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C79403827
|
Real-time computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2003.814469
|
study of hardware and software systems that have a "real-time constraint"
|
Relative location estimation in wireless sensor networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "RSS",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2385561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92864347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432"
},
{
"display_name": "Testbed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31395832",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.85724115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless sensor network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24590314",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76403487,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038"
},
{
"display_name": "Time of arrival",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163150518",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69960046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208"
},
{
"display_name": "Estimator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185429906",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6577014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6453279,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5678961,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
},
{
"display_name": "Cramér–Rao bound",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4978587",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.558398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108037233",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4329091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42844614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
},
{
"display_name": "Upper and lower bounds",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77553402",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41794783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579"
},
{
"display_name": "Estimation theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167928553",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.339405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3307405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
}
] |
Self-configuration in wireless sensor networks is a general class of estimation problems that we study via the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). Specifically, we consider sensor location estimation when sensors measure received signal strength (RSS) or time-of-arrival (TOA) between themselves and neighboring sensors. A small fraction of sensors in the network have a known location, whereas the remaining locations must be estimated. We derive CRBs and maximum-likelihood estimators (MLEs) under Gaussian and log-normal models for the TOA and RSS measurements, respectively. An extensive TOA and RSS measurement campaign in an indoor office area illustrates MLE performance. Finally, relative location estimation algorithms are implemented in a wireless sensor network testbed and deployed in indoor and outdoor environments. The measurements and testbed experiments demonstrate 1-m RMS location errors using TOA, and 1- to 2-m RMS location errors using RSS.
|
C79403827
|
Real-time computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2911558
|
study of hardware and software systems that have a "real-time constraint"
|
A Survey of Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7720994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "RSS",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2385561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7578089,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432"
},
{
"display_name": "Bluetooth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C546215728",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6621994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61377746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Location awareness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776104089",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4915398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15894079"
},
{
"display_name": "Indoor positioning system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777486483",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4794913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47589552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
},
{
"display_name": "Location-based service",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155292070",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46690303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1198122"
},
{
"display_name": "Hybrid positioning system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187394410",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.46659234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406"
},
{
"display_name": "Angle of arrival",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13545353",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46015623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363"
},
{
"display_name": "Bluetooth Low Energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776418194",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45415205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45179957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
},
{
"display_name": "Identification (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116834253",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44514698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217"
},
{
"display_name": "Radio-frequency identification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204222849",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44178802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104954"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultra-wideband",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21916231",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43960944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851424"
},
{
"display_name": "Signal strength",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176808163",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41566628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.363501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418"
}
] |
Indoor localization has recently witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of services it can provide by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT), and ubiquitous connectivity. Different techniques, wireless technologies and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide indoor localization services in order to improve the services provided to the users. However, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey paper that incorporates some of the recently proposed accurate and reliable localization systems. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time of flight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS); based on technologies, such as WiFi, radio frequency identification device (RFID), ultra wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and systems that have been proposed in the literature. This paper primarily discusses localization and positioning of human users and their devices. We highlight the strengths of the existing systems proposed in the literature. In contrast with the existing surveys, we also evaluate different systems from the perspective of energy efficiency, availability, cost, reception range, latency, scalability, and tracking accuracy. Rather than comparing the technologies or techniques, we compare the localization systems and summarize their working principle. We also discuss remaining challenges to accurate indoor localization.
|
C79403827
|
Real-time computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2017.2688328
|
study of hardware and software systems that have a "real-time constraint"
|
Energy-Efficient UAV Communication With Trajectory Optimization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7212962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780165032",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7073764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822"
},
{
"display_name": "Trajectory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13662910",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69719654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139"
},
{
"display_name": "Efficient energy use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2742236",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66450036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713"
},
{
"display_name": "Trajectory optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173246807",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5900599,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833062"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186370098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54493386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787"
},
{
"display_name": "Acceleration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117896860",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5013926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376"
},
{
"display_name": "Maximization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776330181",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49745467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244"
},
{
"display_name": "Benchmark (surveying)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185798385",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48449633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4500459,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4420879,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
},
{
"display_name": "Communications system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101765175",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43967852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764"
},
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43619466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
}
] |
Wireless communication with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a promising technology for future communication systems. In this paper, assuming that the UAV flies horizontally with a fixed altitude, we study energy-efficient UAV communication with a ground terminal via optimizing the UAV's trajectory, a new design paradigm that jointly considers both the communication throughput and the UAV's energy consumption. To this end, we first derive a theoretical model on the propulsion energy consumption of fixed-wing UAVs as a function of the UAV's flying speed, direction, and acceleration. Based on the derived model and by ignoring the radiation and signal processing energy consumption, the energy efficiency of UAV communication is defined as the total information bits communicated normalized by the UAV propulsion energy consumed for a finite time horizon. For the case of unconstrained trajectory optimization, we show that both the rate-maximization and energy-minimization designs lead to vanishing energy efficiency and thus are energy-inefficient in general. Next, we introduce a simple circular UAV trajectory, under which the UAV's flight radius and speed are jointly optimized to maximize the energy efficiency. Furthermore, an efficient design is proposed for maximizing the UAV's energy efficiency with general constraints on the trajectory, including its initial/final locations and velocities, as well as minimum/maximum speed and acceleration. Numerical results show that the proposed designs achieve significantly higher energy efficiency for UAV communication as compared with other benchmark schemes.
|
C79403827
|
Real-time computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/90.554723
|
study of hardware and software systems that have a "real-time constraint"
|
Self-similarity through high-variability: statistical analysis of Ethernet LAN traffic at the source level
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6982802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethernet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172173386",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6458859,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79984"
},
{
"display_name": "Network packet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158379750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5813992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111"
},
{
"display_name": "Traffic generation model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176715033",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56708926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080768"
},
{
"display_name": "Local area network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137471899",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54994136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11381"
},
{
"display_name": "Self-similarity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119453123",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5462725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262372"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43963975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Traffic shaping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46451311",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4299141,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262550"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41834506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
},
{
"display_name": "Similarity (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103278499",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4128926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465"
},
{
"display_name": "Network traffic control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201100257",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.36845678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q393287"
}
] |
A number of empirical studies of traffic measurements from a variety of working packet networks have demonstrated that actual network traffic is self-similar or long-range dependent in nature-in sharp contrast to commonly made traffic modeling assumptions. We provide a plausible physical explanation for the occurrence of self-similarity in local-area network (LAN) traffic. Our explanation is based on convergence results for processes that exhibit high variability and is supported by detailed statistical analyzes of real-time traffic measurements from Ethernet LANs at the level of individual sources. This paper is an extended version of Willinger et al. (1995). We develop here the mathematical results concerning the superposition of strictly alternating ON/OFF sources. Our key mathematical result states that the superposition of many ON/OFF sources (also known as packet-trains) with strictly alternating ON- and OFF-periods and whose ON-periods or OFF-periods exhibit the Noah effect produces aggregate network traffic that exhibits the Joseph effect. There is, moreover, a simple relation between the parameters describing the intensities of the Noah effect (high variability) and the Joseph effect (self-similarity). An extensive statistical analysis of high time-resolution Ethernet LAN traffic traces confirms that the data at the level of individual sources or source-destination pairs are consistent with the Noah effect. We also discuss implications of this simple physical explanation for the presence of self-similar traffic patterns in modern high-speed network traffic.
|
C42407357
|
Physiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915
|
science regarding function of organisms or living systems
|
Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Carotenoid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28781525",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7332019,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191907"
},
{
"display_name": "Cataracts",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780225610",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70277476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127724"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5998336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Antioxidant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778004101",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59422225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47914642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47298634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4613514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42913336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3941363,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30193922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
Metabolism, like other aspects of life, involves tradeoffs. Oxidant by-products of normal metabolism cause extensive damage to DNA, protein, and lipid. We argue that this damage (the same as that produced by radiation) is a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against this damage include ascorbate, tocopherol, and carotenoids. Dietary fruits and vegetables are the principal source of ascorbate and carotenoids and are one source of tocopherol. Low dietary intake of fruits and vegetables doubles the risk of most types of cancer as compared to high intake and also markedly increases the risk of heart disease and cataracts. Since only 9% of Americans eat the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, the opportunity for improving health by improving diet is great.
|
C42407357
|
Physiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002611107
|
science regarding function of organisms or living systems
|
Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bacterial vaginosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779952448",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7278776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804521"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.724479,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143121216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5792556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402"
},
{
"display_name": "Lactobacillus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780206646",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.531098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061596"
},
{
"display_name": "Pyrosequencing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125009961",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5077968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2342248"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4388775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4221268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
}
] |
The means by which vaginal microbiomes help prevent urogenital diseases in women and maintain health are poorly understood. To gain insight into this, the vaginal bacterial communities of 396 asymptomatic North American women who represented four ethnic groups (white, black, Hispanic, and Asian) were sampled and the species composition characterized by pyrosequencing of barcoded 16S rRNA genes. The communities clustered into five groups: four were dominated by Lactobacillus iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri , or L. jensenii , whereas the fifth had lower proportions of lactic acid bacteria and higher proportions of strictly anaerobic organisms, indicating that a potential key ecological function, the production of lactic acid, seems to be conserved in all communities. The proportions of each community group varied among the four ethnic groups, and these differences were statistically significant [χ 2 (10) = 36.8, P < 0.0001]. Moreover, the vaginal pH of women in different ethnic groups also differed and was higher in Hispanic (pH 5.0 ± 0.59) and black (pH 4.7 ± 1.04) women as compared with Asian (pH 4.4 ± 0.59) and white (pH 4.2 ± 0.3) women. Phylotypes with correlated relative abundances were found in all communities, and these patterns were associated with either high or low Nugent scores, which are used as a factor for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. The inherent differences within and between women in different ethnic groups strongly argues for a more refined definition of the kinds of bacterial communities normally found in healthy women and the need to appreciate differences between individuals so they can be taken into account in risk assessment and disease diagnosis.
|
C42407357
|
Physiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.6998.171
|
science regarding function of organisms or living systems
|
Fetal origins of coronary heart disease
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fetus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172680121",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7555186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26513"
},
{
"display_name": "Malnutrition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C551997983",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61156166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12167"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronary heart disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018906752",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5471968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5435928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52335566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4676886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4538395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44886035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84393581",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44754943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642"
},
{
"display_name": "Insulin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779306644",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43378657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71315377",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4296453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.373687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34776855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33422542,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
}
] |
The fetal origins hypothesis states that fetal under- nutrition in middle to late gestation, which leads to disproportionate fetal growth, programmes later coronary heart disease.Animal studies have shown that undernutrition before birth programmes persisting changes in a range of metabolic, physiological, and structural parameters.Studies in humans have shown that men and women whose birth weights were at the lower end of the normal range, who were thin or short at birth, or who were small in relation to placental size have increased rates of coronary heart disease.We are beginning to understand something of the mechanisms underlying these associations.The programming of blood pressure, insulin responses to glucose, cholesterol metabolism, blood coagulation, and hormonal settings are all areas ofactive research.
|
C42407357
|
Physiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.93101378
|
science regarding function of organisms or living systems
|
Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Endocrine system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46699223",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9210143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11078"
},
{
"display_name": "Offspring",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112672928",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7624773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239526"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6021699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Organism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137858568",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59490407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56898654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5379176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Lactation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776659692",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46563852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719426"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71315377",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3267299,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364"
}
] |
Large numbers and large quantities of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been released into the environment since World War II. Many of these chemicals can disturb development of the endocrine system and of the organs that respond to endocrine signals in organisms indirectly exposed during prenatal and/or early postnatal life; effects of exposure during development are permanent and irreversible. The risk to the developing organism can also stem from direct exposure of the offspring after birth or hatching. In addition, transgenerational exposure can result from the exposure of the mother to a chemical at any time throughout her life before producing offspring due to persistence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in body fat, which is mobilized during egg laying or pregnancy and lactation. Mechanisms underlying the disruption of the development of vital systems, such as the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems, are discussed with reference to wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans.
