hierarchical generative model that aims to minimize prediction error within a bidirectional cascade of cortical processing. Such accounts offer a unifying model of perception and action, illuminate the functional role of attention, and may neatly capture the special contribution of cortical processing to adaptive success. This target article critically examines this "hierarchical prediction machine" approach, concluding that it offers the best clue yet to the shape of a unified science of mind and action. Sections 1 and 2 lay out the key elements and implications of the approach. Section 3 explores a variety of pitfalls and challenges, spanning the evidential, the methodological, and the more properly conceptual. The paper ends (sections 4 and 5) by asking how such approaches might impact our more general vision of mind, experience, and agency.
|
C188147891
|
Cognitive science
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-0626
|
interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes
|
The Cognitive neurosciences
|
[
{
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.5179997,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51258844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41052157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.34744263,
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33434492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The fourth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biologic underpinnings of complex cognition -- the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. The material in this edition is entirely new, with all chapters written specifically for it. Since the publication of the third edition, the field of cognitive neuroscience has made rapid and dramatic advances; fundamental stances are changing and new ideas are emerging. This edition reflects the vibrancy of the field, with research in development and evolution that finds a dynamic growth pattern becoming specific and fixed, and research in plasticity that sees the neuronal systems always changing; exciting new empirical evidence on attention that also verifies many central tenets of longstanding theories; work that shows the boundaries of the motor system pushed further into cognition; memory research that, paradoxically, provides insight into how humans imagine future events; pioneering theoretical and methodological work in vision; new findings on how genes and experience shape the language faculty; new ideas about how the emotional brain develops and operates; and research on consciousness that ranges from a novel mechanism for how the brain generates the baseline activity necessary to sustain conscious experience to a bold theoretical attempt to make the problem of qualia more tractable.
|
C188147891
|
Cognitive science
|
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11810.001.0001
|
interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes
|
Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cybernetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115286129",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9650075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123637"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49027422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4317744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41369203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34163272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
A classic and influential work that laid the theoretical foundations for information theory and a timely text for contemporary informations theorists and practitioners. With the influential book Cybernetics, first published in 1948, Norbert Wiener laid the theoretical foundations for the multidisciplinary field of cybernetics, the study of controlling the flow of information in systems with feedback loops, be they biological, mechanical, cognitive, or social. At the core of Wiener's theory is the message (information), sent and responded to (feedback); the functionality of a machine, organism, or society depends on the quality of messages. Information corrupted by noise prevents homeostasis, or equilibrium. And yet Cybernetics is as philosophical as it is technical, with the first chapter devoted to Newtonian and Bergsonian time and the philosophical mixed with the technical throughout. This book brings the 1961 second edition back into print, with new forewords by Doug Hill and Sanjoy Mitter. Contemporary readers of Cybernetics will marvel at Wiener's prescience—his warnings against “noise,” his disdain for “hucksters” and “gadget worshipers,” and his view of the mass media as the single greatest anti-homeostatic force in society. This edition of Cybernetics gives a new generation access to a classic text.
|
C188147891
|
Cognitive science
|
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1622
|
interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes
|
A theory of cortical responses
|
[
{
"display_name": "Inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776214188",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73947567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386"
},
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6253626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Free energy principle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33553690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61017877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17014702"
},
{
"display_name": "Bayes' theorem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207201462",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5830348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensory system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94487597",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5813005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56149334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134261354",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55404496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438"
},
{
"display_name": "Bayesian inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160234255",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5278057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535"
},
{
"display_name": "Premise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778023277",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5035655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.491449,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Stimulus (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779918689",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4668482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46342385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4548032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Perceptual system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28063669",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41122586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167042"
},
{
"display_name": "Bayesian probability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107673813",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4107863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39899632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30950737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30171233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
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] |
This article concerns the nature of evoked brain responses and the principles underlying their generation. We start with the premise that the sensory brain has evolved to represent or infer the causes of changes in its sensory inputs. The problem of inference is well formulated in statistical terms. The statistical fundaments of inference may therefore afford important constraints on neuronal implementation. By formulating the original ideas of Helmholtz on perception, in terms of modern-day statistical theories, one arrives at a model of perceptual inference and learning that can explain a remarkable range of neurobiological facts. It turns out that the problems of inferring the causes of sensory input (perceptual inference) and learning the relationship between input and cause (perceptual learning) can be resolved using exactly the same principle. Specifically, both inference and learning rest on minimizing the brain's free energy, as defined in statistical physics. Furthermore, inference and learning can proceed in a biologically plausible fashion. Cortical responses can be seen as the brain’s attempt to minimize the free energy induced by a stimulus and thereby encode the most likely cause of that stimulus. Similarly, learning emerges from changes in synaptic efficacy that minimize the free energy, averaged over all stimuli encountered. The underlying scheme rests on empirical Bayes and hierarchical models of how sensory input is caused. The use of hierarchical models enables the brain to construct prior expectations in a dynamic and context-sensitive fashion. This scheme provides a principled way to understand many aspects of cortical organization and responses. The aim of this article is to encompass many apparently unrelated anatomical, physiological and psychophysical attributes of the brain within a single theoretical perspective. In terms of cortical architectures, the theoretical treatment predicts that sensory cortex should be arranged hierarchically, that connections should be reciprocal and that forward and backward connections should show a functional asymmetry (forward connections are driving, whereas backward connections are both driving and modulatory). In terms of synaptic physiology, it predicts associative plasticity and, for dynamic models, spike-timing-dependent plasticity. In terms of electrophysiology, it accounts for classical and extra classical receptive field effects and long-latency or endogenous components of evoked cortical responses. It predicts the attenuation of responses encoding prediction error with perceptual learning and explains many phenomena such as repetition suppression, mismatch negativity (MMN) and the P300 in electroencephalography. In psychophysical terms, it accounts for the behavioural correlates of these physiological phenomena, for example, priming and global precedence. The final focus of this article is on perceptual learning as measured with the MMN and the implications for empirical studies of coupling among cortical areas using evoked sensory responses.
|
C45355965
|
Socioeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.2.77
|
social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes
|
The Environment of Childhood Poverty.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8267689,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294"
},
{
"display_name": "Low income",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018804484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5386799,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4517122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4194394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37373608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3337112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
}
] |
Poor children confront widespread environmental inequities. Compared with their economically advantaged counterparts, they are exposed to more family turmoil, violence, separation from their families, instability, and chaotic households. Poor children experience less social support, and their parents are less responsive and more authoritarian. Low-income children are read to relatively infrequently, watch more TV, and have less access to books and computers. Low-income parents are less involved in their children's school activities. The air and water poor children consume are more polluted. Their homes are more crowded, noisier, and of lower quality. Low-income neighborhoods are more dangerous, offer poorer municipal services, and suffer greater physical deterioration. Predominantly low-income schools and day care are inferior. The accumulation of multiple environmental risks rather than singular risk exposure may be an especially pathogenic aspect of childhood poverty.
|
C45355965
|
Socioeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb6105
|
social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes
|
An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China
|
[
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.784425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Social distance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172656115",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6815169,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6061713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5552605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382"
},
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3007834351",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.55097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695"
},
{
"display_name": "Transmission (telecommunications)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C761482",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50785786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49610767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48548797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441"
},
{
"display_name": "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3006700255",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46458226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4634568,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4563123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184"
},
{
"display_name": "Closing (real estate)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778775528",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4333416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42736918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3981139,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34309882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33214796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32556453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30165833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
The most effective interventions By 23 January 2020, China had imposed a national emergency response to restrict travel and impose social distancing measures on its populace in an attempt to inhibit the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, which measures were most effective is uncertain. Tian et al. performed a quantitative analysis of the impact of control measures between 31 December 2019 and 19 February 2020, which encompasses the Lunar New Year period when millions of people traveled across China for family visits. Travel restrictions in and out of Wuhan were too late to prevent the spread of the virus to 262 cities within 28 days. However, the epidemic peaked in Hubei province on 4 February 2020, indicating that measures such as closing citywide public transport and entertainment venues and banning public gatherings combined to avert hundreds of thousands of cases of infection. It is unlikely that this decline happened because the supply of susceptible people was exhausted, so relaxing control measures could lead to a resurgence. Science , this issue p. 638
|
C45355965
|
Socioeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.1.141
|
social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes
|
The Economic Lives of the Poor
|
[
{
"display_name": "Purchasing power parity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109888216",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69014645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82135"
},
{
"display_name": "Tanzania",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779357621",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63795334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495"
},
{
"display_name": "Poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6266315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294"
},
{
"display_name": "Consumption (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5108761,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762"
},
{
"display_name": "Per capita",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5072531,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635"
},
{
"display_name": "Standard of living",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142077812",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49500412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175850"
},
{
"display_name": "Latin Americans",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158886217",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4879703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16799549"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberian dollar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109168655",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48504227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48237243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4681701,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Purchasing power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776542561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44817388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271969"
},
{
"display_name": "Developing country",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4371774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4291191,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41008222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37467718,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30509368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
The 1990 World Development Report from the World Bank defined the “extremely poor” people of the world as those who are currently living on no more than $1 per day per person. But how actually does one live on less than $1 per day? This essay is about the economic lives of the extremely poor: the choices they face, the constraints they grapple with, and the challenges they meet. A number of recent data sets and a body of new research allow us to start building an image of the way the extremely poor live their lives. Our discussion builds on household surveys conducted in 13 countries: Cote d'Ivoire, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Tanzania, and Timor Leste (East Timor). These surveys provide detailed information on extremely poor households around the world, from Asia to Africa to Latin America, including information on what they consume, where they work, and how they save and borrow. We consider the extremely poor—those living in households where the consumption per capita is less than $1.08 per person per day—as well as the merely “poor”—defined as those who live under $2.16 a day—using 1993 purchasing power parity as benchmark. In keeping with convention, we call these the $1 and $2 dollar poverty lines, respectively.
|
C45355965
|
Socioeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.12.913
|
social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes
|
Urban residential environments and senior citizens' longevity in megacity areas: the importance of walkable green spaces
|
[
{
"display_name": "Residence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776269092",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8476188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomic status",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7288497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895"
},
{
"display_name": "Marital status",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781354955",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.70162547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11920938"
},
{
"display_name": "Megacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127040729",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69130325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174844"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5557962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51550466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Baseline (sea)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12725497",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4746281,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45640314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43106863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441"
},
{
"display_name": "Longevity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776759703",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42067027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066907"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39589095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39183927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068"
}
] |
<b>Study objectives:</b> To study the association between greenery filled public areas that are nearby a residence and easy to walk in and the longevity of senior citizens in a densely populated, developed megacity. <b>Design:</b> Cohort study. <b>Methods:</b> The authors analysed the five year survival of 3144 people born in 1903, 1908, 1913, or 1918 who consented to a follow up survey from the records of registered Tokyo citizens in relation to baseline residential environment characteristics in 1992. <b>Main results:</b> The survival of 2211 and the death of 897 (98.9% follow up) were confirmed. The probability of five year survival of the senior citizens studied increased in accordance with the space for taking a stroll near the residence (p<0.01), parks and tree lined streets near the residence (p<0.05), and their preference to continue to live in their current community (p<0.01). The principal component analysis from the baseline residential environment characteristics identified two environment related factors: the factor of walkable green streets and spaces near the residence and the factor of a positive attitude to a person's own community. After controlling the effects of the residents' age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status, the factor of walkable green streets and spaces near the residence showed significant predictive value for the survival of the urban senior citizens over the following five years (p<0.01). <b>Conclusions:</b> Living in areas with walkable green spaces positively influenced the longevity of urban senior citizens independent of their age, sex, marital status, baseline functional status, and socioeconomic status. Greenery filled public areas that are nearby and easy to walk in should be further emphasised in urban planning for the development and re-development of densely populated areas in a megacity. Close collaboration should be undertaken among the health, construction, civil engineering, planning, and other concerned sectors in the context of the healthy urban policy, so as to promote the health of senior citizens.