|
C42407357
|
Physiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199212243272602
|
science regarding function of organisms or living systems
|
Prevention of the First Occurrence of Neural-Tube Defects by Periconceptional Vitamin Supplementation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Neural tube",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780594696",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8708368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127402"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.83215797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Folic acid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992130864",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.757818,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127060"
},
{
"display_name": "Folic acid supplementation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909565028",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7219506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915477"
},
{
"display_name": "Neural tube defect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777003008",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6497525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548213"
},
{
"display_name": "Vitamin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776940978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5155308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48576644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41304034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36020416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30852526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
}
] |
The risk of recurrent neural-tube defects is decreased in women who take folic acid or multivitamins containing folic acid during the periconceptional period. The extent to which such supplementation can reduce the first occurrence of defects is not known.
|
C42407357
|
Physiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407162101
|
science regarding function of organisms or living systems
|
Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress
|
[
{
"display_name": "Telomere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177336024",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8771213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14872779"
},
{
"display_name": "Telomerase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94581717",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.790016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331839"
},
{
"display_name": "Longevity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776759703",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66866285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066907"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65595824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814"
},
{
"display_name": "Senescence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C522857546",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62987155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070979"
},
{
"display_name": "Chronic stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778654844",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5428614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3305232"
},
{
"display_name": "Cellular Aging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908780919",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5315606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304484"
},
{
"display_name": "Stress (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21036866",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5059213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4998381,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Stress measures",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76709773",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4969547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623445"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47775593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4636271,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137061746",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4335603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736033"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41792092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34915057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3433714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30900255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162"
}
] |
Numerous studies demonstrate links between chronic stress and indices of poor health, including risk factors for cardiovascular disease and poorer immune function. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of how stress gets "under the skin" remain elusive. We investigated the hypothesis that stress impacts health by modulating the rate of cellular aging. Here we provide evidence that psychological stress--both perceived stress and chronicity of stress--is significantly associated with higher oxidative stress, lower telomerase activity, and shorter telomere length, which are known determinants of cell senescence and longevity, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy premenopausal women. Women with the highest levels of perceived stress have telomeres shorter on average by the equivalent of at least one decade of additional aging compared to low stress women. These findings have implications for understanding how, at the cellular level, stress may promote earlier onset of age-related diseases.
|
C42407357
|
Physiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2011-1050
|
science regarding function of organisms or living systems
|
Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses
|
[
{
"display_name": "Endocrine system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46699223",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6429366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11078"
},
{
"display_name": "Human studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018263421",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71315377",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51747775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172268261",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49619848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4764988"
},
{
"display_name": "Dose dependence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019987054",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47999474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1251001"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43077958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Dose–response relationship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79410662",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4161301,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1251001"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4036456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40061724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3863055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.336041,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of “the dose makes the poison,” because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined. We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms responsible for generating these phenomena, plus hundreds of examples from the cell culture, animal, and epidemiology literature. We illustrate that nonmonotonic responses and low-dose effects are remarkably common in studies of natural hormones and EDCs. Whether low doses of EDCs influence certain human disorders is no longer conjecture, because epidemiological studies show that environmental exposures to EDCs are associated with human diseases and disabilities. We conclude that when nonmonotonic dose-response curves occur, the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses. Thus, fundamental changes in chemical testing and safety determination are needed to protect human health.
|
C42407357
|
Physiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199709043371003
|
science regarding function of organisms or living systems
|
Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Density in Men and Women 65 Years of Age or Older
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.93074787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Calcium supplementation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910552269",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7919427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28403082"
},
{
"display_name": "Calcium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519063684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6818418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706"
},
{
"display_name": "Bone density",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779329777",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61175805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304401"
},
{
"display_name": "Vitamin D and neurology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124490489",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60386044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936963"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4837582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4792333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387"
},
{
"display_name": "Vitamin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776940978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41665015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39994827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3739792,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36532688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34312052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
}
] |
Inadequate dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D may contribute to the high prevalence of osteoporosis among older persons.
|
C6303427
|
Economic history
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1464
|
history studies focused on economics
|
Output Fluctuations in the United States: What Has Changed Since the Early 1980's?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4358443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
},
{
"display_name": "Volume (thermodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20556612",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41013804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36819515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35850242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3410909,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
Output Fluctuations in the United States: What Has Changed since the Early 1980's? by Margaret M. McConnell and Gabriel Perez-Quiros. Published in volume 90, issue 5, pages 1464-1476 of American Economic Review, December 2000
|
C6303427
|
Economic history
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2227704
|
history studies focused on economics
|
A Model of Economic Growth
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48449346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Volume (thermodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20556612",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44926852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40726665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34132022,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937"
}
] |
Journal Article A Model of Economic Growth Get access Nicholas Kaldor Nicholas Kaldor King’s College, Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 67, Issue 268, 1 December 1957, Pages 591–624, https://doi.org/10.2307/2227704 Published: 01 December 1957
|
C6303427
|
Economic history
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2550637
|
history studies focused on economics
|
Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.520204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810"
},
{
"display_name": "World economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777098093",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47947726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473750"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45564494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44399425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38655788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33052143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
textabstractIn Dutch: Naar een Nieuwe Wereldeconomie: voorstellen voor een internationaal economisch beleid, Rotterdam University Press, Rotterdam, 1965, XV + 335 p.
In Spanish: Hacia Una Economia Mundial: sugerencias para una politica economica internacional, Series Biblioteca de Economia No.7, Orbis, Barcelona, 1985, 242 p.
|
C6303427
|
Economic history
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2297526
|
history studies focused on economics
|
Elections and Macroeconomic Policy Cycles
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.461943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4362627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40000826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36184976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3287245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
}
] |
Journal Article Elections and Macroeconomic Policy Cycles Get access Kenneth Rogoff, Kenneth Rogoff University of Wisconsin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Anne Sibert Anne Sibert University of Kansas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 55, Issue 1, January 1988, Pages 1–16, https://doi.org/10.2307/2297526 Published: 01 January 1988 Article history Received: 01 January 1987 Accepted: 01 August 1987 Published: 01 January 1988
|
C6303427
|
Economic history
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00570
|
history studies focused on economics
|
Happiness, Economy and Institutions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Happiness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778999518",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8834369,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43643343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4205013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33974892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33551538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32742947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
Journal Article Happiness, Economy and Institutions Get access Bruno S. Frey, Bruno S. Frey University of Zurich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Alois Stutzer Alois Stutzer University of Zurich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 110, Issue 466, October 2000, Pages 918–938, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00570 Published: 25 December 2001
|
C6303427
|
Economic history
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2298021
|
history studies focused on economics
|
A Positive Theory of Fiscal Deficits and Government Debt
|
[
{
"display_name": "Debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120527767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70589393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6687271,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52581704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Government debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778489760",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5174037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12695"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiscal policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524878704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42678955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187021"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40544415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
}
] |
Journal Article A Positive Theory of Fiscal Deficits and Government Debt Get access Alberto Alesina, Alberto Alesina Harvard University, NBER and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Guido Tabellini Guido Tabellini University of California, Los Angeles, NBER and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 57, Issue 3, July 1990, Pages 403–414, https://doi.org/10.2307/2298021 Published: 01 July 1990 Article history Received: 01 December 1988 Accepted: 01 September 1989 Published: 01 July 1990
|
C6303427
|
Economic history
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2297991
|
history studies focused on economics
|
Public Finance in Models of Economic Growth
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5161296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Public finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178283979",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49988008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274490"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42839172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.372125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35211325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
}
] |
Journal Article Public Finance in Models of Economic Growth Get access Robert J. Barro, Robert J. Barro Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Xavier Sala-I-Martin Xavier Sala-I-Martin Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 59, Issue 4, September 1992, Pages 645–661, https://doi.org/10.2307/2297991 Published: 01 September 1992 Article history Received: 01 August 1990 Accepted: 01 August 1991 Published: 01 September 1992
|
C6303427
|
Economic history
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2234337
|
history studies focused on economics
|
Wealth, Weather Risk and the Composition and Profitability of Agricultural Investments
|
[
{
"display_name": "Profitability index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129361004",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79636204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236"
},
{
"display_name": "Composition (language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40231798",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5732924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42528468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41183257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4039312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3013894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015"
}
] |
Journal Article Wealth, Weather Risk and the Composition and Profitability of Agricultural Investments Get access Mark R. Rosenzweig, Mark R. Rosenzweig University of Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hans P. Binswanger Hans P. Binswanger The World Bank Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 103, Issue 416, 1 January 1993, Pages 56–78, https://doi.org/10.2307/2234337 Published: 01 January 1993 Article history Received: 01 July 1992 Published: 01 January 1993
|
C109214941
|
Particle physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020
|
branch of physics
|
Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9656374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.89091176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Higgs boson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158129726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8509914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402"
},
{
"display_name": "Large Hadron Collider",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87668248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77240425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40605"
},
{
"display_name": "Standard Model (mathematical formulation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101454708",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6814691,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106019"
},
{
"display_name": "Atlas detector",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017838165",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62555027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q299002"
},
{
"display_name": "Boson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79118098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58642316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43101"
},
{
"display_name": "Atlas (anatomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776673561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5736971,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655357"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185544564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56916595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197"
},
{
"display_name": "ATLAS experiment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777065543",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54341465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q299002"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184748400",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4799407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599934"
}
] |
A search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in proton-proton collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC is presented. The datasets used correspond to integrated luminosities of approximately 4.8 fb^-1 collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV in 2011 and 5.8 fb^-1 at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV in 2012. Individual searches in the channels H->ZZ^(*)->llll, H->gamma gamma and H->WW->e nu mu nu in the 8 TeV data are combined with previously published results of searches for H->ZZ^(*), WW^(*), bbbar and tau^+tau^- in the 7 TeV data and results from improved analyses of the H->ZZ^(*)->llll and H->gamma gamma channels in the 7 TeV data. Clear evidence for the production of a neutral boson with a measured mass of 126.0 +/- 0.4(stat) +/- 0.4(sys) GeV is presented. This observation, which has a significance of 5.9 standard deviations, corresponding to a background fluctuation probability of 1.7x10^-9, is compatible with the production and decay of the Standard Model Higgs boson.
|
C109214941
|
Particle physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.021
|
branch of physics
|
Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9179891,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.8092202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Compact Muon Solenoid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780509222",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.78079945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659478"
},
{
"display_name": "Higgs boson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158129726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77542496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402"
},
{
"display_name": "Large Hadron Collider",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87668248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.715711,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40605"
},
{
"display_name": "Standard Model (mathematical formulation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101454708",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69896007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106019"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185544564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64456993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197"
},
{
"display_name": "Inverse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207467116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51802856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666"
},
{
"display_name": "Boson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79118098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50511605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43101"
},
{
"display_name": "Muon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205334942",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49441338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151"
},
{
"display_name": "Luminosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12287442",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44848853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105902"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184748400",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4339665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599934"
},
{
"display_name": "Photon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159317903",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42940134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198"
},
{
"display_name": "Bar (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188721877",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4152061,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103510"
}
] |
Results are presented from searches for the standard model Higgs boson in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 and 8 TeV in the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the LHC, using data samples corresponding to integrated luminosities of up to 5.1 inverse femtobarns at 7 TeV and 5.3 inverse femtobarns at 8 TeV. The search is performed in five decay modes: gamma gamma, ZZ, WW, tau tau, and b b-bar. An excess of events is observed above the expected background, with a local significance of 5.0 standard deviations, at a mass near 125 GeV, signalling the production of a new particle. The expected significance for a standard model Higgs boson of that mass is 5.8 standard deviations. The excess is most significant in the two decay modes with the best mass resolution, gamma gamma and ZZ; a fit to these signals gives a mass of 125.3 +/- 0.4 (stat.) +/- 0.5 (syst.) GeV. The decay to two photons indicates that the new particle is a boson with spin different from one.