|
C45355965
|
Socioeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.9.1546
|
social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes
|
Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68062652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8459978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693"
},
{
"display_name": "Walkability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780814631",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59480435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2822691"
},
{
"display_name": "Social engagement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9701087",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43317813,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283504"
},
{
"display_name": "Civic engagement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776431611",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42929828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116870"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4278246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441"
},
{
"display_name": "Pedestrian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777113093",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4260114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41285515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38121238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3378209,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3106072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
Objectives. I sought to examine whether pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use neighborhoods encourage enhanced levels of social and community engagement (i.e., social capital). Methods. The study investigated the relationship between neighborhood design and individual levels of social capital. Data were obtained from a household survey that measured the social capital of citizens living in neighborhoods that ranged from traditional, mixed-use, pedestrian-oriented designs to modern, car-dependent suburban subdivisions in Galway, Ireland. Results. The analyses indicate that persons living in walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods have higher levels of social capital compared with those living in car-oriented suburbs. Respondents living in walkable neighborhoods were more likely to know their neighbors, participate politically, trust others, and be socially engaged. Conclusions. Walkable, mixed-use neighborhood designs can encourage the development of social capital.
|
C45355965
|
Socioeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0110-2
|
social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes
|
A comparative ethnobotany of Khevsureti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha-Lechkhumi, Republic of Georgia (Sakartvelo), Caucasus
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ethnobotany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202216756",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8122978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841408"
},
{
"display_name": "Georgian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780964034",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7232377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8108"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7075519,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Armenian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776639550",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62587744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8785"
},
{
"display_name": "Biodiversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130217890",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60734457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional knowledge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C514011633",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5786402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428168"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C529323549",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4731758,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2375831"
},
{
"display_name": "Indigenous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55958113",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47118974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4662394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45733482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441"
},
{
"display_name": "Plant species",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985179745",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43324816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131449"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2549261",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33815867,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455"
}
] |
The Republic of Georgia (Sakartvelo in Georgian language) is part of the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot, and human agricultural plant use dates bat at least 6000 years. However, little ethnobiological research has been published from the region since the 1940s. Given the lack of recent research in the region, the present study we report on plant uses in Skartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. We hypothesized that, (1) given the long tradition of plant use, and the isolation under Soviet rule, plant use both based on homegardens and wild harvesting would be more pronounced in Georgia than in the wiser region, (2) the Soviet occupation would have had broad influence on plant use, and (3) there would still be incidence of knowledge loss despite wide plant use. Fieldwork was conducted in Khevsureti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha in July–August 2013, July–August 2014, and September–October 2015. Interviews using semi-structured questionnaires were conducted with 170 participants (80 women and 90 men) after obtaining their oral prior informed consent. All interviews were carried out in the participants' homes and gardens by native speakers of Georgian and its local dialects (Svan, Tush, Khevsur, Psav), or, where participants spoke these as their native language, Armenian, Russian, or Greek. In the present study we encountered 480 plant species belonging to 249 genera of 95 families being used in the research region. The highest number of species and of unique species were reported from the remote Tusheti-Khevsureti region. Informant consensus and number of use reports were highest for each region in the food and medicinal use categories. Of the 480 plants being used in the research region 282 species were exclusively wild-harvested, 103 were grown in homegardens, and 84 were both grown in gardens and sourced in the wild. Plant species, and uses, found in our study, both for Georgia in general, as well as for its regions, showed clear relations to the wider Caucasus - Asia Minor - Balkans cultural complex. However, plant use in Georgia was much more diverse than reported in other studies from Eurasia.
|
C45355965
|
Socioeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.3.1006
|
social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes
|
Under the Weather: Health, Schooling, and Economic Consequences of Early-Life Rainfall
|
[
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomic status",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8050169,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895"
},
{
"display_name": "Indonesian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779207338",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6368841,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9240"
},
{
"display_name": "Educational attainment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779297142",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5464564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52155733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47681114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45999917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45274338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441"
},
{
"display_name": "Index (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43115214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816"
},
{
"display_name": "Norm (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191795146",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4300293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40448081,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
We examine the effect of early-life rainfall on the health, education, and socioeconomic outcomes of Indonesian adults. We link historical rainfall for each individual's birth year and birth location with adult outcomes from the 2000 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). Higher early-life rainfall has large positive effects on the adult outcomes of women, but not of men. Women with 20 percent higher rainfall (relative to the local norm) are 0.57 centimeters taller, complete 0.22 more schooling grades, and live in households scoring 0.12 standard deviations higher on an asset index. Schooling attainment appears to mediate the impact on adult women's socioeconomic status. (JEL I12, I21, J16, O15)
|
C45355965
|
Socioeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2004.042150
|
social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes
|
Neighborhood Racial Composition, Neighborhood Poverty, and the Spatial Accessibility of Supermarkets in Metropolitan Detroit
|
[
{
"display_name": "Metropolitan area",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158739034",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74099076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.70500755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Racial composition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020673143",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67261213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3254959"
},
{
"display_name": "Poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.641967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294"
},
{
"display_name": "Census",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52130261",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5808546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52152824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5118713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Disadvantaged",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780623907",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5089617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4634317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441"
}
] |
Objectives. We evaluated the spatial accessibility of large “chain” supermarkets in relation to neighborhood racial composition and poverty. Methods. We used a geographic information system to measure Manhattan block distance to the nearest supermarket for 869 neighborhoods (census tracts) in metropolitan Detroit. We constructed moving average spatial regression models to adjust for spatial autocorrelation and to test for the effect of modification of percentage African American and percentage poor on distance to the nearest supermarket. Results. Distance to the nearest supermarket was similar among the least impoverished neighborhoods, regardless of racial composition. Among the most impoverished neighborhoods, however, neighborhoods in which African Americans resided were, on average, 1.1 miles further from the nearest supermarket than were White neighborhoods. Conclusions. Racial residential segregation disproportionately places African Americans in more-impoverished neighborhoods in Detroit and consequently reduces access to supermarkets. However, supermarkets have opened or remained open close to middle-income neighborhoods that have transitioned from White to African American. Development of economically disadvantaged African American neighborhoods is critical to effectively prevent diet-related diseases among this population.
|
C61696701
|
Engineering physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200801283
|
study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and combined with engineering studies in computer, electrical, materials or mechanical engineering
|
Polymer‐Fullerene Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells
|
[
{
"display_name": "Photovoltaic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41291067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.838724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.700576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Fullerene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162862793",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.624262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178026"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5340976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer solar cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66187686",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48578218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472888"
},
{
"display_name": "Production cost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985847231",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48274702,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12154181"
},
{
"display_name": "MAGIC (telescope)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777704519",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4711938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45732"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61696701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46615136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766"
},
{
"display_name": "Heterojunction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79794668",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43380883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616270"
},
{
"display_name": "Solid-state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107814960",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42000034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q611957"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41729444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Solar cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780824857",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38555247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58803"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35545254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33375576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
}
] |
Abstract Solution‐processed bulk‐heterojunction solar cells have gained serious attention during the last few years and are becoming established as one of the future photovoltaic technologies for low‐cost power production. This article reviews the highlights of the last few years, and summarizes today's state‐of‐the‐art performance. An outlook is given on relevant future materials and technologies that have the potential to guide this young photovoltaic technology towards the magic 10% regime. A cost model supplements the technical discussions, with practical aspects any photovoltaic technology needs to fulfil, and answers to the question as to whether low module costs can compensate lower lifetimes and performances.
|
C61696701
|
Engineering physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103228
|
study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and combined with engineering studies in computer, electrical, materials or mechanical engineering
|
Oxide Semiconductor Thin‐Film Transistors: A Review of Recent Advances
|
[
{
"display_name": "Thin-film transistor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87359718",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8044839,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271916"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7046744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138331895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61175287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.57654756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxide thin-film transistor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162743726",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.57453746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7115642"
},
{
"display_name": "Semiconductor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108225325",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5731771,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11456"
},
{
"display_name": "Transistor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172385210",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5391057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61696701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46305513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766"
},
{
"display_name": "Optoelectronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39937258,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091"
}
] |
Abstract Transparent electronics is today one of the most advanced topics for a wide range of device applications. The key components are wide bandgap semiconductors, where oxides of different origins play an important role, not only as passive component but also as active component, similar to what is observed in conventional semiconductors like silicon. Transparent electronics has gained special attention during the last few years and is today established as one of the most promising technologies for leading the next generation of flat panel display due to its excellent electronic performance. In this paper the recent progress in n‐ and p‐type oxide based thin‐film transistors (TFT) is reviewed, with special emphasis on solution‐processed and p‐type, and the major milestones already achieved with this emerging and very promising technology are summarizeed. After a short introduction where the main advantages of these semiconductors are presented, as well as the industry expectations, the beautiful history of TFTs is revisited, including the main landmarks in the last 80 years, finishing by referring to some papers that have played an important role in shaping transparent electronics. Then, an overview is presented of state of the art n‐type TFTs processed by physical vapour deposition methods, and finally one of the most exciting, promising, and low cost but powerful technologies is discussed: solution‐processed oxide TFTs. Moreover, a more detailed focus analysis will be given concerning p‐type oxide TFTs, mainly centred on two of the most promising semiconductor candidates: copper oxide and tin oxide. The most recent data related to the production of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices based on n‐ and p‐type oxide TFT is also be presented. The last topic of this review is devoted to some emerging applications, finalizing with the main conclusions. Related work that originated at CENIMAT|I3N during the last six years is included in more detail, which has led to the fabrication of high performance n‐ and p‐type oxide transistors as well as the fabrication of CMOS devices with and on paper.
|
C61696701
|
Engineering physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304346
|
study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and combined with engineering studies in computer, electrical, materials or mechanical engineering
|
25th Anniversary Article: Organic Field‐Effect Transistors: The Path Beyond Amorphous Silicon
|
[
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7371345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "OLED",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150759737",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62911487,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209593"
},
{
"display_name": "Transistor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172385210",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59739643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339"
},
{
"display_name": "Amorphous silicon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776390347",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.58507264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474163"
},
{
"display_name": "Amorphous solid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56052488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5438822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103382"
},
{
"display_name": "Field-effect transistor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145598152",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5310935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176097"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61696701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49341646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49331942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic semiconductor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94003879",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46885404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1933714"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46406254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Optoelectronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45396575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091"
},
{
"display_name": "Silicon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544956773",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45145002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670"
},
{
"display_name": "Diode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78434282",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4422048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic electronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65371982",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41620424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901002"
}
] |
Over the past 25 years, organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have witnessed impressive improvements in materials performance by 3–4 orders of magnitude, and many of the key materials discoveries have been published in Advanced Materials . This includes some of the most recent demonstrations of organic field‐effect transistors with performance that clearly exceeds that of benchmark amorphous silicon‐based devices. In this article, state‐of‐the‐art in OFETs are reviewed in light of requirements for demanding future applications, in particular active‐matrix addressing for flexible organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) displays. An overview is provided over both small molecule and conjugated polymer materials for which field‐effect mobilities exceeding > 1 cm 2 V –1 s –1 have been reported. Current understanding is also reviewed of their charge transport physics that allows reaching such unexpectedly high mobilities in these weakly van der Waals bonded and structurally comparatively disordered materials with a view towards understanding the potential for further improvement in performance in the future.
|
C61696701
|
Engineering physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.77.1083
|
study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and combined with engineering studies in computer, electrical, materials or mechanical engineering
|
Physics of thin-film ferroelectric oxides
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ferroelectricity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79090758",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77905786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045739"
},
{
"display_name": "Thin film",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19067145",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72017014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137203"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.59810656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61696701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58800435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoscopic scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45206210",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5577251,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415817"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5398942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Cover (algebra)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780428219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50998914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335"
}
] |
This review covers the important advances in recent years in the physics of thin film ferroelectric oxides, the strongest emphasis being on those aspects particular to ferroelectrics in thin film form. We introduce the current state of development in the application of ferroelectric thin films for electronic devices and discuss the physics relevant for the performance and failure of these devices. Following this we cover the enormous progress that has been made in the first principles computational approach to understanding ferroelectrics. We then discuss in detail the important role that strain plays in determining the properties of epitaxial thin ferroelectric films. Finally, we look at the emerging possibilities for nanoscale ferroelectrics, with particular emphasis on ferroelectrics in non conventional nanoscale geometries.
|
C61696701
|
Engineering physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4424
|
study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and combined with engineering studies in computer, electrical, materials or mechanical engineering
|
Photovoltaic materials: Present efficiencies and future challenges
|
[
{
"display_name": "Photovoltaic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41291067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.88567114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785"
},
{
"display_name": "Limiting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188198153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80679554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840"
},
{
"display_name": "Fabrication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136525101",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6512704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61696701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47883347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45171785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Key (lock)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26517878",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43456113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42704853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36489362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35355243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3271733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
}
] |
Recent developments in photovoltaic materials have led to continual improvements in their efficiency. We review the electrical characteristics of 16 widely studied geometries of photovoltaic materials with efficiencies of 10 to 29%. Comparison of these characteristics to the fundamental limits based on the Shockley-Queisser detailed-balance model provides a basis for identifying the key limiting factors, related to efficient light management and charge carrier collection, for these materials. Prospects for practical application and large-area fabrication are discussed for each material.
|
C61696701
|
Engineering physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15355-0
|
study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and combined with engineering studies in computer, electrical, materials or mechanical engineering
|
A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cathode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49110097",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56535125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233"
},
{
"display_name": "Battery (electricity)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555008776",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55683947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54269594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61696701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52866364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithium (medication)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778541603",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49419406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138331895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47474653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithium-ion battery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779197387",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.46801388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2822895"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy density",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983502797",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4563951,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828402"
},
{
"display_name": "Ion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145148216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4301347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3323214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32433885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Abstract Lithium-ion batteries have aided the portable electronics revolution for nearly three decades. They are now enabling vehicle electrification and beginning to enter the utility industry. The emergence and dominance of lithium-ion batteries are due to their higher energy density compared to other rechargeable battery systems, enabled by the design and development of high-energy density electrode materials. Basic science research, involving solid-state chemistry and physics, has been at the center of this endeavor, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s. With the award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to the development of lithium-ion batteries, it is enlightening to look back at the evolution of the cathode chemistry that made the modern lithium-ion technology feasible. This review article provides a reflection on how fundamental studies have facilitated the discovery, optimization, and rational design of three major categories of oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, and a personal perspective on the future of this important area.
|
C61696701
|
Engineering physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802564
|
study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and combined with engineering studies in computer, electrical, materials or mechanical engineering
|
Recent Advances in Zn‐Ion Batteries
|
[
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.83167386,
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},
{
"display_name": "Cathode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49110097",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6589595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233"
},
{
"display_name": "Prussian blue",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779064266",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.62852097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421894"
},
{
"display_name": "Vanadium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C504678139",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6279042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5294288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73916439",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5262845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52859227",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5193256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877"
},
{
"display_name": "Intercalation (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137824038",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48195645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175562"
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{
"display_name": "Electrochemical energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993969710",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.44665122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718"
},
{
"display_name": "Battery (electricity)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555008776",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41940573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298"
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{
"display_name": "Electrolyte",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68801617",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41497594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61696701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40832746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766"
}
] |
Abstract The ever‐growing demands for electrical energy storage have stimulated the pursuit of alternative advanced batteries. Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are receiving increased attentions due to the low cost, high safety, and high eco‐efficiency. However, it is still a big challenge to develop suitable cathode materials for intercalation of Zn ions. This review provides a timely access for researchers to the recent activities regarding ZIBs. First, cathode materials including various manganese oxides, vanadium compounds, and Prussian blue analogs are summarized with details in crystal structures and Zn ion storage mechanisms. Then, the electrolytes and their influences on the electrochemical processes are discussed. Finally, opinions on the current challenge of ZIBs and perspective to future research directions are provided.
|
C61696701
|
Engineering physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3749
|
study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and combined with engineering studies in computer, electrical, materials or mechanical engineering
|
Ultrahigh power factor and thermoelectric performance in hole-doped single-crystal SnSe
|
[
{
"display_name": "Thermoelectric effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63024428",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.750722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552456"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy conversion efficiency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206991015",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6997241,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192704"
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{
"display_name": "Thermoelectric materials",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207365445",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.685731,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15020929"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy transformation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144822601",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6407068,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11271324"
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{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6124319,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
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{
"display_name": "Thermoelectric generator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117127486",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6101663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11569191"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste heat",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184235594",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5945706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288706"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5471659,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "Electricity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206658404",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54302704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725"
},
{
"display_name": "Power factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64424096",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53364927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750454"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61696701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5288585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766"
},
{
"display_name": "Doping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57863236",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52874374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130571"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric temperature range",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39353612",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44834608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283759"
},
{
"display_name": "Optoelectronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35574955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091"
}
] |
Heat conversion gets a power boost Thermoelectric materials convert waste heat into electricity, but often achieve high conversion efficiencies only at high temperatures. Zhao et al. tackle this problem by introducing small amounts of sodium to the thermoelectric SnSe (see the Perspective by Behnia). This boosts the power factor, allowing the material to generate more energy while maintaining good conversion efficiency. The effect holds across a wide temperature range, which is attractive for developing new applications. Science , this issue p. 141 ; see also p. 124
|
C53553401
|
Genealogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1537/ase1887.22.495
|
study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history
|
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex
|
[
{
"display_name": "Descent (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776637919",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8100023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624380"
},
{
"display_name": "Relation (database)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25343380",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72136915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521"
},
{
"display_name": "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81917197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6259221,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40914148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33732247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32760298,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31757134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
}
] |
Introduction <sc>The</sc> nature of the following work will be best understood by a brief account of how it came to be written. During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but...
|
C53553401
|
Genealogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01020.x
|
study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history
|
TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Coalescent theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2554327",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8712398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698599"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8016145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetic tree",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193252679",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6643502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90132467",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6350695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6160923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.57526463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42968154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
},
{
"display_name": "Maximum parsimony",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22799545",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4204913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805805"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3586189,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162"
}
] |
Phylogenies are extremely useful tools, not only for establishing genealogical relationships among a group of organisms or their parts (e.g. genes), but also for a variety of research once the phylogenies are estimated. In a recent review, Pagel (1999) eloquently outline a number of uses for phylogenetic information from discovery of drug resistance to reconstructing the common ancestor to all of life. Phylogenies have been used to predict future trends in infectious disease ( Bush et al. 1999 ) and have even been offered as evidence in a court of law ( Vogel 1997). Yet phylogenies are only as useful as they are accurate. Estimating genealogical relationships among genes at the population level presents a number of difficulties to traditional methods of phylogeny reconstruction. These traditional methods such as parsimony, neighbour-joining, and maximum-likelihood make assumptions that are invalid at the population level. For example, these methods assume ancestral haplotypes are no longer in the population, yet coalescent theory predicts that ancestral haplotypes will be the most frequent sequences sampled in a population level study ( Watterson & Guess 1977; Donnelly & Tavaré 1986; Crandall & Templeton 1993). Traditional methods require reasonably large numbers of variable characters to accurately reconstruct relationships ( Huelsenbeck & Hillis 1993) and population level studies typically lack such variation. Also, recombination is a real possibility among sequences at the population level and traditional methods assume recombination does not occur. The failure to incorporate the possibility of recombination in phylogeny reconstruction can lead to grave errors in the resulting estimated phylogeny. The combination of these effects can lead parsimony methods to infer a cumbersome amount of most parsimonious trees at the population level with no resolution among the set (e.g. over one billion trees for a set of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Excoffier & Smouse 1994). These effects can also lead neighbour-joining and traditional maximum-likelihood methods to be over confident in the resulting relationships ( Bandelt et al. 1995 ). Therefore, an alternative approach is needed to provide accurate estimates of gene genealogies at the population level that take into account these population level phenomena not addressed by traditional methods. Multiple groups have looked to network representations for population level genealogical information ( Bandelt & Dress 1992; Templeton et al. 1992 ; Excoffier & Smouse 1994; Fitch 1997). Networks allow one to naturally incorporate the often-times nonbifurcating genealogical information associated with population level divergences. The method of Templeton et al. (1992) (TCS) has been used extensively with restriction site and nucleotide sequence data to infer population level genealogies when divergences are low ( Georgiadis et al. 1994 ; Routman et al. 1994 ; Gerber & Templeton 1996; Hedin 1997; Schaal et al. 1998 ; Viláet al. 1999 , Gómez-Zurita et al. 2000). TCS has been used with traditional methods to estimate relationships among organisms that span a wide range of divergence ( Crandall & Fitzpatrick 1996; Benabib et al. 1997 ). The approach has also been used extensively with a nested analysis procedure to partition population structure from population history ( Templeton et al. 1995 ; Templeton 1998) and explore the phylogeographic history of a diversity of organisms (e.g. Johnson & Jordon 2000; Turner et al. 2000 ). In this note, we announce the availability of a new software package, TCS, to estimate genealogical relationships among sequences using the method of Templeton et al. (1992) . The TCS software opens nucleotide sequence files in either nexus ( Maddison et al. 1997 ) or phylip ( Felsenstein 1991) sequential format. Sequences should not be collapsed into haplotypes as frequency data can be incorporated into the output. The program collapses sequences into haplotypes and calculates the frequencies of the haplotypes in the sample. These frequencies are used to estimate haplotype outgroup probabilities, which correlate with haplotype age ( Donnelly & Tavaré 1986; Castelloe & Templeton 1994). An absolute distance matrix is then calculated for all pairwise comparisons of haplotypes. The probability of parsimony [as defined in Templeton et al. (1992) , equations 6, 7, and 8] is calculated for pairwise differences until the probability exceeds 0.95. The number of mutational differences associated with the probability just before this 95% cut-off is then the maximum number of mutational connections between pairs of sequences justified by the ‘parsimony’ criterion. These justified connections are then made resulting in a 95% set of plausible solutions. The program outputs the sequences, the pairwise absolute distance matrix, probabilities of parsimony for mutational steps just beyond the 95% cut-off, a test listing of connections made and missing intermediates generated, and a graph output file containing the resulting network ( Fig. 1). This graph output file can be opened in the freeware VGJ 1.0.3 ( http://www.eng.auburn.edu/department/cse/research/graphdrawing/graphdrawing.html; distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Version 2), which is packaged with the TCS algorithm. The program can handle a reasonable number of sequences. For example, an HTLV data set with 69 haplotypes of length 725 bp took over one hour to run in a Macintosh G3. Memory requirements are low, and the program will run with less than 1 MB RAM. The TCS software package, including executables for Mac and PC, documentation, and Java source code, is distributed freely and is available at our website, along with a host of other programs for population genetic and phylogenetic analyses: http://bioag.byu.edu/zoology/crandalllab/programs.htm. TCS Java interface. The maximum number of steps connecting parsimoniously two haplotypes is indicated. Gaps can be treated as a 5th state or as missing data. The graph can be edited and arranged using different algorithms. By double-clicking over a haplotype, some information is displayed, such as sequences included in the haplotype and outgroup weights. The haplotype with the highest outgroup probability is displayed as a square, while other haplotypes are displayed as ovals. The size of the square or oval corresponds to the haplotype frequency. This work was supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, a Shannon Award from the National Institutes of Health, and NIH R01-HD34350.