|
C109214941
|
Particle physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833910
|
branch of physics
|
<i>Planck</i>2018 results
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.91440964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmic microwave background",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207297109",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79696876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15605"
},
{
"display_name": "Spectral index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42061751",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6712334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280060"
},
{
"display_name": "Omega",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779557605",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65294194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9890"
},
{
"display_name": "Hubble's law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103874350",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6352127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179916"
},
{
"display_name": "Planck",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166126730",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5881219,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725309"
},
{
"display_name": "Spectral density",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168110828",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57105845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26405456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53444475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338"
},
{
"display_name": "Matter power spectrum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781419962",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50113344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6789742"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Lambda",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778113609",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48884124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10897"
},
{
"display_name": "Cold dark matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126320844",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45386362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153477"
},
{
"display_name": "Dark energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172790937",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43541783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18343"
},
{
"display_name": "Baryon acoustic oscillations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72838231",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42986965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q809676"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4003372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Anisotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85725439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3185013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686"
}
] |
We present cosmological parameter results from the final full-mission Planck measurements of the CMB anisotropies. We find good consistency with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter $\Lambda$CDM cosmology having a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted "base $\Lambda$CDM" in this paper), from polarization, temperature, and lensing, separately and in combination. A combined analysis gives dark matter density $\Omega_c h^2 = 0.120\pm 0.001$, baryon density $\Omega_b h^2 = 0.0224\pm 0.0001$, scalar spectral index $n_s = 0.965\pm 0.004$, and optical depth $\tau = 0.054\pm 0.007$ (in this abstract we quote $68\,\%$ confidence regions on measured parameters and $95\,\%$ on upper limits). The angular acoustic scale is measured to $0.03\,\%$ precision, with $100\theta_*=1.0411\pm 0.0003$. These results are only weakly dependent on the cosmological model and remain stable, with somewhat increased errors, in many commonly considered extensions. Assuming the base-$\Lambda$CDM cosmology, the inferred late-Universe parameters are: Hubble constant $H_0 = (67.4\pm 0.5)$km/s/Mpc; matter density parameter $\Omega_m = 0.315\pm 0.007$; and matter fluctuation amplitude $\sigma_8 = 0.811\pm 0.006$. We find no compelling evidence for extensions to the base-$\Lambda$CDM model. Combining with BAO we constrain the effective extra relativistic degrees of freedom to be $N_{\rm eff} = 2.99\pm 0.17$, and the neutrino mass is tightly constrained to $\sum m_\nu< 0.12$eV. The CMB spectra continue to prefer higher lensing amplitudes than predicted in base -$\Lambda$CDM at over $2\,\sigma$, which pulls some parameters that affect the lensing amplitude away from the base-$\Lambda$CDM model; however, this is not supported by the lensing reconstruction or (in models that also change the background geometry) BAO data. (Abridged)
|
C109214941
|
Particle physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/40/10/100001
|
branch of physics
|
Review of Particle Physics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.89220893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.8657722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Higgs boson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158129726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7125116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402"
},
{
"display_name": "Supersymmetry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116674579",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6388714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193442"
},
{
"display_name": "Axion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113471709",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57010394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q792548"
},
{
"display_name": "Gauge boson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40263606",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54728854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105580"
},
{
"display_name": "Dark matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159249277",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5467918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79925"
},
{
"display_name": "Elementary particle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102999125",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51137227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43116"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184748400",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51051486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599934"
},
{
"display_name": "Lepton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179203047",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48854432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82586"
},
{
"display_name": "Standard Model (mathematical formulation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101454708",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46387208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106019"
},
{
"display_name": "Boson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79118098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45498055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43101"
},
{
"display_name": "Quark",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7602139",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4383717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6718"
}
] |
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,062 new measurements from 721 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 117 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including those on Pentaquarks and Inflation.
|
C109214941
|
Particle physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.19.1264
|
branch of physics
|
A Model of Leptons
|
[
{
"display_name": "Lepton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179203047",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7170734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82586"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48212218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41777664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
Received 17 October 1967DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264©1967 American Physical Society
|
C109214941
|
Particle physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.98.030001
|
branch of physics
|
Review of Particle Physics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8083014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.79014754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Higgs boson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158129726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65938354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402"
},
{
"display_name": "Supersymmetry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116674579",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56858516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193442"
},
{
"display_name": "Dark matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159249277",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5472502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79925"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26405456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50969243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338"
},
{
"display_name": "Elementary particle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102999125",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49243674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43116"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184748400",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4875302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599934"
},
{
"display_name": "Standard Model (mathematical formulation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101454708",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46839997,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106019"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrino",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186453547",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45896128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2126"
},
{
"display_name": "Lepton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179203047",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4279222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82586"
},
{
"display_name": "Axion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113471709",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42441595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q792548"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3380799,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
}
] |
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,873 new measurements from 758 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 118 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Neutrinos in Cosmology.Starting with this edition, the Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and all review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings. Review articles that were previously part of the Listings are now included in volume 1.The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is also available.The 2018 edition of the Review of Particle Physics should be cited as: M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 98, 030001 (2018).
|
C109214941
|
Particle physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/38/9/090001
|
branch of physics
|
Review of Particle Physics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.97131276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778517922",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5200981,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4418348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185544564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41804227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35667205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
}
] |
A critical review is given of the current status of cosmological nucleosynthesis. In the framework of the Standard Model with 3 types of relativistic neutrinos, the baryon-to-photon ratio, $\eta$, corresponding to the inferred primordial abundances of deuterium and helium-4 is consistent with the independent determination of $\eta$ from observations of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. However the primordial abundance of lithium-7 inferred from observations is significantly below its expected value. Taking systematic uncertainties in the abundance estimates into account, there is overall concordance in the range $\eta = (5.7-6.7)\times 10^{-10}$ at 95% CL (corresponding to a cosmological baryon density $\Omega_B h^2 = 0.021 - 0.025$). The D and He-4 abundances, when combined with the CMB determination of $\eta$, provide the bound $N_\nu=3.28 \pm 0.28$ on the effective number of neutrino species. Other constraints on new physics are discussed briefly.
|
C109214941
|
Particle physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep07(2014)079
|
branch of physics
|
The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations
|
[
{
"display_name": "Parton shower",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777609287",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.91340137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117483"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.73689973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.70928526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Large Hadron Collider",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87668248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6915834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40605"
},
{
"display_name": "Computation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45374587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64851004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525"
},
{
"display_name": "Tree (set theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113174947",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6398123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736"
},
{
"display_name": "Matching (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165064840",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62051404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061"
},
{
"display_name": "Parton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180566339",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6181582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117483"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum chromodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117137515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5323601,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238170"
},
{
"display_name": "Automation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115901376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50085545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199"
},
{
"display_name": "Collider",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152290109",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47859976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033879"
}
] |
We discuss the theoretical bases that underpin the automation of the computations of tree-level and next-to-leading order cross sections, of their matching to parton shower simulations, and of the merging of matched samples that differ by light-parton multiplicities. We present a computer program, MadGraph5_aMC@NLO, capable of handling all these computations -- parton-level fixed order, shower-matched, merged -- in a unified framework whose defining features are flexibility, high level of parallelisation, and human intervention limited to input physics quantities. We demonstrate the potential of the program by presenting selected phenomenological applications relevant to the LHC and to a 1-TeV $e^+e^-$ collider. While next-to-leading order results are restricted to QCD corrections to SM processes in the first public version, we show that from the user viewpoint no changes have to be expected in the case of corrections due to any given renormalisable Lagrangian, and that the implementation of these are well under way.
|
C178550888
|
Business administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1992.11517945
|
administration of a commercial enterprise
|
Determinants of Information Technology Outsourcing: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Outsourcing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46934059",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9463897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515"
},
{
"display_name": "Leverage (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153083717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71300733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.65215206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51543486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge process outsourcing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108474776",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47520053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917279"
},
{
"display_name": "Business administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178550888",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45572063,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44918004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Information technology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121017731",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42907658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661"
}
] |
:This paper develops and tests a model of the determinants of information technology (IT) outsourcing by integrating both business and IT perspectives. Specifically, we attempt to explain the degree of IT outsourcing using business and IT competences as represented by their cost structures and economic performances. In addition, we posit that outsourcing is dependent on business governance, particularly financial leverage. Based on factor analyses and multiple regressions using data from fIfty-five major U.S. corporations, we observed that the degree of IT outsourcing is positively related to both business and IT cost structures. We also established that the degree ofIT outsourcing is negatively related to IT performance. Finally, we conclude with implications and future research directions.
|
C178550888
|
Business administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00946.x
|
administration of a commercial enterprise
|
Balancing Internal and External Knowledge Acquisition: The Gains and Pains from R&D Outsourcing
|
[
{
"display_name": "Outsourcing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46934059",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.93437314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64412916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56446755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge base",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4554734",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52876556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4617811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Business administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178550888",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41697866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282"
}
] |
abstract The outsourcing of research and development (R&D) activities has frequently been characterized as an important instrument to acquire external technological knowledge that is subsequently integrated into a firm's own knowledge base. However, in this paper we argue that these ‘gains’ from R&D outsourcing need to be balanced against the ‘pains’ that stem from a dilution of firm‐specific resources, the deterioration of integrative capabilities and the high demands on management attention. Based on a panel dataset of innovating firms in Germany, we find evidence for an inverse U‐shaped relationship between R&D outsourcing and innovation performance. This relationship is positively moderated by the extent to which firms engage in internal R&D and by the breadth of formal R&D collaborations: both serve as an instrument to increase the effectiveness of R&D outsourcing.
|
C178550888
|
Business administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710310487873
|
administration of a commercial enterprise
|
The influence of corporate culture and organisational commitment on performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Organizational culture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67674302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7788033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730573"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6979574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Organizational commitment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83030740",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48279822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267236"
},
{
"display_name": "Business administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178550888",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4707447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42117536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41413462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39182743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38286272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35353172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
}
] |
This paper examines the influence of corporate culture and organisational commitment on financial performance in Malaysian companies. Based on the work of Deshpande and Farley on corporate cultural types and Allen and Meyer on organisational commitment, a structured questionnaire was developed and self‐administered to managers in Malaysian companies. A total of 202 managers in public listed companies participated in the study. The results show that there is a significant correlation between corporate culture and organisational commitment. Both corporate culture type and organisational commitment have an influence on the financial performance of these companies. The implications of the study are also discussed.
|
C178550888
|
Business administration
|
https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v10i3.5921
|
administration of a commercial enterprise
|
Entrepreneurial Orientation, Distinctive Marketing Competencies And Organizational Performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Entrepreneurial orientation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780711244",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6812345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22908166"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6592376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61457086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5447555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Orientation (vector space)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16345878",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46185032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979"
},
{
"display_name": "Entrepreneurship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84309077",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45911852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516"
},
{
"display_name": "Business administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178550888",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4046044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36054885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
<span>This study examined the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of 599 independent businesspeople and compared those with high, medium and low EO along a series of distinctive marketing competency and organizational performance measures. EO is measured using a new multi-item scale that is based on an integrative definition of entrepreneurship. Results indicate that EO is positively and significantly related to distinctive marketing competencies and organizational performance. Demographic profiles of the high, medium and low EO groups are also developed and provide additional insights.</span>
|
C178550888
|
Business administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2015.09.009
|
administration of a commercial enterprise
|
Studying the links between organizational culture, innovation, and performance in Spanish companies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Organizational culture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67674302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60021305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730573"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59543854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstacle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776650193",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55708516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47094548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Competitive advantage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58546491",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44854116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207"
},
{
"display_name": "Business administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178550888",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43486157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36968637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Welfare economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C549774020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36229163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851147"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3263077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
Innovation is considered to be one of the key factors that influence the long-term success of a company in the competitive markets of today. As a result, there is a growing interest in the further study of the determining factors of innovation. Today, the focus is on these factors related to people and behavior, emphasizing the role of organizational culture, as a factor that can both stimulate or restrain innovation, and therefore affect company performance. However, there is little empirical research linking these variables, particularly in the Spanish context. The purpose of this paper is to study these links by using a sample of industrial companies. The results show that culture can foster innovation, as well as company performance, or it could also be an obstacle for both of them, depending on the values promoted by the culture. It has been found specifically, that an adhocratic culture is the best innovation and performance predictor. Based on these results, it can be concluded that, innovation mediates the relationship between certain types of organizational cultures and performance. La innovación se considera como uno de los factores clave del éxito a largo plazo de una empresa en los mercados competitivos actuales. Como resultado, existe un creciente interés por profundizar en los determinantes de la innovación. En la actualidad la atención se centra en los determinantes relacionados con las personas y el comportamiento, y hace hincapié en el papel de la cultura organizacional como un factor que puede estimular o frenar la innovación y por lo tanto afectar el desempeño de las empresas. Sin embargo, existe poca investigación empírica que vincule estas variables, en particular en el contexto español. El propósito de este trabajo es estudiar estos vínculos en una muestra de empresas industriales. Los resultados muestran que la cultura puede fomentar la innovación y el desempeño de la empresa o puede actuar como una barrera para ambos, dependiendo de los valores que fomenta la cultura. En particular, se encuentra que la cultura adhocrática es el mejor predictor de innovación y desempeño. Además, sobre la base de los resultados, se concluye que la innovación media la relación entre cultura y desempeño.
|
C178550888
|
Business administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312445925
|
administration of a commercial enterprise
|
Ambidexterity and Survival in Corporate Venture Units
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ambidexterity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106033793",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9272897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q457332"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6581944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6560805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Venture capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21279758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54548174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219409"
},
{
"display_name": "Unit (ring theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122637931",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44205308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate venture capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143177785",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42391306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172437"
},
{
"display_name": "Business administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178550888",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41161847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41034964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38093728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
}
] |
Corporate venture (CV) units constitute vehicles through which firms may act ambidextrously, thereby increasing their longevity, but they suffer from a high failure rate. The authors examine why and how some CV units last significantly longer than others. They argue that CV units endure by developing an ambidextrous orientation themselves—they build new capabilities for the parent firm while simultaneously leveraging its existing strengths. They argue that CV units become ambidextrous by nurturing a supportive relational context, defined by the strength of their relationships with three different sets of actors—parent firm executives, business unit managers, and members of the venture capital community. Using primary data collected from 95 CV units over a three-year period, the authors test and find support for these arguments.
|
C178550888
|
Business administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2019.12.002
|
administration of a commercial enterprise
|
The effects of transformational leadership on employee creativity: Moderating role of intrinsic motivation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Moderation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93225998",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8191654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972"
},
{
"display_name": "Transformational leadership",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38775462",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81234944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569376"
},
{
"display_name": "Creativity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11012388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72310805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71958745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Supervisor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779110517",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5230666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240788"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48469046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
},
{
"display_name": "Business administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178550888",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4618617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282"
},
{
"display_name": "Intrinsic motivation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985564149",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4232755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644302"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3033796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921"
}
] |
This research aimed to investigate effect of transformational leadership (TL) in stimulating employee creativity (EC) leading to organizational innovation (OI) and assess the moderating role of Intrinsic Motivation (IM) between TL and EC. The data was collected from 164 supervisor-employee dyads of 31 Pakistani software firms. A three-step approach to SEM was applied to examine mediator and moderator variables. The findings indicate that the Idealized Influence, Intellectual Stimulation, and Inspirational Motivation have a great influence on OI and EC but Individual Consideration was not found to be significantly related to OI and EC. The findings further proved the positive and significant moderating effect of IM for TL and EC. Thus, through TL style, EC can be promoted with the interactive effect of IM by inspiring employees to think out of the box leading to innovation in the organization. This paper attempts to contribute to the current literature by developing moderating role of IM. Furthermore, we have also examined how each dimension of TL is affecting EC, and OI, further some interesting discoveries are also made which other studies have not done before.
|
C178550888
|
Business administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rausp.2016.12.003
|
administration of a commercial enterprise
|
Organizational learning capability, innovation and performance: study in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63822025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Organizational learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169735623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61616856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430172"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.59924376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5379226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Small and medium-sized enterprises",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48879800",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5375113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622439"
},
{
"display_name": "Contingency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97508593",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5318009,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069"
},
{
"display_name": "Organizational performance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165672731",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5047909,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047583"
},
{
"display_name": "Business administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178550888",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49710134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120936955",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43308002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640"
}
] |
Although the relation between the organizational learning capability, organizational innovation and performance has often been studied, there is little empirical evidence to support this perspective in small and medium-sized enterprises. This study aims at analyzing the influence of organizational learning capability in innovative performance and organizational performance of small and medium-sized enterprises. The research was conducted under the quantitative approach, descriptive and causal, and cross-sectional survey. The sample was composed of 92 enterprises in the textile industry. The data were analyzed through the technique of Structural Equation Modeling. The results show that the organizational learning capability influences the innovative performance of small and medium-sized enterprises, however, the influence of the learning capability in organizational performance was not significant. The study provides evidence for these relations and shows that they are significant and positive in the context of small and medium-sized textile enterprises, context in which the empirical literature is particularly scarce. For future research it is suggested to evaluate contingency factors for innovative and organizational performance. Other studies could analyze the differences in innovation between manufacturing and service sector. Embora as relações entre a capacidade aprendizagem organizacional, inovação e desempenho organizacional têm sido frequentemente estudadas, há pouca evidência empírica para apoiar essa perspectiva em pequenas e médias empresas. Neste estudo, objetiva-se analisar a influência da capacidade de aprendizagem organizacional no desempenho inovador e no desempenho organizacional de pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs). A pesquisa foi conduzida sob a abordagem quantitativa, descritiva e causal, survey e de corte transversal. A amostra foi composta por 92 empresas da indústria têxtil. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE). Os resultados encontrados mostram que capacidade de aprendizagem organizacional influencia o desempenho inovador das PMEs, contudo, a influência da capacidade de aprendizagem no desempenho organizacional não foi significativa. A pesquisa fornece evidência para essas relações e mostra que são significativas e positivas no contexto de pequenas e médias empresas têxteis, contexto em que a literatura empírica é especialmente escassa. Para pesquisas futuras sugere-se avaliar fatores de contingência para a inovação e o desempenho organizacional. Outros estudos poderiam analisar as diferenças de inovação entre a indústria transformação e o setor de serviços. Aunque a menudo se hayan estudiado las relaciones entre la capacidad de aprendizaje organizacional, la innovación y el desempeño en los negocios, hay poca evidencia empírica para apoyar este punto de vista en pequeñas y medianas empresas. En este estudio se tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de la capacidad de aprendizaje organizacional en el desempeño innovador y el desempeño organizacional de pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES). Se ha utilizado un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo y causal, survey y de corte transversal. La muestra se compone de 92 empresas de la industria textil. En el análisis de los datos se ha utilizado la técnica de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE). Los resultados muestran que la capacidad de aprendizaje organizacional influye en el desempeño innovador de las PYMES, sin embargo, la influencia de la capacidad de aprendizaje en el desempeño organizacional no es significativa. El estudio aporta evidencia de estas relaciones y muestra que son significativas y positivas en el contexto de las pequeñas y medianas empresas textiles, aspecto en que la literatura empírica es particularmente escasa. Para futuras investigaciones, se sugiere que se evalúen los factores de contingencia para la innovación y el desempeño organizacional. Otros estudios podrían analizar las diferencias en innovación entre la industria de transformación y el sector de servicios.
|
C46141821
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868
|
spectroscopic technique relying on the energy difference between the quantum spin states of electrons when exposed to an external magnetic field
|
Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Magnetic resonance imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143409427",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81195575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxygenation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70289976",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7169831,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143603"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood oxygenation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017539923",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6949963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140495"
},
{
"display_name": "Contrast (vision)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776502983",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60602176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood flow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158846371",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5870006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1642137"
},
{
"display_name": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779226451",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5827415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809"
},
{
"display_name": "Venous blood",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43044207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55259466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618363"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46141821",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5189845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402"
},
{
"display_name": "Positron emission tomography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775842073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47971052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208376"
},
{
"display_name": "In vivo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207001950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47298798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood-oxygen-level dependent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780238834",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45019487,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796855"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroimaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58693492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4317075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3565994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33792096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in venous blood is a naturally occurring contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By accentuating the effects of this agent through the use of gradient-echo techniques in high fields, we demonstrate in vivo images of brain microvasculature with image contrast reflecting the blood oxygen level. This blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast follows blood oxygen changes induced by anesthetics, by insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and by inhaled gas mixtures that alter metabolic demand or blood flow. The results suggest that BOLD contrast can be used to provide in vivo real-time maps of blood oxygenation in the brain under normal physiological conditions. BOLD contrast adds an additional feature to magnetic resonance imaging and complements other techniques that are attempting to provide positron emission tomography-like measurements related to regional neural activity.
|
C46141821
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.69.37
|
spectroscopic technique relying on the energy difference between the quantum spin states of electrons when exposed to an external magnetic field
|
Resonance Absorption by Nuclear Magnetic Moments in a Solid
|
[
{
"display_name": "Magnetic moment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54553102",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5950395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242657"
},
{
"display_name": "Absorption (acoustics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125287762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5065452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46141821",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5050164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44858834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic moment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186923303",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.44665545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269677"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutron magnetic moment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95802253",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4427605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109934"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185544564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43179992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41543028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184779094",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3246982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensed matter physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26873012",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3154962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781"
}
] |
The suggestion is also made that Co& may be strongly dissociated by the metastable Xe atoms (and H~O some- what less strongly), thus producing oxygen atoms which combine to form the O~molecules; (D(CO~) =5.5 v, D{HgO) =5.0 v).If so, the fact that CO did not yield the bands would indicate that the dissociation energy of CO is greater than the energy of the upper metastable state of Xe, namely 9.4 volts.(Energy of lower metastable state equals 8.3 v. ) This appears to be direct evidence in favor of the 9.6-volt value of D(CO) as determined by Hagstrum and Tate from appearance potentials in the mass spectro- graph, or for the 11.11 v-value obtained in a recent spectral analysis by Gaydon and Penney/ but against the 9.14-volt value determined from certain predissociation data.' The higher value appears to be more in accord also with thermochemical data as brought out by Hagstrum and Tate, ' a.nd also by Asundi and Samuel.'
|
C46141821
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675
|
spectroscopic technique relying on the energy difference between the quantum spin states of electrons when exposed to an external magnetic field
|
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cerebral blood flow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157767197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6108811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886843"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetic resonance imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143409427",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5981655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood flow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158846371",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58885956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1642137"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46141821",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5852868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402"
},
{
"display_name": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779226451",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5807515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual cortex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779345533",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49348843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785"
},
{
"display_name": "Photic Stimulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908832724",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48052582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187600"
},
{
"display_name": "Human brain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777670902",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47934064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492038"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxygenation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70289976",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46035856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143603"
},
{
"display_name": "Positron emission tomography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775842073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42891514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208376"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulse sequence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182155053",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42636266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7259682"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42524996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Premovement neuronal activity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74254510",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4241937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240508"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood volume",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37557685",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42382783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1896673"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36363608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
}
] |
Neuronal activity causes local changes in cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and blood oxygenation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques sensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow and blood oxygenation were developed by high-speed echo planar imaging. These techniques were used to obtain completely noninvasive tomographic maps of human brain activity, by using visual and motor stimulus paradigms. Changes in blood oxygenation were detected by using a gradient echo (GE) imaging sequence sensitive to the paramagnetic state of deoxygenated hemoglobin. Blood flow changes were evaluated by a spin-echo inversion recovery (IR), tissue relaxation parameter T1-sensitive pulse sequence. A series of images were acquired continuously with the same imaging pulse sequence (either GE or IR) during task activation. Cine display of subtraction images (activated minus baseline) directly demonstrates activity-induced changes in brain MR signal observed at a temporal resolution of seconds. During 8-Hz patterned-flash photic stimulation, a significant increase in signal intensity (paired t test; P less than 0.001) of 1.8% +/- 0.8% (GE) and 1.8% +/- 0.9% (IR) was observed in the primary visual cortex (V1) of seven normal volunteers. The mean rise-time constant of the signal change was 4.4 +/- 2.2 s for the GE images and 8.9 +/- 2.8 s for the IR images. The stimulation frequency dependence of visual activation agrees with previous positron emission tomography observations, with the largest MR signal response occurring at 8 Hz. Similar signal changes were observed within the human primary motor cortex (M1) during a hand squeezing task and in animal models of increased blood flow by hypercapnia. By using intrinsic blood-tissue contrast, functional MRI opens a spatial-temporal window onto individual brain physiology.