|
C53553401
|
Genealogy
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-4975
|
study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history
|
Unequal childhoods: class, race, and family life
|
[
{
"display_name": "Race (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76509639",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82453674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036"
},
{
"display_name": "Class (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777212361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6205035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47538722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44207543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4374806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
},
{
"display_name": "Family life",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993804084",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4181135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8436"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3275156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
}
] |
Acknowledgments 1. Concerted Cultivation and Accomplishment of Natural Growth 2. Social Structure and Daily Life PART I. THE ORGANIZATION OF DAILY LIFE 3. A Hectic Pace of Concerted Cultivation: Garrett Tallinger 4. A Child's Pace: Tyrec Taylor 5. Children's Play Is for Children: Katie Brindle PART II. LANGUAGE USE 6. Developing a Child: Alexander Williams 7. Language as a Conduit of Social Life: Harold McAllister PART III. FAMILIES AND INSTITUTIONS 8. Concerted Cultivation in Organizational Spheres: Stacey Marshall 9. Effort Creates Misery: Melanie Handlon 10. Letting Educators Lead Way: Wendy Driver 11. Beating with a Belt, Fearing the School: Little Billy Yanelli 12. The Power and Limits of Social Class Appendix A. Methodology: Enduring Dilemmas in Fieldwork Appendix B. Theory: Understanding Work of Pierre Bourdieu Appendix C. Supporting Tables Notes Bibliography Index
|
C53553401
|
Genealogy
|
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68064
|
study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history
|
On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life /
|
[
{
"display_name": "Natural selection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75268714",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8045708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776608160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67522234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462"
},
{
"display_name": "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81917197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6746802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49571526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46153793,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44698852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37250876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35285372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Zoology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90856448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3338777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431"
}
] |
PIII" But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this-we can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws."W. WHEWELL: Bridgewater Treatise."To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak conceit of sobriety, or an ill-applied moderation, think or maintain, that a man can search too far or be too well studied in the book of God's word, or in the book of God's works; divinity or philosophy ; but rather
|
C53553401
|
Genealogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1965.tb01731.x
|
study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history
|
THE INTERPRETATION OF POPULATION STRUCTURE BY F-STATISTICS WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO SYSTEMS OF MATING
|
[
{
"display_name": "Wright",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777667586",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8016074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8038170"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.66116846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Interpretation (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C527412718",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6493109,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5380579,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53686285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Mating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C514575182",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43021,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228395"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4075374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34473336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32678884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
}
] |
Journal Article THE INTERPRETATION OF POPULATION STRUCTURE BY F‐STATISTICS WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO SYSTEMS OF MATING Get access Sewall Wright Sewall Wright Department of Genetics University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 19, Issue 3, 1 September 1965, Pages 395–420, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1965.tb01731.x Published: 01 September 1965 Article history Accepted: 15 May 1965 Published: 01 September 1965
|
C53553401
|
Genealogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05453.x
|
study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history
|
PHYLOGENETICS: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS
|
[
{
"display_name": "Systematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41806617",
"level": 3,
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.4202945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
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"display_name": "Biology",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
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EvolutionVolume 36, Issue 4 p. 867-868 Book ReviewFree Access PHYLOGENETICS: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS† Walter M. Fitch, Walter M. Fitch Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706Search for more papers by this author Walter M. Fitch, Walter M. Fitch Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706Search for more papers by this author First published: July 1982 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05453.x †Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogentic Systematics, by E. O. Wiley. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981. 439 pp., $37.50. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume36, Issue4July 1982Pages 867-868 RelatedInformation
|
C53553401
|
Genealogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/28.6.476
|
study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history
|
THE GENETIC BASIS FOR CONSTRUCTING SELECTION INDEXES
|
[
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"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7579253,
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{
"display_name": "Darwin (ADL)",
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"level": 2,
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{
"display_name": "Key (lock)",
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233",
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{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
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] |
Abstract "The key is man's power of accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him."—Darwin, p. 35, sixth edition of The Origin of Species. 1920.
|
C53553401
|
Genealogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00911.x
|
study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history
|
NATURAL SELECTION AND RANDOM GENETIC DRIFT IN PHENOTYPIC EVOLUTION
|
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"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
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"display_name": "Genetic drift",
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"level": 4,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486420"
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] |
EvolutionVolume 30, Issue 2 p. 314-334 ArticleFree Access NATURAL SELECTION AND RANDOM GENETIC DRIFT IN PHENOTYPIC EVOLUTION Russell Lande, Russell Lande Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138Search for more papers by this author Russell Lande, Russell Lande Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1976 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00911.xCitations: 916AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume30, Issue2June 1976Pages 314-334 This article also appears in:Extending microevolutionary theory to a macroevolutionary theory of complex adaptations ReferencesRelatedInformation
|
C48824518
|
Agricultural economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108
|
applied field of economics
|
Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture
|
[
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.64691824,
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},
{
"display_name": "Greenhouse gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6318796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518",
"level": 1,
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{
"display_name": "Per capita",
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"level": 3,
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{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5365415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51174664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416"
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{
"display_name": "Clearing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134697681",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49319237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1609677"
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{
"display_name": "Agricultural land",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502990516",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4532295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3395383"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4386396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Food security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C549605437",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4345902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4792198",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42401624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3877655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35938898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
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] |
Global food demand is increasing rapidly, as are the environmental impacts of agricultural expansion. Here, we project global demand for crop production in 2050 and evaluate the environmental impacts of alternative ways that this demand might be met. We find that per capita demand for crops, when measured as caloric or protein content of all crops combined, has been a similarly increasing function of per capita real income since 1960. This relationship forecasts a 100–110% increase in global crop demand from 2005 to 2050. Quantitative assessments show that the environmental impacts of meeting this demand depend on how global agriculture expands. If current trends of greater agricultural intensification in richer nations and greater land clearing (extensification) in poorer nations were to continue, ∼1 billion ha of land would be cleared globally by 2050, with CO 2 -C equivalent greenhouse gas emissions reaching ∼3 Gt y −1 and N use ∼250 Mt y −1 by then. In contrast, if 2050 crop demand was met by moderate intensification focused on existing croplands of underyielding nations, adaptation and transfer of high-yielding technologies to these croplands, and global technological improvements, our analyses forecast land clearing of only ∼0.2 billion ha, greenhouse gas emissions of ∼1 Gt y −1 , and global N use of ∼225 Mt y −1 . Efficient management practices could substantially lower nitrogen use. Attainment of high yields on existing croplands of underyielding nations is of great importance if global crop demand is to be met with minimal environmental impacts.
|
C48824518
|
Agricultural economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/451461
|
applied field of economics
|
Adoption of Agricultural Innovations in Developing Countries: A Survey
|
[
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"level": 0,
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{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
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{
"display_name": "Survey data collection",
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{
"display_name": "Regional science",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.39708328,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3330093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
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] |
Previous articleNext article No AccessAdoption of Agricultural Innovations in Developing Countries: A SurveyGershon Feder, Richard E. Just, and David ZilbermanGershon Feder, Richard E. Just, and David ZilbermanPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 33, Number 2Jan., 1985 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451461 Views: 1032Total views on this site Citations: 1347Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1985 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Marcela de Mello Brandão Vinholis, Hildo Meirelles de Souza Filho, Marcelo José Carrer Preditores da adoção de sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária em São Paulo e o papel dos intermediários da inovação, Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 61, no.33 (Mar 2023).https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2022.252894Gokul P. Paudel, Aditya Raj Khanal, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Timothy J. Krupnik, Andrew J. 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Joshi, Anjani Kumar, Ashok K. Mishra, Shantanu Kumar Dubey Examining the transfer of knowledge and training to smallholders in India: Direct and spillover effects of agricultural advisory services in an emerging economy, World Development 160 (Dec 2022): 106067.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106067Yari Vecchio, Marcello De Rosa, Gregorio Pauselli, Margherita Masi, Felice Adinolfi The leading role of perception: the FACOPA model to comprehend innovation adoption, Agricultural and Food Economics 10, no.11 (Mar 2022).https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-022-00211-0Kaywana Raeburn, Sonia Laszlo, Jim Warnick Resolving ambiguity as a public good: experimental evidence from Guyana, Theory and Decision 101 (Oct 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-022-09910-yZenaye Degefu Agazhi, Melkamu Meda Productivity and Welfare Impact of Adoption of Improved Seed in Ethiopia; Critical Review, Applied Journal of Economics, Management and Social Sciences 3, no.55 (Oct 2022): 10–18.https://doi.org/10.53790/ajmss.v3i5.49J.C. 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Belgacem Predicting farmers’ uptake of spineless cactus in the Arabian Peninsula: a case study of Qatar, Acta Horticulturae 33, no.13431343 (Sep 2022): 241–250.https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1343.32Yuyuan Che, Hongli Feng, David A. Hennessy Assessing peer effects and subsidy impacts in conservation technology adoption: Application to grazing management choices, Journal of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association 110 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/jaa2.26Bikash Shil, Biswajit Lahiri, Prasenjit Pal, Amitava Ghosh, Pradyut Biswas, Yumlembam Jackie Singh Determinants of adoption behaviour of the fish farmers of Pabda fish culture (Ompok bimaculatus Bloch, 1794) in Tripura, Northeast India, Aquaculture International 30, no.44 (May 2022): 2017–2041.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00885-9Amadu Y. Kamara, Oyakhilomen Oyinbo, Julius Manda, Lucy S. 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The gap between centrally planned Disaster Management Program and people's risk perception and adaptation, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 28 (Aug 2022): 103229.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103229Francis Andrianarison, Cyrille Bergaly Kamdem, Blaise Che Kameni Factors enhancing agricultural productivity under innovation technology: Insights from Cameroon, African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 14, no.55 (Jul 2021): 1173–1183.https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.1937816Alexander Jordan, Marco Guerzoni Extension services in Ethiopia: First adoption of chemical fertilizers in rural villages, African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 14, no.55 (Aug 2021): 1240–1252.https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.1945773Zekarias Zemarku, Marisennayya Senapathy, Elias Bojago, Habib Ali Determinants of Adoption of Improved Dairy Technologies: The Case of Offa Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia, Advances in Agriculture 2022 (Jul 2022): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3947794Lisa F. Clark, Jill E. Hobbs, Melat Adde, Carol Henry Promising pulses: interventions and constraints in chickpea supply chains in Ethiopia, Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement (Jul 2022): 1–20.https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2022.2090320Karl Hughes, Judith Beatrice Auma Oduol, Hilda Kegode, Joan Kimaiyo, Kai Mausch Experimental evidence from a fodder shrub promotional effort among dairy farmers in Uganda, Journal of Development Effectiveness 13 (Jul 2022): 1–16.https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2022.2099952Dependra Bhatta, Krishna P. Paudel, Kai Liu Factors influencing water conservation practices adoptions by Nepali farmers, Environment, Development and Sustainability 84 (Jul 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02510-4Zhenzhen Liu, Zhifeng Gao, Xianhui Geng, Longjiao Wen, Emmanuel Kiprop Risk aversion, marketing outlets, and biological control practice adoption: insight from pear farmers in China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 75 (Jul 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21737-2Justus Ochieng, Victor Afari-Sefa, Francis Muthoni, Monica Kansiime, Irmgard Hoeschle-Zeledon, Mateete Bekunda, Dubois Thomas Adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies for vegetable production in rural Tanzania: trade-offs, complementarities and diffusion, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 20, no.44 (Jun 2021): 478–496.https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2021.1943235Aslihan Arslan, Kristin Floress, Christine Lamanna, Leslie Lipper, Todd S. 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Bloem, Sunghun Lim Producers, consumers, and value chains in low- and middle-income countries, (Jan 2022): 4933–4996.https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.hesagr.2022.03.005Akililu Mulatu, Senapathy Marisennayya, Elias Bojago, Mudassar Iqbal Adoption of Modern Hive Beekeeping Technology: The Case of Kacha-Birra Woreda, Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia, Advances in Agriculture 2021 (Dec 2021): 1–20.https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4714020Asael Greenfeld, Nir Becker, Janet F. Bornman, Dror L. 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C48824518
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Agricultural economics
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https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1403
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applied field of economics
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Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India<sup>*</sup>
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Journal Article Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India Get access Chang-Tai Hsieh, Chang-Tai Hsieh University of Chicago Booth School of Business and NBER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Peter J. Klenow Peter J. Klenow Stanford University, SIEPR, SCID, and NBER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 124, Issue 4, November 2009, Pages 1403–1448, https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1403 Published: 01 November 2009
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C48824518
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066428
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applied field of economics
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Yield Trends Are Insufficient to Double Global Crop Production by 2050
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"score": 0.38645905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36617884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37621935",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3637548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845"
},
{
"display_name": "Agroforestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54286561",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32013637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350"
}
] |
Several studies have shown that global crop production needs to double by 2050 to meet the projected demands from rising population, diet shifts, and increasing biofuels consumption. Boosting crop yields to meet these rising demands, rather than clearing more land for agriculture has been highlighted as a preferred solution to meet this goal. However, we first need to understand how crop yields are changing globally, and whether we are on track to double production by 2050. Using ∼2.5 million agricultural statistics, collected for ∼13,500 political units across the world, we track four key global crops—maize, rice, wheat, and soybean—that currently produce nearly two-thirds of global agricultural calories. We find that yields in these top four crops are increasing at 1.6%, 1.0%, 0.9%, and 1.3% per year, non-compounding rates, respectively, which is less than the 2.4% per year rate required to double global production by 2050. At these rates global production in these crops would increase by ∼67%, ∼42%, ∼38%, and ∼55%, respectively, which is far below what is needed to meet projected demands in 2050. We present detailed maps to identify where rates must be increased to boost crop production and meet rising demands.