|
C46141821
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.13.5951
|
spectroscopic technique relying on the energy difference between the quantum spin states of electrons when exposed to an external magnetic field
|
Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46141821",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7152857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402"
},
{
"display_name": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779226451",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5701537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetic resonance imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143409427",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5509552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual cortex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779345533",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5122673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785"
},
{
"display_name": "SIGNAL (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779843651",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5103521,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335"
},
{
"display_name": "Stimulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24998067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5019827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622"
},
{
"display_name": "Human brain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777670902",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45770526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492038"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42663348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Amplitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180205008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42278785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190"
},
{
"display_name": "Cerebral blood flow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157767197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41241875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886843"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40332496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40018976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
}
] |
We report that visual stimulation produces an easily detectable (5-20%) transient increase in the intensity of water proton magnetic resonance signals in human primary visual cortex in gradient echo images at 4-T magnetic-field strength. The observed changes predominantly occur in areas containing gray matter and can be used to produce high-spatial-resolution functional brain maps in humans. Reducing the image-acquisition echo time from 40 msec to 8 msec reduces the amplitude of the fractional signal change, suggesting that it is produced by a change in apparent transverse relaxation time T*2. The amplitude, sign, and echo-time dependence of these intrinsic signal changes are consistent with the idea that neural activation increases regional cerebral blood flow and concomitantly increases venous-blood oxygenation.
|
C46141821
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.70.460
|
spectroscopic technique relying on the energy difference between the quantum spin states of electrons when exposed to an external magnetic field
|
Nuclear Induction
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.84016263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Larmor precession",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5484521",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6959052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286406"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115260700",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6665527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408"
},
{
"display_name": "Polarization (electrochemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205049153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66047955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605"
},
{
"display_name": "Paramagnetism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124712363",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51033515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188479"
},
{
"display_name": "Free induction decay",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90199342",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45705438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848722"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46141821",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43737757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42100707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Observable",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32848918",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41764975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184779094",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3937622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensed matter physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26873012",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37769353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781"
}
] |
The magnetic moments of nuclei in normal matter will result in a nuclear paramagnetic polarization upon establishment of equilibrium in a constant magnetic field. It is shown that a radiofrequency field at right angles to the constant field causes a forced precession of the total polarization around the constant field with decreasing latitude as the Larmor frequency approaches adiabatically the frequency of the r-f field. Thus there results a component of the nuclear polarization at right angles to both the constant and the r-f field and it is shown that under normal laboratory conditions this component can induce observable voltages. In Section 3 we discuss this nuclear induction, considering the effect of external fields only, while in Section 4 those modifications are described which originate from internal fields and finite relaxation times.
|
C46141821
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-2586(199909)10:3<223::aid-jmri2>3.0.co;2-s
|
spectroscopic technique relying on the energy difference between the quantum spin states of electrons when exposed to an external magnetic field
|
Estimating kinetic parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced t1-weighted MRI of a diffusable tracer: Standardized quantities and symbols
|
[
{
"display_name": "Kinetic energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135889238",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5676426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276"
},
{
"display_name": "Volume (thermodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20556612",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5465148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46141821",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53763884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402"
},
{
"display_name": "Permeability (electromagnetism)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120882062",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52753234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352"
},
{
"display_name": "Constant (computer programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777027219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.518054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190"
},
{
"display_name": "TRACER",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778863792",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50168586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909918"
},
{
"display_name": "Reaction rate constant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93391505",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.500767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658700"
},
{
"display_name": "Volumetric flow rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172120300",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48497653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348"
},
{
"display_name": "Plasma volume",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991747820",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46978986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1896673"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetic resonance imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143409427",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4378585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40937668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38434583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Kinetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148898269",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3572865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108792"
},
{
"display_name": "Analytical Chemistry (journal)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113196181",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35412174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31051713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
We describe a standard set of quantity names and symbols related to the estimation of kinetic parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data, using diffusable agents such as gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA). These include a) the volume transfer constant Ktrans (min−1); b) the volume of extravascular extracellular space (EES) per unit volume of tissue ve (0 < ve < 1); and c) the flux rate constant between EES and plasma kep (min−1). The rate constant is the ratio of the transfer constant to the EES (kep = Ktrans/ve). Under flow-limited conditions Ktrans equals the blood plasma flow per unit volume of tissue; under permeability-limited conditions Ktrans equals the permeability surface area product per unit volume of tissue. We relate these quantities to previously published work from our groups; our future publications will refer to these standardized terms, and we propose that these be adopted as international standards. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 10:223–232, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
|
C46141821
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1733835100
|
spectroscopic technique relying on the energy difference between the quantum spin states of electrons when exposed to an external magnetic field
|
Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of > 10,000 times in liquid-state NMR
|
[
{
"display_name": "Spins",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778870898",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71911746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7577658"
},
{
"display_name": "Polarization (electrochemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205049153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6071776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66974803",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10359898"
},
{
"display_name": "Liquid helium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1855228",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5515379,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1203476"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46141821",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5045482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402"
},
{
"display_name": "Analytical Chemistry (journal)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113196181",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49274853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223"
},
{
"display_name": "Dissolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88380143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.489748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416674"
},
{
"display_name": "Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153202636",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4341785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7557802"
},
{
"display_name": "Polarizer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121524040",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4295142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11942175"
},
{
"display_name": "Hyperpolarization (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131453863",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41692832,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641079"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41515216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37293398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
}
] |
A method for obtaining strongly polarized nuclear spins in solution has been developed. The method uses low temperature, high magnetic field, and dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) to strongly polarize nuclear spins in the solid state. The solid sample is subsequently dissolved rapidly in a suitable solvent to create a solution of molecules with hyperpolarized nuclear spins. The polarization is performed in a DNP polarizer, consisting of a super-conducting magnet (3.35 T) and a liquid-helium cooled sample space. The sample is irradiated with microwaves at approximately 94 GHz. Subsequent to polarization, the sample is dissolved by an injection system inside the DNP magnet. The dissolution process effectively preserves the nuclear polarization. The resulting hyperpolarized liquid sample can be transferred to a high-resolution NMR spectrometer, where an enhanced NMR signal can be acquired, or it may be used as an agent for in vivo imaging or spectroscopy. In this article we describe the use of the method on aqueous solutions of [13C]urea. Polarizations of 37% for 13C and 7.8% for 15N, respectively, were obtained after the dissolution. These polarizations correspond to an enhancement of 44,400 for 13C and 23,500 for 15N, respectively, compared with thermal equilibrium at 9.4 T and room temperature. The method can be used generally for signal enhancement and reduction of measurement time in liquid-state NMR and opens up for a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications of DNP-enhanced NMR.
|
C46141821
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance
|
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.201.3.8939209
|
spectroscopic technique relying on the energy difference between the quantum spin states of electrons when exposed to an external magnetic field
|
Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain.
|
[
{
"display_name": "White matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781192897",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.837669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q822050"
},
{
"display_name": "Diffusion MRI",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149550507",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.82544637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899360"
},
{
"display_name": "Corpus callosum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778183499",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6249764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223851"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46141821",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62082636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402"
},
{
"display_name": "Anisotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85725439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60389304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.59244853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Effective diffusion coefficient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70816921",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5650498,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258852"
},
{
"display_name": "Fractional anisotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89916169",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5423418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17014600"
},
{
"display_name": "Diffusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69357855",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53096974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214"
},
{
"display_name": "Diffusion imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992283565",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48457515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899360"
},
{
"display_name": "Tractography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84787856",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42220613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3076659"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3359463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
To assess intrinsic properties of water diffusion in normal human brain by using quantitative parameters derived from the diffusion tensor, D, which are insensitive to patient orientation.Maps of the principal diffusivities of D, of Trace(D), and of diffusion anisotropy indices were calculated in eight healthy adults from 31 multisection, interleaved echo-planar diffusion-weighted images acquired in about 25 minutes.No statistically significant differences in Trace(D) (approximately 2,100 x 10(-6) mm2/sec) were found within normal brain parenchyma, except in the cortex, where Trace(D) was higher. Diffusion anisotropy varied widely among different white matter regions, reflecting differences in fiber-tract architecture. In the corpus callosum and pyramidal tracts, the ratio of parallel to perpendicular diffusivities was approximately threefold higher than previously reported, and diffusion appeared cylindrically symmetric. However, in other white matter regions, particularly in the centrum semiovale, diffusion anisotropy was low, and cylindrical symmetry was not observed. Maps of parameters derived from D were also used to segment tissues based on their diffusion properties.A quantitative characterization of water diffusion in anisotropic, heterogeneously oriented tissues is clinically feasible. This should improve the neuroradiologic assessment of a variety of gray and white matter disorders.
|
C110354214
|
Engineering management
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1444806
|
application of the practice of management to the practice of engineering
|
Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends
|
[
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51046765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47521526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45250285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Emerging technologies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207267971",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44427726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4400159,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42044088,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Industry 4.0",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777986313",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41824135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1661989"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41666776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33552328,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
}
] |
Rapid advances in industrialisation and informatisation methods have spurred tremendous progress in developing the next generation of manufacturing technology. Today, we are on the cusp of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In 2013, amongst one of 10 'Future Projects' identified by the German government as part of its High-Tech Strategy 2020 Action Plan, the Industry 4.0 project is considered to be a major endeavour for Germany to establish itself as a leader of integrated industry. In 2014, China's State Council unveiled their ten-year national plan, Made-in-China 2025, which was designed to transform China from the world's workshop into a world manufacturing power. Made-in-China 2025 is an initiative to comprehensively upgrade China's industry including the manufacturing sector. In Industry 4.0 and Made-in-China 2025, many applications require a combination of recently emerging new technologies, which is giving rise to the emergence of Industry 4.0. Such technologies originate from different disciplines including cyber-physical Systems, IoT, cloud computing, Industrial Integration, Enterprise Architecture, SOA, Business Process Management, Industrial Information Integration and others. At this present moment, the lack of powerful tools still poses a major obstacle for exploiting the full potential of Industry 4.0. In particular, formal methods and systems methods are crucial for realising Industry 4.0, which poses unique challenges. In this paper, we briefly survey the state of the art in the area of Industry 4.0 as it relates to industries.
|
C110354214
|
Engineering management
|
https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)lm.1943-5630.0000127
|
application of the practice of management to the practice of engineering
|
Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for the AEC Industry
|
[
{
"display_name": "Building information modeling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66862320",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.94826114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842017"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62368023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984708878",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6126166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385378"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60120285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.543006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47612458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47207785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Information model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21338462",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47021154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662581"
},
{
"display_name": "Building design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190831278",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4166986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323611"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32719094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32194823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737"
}
] |
Building information modeling (BIM) is one of the most promising recent developments in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. With BIM technology, an accurate virtual model of a building is digitally constructed. This model, known as a building information model, can be used for planning, design, construction, and operation of the facility. It helps architects, engineers, and constructors visualize what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any potential design, construction, or operational issues. BIM represents a new paradigm within AEC, one that encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project. In this paper, current trends, benefits, possible risks, and future challenges of BIM for the AEC industry are discussed. The findings of this study provide useful information for AEC industry practitioners considering implementing BIM technology in their projects.
|
C110354214
|
Engineering management
|
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f
|
application of the practice of management to the practice of engineering
|
The Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package<sup>*</sup>
|
[
{
"display_name": "Interoperability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20136886",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7753091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647"
},
{
"display_name": "Python (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519991488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6780366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865"
},
{
"display_name": "Key (lock)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26517878",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44231042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039"
},
{
"display_name": "Core (optical fiber)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2164484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4421561,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42960557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42289352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.412765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Open source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018397939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4124881,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4039824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37380284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
Abstract The Astropy Project supports and fosters the development of open-source and openly developed Python packages that provide commonly needed functionality to the astronomical community. A key element of the Astropy Project is the core package astropy , which serves as the foundation for more specialized projects and packages. In this article, we provide an overview of the organization of the Astropy project and summarize key features in the core package, as of the recent major release, version 2.0. We then describe the project infrastructure designed to facilitate and support development for a broader ecosystem of interoperable packages. We conclude with a future outlook of planned new features and directions for the broader Astropy Project.
|
C110354214
|
Engineering management
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2002.1027796
|
application of the practice of management to the practice of engineering
|
Preliminary guidelines for empirical research in software engineering
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6998475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120936955",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6622231,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640"
},
{
"display_name": "Software peer review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74579156",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.54359853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554342"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5242922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45063797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Social software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182500959",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.43855083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551380"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4225356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41192245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38389006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Software development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C529173508",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.3433078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608"
}
] |
Empirical software engineering research needs research guidelines to improve the research and reporting processes. We propose a preliminary set of research guidelines aimed at stimulating discussion among software researchers. They are based on a review of research guidelines developed for medical researchers and on our own experience in doing and reviewing software engineering research. The guidelines are intended to assist researchers, reviewers, and meta-analysts in designing, conducting, and evaluating empirical studies. Editorial boards of software engineering journals may wish to use our recommendations as a basis for developing guidelines for reviewers and for framing policies for dealing with the design, data collection, and analysis and reporting of empirical studies.
|
C110354214
|
Engineering management
|
https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8202
|
application of the practice of management to the practice of engineering
|
Blockchain technology overview
|
[
{
"display_name": "Implementation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26713055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79230833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962"
},
{
"display_name": "NIST",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111219384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79204905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5531576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Blockchain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779687700",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52628213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253"
},
{
"display_name": "Technical standard",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135397884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4487938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317623"
},
{
"display_name": "Test (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43894607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41658247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3972196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34730577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3371396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical
|
C110354214
|
Engineering management
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2010.07.003
|
application of the practice of management to the practice of engineering
|
Socio-technical systems: From design methods to systems engineering
|
[
{
"display_name": "Constructive",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778701210",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6987749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6479305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Method engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185041570",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6208834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6823697"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.510273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46503514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive ergonomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35064395",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45532042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093494"
},
{
"display_name": "System of systems",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87912763",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42747936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociotechnical system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127627568",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42595544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41423064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Information system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180198813",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41324267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41197973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4023066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39750302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38093817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31352089",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36281842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474"
}
] |
It is widely acknowledged that adopting a socio-technical approach to system development leads to systems that are more acceptable to end users and deliver better value to stakeholders. Despite this, such approaches are not widely practised. We analyse the reasons for this, highlighting some of the problems with the better known socio-technical design methods. Based on this analysis we propose a new pragmatic framework for socio-technical systems engineering (STSE) which builds on the (largely independent) research of groups investigating work design, information systems, computer-supported cooperative work, and cognitive systems engineering. STSE bridges the traditional gap between organisational change and system development using two main types of activity: sensitisation and awareness; and constructive engagement. From the framework, we identify an initial set of interdisciplinary research problems that address how to apply socio-technical approaches in a cost-effective way, and how to facilitate the integration of STSE with existing systems and software engineering approaches.
|
C110354214
|
Engineering management
|
https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8105
|
application of the practice of management to the practice of engineering
|
Report on Post-Quantum Cryptography
|
[
{
"display_name": "NIST",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111219384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8653407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384"
},
{
"display_name": "Implementation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26713055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7516335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962"
},
{
"display_name": "Test (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52246344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47493818,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47370836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Cryptography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178489894",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45978454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789"
},
{
"display_name": "Welfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.432289,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3554851,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35129827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3474396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34147954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3405167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3345474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative
|
C110354214
|
Engineering management
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.143
|
application of the practice of management to the practice of engineering
|
Towards Industry 4.0 - Standardization as the crucial challenge for highly modular, multi-vendor production systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Standardization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188087704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8882681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577"
},
{
"display_name": "Vendor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777338717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8630079,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762621"
},
{
"display_name": "Industry 4.0",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777986313",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7024579,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1661989"
},
{
"display_name": "Modular design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101468663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69670546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6190038,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.568489,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53106093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52299,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "Automation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115901376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5174892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5082061,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44485328,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39172903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34268433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30395168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
The vision of the 4th industrial revolution describes the realization of the Internet of Things within the context of the factory to realize a significantly higher flexibility and adaptability of production systems. Driven by politics and research meanwhile most of the automation technology providers in Germany have recognized the potentials of Industry 4.0 and provide first solutions. However, presented solutions so far represent vendor-specific or isolated production system. In order to make Industry 4.0 a success, these proprietary approaches must be replaced by open and standardized solutions. For this reason, the SmartFactoryKL has realized a very first multi-vendor and highly modular production system as a sample reference for Industry 4.0. This contribution gives an overview of the current status of the SmartFactoryKL initiative to build a highly modular, multi-vendor production line based on common concepts and standardization activities. The findings and experiences of this multi-vendor project are documented as an outline for further research on highly modular production lines.
|
C47768531
|
Development economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555466
|
sub-field of economics
|
Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77209663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710"
},
{
"display_name": "Political instability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992835060",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.658384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106442"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5901028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Public policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109986646",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58236766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55324364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48647162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Diversity (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781316041",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4365934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43404636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39362538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32454306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32281303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
}
] |
Explaining cross-country differences in growth rates requires not only an understanding of the link between growth and public policies, but also an understanding of why countries choose different public policies. This paper shows that ethnic diversity helps explain cross-country differences in public policies and other economic indicators. In the case of Sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth is associated with low schooling, political instability, underdeveloped financial systems, distorted foreign exchange markets, high government deficits, and insufficient infrastructure. Africa's high ethnic fragmentation explains a significant part of most of these characteristics.
|
C47768531
|
Development economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
|
sub-field of economics
|
Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tourism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18918823",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8047538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.8034339,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6475148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Social distance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172656115",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5940334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5346481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50750536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.466622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44036326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4226624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4111723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39502022,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32954657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is challenging the world. With no vaccine and limited medical capacity to treat the disease, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are the main strategy to contain the pandemic. Unprecedented global travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders are causing the most severe disruption of the global economy since World War II. With international travel bans affecting over 90% of the world population and wide-spread restrictions on public gatherings and community mobility, tourism largely ceased in March 2020. Early evidence on impacts on air travel, cruises, and accommodations have been devastating. While highly uncertain, early projections from UNWTO for 2020 suggest international arrivals could decline by 20 to 30% relative to 2019. Tourism is especially susceptible to measures to counteract pandemics because of restricted mobility and social distancing. The paper compares the impacts of COVID-19 to previous epidemic/pandemics and other types of global crises and explores how the pandemic may change society, the economy, and tourism. It discusses why COVID-19 is an analogue to the ongoing climate crisis, and why there is a need to question the volume growth tourism model advocated by UNWTO, ICAO, CLIA, WTTC and other tourism organizations.
|
C47768531
|
Development economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x
|
sub-field of economics
|
Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nutrition transition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776319399",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7996979,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7070517"
},
{
"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75209916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174"
},
{
"display_name": "Overweight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586474",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6350021,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332428"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6228523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184"
},
{
"display_name": "Developing country",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5570576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.516535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42476708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38648528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36229408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3287725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
}
] |
Decades ago, discussion of an impending global pandemic of obesity was thought of as heresy. But in the 1970s, diets began to shift towards increased reliance upon processed foods, increased away-from-home food intake, and increased use of edible oils and sugar-sweetened beverages. Reductions in physical activity and increases in sedentary behavior began to be seen as well. The negative effects of these changes began to be recognized in the early 1990s, primarily in low- and middle-income populations, but they did not become clearly acknowledged until diabetes, hypertension, and obesity began to dominate the globe. Now, rapid increases in the rates of obesity and overweight are widely documented, from urban and rural areas in the poorest countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia to populations in countries with higher income levels. Concurrent rapid shifts in diet and activity are well documented as well. An array of large-scale programmatic and policy measures are being explored in a few countries; however, few countries are engaged in serious efforts to prevent the serious dietary challenges being faced.
|
C47768531
|
Development economics
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-4765
|
sub-field of economics
|
World development report, 2008: agriculture for development
|
[
{
"display_name": "Subsistence agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156005406",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.73781615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2787508"
},
{
"display_name": "Poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72316915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6115401,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Extreme poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C553381038",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6098766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2714378"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5804143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56004375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Food security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C549605437",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5200538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911"
},
{
"display_name": "Livelihood",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3987366",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5100532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164"
},
{
"display_name": "Rural area",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129047720",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49347317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185"
},
{
"display_name": "Rural poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778452349",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.462112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19708004"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128383755",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336"
},
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43890944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4000632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3110681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3097671,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
Agriculture is a vital development tool for achieving the Millennium Development Goal that calls for halving by 2015 the share of people suffering from extreme poverty and hunger. That is the overall message of this year's World Development Report (WDR), the 30th in the series. Three out of every four poor people in developing countries live in rural areas, and most of them depend directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihoods. This report provides guidance to governments and the international community on designing and implementing agriculture for development agendas that can make a difference in the lives of hundreds of millions of rural poor. The report highlights two major regional challenges. In much of Sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is a strong option for spurring growth, overcoming poverty, and enhancing food security. Agricultural productivity growth is vital for stimulating growth in other parts of the economy. But accelerated growth requires a sharp productivity increase in smallholder farming combined with more effective support to the millions coping as subsistence farmers, many of them in remote areas. Recent improved performance holds promise, and this report identifies many emerging successes that can be scaled up. In Asia, overcoming widespread poverty requires confronting widening rural-urban income disparities. Asia's fast-growing economies remain home to over 600 million rural people living in extreme poverty, and despite massive rural-urban migration, rural poverty will remain dominant for several more decades. For this reason, the WDR focuses on ways to generate rural jobs by diversifying into labor intensive, high value agriculture linked to a dynamic rural, non-farm sector. In all regions, with rising land and water scarcity and the added pressures of a globalizing world, the future of agriculture is intrinsically tied to better stewardship of natural resources. With the right incentives and investments, agriculture's environmental footprint can be lightened and environmental services harnessed to protect watersheds and biodiversity.
|
C47768531
|
Development economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302320935025
|
sub-field of economics
|
Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution
|
[
{
"display_name": "Prosperity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776554220",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7400964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760011"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5775095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Proxy (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780148112",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5395294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581"
},
{
"display_name": "Urbanization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39853841",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5159758,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47985548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4617017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45956284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4502364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3461967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33267725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
}
] |
Among countries colonized by European powers during the past 500 years, those that were relatively rich in 1500 are now relatively poor. We document this reversal using data on urbanization patterns and population density, which, we argue, proxy for economic prosperity. This reversal weighs against a view that links economic development to geographic factors. Instead, we argue that the reversal reflects changes in the institutions resulting from European colonialism. The European intervention appears to have created an "institutional reversal" among these societies, meaning that Europeans were more likely to introduce institutions encouraging investment in regions that were previously poor. This institutional reversal accounts for the reversal in relative incomes. We provide further support for this view by documenting that the reversal in relative incomes took place during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and resulted from societies with good institutions taking advantage of the opportunity to industrialize.