|
C48824518
|
Agricultural economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2172/885984
|
applied field of economics
|
Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasability of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply
|
[
{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.755439,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomass (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115540264",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7373549,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioenergy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156380964",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6129053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18556"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioproducts",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780430855",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6069802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915222"
},
{
"display_name": "Biofuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53991642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5498708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982719155",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49231112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25584060"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable resource",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143517461",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48826313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46696264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46103907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45778573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable fuels",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52208190",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4127123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313121"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4052313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40080068,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38566408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Fossil fuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68189081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34746122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental protection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32749584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31586105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are both strongly committed to expanding the role of biomass as an energy source. In particular, they support biomass fuels and products as a way to reduce the need for oil and gas imports; to support the growth of agriculture, forestry, and rural economies; and to foster major new domestic industries--biorefineries--making a variety of fuels, chemicals, and other products. As part of this effort, the Biomass R&D Technical Advisory Committee, a panel established by the Congress to guide the future direction of federally funded biomass R&D, envisioned a 30 percent replacement of the current U.S. petroleum consumption with biofuels by 2030. Biomass--all plant and plant-derived materials including animal manure, not just starch, sugar, oil crops already used for food and energy--has great potential to provide renewable energy for America's future. Biomass recently surpassed hydropower as the largest domestic source of renewable energy and currently provides over 3 percent of the total energy consumption in the United States. In addition to the many benefits common to renewable energy, biomass is particularly attractive because it is the only current renewable source of liquid transportation fuel. This, of course, makes it invaluable in reducing oil imports--one of our most pressing energy needs. A key question, however, is how large a role could biomass play in responding to the nation's energy demands. Assuming that economic and financial policies and advances in conversion technologies make biomass fuels and products more economically viable, could the biorefinery industry be large enough to have a significant impact on energy supply and oil imports? Any and all contributions are certainly needed, but would the biomass potential be sufficiently large to justify the necessary capital replacements in the fuels and automobile sectors? The purpose of this report is to determine whether the land resources of the United States are capable of producing a sustainable supply of biomass sufficient to displace 30 percent or more of the country's present petroleum consumption--the goal set by the Advisory Committee in their vision for biomass technologies. Accomplishing this goal would require approximately 1 billion dry tons of biomass feedstock per year.
|
C48824518
|
Agricultural economics
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w4313
|
applied field of economics
|
Productivity and the Density of Economic Activity
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7912669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7464111,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43455058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42321336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701"
}
] |
To explain the large differences in labor productivity across U.S. states we estimate two models-one based on local geographical externalities and the other on the diversity of local intermediate services-where spatial density results in aggregate increasing returns. Both models lead to a relation between county employment density and productivity at the state level. Using data on gross state output we find that a doubling of employment density increases average labor productivity by around 6 percent. More than half of the variance of output per worker across states can be explained by differences in the density of economic activity. (JEL RIO)
|
C48824518
|
Agricultural economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109936109
|
applied field of economics
|
The water footprint of humanity
|
[
{
"display_name": "Virtual water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776121688",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8935323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897240"
},
{
"display_name": "Water use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149207113",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7469939,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26534"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5432651,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.533949,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.507922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Consumption (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47411636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762"
},
{
"display_name": "Per capita",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44279674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41843858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37621935",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38852084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3459192,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
This study quantifies and maps the water footprint (WF) of humanity at a high spatial resolution. It reports on consumptive use of rainwater (green WF) and ground and surface water (blue WF) and volumes of water polluted (gray WF). Water footprints are estimated per nation from both a production and consumption perspective. International virtual water flows are estimated based on trade in agricultural and industrial commodities. The global annual average WF in the period 1996-2005 was 9,087 Gm(3)/y (74% green, 11% blue, 15% gray). Agricultural production contributes 92%. About one-fifth of the global WF relates to production for export. The total volume of international virtual water flows related to trade in agricultural and industrial products was 2,320 Gm(3)/y (68% green, 13% blue, 19% gray). The WF of the global average consumer was 1,385 m(3)/y. The average consumer in the United States has a WF of 2,842 m(3)/y, whereas the average citizens in China and India have WFs of 1,071 and 1,089 m(3)/y, respectively. Consumption of cereal products gives the largest contribution to the WF of the average consumer (27%), followed by meat (22%) and milk products (7%). The volume and pattern of consumption and the WF per ton of product of the products consumed are the main factors determining the WF of a consumer. The study illustrates the global dimension of water consumption and pollution by showing that several countries heavily rely on foreign water resources and that many countries have significant impacts on water consumption and pollution elsewhere.
|
C48824518
|
Agricultural economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041
|
applied field of economics
|
The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide
|
[
{
"display_name": "Census",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52130261",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.73425555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6873858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68500465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Documentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56666940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5148446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790"
},
{
"display_name": "Small farm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775831186",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50645554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1746361"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50459826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46359935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340"
},
{
"display_name": "Developing country",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4246149,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34909856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
Numerous sources provide evidence of trends and patterns in average farm size and farmland distribution worldwide, but they often lack documentation, are in some cases out of date, and do not provide comprehensive global and comparative regional estimates. This article uses agricultural census data (provided at the country level in Web Appendix) to show that there are more than 570 million farms worldwide, most of which are small and family-operated. It shows that small farms (less than 2 ha) operate about 12% and family farms about 75% of the world’s agricultural land. It shows that average farm size decreased in most low- and lower-middle-income countries for which data are available from 1960 to 2000, whereas average farm sizes increased from 1960 to 2000 in some upper-middle-income countries and in nearly all high-income countries for which we have information. Such estimates help inform agricultural development strategies, although the estimates are limited by the data available. Continued efforts to enhance the collection and dissemination of up-to date, comprehensive, and more standardized agricultural census data, including at the farm and national level, are essential to having a more representative picture of the number of farms, small farms, and family farms as well as changes in farm size and farmland distribution worldwide.
|
C33070731
|
Toxicology
|
https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009
|
branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine
|
Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals
|
[
{
"display_name": "Toxicity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29730261",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7934505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160"
},
{
"display_name": "Heavy metals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776053758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.676226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789"
},
{
"display_name": "Metal toxicity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778302132",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6089109,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4215775"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanism (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89611455",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56100744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5593838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Chronic toxicity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53164099",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50726074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5114007"
},
{
"display_name": "Metal poisoning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910372187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50554585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4215775"
},
{
"display_name": "Food chain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155373166",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43875748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159462"
},
{
"display_name": "Human health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987857752",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4298435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42176765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42012113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068"
}
] |
Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. The toxic effects of these metals, even though they do not have any biological role, remain present in some or the other form harmful for the human body and its proper functioning. They sometimes act as a pseudo element of the body while at certain times they may even interfere with metabolic processes. Few metals, such as aluminium, can be removed through elimination activities, while some metals get accumulated in the body and food chain, exhibiting a chronic nature. Various public health measures have been undertaken to control, prevent and treat metal toxicity occurring at various levels, such as occupational exposure, accidents and environmental factors. Metal toxicity depends upon the absorbed dose, the route of exposure and duration of exposure, i.e. acute or chronic. This can lead to various disorders and can also result in excessive damage due to oxidative stress induced by free radical formation. This review gives details about some heavy metals and their toxicity mechanisms, along with their health effects.
|
C33070731
|
Toxicology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl055
|
branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine
|
The 2005 World Health Organization Reevaluation of Human and Mammalian Toxic Equivalency Factors for Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds
|
[
{
"display_name": "Potency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57992300",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77542037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066956"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxic equivalency factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778209978",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7325462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149618"
},
{
"display_name": "Aryl hydrocarbon receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33594762",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.72986907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155750"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5246649,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4836239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Polychlorinated dibenzofurans",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777236388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47645715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2531708"
},
{
"display_name": "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779732650",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44056165,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11087111"
},
{
"display_name": "Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909724048",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43299598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52822"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.375037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3451859,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29730261",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30012944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160"
}
] |
In June 2005, a World Health Organization (WHO)-International Programme on Chemical Safety expert meeting was held in Geneva during which the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like compounds, including some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were reevaluated. For this reevaluation process, the refined TEF database recently published by Haws et al. (2006, Toxicol. Sci. 89, 4–30) was used as a starting point. Decisions about a TEF value were made based on a combination of unweighted relative effect potency (REP) distributions from this database, expert judgment, and point estimates. Previous TEFs were assigned in increments of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, etc., but for this reevaluation, it was decided to use half order of magnitude increments on a logarithmic scale of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, etc. Changes were decided by the expert panel for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.3), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.03), octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octachlorodibenzofuran (TEFs = 0.0003), 3,4,4′,5-tetrachlorbiphenyl (PCB 81) (TEF = 0.0003), 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) (TEF = 0.03), and a single TEF value (0.00003) for all relevant mono-ortho–substituted PCBs. Additivity, an important prerequisite of the TEF concept was again confirmed by results from recent in vivo mixture studies. Some experimental evidence shows that non-dioxin–like aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists are able to impact the overall toxic potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, and this needs to be investigated further. Certain individual and groups of compounds were identified for possible future inclusion in the TEF concept, including 3,4,4′-TCB (PCB 37), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, mixed polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polyhalogenated naphthalenes, and polybrominated biphenyls. Concern was expressed about direct application of the TEF/total toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach to abiotic matrices, such as soil, sediment, etc., for direct application in human risk assessment. This is problematic as the present TEF scheme and TEQ methodology are primarily intended for estimating exposure and risks via oral ingestion (e.g., by dietary intake). A number of future approaches to determine alternative or additional TEFs were also identified. These included the use of a probabilistic methodology to determine TEFs that better describe the associated levels of uncertainty and “systemic” TEFs for blood and adipose tissue and TEQ for body burden.
|
C33070731
|
Toxicology
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.12.5135
|
branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine
|
Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Carcinogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114246631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92967933,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187661"
},
{
"display_name": "Salmonella",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781065037",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.72730297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150839"
},
{
"display_name": "Ames test",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117632636",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.61329263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30912"
},
{
"display_name": "Microsome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87644729",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.58028674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q547502"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4906894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Mutagen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776639595",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48822525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221696"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42512715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30085915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
About 300 carcinogens and non-carcinogens of a wide variety of chemical types have been tested for mutagenicity in the simple Salmonella/microsome test. The test uses bacteria as sensitive indicators for DNA damage, and mammalian liver extracts for metabolic conversion of carcinogens to their active mutagenic forms. Quantitative mutagenicity data from linear dose-response curves are presented: potency varies over a 10(6)-fold range. There is a high correlation between carcinogenicity and mutagenicity: 90% (156/174) of carcinogens are mutagenic in the test and despite the severe limitations inherent in defining non-carcinogenicity, few "non-carcinogens" show any degree of mutagenicity. The results also demonstrate the great utility, and define the limitations, of the test in detecting environmental carcinogens.
|
C33070731
|
Toxicology
|
https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2011-1050
|
branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine
|
Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses
|
[
{
"display_name": "Endocrine system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46699223",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6429366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11078"
},
{
"display_name": "Human studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018263421",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71315377",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51747775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172268261",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49619848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4764988"
},
{
"display_name": "Dose dependence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019987054",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47999474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1251001"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43077958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Dose–response relationship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79410662",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4161301,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1251001"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4036456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40061724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3863055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.336041,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of “the dose makes the poison,” because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined. We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms responsible for generating these phenomena, plus hundreds of examples from the cell culture, animal, and epidemiology literature. We illustrate that nonmonotonic responses and low-dose effects are remarkably common in studies of natural hormones and EDCs. Whether low doses of EDCs influence certain human disorders is no longer conjecture, because epidemiological studies show that environmental exposures to EDCs are associated with human diseases and disabilities. We conclude that when nonmonotonic dose-response curves occur, the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses. Thus, fundamental changes in chemical testing and safety determination are needed to protect human health.