|
C47768531
|
Development economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2657333
|
sub-field of economics
|
The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies of Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality, and Poverty in the Western Countries
|
[
{
"display_name": "Redistribution (election)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74080474",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.86250865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7305975"
},
{
"display_name": "Welfare state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129603779",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.80899304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192451"
},
{
"display_name": "Poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75625944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7224098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351"
},
{
"display_name": "Welfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52819806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49817443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4881745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C513380476",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46353722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020"
},
{
"display_name": "Redistribution of income and wealth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110458093",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4621893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155757"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4400246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42594752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38001946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
The debates on how to reduce poverty and inequality have focused on two controversial questions.One is whether social policies should be targeted to low-income groups or universal; another whether benefits should be equal for all or earnings-related.Traditional arguments in favor of targeting and flat-rate benefits, focusing on the distribution of the money actually transferred, have neglected three policy-relevant considerations: 1.The size of redistributive budgets is not fixed but reflects the structure of welfare state institutions.2. There tends to be a tradeoff between the degree of lowincome targeting and the size of redistributive budgets.3. Outcomes of market-based distribution are often even more unequal than those of earnings-related social insurance programs.We argue that social insurance institutions are of central importance for redistributive outcomes.Using new data bases, our comparative analyses of the effects of different institutional types of welfare states on poverty and inequality indicate that institutional differences lead to unexpected outcomes and generate the paradox of redistribution: The more we target benefits at the poor and the more concerned we are with creating equality via equal public transfers to all, the less likely we are to reduce poverty and inequality.
|
C47768531
|
Development economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/20048292
|
sub-field of economics
|
Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4838699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46755612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37741765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34741217,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
}
] |
Empirical findings for a panel of around 100 countries from 1960 to 1990 strongly support the general notion of conditional convergence.For a given starting level of real per capita GDP, the growth rate is enhanced by higher initial schooling and life expectancy, lower fertility, lower government consumption, better maintenance of the rule of law, lower inflation, and improvements in the terms of trade.For given values of these and other variables, growth is negatively related to the initial level of real per capita GDP.Political freedom has only a weak effect on growth but there is some indication of a nonlinear relation.At low levels of political rights, an expansion of these rights stimulates economic growth.However, once a moderate amount of democracy has been attained, a further expansion reduces growth.In contrast to the small effect of democracy on growth, there is a strong positive influence of the standard of living on a country's propensity to experience democracy.
|
C47768531
|
Development economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.4.1076
|
sub-field of economics
|
The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development
|
[
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.86972755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Decentralization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136810230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80845237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961"
},
{
"display_name": "Negotiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6769599,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875"
},
{
"display_name": "Authoritarianism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68346564",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6242821,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6229"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.59119666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Institution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780510313",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5742735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706"
},
{
"display_name": "Poverty reduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992104146",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50500494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824165"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49339858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48619002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47046432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic reform",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992544869",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43122745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839494"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40478408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
},
{
"display_name": "Poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189326681",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3818024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3247348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3218025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31073034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30556738,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
}
] |
China's economic reforms have resulted in spectacular growth and poverty reduction. However, China's institutions look ill-suited to achieve such a result, and they indeed suffer from serious shortcomings. To solve the “China puzzle,” this paper analyzes China's institution—a regionally decentralized authoritarian system. The central government has control over personnel, whereas subnational governments run the bulk of the economy; and they initiate, negotiate, implement, divert, and resist reforms, policies, rules, and laws. China's reform trajectories have been shaped by regional decentralization. Spectacular performance on the one hand and grave problems on the other hand are all determined by this governance structure. (JEL O17, O18, O43, P21, P25, P26)
|
C173608175
|
Parallel computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334
|
programming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously
|
AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading
|
[
{
"display_name": "AutoDock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780152424",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9046613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826062"
},
{
"display_name": "Multithreading",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201410400",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8171991,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064412"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7585789,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6117605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187691185",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5036661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4492966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Docking (animal)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41685203",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43375167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1974042"
}
] |
AutoDock Vina, a new program for molecular docking and virtual screening, is presented. AutoDock Vina achieves an approximately two orders of magnitude speed-up compared with the molecular docking software previously developed in our lab (AutoDock 4), while also significantly improving the accuracy of the binding mode predictions, judging by our tests on the training set used in AutoDock 4 development. Further speed-up is achieved from parallelism, by using multithreading on multicore machines. AutoDock Vina automatically calculates the grid maps and clusters the results in a way transparent to the user. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2010
|
C173608175
|
Parallel computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20289
|
programming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously
|
Scalable molecular dynamics with NAMD
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.83816624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5939541,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55093557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59593255",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5224556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48253557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Scripting language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61423126",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47805765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C459310",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4376531,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21442007",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43407166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879"
},
{
"display_name": "Code (set theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776760102",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42324477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4072982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
}
] |
Abstract NAMD is a parallel molecular dynamics code designed for high‐performance simulation of large biomolecular systems. NAMD scales to hundreds of processors on high‐end parallel platforms, as well as tens of processors on low‐cost commodity clusters, and also runs on individual desktop and laptop computers. NAMD works with AMBER and CHARMM potential functions, parameters, and file formats. This article, directed to novices as well as experts, first introduces concepts and methods used in the NAMD program, describing the classical molecular dynamics force field, equations of motion, and integration methods along with the efficient electrostatics evaluation algorithms employed and temperature and pressure controls used. Features for steering the simulation across barriers and for calculating both alchemical and conformational free energy differences are presented. The motivations for and a roadmap to the internal design of NAMD, implemented in C++ and based on Charm++ parallel objects, are outlined. The factors affecting the serial and parallel performance of a simulation are discussed. Finally, typical NAMD use is illustrated with representative applications to a small, a medium, and a large biomolecular system, highlighting particular features of NAMD, for example, the Tcl scripting language. The article also provides a list of the key features of NAMD and discusses the benefits of combining NAMD with the molecular graphics/sequence analysis software VMD and the grid computing/collaboratory software BioCoRE. NAMD is distributed free of charge with source code at www.ks.uiuc.edu . © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1781–1802, 2005
|
C173608175
|
Parallel computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446
|
programming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously
|
RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models
|
[
{
"display_name": "Taxon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71640776",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6717839,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16521"
},
{
"display_name": "Inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776214188",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6426134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.54704064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetic tree",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193252679",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5115341,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49029687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Maximum likelihood",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49781872",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46866286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555"
}
] |
Abstract Summary: RAxML-VI-HPC (randomized axelerated maximum likelihood for high performance computing) is a sequential and parallel program for inference of large phylogenies with maximum likelihood (ML). Low-level technical optimizations, a modification of the search algorithm, and the use of the GTR+CAT approximation as replacement for GTR+Γ yield a program that is between 2.7 and 52 times faster than the previous version of RAxML. A large-scale performance comparison with GARLI, PHYML, IQPNNI and MrBayes on real data containing 1000 up to 6722 taxa shows that RAxML requires at least 5.6 times less main memory and yields better trees in similar times than the best competing program (GARLI) on datasets up to 2500 taxa. On datasets ≥4000 taxa it also runs 2–3 times faster than GARLI. RAxML has been parallelized with MPI to conduct parallel multiple bootstraps and inferences on distinct starting trees. The program has been used to compute ML trees on two of the largest alignments to date containing 25 057 (1463 bp) and 2182 (51 089 bp) taxa, respectively. Availability: Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
|
C173608175
|
Parallel computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ct700301q
|
programming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously
|
GROMACS 4: Algorithms for Highly Efficient, Load-Balanced, and Scalable Molecular Simulation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.82383657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7295151,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49487108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C459310",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47863284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801"
},
{
"display_name": "Node (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62611344",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4600366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59593255",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44149145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4363558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Supercomputer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83283714",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43138534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117"
},
{
"display_name": "Domain decomposition methods",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198880260",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42968807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5289813"
},
{
"display_name": "Solver",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778770139",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41128844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904"
}
] |
Molecular simulation is an extremely useful, but computationally very expensive tool for studies of chemical and biomolecular systems. Here, we present a new implementation of our molecular simulation toolkit GROMACS which now both achieves extremely high performance on single processors from algorithmic optimizations and hand-coded routines and simultaneously scales very well on parallel machines. The code encompasses a minimal-communication domain decomposition algorithm, full dynamic load balancing, a state-of-the-art parallel constraint solver, and efficient virtual site algorithms that allow removal of hydrogen atom degrees of freedom to enable integration time steps up to 5 fs for atomistic simulations also in parallel. To improve the scaling properties of the common particle mesh Ewald electrostatics algorithms, we have in addition used a Multiple-Program, Multiple-Data approach, with separate node domains responsible for direct and reciprocal space interactions. Not only does this combination of algorithms enable extremely long simulations of large systems but also it provides that simulation performance on quite modest numbers of standard cluster nodes.
|
C173608175
|
Parallel computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436
|
programming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously
|
MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fast Fourier transform",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75172450",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9406639,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.63284385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiple sequence alignment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88031987",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.61605984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377767"
},
{
"display_name": "Split-radix FFT algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103755468",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.56254077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17103599"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778112365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5342841,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4986937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Benchmark (surveying)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185798385",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4728822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44240922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Heuristics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127705205",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44188938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence alignment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45484198",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43373317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827246"
},
{
"display_name": "Fourier transform",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102519508",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35674644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C459310",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33443385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3166872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
A multiple sequence alignment program, MAFFT, has been developed. The CPU time is drastically reduced as compared with existing methods. MAFFT includes two novel techniques. (i) Homo logous regions are rapidly identified by the fast Fourier transform (FFT), in which an amino acid sequence is converted to a sequence composed of volume and polarity values of each amino acid residue. (ii) We propose a simplified scoring system that performs well for reducing CPU time and increasing the accuracy of alignments even for sequences having large insertions or extensions as well as distantly related sequences of similar length. Two different heuristics, the progressive method (FFT‐NS‐2) and the iterative refinement method (FFT‐NS‐i), are implemented in MAFFT. The performances of FFT‐NS‐2 and FFT‐NS‐i were compared with other methods by computer simulations and benchmark tests; the CPU time of FFT‐NS‐2 is drastically reduced as compared with CLUSTALW with comparable accuracy. FFT‐NS‐i is over 100 times faster than T‐COFFEE, when the number of input sequences exceeds 60, without sacrificing the accuracy.
|
C173608175
|
Parallel computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2011.37
|
programming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously
|
The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Python (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519991488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8236699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865"
},
{
"display_name": "Computation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45374587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7660246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525"
},
{
"display_name": "Copying",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779151265",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.736698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71241915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Data structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162319229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58650666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C459310",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5813523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53015906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Array data structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146064661",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41407698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186152"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33197743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
}
] |
In the Python world, NumPy arrays are the standard representation for numerical data. Here, we show how these arrays enable efficient implementation of numerical computations in a high-level language. Overall, three techniques are applied to improve performance: vectorizing calculations, avoiding copying data in memory, and minimizing operation counts. We first present the NumPy array structure, then show how to use it for efficient computation, and finally how to share array data with other libraries.
|
C173608175
|
Parallel computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts565
|
programming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously
|
CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data
|
[
{
"display_name": "Speedup",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68339613",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.87508726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.797524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Cluster analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73555534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7607699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825"
},
{
"display_name": "Redundancy (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152124472",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6839652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49600562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778112365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47261193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4339503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
}
] |
CD-HIT is a widely used program for clustering biological sequences to reduce sequence redundancy and improve the performance of other sequence analyses. In response to the rapid increase in the amount of sequencing data produced by the next-generation sequencing technologies, we have developed a new CD-HIT program accelerated with a novel parallelization strategy and some other techniques to allow efficient clustering of such datasets. Our tests demonstrated very good speedup derived from the parallelization for up to ∼24 cores and a quasi-linear speedup for up to ∼8 cores. The enhanced CD-HIT is capable of handling very large datasets in much shorter time than previous versions.http://[email protected] data are available at Bioinformatics online.