|
C33070731
|
Toxicology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky318
|
branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine
|
ProTox-II: a webserver for the prediction of toxicity of chemicals
|
[
{
"display_name": "In silico",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775905019",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79892313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192572"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29730261",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7827314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6855678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.497515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacophore",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56173144",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46321493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1539893"
},
{
"display_name": "Cytotoxicity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109316439",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4449145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246181"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43329078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
},
{
"display_name": "In vitro toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33618052",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42720747,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6013136"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41771448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "In vivo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207001950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.39246827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3683509,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
}
] |
Advancement in the field of computational research has made it possible for the in silico methods to offer significant benefits to both regulatory needs and requirements for risk assessments, and pharmaceutical industry to assess the safety profile of a chemical. Here, we present ProTox-II that incorporates molecular similarity, pharmacophores, fragment propensities and machine-learning models for the prediction of various toxicity endpoints; such as acute toxicity, hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, immunotoxicity, adverse outcomes pathways (Tox21) and toxicity targets. The predictive models are built on data from both in vitro assays (e.g. Tox21 assays, Ames bacterial mutation assays, hepG2 cytotoxicity assays, Immunotoxicity assays) and in vivo cases (e.g. carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity). The models have been validated on independent external sets and have shown strong performance. ProTox-II provides a freely available webserver for in silico toxicity prediction for toxicologists, regulatory agencies, computational and medicinal chemists, and all users without login at http://tox.charite.de/protox_II. The webserver takes a two-dimensional chemical structure as an input and reports the possible toxicity profile of the chemical for 33 models with confidence scores, and an overall toxicity radar chart along with three most similar compounds with known acute toxicity.
|
C33070731
|
Toxicology
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859
|
branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine
|
Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes
|
[
{
"display_name": "Vapours",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777585854",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.95480764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915347"
},
{
"display_name": "Nicotine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779547902",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7435368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.58800155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Smoke",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58874564",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55576915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic cigarette",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776970978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55260926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189511"
},
{
"display_name": "Carcinogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114246631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5170039,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187661"
},
{
"display_name": "Tobacco product",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020384764",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48663267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44106"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46390125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45673394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
}
] |
<h3>Significance</h3> Electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes, are devices designed to imitate regular cigarettes and deliver nicotine via inhalation without combusting tobacco. They are purported to deliver nicotine without other toxicants and to be a safer alternative to regular cigarettes. However, little toxicity testing has been performed to evaluate the chemical nature of vapour generated from e–cigarettes. The aim of this study was to screen e-cigarette vapours for content of four groups of potentially toxic and carcinogenic compounds: carbonyls, volatile organic compounds, nitrosamines and heavy metals. <h3>Materials and methods</h3> Vapours were generated from 12 brands of e-cigarettes and the reference product, the medicinal nicotine inhaler, in controlled conditions using a modified smoking machine. The selected toxic compounds were extracted from vapours into a solid or liquid phase and analysed with chromatographic and spectroscopy methods. <h3>Results</h3> We found that the e-cigarette vapours contained some toxic substances. The levels of the toxicants were 9–450 times lower than in cigarette smoke and were, in many cases, comparable with trace amounts found in the reference product. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our findings are consistent with the idea that substituting tobacco cigarettes with e-cigarettes may substantially reduce exposure to selected tobacco-specific toxicants. E-cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy among smokers unwilling to quit, warrants further study. (To view this abstract in Polish and German, please see the supplementary files online.)
|
C33070731
|
Toxicology
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3470-y
|
branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine
|
Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites
|
[
{
"display_name": "Neonicotinoid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777500947",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.88292384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902225"
},
{
"display_name": "Fipronil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777095047",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8811897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415933"
},
{
"display_name": "Imidacloprid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776784398",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.78903055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420098"
},
{
"display_name": "Pesticide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161176658",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6957413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131656"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.642383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
},
{
"display_name": "Biocide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197471484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4597573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864939"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3946023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.353016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
}
] |
Since their discovery in the late 1980s, neonicotinoid pesticides have become the most widely used class of insecticides worldwide, with large-scale applications ranging from plant protection (crops, vegetables, fruits), veterinary products, and biocides to invertebrate pest control in fish farming. In this review, we address the phenyl-pyrazole fipronil together with neonicotinoids because of similarities in their toxicity, physicochemical profiles, and presence in the environment. Neonicotinoids and fipronil currently account for approximately one third of the world insecticide market; the annual world production of the archetype neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, was estimated to be ca. 20,000 tonnes active substance in 2010. There were several reasons for the initial success of neonicotinoids and fipronil: (1) there was no known pesticide resistance in target pests, mainly because of their recent development, (2) their physicochemical properties included many advantages over previous generations of insecticides (i.e., organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, etc.), and (3) they shared an assumed reduced operator and consumer risk. Due to their systemic nature, they are taken up by the roots or leaves and translocated to all parts of the plant, which, in turn, makes them effectively toxic to herbivorous insects. The toxicity persists for a variable period of time—depending on the plant, its growth stage, and the amount of pesticide applied. A wide variety of applications are available, including the most common prophylactic non-Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) application by seed coating. As a result of their extensive use and physicochemical properties, these substances can be found in all environmental compartments including soil, water, and air. Neonicotinoids and fipronil operate by disrupting neural transmission in the central nervous system of invertebrates. Neonicotinoids mimic the action of neurotransmitters, while fipronil inhibits neuronal receptors. In doing so, they continuously stimulate neurons leading ultimately to death of target invertebrates. Like virtually all insecticides, they can also have lethal and sublethal impacts on non-target organisms, including insect predators and vertebrates. Furthermore, a range of synergistic effects with other stressors have been documented. Here, we review extensively their metabolic pathways, showing how they form both compound-specific and common metabolites which can themselves be toxic. These may result in prolonged toxicity. Considering their wide commercial expansion, mode of action, the systemic properties in plants, persistence and environmental fate, coupled with limited information about the toxicity profiles of these compounds and their metabolites, neonicotinoids and fipronil may entail significant risks to the environment. A global evaluation of the potential collateral effects of their use is therefore timely. The present paper and subsequent chapters in this review of the global literature explore these risks and show a growing body of evidence that persistent, low concentrations of these insecticides pose serious risks of undesirable environmental impacts.
|
C33070731
|
Toxicology
|
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009754
|
branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine
|
High Levels of Miticides and Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries: Implications for Honey Bee Health
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chlorothalonil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777735867",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.80595934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418320"
},
{
"display_name": "Acaricide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74714110",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73441184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416014"
},
{
"display_name": "Coumaphos",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778617976",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7102196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415896"
},
{
"display_name": "Amitraz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779384694",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6910842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417878"
},
{
"display_name": "Apiary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154901010",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.673216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857628"
},
{
"display_name": "Pesticide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161176658",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65845865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131656"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5776017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Myclobutanil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780498275",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5438829,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413587"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54162335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
},
{
"display_name": "Imidacloprid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776784398",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53142047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420098"
},
{
"display_name": "Cyfluthrin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778635518",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50220084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61641151"
},
{
"display_name": "Honey bee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777907900",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49304578,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102857"
},
{
"display_name": "Permethrin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779752676",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4767357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411635"
},
{
"display_name": "Pesticide residue",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106848363",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44653478,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118259"
},
{
"display_name": "Captan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776255237",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43139446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2194382"
},
{
"display_name": "Beekeeping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21078798",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4249577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176353"
},
{
"display_name": "Chlorpyrifos",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776304672",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41772977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414915"
}
] |
Recent declines in honey bees for crop pollination threaten fruit, nut, vegetable and seed production in the United States. A broad survey of pesticide residues was conducted on samples from migratory and other beekeepers across 23 states, one Canadian province and several agricultural cropping systems during the 2007-08 growing seasons.We have used LC/MS-MS and GC/MS to analyze bees and hive matrices for pesticide residues utilizing a modified QuEChERS method. We have found 121 different pesticides and metabolites within 887 wax, pollen, bee and associated hive samples. Almost 60% of the 259 wax and 350 pollen samples contained at least one systemic pesticide, and over 47% had both in-hive acaricides fluvalinate and coumaphos, and chlorothalonil, a widely-used fungicide. In bee pollen were found chlorothalonil at levels up to 99 ppm and the insecticides aldicarb, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, fungicides boscalid, captan and myclobutanil, and herbicide pendimethalin at 1 ppm levels. Almost all comb and foundation wax samples (98%) were contaminated with up to 204 and 94 ppm, respectively, of fluvalinate and coumaphos, and lower amounts of amitraz degradates and chlorothalonil, with an average of 6 pesticide detections per sample and a high of 39. There were fewer pesticides found in adults and brood except for those linked with bee kills by permethrin (20 ppm) and fipronil (3.1 ppm).The 98 pesticides and metabolites detected in mixtures up to 214 ppm in bee pollen alone represents a remarkably high level for toxicants in the brood and adult food of this primary pollinator. This represents over half of the maximum individual pesticide incidences ever reported for apiaries. While exposure to many of these neurotoxicants elicits acute and sublethal reductions in honey bee fitness, the effects of these materials in combinations and their direct association with CCD or declining bee health remains to be determined.
|
C100970517
|
Physical geography
|
https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947
|
one of the two major subfields of geography
|
IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP
|
[
{
"display_name": "Radiocarbon dating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100134115",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.983261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173412"
},
{
"display_name": "Macrofossil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25868968",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8984016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163945"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6664145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Calibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165838908",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5833904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777"
},
{
"display_name": "Calibration curve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23531484",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5645341,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196863"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47706735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4560083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Absolute dating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24547453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44169348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332423"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37931666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
}
] |
The IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon calibration curves have been revised utilizing newly available and updated data sets from 14 C measurements on tree rings, plant macrofossils, speleothems, corals, and foraminifera. The calibration curves were derived from the data using the random walk model (RWM) used to generate IntCal09 and Marine09, which has been revised to account for additional uncertainties and error structures. The new curves were ratified at the 21st International Radiocarbon conference in July 2012 and are available as Supplemental Material at www.radiocarbon.org. The database can be accessed at http://intcal.qub.ac.uk/intcal13/.
|
C100970517
|
Physical geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.41
|
one of the two major subfields of geography
|
The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Radiocarbon dating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100134115",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8366887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173412"
},
{
"display_name": "Northern Hemisphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778835443",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7519195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39061"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6667738,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Calibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165838908",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57408977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777"
},
{
"display_name": "Southern Hemisphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777252438",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5205215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41228"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48821166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Calibration curve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23531484",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47408235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196863"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44908896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39722282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31743044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
}
] |
ABSTRACT Radiocarbon ( 14 C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14 C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14 C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14 C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14 C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14 C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals.
|
C100970517
|
Physical geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128834
|
one of the two major subfields of geography
|
Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity
|
[
{
"display_name": "Spring (device)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778712887",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7488489,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102836"
},
{
"display_name": "Snowmelt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64649846",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6286603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754697"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5982691,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46667945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46080825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44724762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Elevation (ballistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37054046",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4280102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888"
},
{
"display_name": "Snow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197046000",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3513589,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561"
}
] |
Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt.
|
C100970517
|
Physical geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200019123
|
one of the two major subfields of geography
|
INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP
|
[
{
"display_name": "Radiocarbon dating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100134115",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9309715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173412"
},
{
"display_name": "Varve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168329928",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7021764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835591"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.68264294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Before Present",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19951013",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56548643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503142"
},
{
"display_name": "Dendrochronology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18678713",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5603095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80205"
},
{
"display_name": "Coral",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143020374",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55696774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2411228"
},
{
"display_name": "Uranium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555451288",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55233926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098"
},
{
"display_name": "Sediment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2816523",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5208962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184"
},
{
"display_name": "Thorium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C527038400",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4902778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1115"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46959722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiometric dating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170187044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4611995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214753"
},
{
"display_name": "Absolute dating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24547453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4608777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332423"
},
{
"display_name": "Calibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165838908",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43572074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111368507",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3728209,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34583157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
}
] |
The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000–0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The 14 C age–cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Δ 14 C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured l4 C ages and the errors therein, regional 14 C age differences, tree–coral 14 C age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs . single-year 14 C results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000–11,000 cal BP interval, are reflected in the Δ 14 C values of INTCAL98.
|
C100970517
|
Physical geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200032999
|
one of the two major subfields of geography
|
Intcal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr BP
|
[
{
"display_name": "Radiocarbon dating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100134115",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76343244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173412"
},
{
"display_name": "Calibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165838908",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.655197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6347039,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Calibration curve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23531484",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5261704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196863"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52085525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Foraminifera",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780368712",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5164102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107027"
},
{
"display_name": "Dendrochronology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18678713",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4969721,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80205"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47170922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
}
] |
A new calibration curve for the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages has been constructed and internationally ratified to replace IntCal98, which extended from 0–24 cal kyr BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950). The new calibration data set for terrestrial samples extends from 0–26 cal kyr BP, but with much higher resolution beyond 11.4 cal kyr BP than IntCal98. Dendrochronologically-dated tree-ring samples cover the period from 0–12.4 cal kyr BP. Beyond the end of the tree rings, data from marine records (corals and foraminifera) are converted to the atmospheric equivalent with a site-specific marine reservoir correction to provide terrestrial calibration from 12.4–26.0 cal kyr B P. A substantial enhancement relative to IntCal98 is the introduction of a coherent statistical approach based on a random walk model, which takes into account the uncertainty in both the calendar age and the 14 C age to calculate the underlying calibration curve (Buck and Blackwell, this issue). The tree-ring data sets, sources of uncertainty, and regional offsets are discussed here. The marine data sets and calibration curve for marine samples from the surface mixed layer (Marine04) are discussed in brief, but details are presented in Hughen et al. (this issue a). We do not make a recommendation for calibration beyond 26 cal kyr BP at this time; however, potential calibration data sets are compared in another paper (van der Plicht et al., this issue).
|
C100970517
|
Physical geography
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/1941811
|
one of the two major subfields of geography
|
Northern Peatlands: Role in the Carbon Cycle and Probable Responses to Climatic Warming
|
[
{
"display_name": "Peat",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53657456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9641553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184624"
},
{
"display_name": "Subarctic climate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81447805",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.91641533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5967371"
},
{
"display_name": "Boreal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100537666",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7971357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q893477"
},
{
"display_name": "Permafrost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15098985",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7725183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179918"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.74100816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermokarst",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780155556",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.73289716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367339"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6939412",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5231896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751"
},
{
"display_name": "Tundra",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125069764",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52285933,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43262"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50860846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46198756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Bog",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122284674",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45084906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681353"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.441147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Global warming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115343472",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44033295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Wetland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67715294",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43908018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon sink",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149677717",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41440535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611523"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40327996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
}
] |
Boreal and subarctic peatlands comprise a carbon pool of 455 Pg that has accumulated during the postglacial period at an average net rate of 0.096 Pg/yr (1 Pg = 1015 g). Using Clymo's (1984) model, the current rate is estimated at 0.076 Pg/yr. Longterm drainage of these peatlands is estimated to be causing the oxidation to CO2 of a little more than 0.0085 Pg/yr, with conbustion of fuel peat adding °0.026 Pg/yr. Emissions of CH4 are estimated to release ° 0.046 Pg of carbon annually. Uncertainties beset estimates of both stocks and fluxes, particularly with regard to Soviet peatlands. The influence of water table alterations upon fluxes of both CO2 and CH4 is in great need of investigation over a wide range of peatland environments, especially in regions where permafrost melting, thermokarst erosion, and the development of thaw lakes are likely results of climatic warming. The role of fire in the carbon cycle of peatlands also deserves increased attention. Finally, satellite-monitoring of the abundance of open water in the peatlands of the West Siberian Plain and the Hudson/James Bay Lowland is suggested as a likely method of detecting early effects of climatic warming upon boreal and subarctic peatlands.
|
C100970517
|
Physical geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1214/ba/1339616472
|
one of the two major subfields of geography
|
Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process
|
[
{
"display_name": "Radiocarbon dating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100134115",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84221107,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173412"
},
{
"display_name": "Autoregressive model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159877910",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6240286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883"
},
{
"display_name": "Outlier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79337645",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6069349,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleoclimatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33683781",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5233164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191069"
},
{
"display_name": "Prior probability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177769412",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4792233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090"
},
{
"display_name": "Markov chain Monte Carlo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111350023",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47520623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191869"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46624938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Sampling (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140779682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46150404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41156626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34690702,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Radiocarbon dating is routinely used in paleoecology to build chronologies of lake and peat sediments, aiming at inferring a model that would relate the sediment depth with its age. We present a new approach for chronology building (called "Bacon") that has received enthusiastic attention by paleoecologists. Our methodology is based on controlling core accumulation rates using a gamma autoregressive semiparametric model with an arbitrary number of subdivisions along the sediment. Using prior knowledge about accumulation rates is crucial and informative priors are routinely used. Since many sediment cores are currently analyzed, using different data sets and prior distributions, a robust (adaptive) MCMC is very useful. We use the t-walk (Christen and Fox, 2010), a self adjusting, robust MCMC sampling algorithm, that works acceptably well in many situations. Outliers are also addressed using a recent approach that considers a Student-t model for radiocarbon data. Two examples are presented here, that of a peat core and a core from a lake, and our results are compared with other approaches.
|
C100970517
|
Physical geography
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000rg000095
|
one of the two major subfields of geography
|
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GLOBAL SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC SOIL DUST IDENTIFIED WITH THE NIMBUS 7 TOTAL OZONE MAPPING SPECTROMETER (TOMS) ABSORBING AEROSOL PRODUCT
|
[
{
"display_name": "Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108619276",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7036879,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7828044"
},
{
"display_name": "Loess",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185515318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6238109,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22723"
},
{
"display_name": "Arid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150772632",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6007658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709"
},
{
"display_name": "Southern Hemisphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777252438",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5644125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41228"
},
{
"display_name": "Northern Hemisphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778835443",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55904347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39061"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5524534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineral dust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160529264",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5028154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11942233"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric dust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992684518",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46388608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165632"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerosol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779345167",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44478074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541"
},
{
"display_name": "Asian Dust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193024070",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42430833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727414"
},
{
"display_name": "Dust storm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781449660",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42388815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182878"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42188486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34085792,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
}
] |
We use the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) sensor on the Nimbus 7 satellite to map the global distribution of major atmospheric dust sources with the goal of identifying common environmental characteristics. The largest and most persistent sources are located in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in a broad “dust belt” that extends from the west coast of North Africa, over the Middle East, Central and South Asia, to China. There is remarkably little large‐scale dust activity outside this region. In particular, the Southern Hemisphere is devoid of major dust activity. Dust sources, regardless of size or strength, can usually be associated with topographical lows located in arid regions with annual rainfall under 200–250 mm. Although the source regions themselves are arid or hyperarid, the action of water is evident from the presence of ephemeral streams, rivers, lakes, and playas. Most major sources have been intermittently flooded through the Quaternary as evidenced by deep alluvial deposits. Many sources are associated with areas where human impacts are well documented, e.g., the Caspian and Aral Seas, Tigris‐Euphrates River Basin, southwestern North America, and the loess lands in China. Nonetheless, the largest and most active sources are located in truly remote areas where there is little or no human activity. Thus, on a global scale, dust mobilization appears to be dominated by natural sources. Dust activity is extremely sensitive to many environmental parameters. The identification of major sources will enable us to focus on critical regions and to characterize emission rates in response to environmental conditions. With such knowledge we will be better able to improve global dust models and to assess the effects of climate change on emissions in the future. It will also facilitate the interpretation of the paleoclimate record based on dust contained in ocean sediments and ice cores.
|
C106159729
|
Financial economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03808.x
|
branch of economics concerned with financial or monetary transactions
|
On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mutual fund",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777064782",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80925536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q791974"
},
{
"display_name": "Closed-end fund",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84355842",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6124457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361863"
},
{
"display_name": "Open-end fund",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155301685",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5809709,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493177"
},
{
"display_name": "Portfolio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780821815",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57252276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806"
},
{
"display_name": "Equity (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56517243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557"
},
{
"display_name": "Persistence (discontinuity)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781009140",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.530964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170389"
},
{
"display_name": "Fund of funds",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34375142",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5270365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156684"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51187646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Stock (firearms)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204036174",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4900421,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47294092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
},
{
"display_name": "Momentum (technical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60718061",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4229168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414747"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40546805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39418048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33455187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
}
] |
ABSTRACT Using a sample free of survivor bias, I demonstrate that common factors in stock returns and investment expenses almost completely explain persistence in equity mutual funds' mean and risk‐adjusted returns. Hendricks, Patel and Zeckhauser's (1993) “hot hands” result is mostly driven by the one‐year momentum effect of Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) , but individual funds do not earn higher returns from following the momentum strategy in stocks. The only significant persistence not explained is concentrated in strong underperformance by the worst‐return mutual funds. The results do not support the existence of skilled or informed mutual fund portfolio managers.
|
C106159729
|
Financial economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04398.x
|
branch of economics concerned with financial or monetary transactions
|
The Cross‐Section of Expected Stock Returns
|
[
{
"display_name": "Equity (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67338616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64479077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5959698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5510986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
},
{
"display_name": "Earnings",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5044552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940"
},
{
"display_name": "Leverage (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153083717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49631625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263"
},
{
"display_name": "Stock market",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780299701",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45061883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475000"
},
{
"display_name": "Stock (firearms)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204036174",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4408308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380"
},
{
"display_name": "Market size",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983069542",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43019223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37654"
}
] |
ABSTRACT Two easily measured variables, size and book‐to‐market equity, combine to capture the cross‐sectional variation in average stock returns associated with market β , size, leverage, book‐to‐market equity, and earnings‐price ratios. Moreover, when the tests allow for variation in β that is unrelated to size, the relation between market β and average return is flat, even when β is the only explanatory variable.
|
C106159729
|
Financial economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03058.x
|
branch of economics concerned with financial or monetary transactions
|
ON THE PRICING OF CORPORATE DEBT: THE RISK STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES*
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69738904",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6956436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11693"
},
{
"display_name": "Debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120527767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59953415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.59111875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Seniority",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780783599",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5754731,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931779"
},
{
"display_name": "Coupon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779307704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5660026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11794832"
},
{
"display_name": "Interest rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175025494",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5594941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179179"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106159729",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.497864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553"
},
{
"display_name": "Bond valuation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32959826",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48598346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2361268"
},
{
"display_name": "Yield curve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176230804",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46932453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205257"
},
{
"display_name": "Probability of default",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779806880",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.455881,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778470"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780999293",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44232902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6503112"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42939058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
},
{
"display_name": "Black–Scholes model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163128081",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42341194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338307"
},
{
"display_name": "Default",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69637215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4201121,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702362"
},
{
"display_name": "Callable bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96252135",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41068798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305975"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40626603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Credit risk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178350159",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33386242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162714"
}
] |
The value of a particular issue of corporate debt depends essentially on three items: (1) the required rate of return on riskless (in terms of default) debt (e.g., government bonds or very high grade corporate bonds); (2) the various provisions and restrictions contained in the indenture (e.g., maturity date, coupon rate, call terms, seniority in the event of default, sinking fund, etc.); (3) the probability that the firm will be unable to satisfy some or all of the indenture requirements (i.e., the probability of default). While a number of theories and empirical studies has been published on the term structure of interest rates (item 1), there has been no systematic development of a theory for pricing bonds when there is a significant probability of default. The purpose of this paper is to present such a theory which might be called a theory of the risk structure of interest rates. The use of the term “risk” is restricted to the possible gains or losses to bondholders as a result of (unanticipated) changes in the probability of default and does not include the gains or losses inherent to all bonds caused by (unanticipated) changes in interest rates in general. Throughout most of the analysis, a given term structure is assumed and hence, the price differentials among bonds will be solely caused by differences in the probability of default. In a seminal paper, Black and Scholes 1 present a complete general equilibrium theory of option pricing which is particularly attractive because the final formula is a function of “observable” variables. Therefore, the model is subject to direct empirical tests which they 2 performed with some success. Merton 5 clarified and extended the Black-Scholes model. While options are highly specialized and relatively unimportant financial instruments, both Black and Scholes 1 and Merton 5, 6 recognized that the same basic approach could be applied in developing a pricing theory for corporate liabilities in general. In Section II of the paper, the basic equation for the pricing of financial instruments is developed along Black-Scholes lines. In Section III, the model is applied to the simplest form of corporate debt, the discount bond where no coupon payments are made, and a formula for computing the risk structure of interest rates is presented. In Section IV, comparative statics are used to develop graphs of the risk structure, and the question of whether the term premium is an adequate measure of the risk of a bond is answered. In Section V, the validity in the presence of bankruptcy of the famous Modigliani-Miller theorem 7 is proven, and the required return on debt as a function of the debt-to-equity ratio is deduced. In Section VI, the analysis is extended to include coupon and callable bonds. The dynamics for the value of the firm, V, through time can be described by a diffusion-type stochastic process with stochastic differential equation α is the instantaneous expected rate of return on the firm per unit time, C is the total dollar payouts by the firm per unit time to either its shareholders or liabilities-holders (e.g., dividends or interest payments) if positive, and it is the net dollars received by the firm from new financing if negative; σ 2 is the instantaneous variance of the return on the firm per unit time; dz is a standard Gauss-Wiener process. Many of these assumptions are not necessary for the model to obtain but are chosen for expositional convenience. In particular, the “perfect market” assumptions (A.1-A.4) can be substantially weakened. A.6 is actually proved as part of the analysis and A.7 is chosen so as to clearly distinguish risk structure from term structure effects on pricing. A.5 and A.8 are the critical assumptions. Basically, A.5 requires that the market for these securities is open for trading most of time. A.8 requires that price movements are continuous and that the (unanticipated) returns on the securities be serially independent which is consistent with the “efficient markets hypothesis” of Fama 3 and Samuelson 9.11 Of course, this assumption does not rule out serial dependence in the earnings of the firm. See Samuelson 10 for a discussion. In closing this section, it is important to note which variables and parameters appear in (7) (and hence, affect the value of the security) and which do not. In addition to the value of the firm and time, F depends on the interest rate, the volatility of the firm's value (or its business risk) as measured by the variance, the payout policy of the firm, and the promised payout policy to the holders of the security. However, F does not depend on the expected rate of return on the firm nor on the riskȁpreferences of investors nor on the characteristics of other assets available to investors beyond the three mentioned. Thus, two investors with quite different utility functions and different expectations for the company's future but who agree on the volatility of the firm's value will for a given interest rate and current firm value, agree on the value of the particular security, F. Also all the parameters and variables except the variance are directly observable and the variance can be reasonably estimated from time series data. As a specific application of the formulation of the previous section, we examine the simplest case of corporate debt pricing. Suppose the corporation has two classes of claims: (1) a single, homogenous class of debt and (2) the residual claim, equity. Suppose further that the indenture of the bond issue contains the following provisions and restrictions: (1) the firm promises to pay a total of B dollars to the bondholders on the specified calendar date T; (2) in the event this payment is not met, the bondholders immediately take over the company (and the shareholders receive nothing); (3) the firm cannot issue any new senior (or of equivalent rank) claims on the firm nor can it pay cash dividends or do share repurchase prior to the maturity of the debt. For a given maturity, the risk premium is a function of only two variables: (1) the variance (or volatility) of the firm's operations, σ 2 and (2) the ratio of the present value (at the riskless rate) of the promised payment to the current value of the firm, d. Because d is the debt-to-firm value ratio where debt is valued at the riskless rate, it is a biased upward estimate of the actual (market-value) debt-to-firm value ratio. Since Merton 5 has solved the option pricing problem when the term structure is not “flat” and is stochastic, (by again using the isomorphic correspondence between options and levered equity) we could deduce the risk structure with a stochastic term structure. The formulae (13) and (14) would be the same in this case except that we would replace “ exp [ − r τ ]” by the price of a riskless discount bond which pays one dollar at time τ in the future and “ σ 2 τ ” by a generalized variance term defined in 5. In the derivation of the fundamental equation for pricing of corporate liabilities, (7), it was assumed that the Modigliani-Miller theorem held so that the value of the firm could be treated as exogeneous to the analysis. If, for example, due to bankruptcy costs or corporate taxes, the M-M theorem does not obtain and the value of the firm does depend on the debt-equity ratio, then the formal analysis of the paper is still valid. However, the linear property of (7) would be lost, and instead, a non-linear, simultaneous solution, F = F [ V ( F ) , τ ] , would be required. Fortunately, in the absence of these imperfections, the formal hedging analysis used in Section II to deduce (7), simultaneously, stands as a proof of the M-M theorem even in the presence of bankruptcy. To see this, imagine that there are two firms identical with respect to their investment decisions, but one firm issues debt and the other does not. The investor can “create” a security with a payoff structure identical to the risky bond by following a portfolio strategy of mixing the equity of the unlevered firm with holdings of riskless debt. The correct portfolio strategy is to hold ( F v V ) dollars of the equity and ( F – F v V ) dollars of riskless bonds where V is the value of the unlevered firm, and F and F v are determined by the solution of (7). Since the value of the “manufactured” risky debt is always F, the debt issued by the other firm can never sell for more than F. In a similar fashion, one could create levered equity by a portfolio strategy of holding ( f v V ) dollars of the unlevered equity and ( f – f v V ) dollars of borrowing on margin which would have a payoff structure identical to the equity issued by the levering firm. Hence, the value of the levered firm's equity can never sell for more than f. But, by construction, f + F = V, the value of the unlevered firm. Therefore, the value of the levered firm can be no larger than the unlevered firm, and it cannot be less. Note, unlike in the analysis by Stiglitz 11, we did not require a specialized theory of capital market equilibrium (e.g., the Arrow-Debreu model or the capital asset pricing model) to prove the theorem when bankruptcy is possible. Contrary to what many might believe, the relative riskiness of the debt can decline as either the business risk of the firm or the time until maturity increases. Inspection of (33) shows that this is the case if d > 1 (i.e., the present value of the promised payment is less than the current value of the firm). To see why this result is not unreasonable, consider the following: for small T (i.e., σ 2 or τ: small), the chances that the debt will become equity through default are large, and this will be reflected in the risk characteristics of the debt through a large g. By increasing T (through an increase in σ 2 or τ), the chances are better that the firm value will increase enough to meet the promised payment. It is also true that the chances that the firm value will be lower are increased. However, remember that g is a measure of how much the risky debt behaves like equity versus debt. Since for g large, the debt is already more aptly described by equity than riskless debt. (E.g., for d > 1 , g > 1 2 and the “replicating” portfolio will contain more than half equity.) Thus, the increased probability of meeting the promised payment dominates, and g declines. For d < 1 , g will be less than a half, and the argument goes just the opposite way. In the “watershed” case when d = 1 , g equals a half; the “replicating” portfolio is exactly half equity and half riskless debt, and the two effects cancel leaving g unchanged. In closing this section, we examine a classical problem in corporate finance: given a fixed investment decision, how does the required return on debt and equity change, as alternative debt-equity mixes are chosen? Because the investment decision is assumed fixed, and the Modigliani-Miller theorem obtains, V, σ 2 , and α (the required expected return on the firm) are fixed. For simplicity, suppose that the maturity of the debt, τ, is fixed, and the promised payment at maturity per bond is $1. Then, the debt-equity mix is determined by choosing the number of bonds to be issued. Since in our previous analysis, F is the value of the whole debt issue and B is the total promised payment for the whole issue, B will be the number of bonds (promising $1 at maturity) in the current analysis, and F /B will be the price of one bond. In the usual analysis of (default-free) bonds in term structure studies, the derivation of a pricing relationship for pure discount bonds for every maturity would be sufficient because the value of a default-free coupon bond can be written as the sum of discount bonds' values weighted by the size of the coupon payment at each maturity. Unfortunately, no such simple formula exists for risky coupon bonds. The reason for this is that if the firm defaults on a coupon payment, then all subsequent coupon payments (and payments of principal) are also defaulted on. Thus, the default on one of the “mini” bonds associated with a given maturity is not independent of the event of default on the “mini” bond associated with a later maturity. However, the apparatus developed in the previous sections is sufficient to solve the coupon problem. Moreover, even for those cases where closed-form solutions cannot be found, powerful numerical integration techniques have been developed for solving equations like (7) or (41). Hence, computation and empirical testing of these pricing theories is entirely feasible. Note that in deducing (40), it was assumed that coupon payments were made uniformly and continuously. In fact, coupon payments are usually only made semi-annually or annually in discrete lumps. However, it is a simple matter to take this into account by replacing “ C ¯ ” in (40) by “ Σ i C ¯ i δ ( τ − τ i ) ” where δ( ) is the dirac delta function and τ i is the length of time until maturity when the i th coupon payment of C ¯ i dollars is made. We have developed a method for pricing corporate liabilities which is grounded in solid economic analysis, requires inputs which are on the whole observable; can be used to price almost any type of financial instrument. The method was applied to risky discount bonds to deduce a risk structure of interest rates. The Modigliani-Miller theorem was shown to obtain in the presence of bankruptcy provided that there are no differential tax benefits to corporations or transactions costs. The analysis was extended to include callable, coupon bonds.
|
C106159729
|
Financial economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812701022_0008
|
branch of economics concerned with financial or monetary transactions
|
Theory of rational option pricing
|
[
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Theory of Valuation, pp. 229-288 (2005) No AccessTheory of rational option pricingRobert C. MertonRobert C. MertonAssistant Professor of Finance, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USAhttps://doi.org/10.1142/9789812701022_0008Cited by:13 (Source: Crossref) PreviousNext AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract: The following sections are included: Introduction Restrictions on rational option pricing Effects of dividends and changing exercise price Restrictions on rational put option oricina Rational option pricing along Black-Scholes lines An alternative derivation of the Black-Scholes model Extension of the model to include dividend payments and exercise price changes Valuing an American put option Valuing the "down and-out" call option Valuing a callable warrant Appendix 1 Appendix 2 References discussion: Option Pricing Theory and Its Applications INTRODUCTION THE MARTINGALE APPROACH TO OPTION PRICING The Setup Dynamic Spanning and the Martingale Representation Theorem Some Generalizations EXISTENCE AND PROPERTIES OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES APPLICATIONS TO CONTINGENT-CLAIM PRICING NOTES REFERENCES FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By 13Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citation.Financial market disruption and investor awareness: the case of implied volatility skewHammad Siddiqi1 Jan 2022 | Quantitative Finance and Economics, Vol. 6, No. 3Comparison of European Option Pricing Models at Multiple PeriodsAmir Ahmad Dar, N. Anuradha and Ziadi Nihel1 Jan 2021A Guaranteed Deterministic Approach to Superhedging: a Game Equilibrium in the Case of no Trading ConstraintsS. N. Smirnov22 May 2020 | Journal of Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 248, No. 1Valuation of Decision Flexibility and Strategic Value in Coal Gasification Projects with the Option-To-Switch between Different OutputsPiotr W. Saługa, Paweł Grzesiak and Jacek Kamiński2 June 2020 | Energies, Vol. 13, No. 11Evaluating investments in flexible on-demand production capacity: a real options approachBettina Freitag, Lukas Häfner, Verena Pfeuffer and Jochen Übelhör2 December 2019 | Business Research, Vol. 13, No. 1Implied Volatility Pricing with Selective LearningHenry Han, Haofeng Huang, Jiayin Hu and Fangjun Kuang29 September 2020Overcoming the curse of dimensionality in the approximative pricing of financial derivatives with default risksMartin Hutzenthaler, Arnulf Jentzen and von Wurstemberger Wurstemberger1 Jan 2020 | Electronic Journal of Probability, Vol. 25, No. noneOption Pricing for TGARCH-M with GED Based on Improved EEMDTingfeng Jiang and Qiuling Hua24 January 2019 | Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Vol. 55, No. 13Cryptocurrency Derivatives: The Case of BitcoinYakup Söylemez4 December 2019Free Market on the FreewaySchellhorn Henry and yuan cheng1 Jan 2019 | SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 25Non-structural approach to implied moments extractionTea Šestanović, Josip Arnerić and Zdravka Aljinović13 February 2019 | Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Vol. 31, No. 1Digital Pricing and HedgingChristian Kamtchueng1 Jan 2010 | SSRN Electronic JournalRelative Implied Volatility Arbitrage with Index OptionsManuel Ammann and Silvan Herriger1 Jan 2003 | SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 5 Recommended Theory of Valuation Metrics History PDF download
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