|
C173608175
|
Parallel computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/321738.321743
|
programming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously
|
Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer multitasking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154556556",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84504247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192969"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8118926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scheduling (production processes)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206729178",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6855326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896"
},
{
"display_name": "Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122141398",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5596083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456330"
},
{
"display_name": "Earliest deadline first scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32310161",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5589424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q666365"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48582742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Fair-share scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31689143",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4812705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733809"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46829218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic priority scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107568181",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4657954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000"
},
{
"display_name": "Rate-monotonic scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127456818",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45726642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238879"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38754433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36454558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
}
] |
The problem of multiprogram scheduling on a single processor is studied from the viewpoint of the characteristics peculiar to the program functions that need guaranteed service. It is shown that an optimum fixed priority scheduler possesses an upper bound to processor utilization which may be as low as 70 percent for large task sets. It is also shown that full processor utilization can be achieved by dynamically assigning priorities on the basis of their current deadlines. A combination of these two scheduling techniques is also discussed.
|
C194828623
|
Emergency medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775
|
medical specialty concerned with care for patients who require immediate medical attention
|
Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.97478354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Interquartile range",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119060515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8816953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916617"
},
{
"display_name": "Comorbidity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779159551",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56241214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care unit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776376669",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50918955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical ventilation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777080012",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48498845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3766250"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46658924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4544362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43840432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Mortality rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42719346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40249693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of US patients requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in a US health care system.Case series of patients with COVID-19 admitted to 12 hospitals in New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County, New York, within the Northwell Health system. The study included all sequentially hospitalized patients between March 1, 2020, and April 4, 2020, inclusive of these dates.Confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by positive result on polymerase chain reaction testing of a nasopharyngeal sample among patients requiring admission.Clinical outcomes during hospitalization, such as invasive mechanical ventilation, kidney replacement therapy, and death. Demographics, baseline comorbidities, presenting vital signs, and test results were also collected.A total of 5700 patients were included (median age, 63 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 52-75; range, 0-107 years]; 39.7% female). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (3026; 56.6%), obesity (1737; 41.7%), and diabetes (1808; 33.8%). At triage, 30.7% of patients were febrile, 17.3% had a respiratory rate greater than 24 breaths/min, and 27.8% received supplemental oxygen. The rate of respiratory virus co-infection was 2.1%. Outcomes were assessed for 2634 patients who were discharged or had died at the study end point. During hospitalization, 373 patients (14.2%) (median age, 68 years [IQR, 56-78]; 33.5% female) were treated in the intensive care unit care, 320 (12.2%) received invasive mechanical ventilation, 81 (3.2%) were treated with kidney replacement therapy, and 553 (21%) died. As of April 4, 2020, for patients requiring mechanical ventilation (n = 1151, 20.2%), 38 (3.3%) were discharged alive, 282 (24.5%) died, and 831 (72.2%) remained in hospital. The median postdischarge follow-up time was 4.4 days (IQR, 2.2-9.3). A total of 45 patients (2.2%) were readmitted during the study period. The median time to readmission was 3 days (IQR, 1.0-4.5) for readmitted patients. Among the 3066 patients who remained hospitalized at the final study follow-up date (median age, 65 years [IQR, 54-75]), the median follow-up at time of censoring was 4.5 days (IQR, 2.4-8.1).This case series provides characteristics and early outcomes of sequentially hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 in the New York City area.
|
C194828623
|
Emergency medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0b013e318284056a
|
medical specialty concerned with care for patients who require immediate medical attention
|
Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.90252167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Stroke (engine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780645631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74847424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554"
},
{
"display_name": "Guideline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780182762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6038034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5822811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382"
},
{
"display_name": "Triage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777120189",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5541081,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46805686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46611884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "Grading (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777286243",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46363562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency department",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780724011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43760216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295316"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medical services",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545288138",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4354715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860447"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41610807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41136488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "MEDLINE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41094488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899"
}
] |
Background and Purpose— The authors present an overview of the current evidence and management recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audiences are prehospital care providers, physicians, allied health professionals, and hospital administrators responsible for the care of acute ischemic stroke patients within the first 48 hours from stroke onset. These guidelines supersede the prior 2007 guidelines and 2009 updates. Methods— Members of the writing committee were appointed by the American Stroke Association Stroke Council’s Scientific Statement Oversight Committee, representing various areas of medical expertise. Strict adherence to the American Heart Association conflict of interest policy was maintained throughout the consensus process. Panel members were assigned topics relevant to their areas of expertise, reviewed the stroke literature with emphasis on publications since the prior guidelines, and drafted recommendations in accordance with the American Heart Association Stroke Council’s Level of Evidence grading algorithm. Results— The goal of these guidelines is to limit the morbidity and mortality associated with stroke. The guidelines support the overarching concept of stroke systems of care and detail aspects of stroke care from patient recognition; emergency medical services activation, transport, and triage; through the initial hours in the emergency department and stroke unit. The guideline discusses early stroke evaluation and general medical care, as well as ischemic stroke, specific interventions such as reperfusion strategies, and general physiological optimization for cerebral resuscitation. Conclusions— Because many of the recommendations are based on limited data, additional research on treatment of acute ischemic stroke remains urgently needed.
|
C194828623
|
Emergency medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/cc5713
|
medical specialty concerned with care for patients who require immediate medical attention
|
Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.95299196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Acute kidney injury",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780472472",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.862212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424337"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47793892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4461108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35195792,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30703327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
Abstract Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disorder for which currently there is no accepted definition. Having a uniform standard for diagnosing and classifying AKI would enhance our ability to manage these patients. Future clinical and translational research in AKI will require collaborative networks of investigators drawn from various disciplines, dissemination of information via multidisciplinary joint conferences and publications, and improved translation of knowledge from pre-clinical research. We describe an initiative to develop uniform standards for defining and classifying AKI and to establish a forum for multidisciplinary interaction to improve care for patients with or at risk for AKI. Methods Members representing key societies in critical care and nephrology along with additional experts in adult and pediatric AKI participated in a two day conference in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in September 2005 and were assigned to one of three workgroups. Each group's discussions formed the basis for draft recommendations that were later refined and improved during discussion with the larger group. Dissenting opinions were also noted. The final draft recommendations were circulated to all participants and subsequently agreed upon as the consensus recommendations for this report. Participating societies endorsed the recommendations and agreed to help disseminate the results. Results The term AKI is proposed to represent the entire spectrum of acute renal failure. Diagnostic criteria for AKI are proposed based on acute alterations in serum creatinine or urine output. A staging system for AKI which reflects quantitative changes in serum creatinine and urine output has been developed. Conclusion We describe the formation of a multidisciplinary collaborative network focused on AKI. We have proposed uniform standards for diagnosing and classifying AKI which will need to be validated in future studies. The Acute Kidney Injury Network offers a mechanism for proceeding with efforts to improve patient outcomes.
|
C194828623
|
Emergency medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394
|
medical specialty concerned with care for patients who require immediate medical attention
|
Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9516827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care unit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776376669",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6440583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987404301",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58421856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Comorbidity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779159551",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5319066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50883895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.43789744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.437739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4223846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37079504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) emerged in China and has spread globally, creating a pandemic. Information about the clinical characteristics of infected patients who require intensive care is limited.To characterize patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) in the Lombardy region of Italy.Retrospective case series of 1591 consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 referred for ICU admission to the coordinator center (Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy) of the COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network and treated at one of the ICUs of the 72 hospitals in this network between February 20 and March 18, 2020. Date of final follow-up was March 25, 2020.SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swabs.Demographic and clinical data were collected, including data on clinical management, respiratory failure, and patient mortality. Data were recorded by the coordinator center on an electronic worksheet during telephone calls by the staff of the COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network.Of the 1591 patients included in the study, the median (IQR) age was 63 (56-70) years and 1304 (82%) were male. Of the 1043 patients with available data, 709 (68%) had at least 1 comorbidity and 509 (49%) had hypertension. Among 1300 patients with available respiratory support data, 1287 (99% [95% CI, 98%-99%]) needed respiratory support, including 1150 (88% [95% CI, 87%-90%]) who received mechanical ventilation and 137 (11% [95% CI, 9%-12%]) who received noninvasive ventilation. The median positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was 14 (IQR, 12-16) cm H2O, and Fio2 was greater than 50% in 89% of patients. The median Pao2/Fio2 was 160 (IQR, 114-220). The median PEEP level was not different between younger patients (n = 503 aged ≤63 years) and older patients (n = 514 aged ≥64 years) (14 [IQR, 12-15] vs 14 [IQR, 12-16] cm H2O, respectively; median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .94). Median Fio2 was lower in younger patients: 60% (IQR, 50%-80%) vs 70% (IQR, 50%-80%) (median difference, -10% [95% CI, -14% to 6%]; P = .006), and median Pao2/Fio2 was higher in younger patients: 163.5 (IQR, 120-230) vs 156 (IQR, 110-205) (median difference, 7 [95% CI, -8 to 22]; P = .02). Patients with hypertension (n = 509) were older than those without hypertension (n = 526) (median [IQR] age, 66 years [60-72] vs 62 years [54-68]; P < .001) and had lower Pao2/Fio2 (median [IQR], 146 [105-214] vs 173 [120-222]; median difference, -27 [95% CI, -42 to -12]; P = .005). Among the 1581 patients with ICU disposition data available as of March 25, 2020, 920 patients (58% [95% CI, 56%-61%]) were still in the ICU, 256 (16% [95% CI, 14%-18%]) were discharged from the ICU, and 405 (26% [95% CI, 23%-28%]) had died in the ICU. Older patients (n = 786; age ≥64 years) had higher mortality than younger patients (n = 795; age ≤63 years) (36% vs 15%; difference, 21% [95% CI, 17%-26%]; P < .001).In this case series of critically ill patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs in Lombardy, Italy, the majority were older men, a large proportion required mechanical ventilation and high levels of PEEP, and ICU mortality was 26%.
|
C194828623
|
Emergency medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa0810119
|
medical specialty concerned with care for patients who require immediate medical attention
|
A Surgical Safety Checklist to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality in a Global Population
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9443828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Checklist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779356329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9308134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922625"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4831371,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Tanzania",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779357621",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45550326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495"
},
{
"display_name": "Mortality rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44932634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44793144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Patient safety",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779328685",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41485465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40124762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33142948,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
}
] |
Surgery has become an integral part of global health care, with an estimated 234 million operations performed yearly. Surgical complications are common and often preventable. We hypothesized that a program to implement a 19-item surgical safety checklist designed to improve team communication and consistency of care would reduce complications and deaths associated with surgery.Between October 2007 and September 2008, eight hospitals in eight cities (Toronto, Canada; New Delhi, India; Amman, Jordan; Auckland, New Zealand; Manila, Philippines; Ifakara, Tanzania; London, England; and Seattle, WA) representing a variety of economic circumstances and diverse populations of patients participated in the World Health Organization's Safe Surgery Saves Lives program. We prospectively collected data on clinical processes and outcomes from 3733 consecutively enrolled patients 16 years of age or older who were undergoing noncardiac surgery. We subsequently collected data on 3955 consecutively enrolled patients after the introduction of the Surgical Safety Checklist. The primary end point was the rate of complications, including death, during hospitalization within the first 30 days after the operation.The rate of death was 1.5% before the checklist was introduced and declined to 0.8% afterward (P=0.003). Inpatient complications occurred in 11.0% of patients at baseline and in 7.0% after introduction of the checklist (P<0.001).Implementation of the checklist was associated with concomitant reductions in the rates of death and complications among patients at least 16 years of age who were undergoing noncardiac surgery in a diverse group of hospitals.
|
C194828623
|
Emergency medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0000000000000211
|
medical specialty concerned with care for patients who require immediate medical attention
|
Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9719286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Guideline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780182762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7767086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279"
},
{
"display_name": "Ischemic stroke",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020199598",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65838575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12202"
},
{
"display_name": "Stroke (engine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780645631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6530895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554"
},
{
"display_name": "Health professionals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019806175",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56040746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51869476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Acute stroke",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020166492",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4875426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12202"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42794597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4244891,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3418024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
}
] |
Background and Purpose- The purpose of these guidelines is to provide an up-to-date comprehensive set of recommendations in a single document for clinicians caring for adult patients with acute arterial ischemic stroke. The intended audiences are prehospital care providers, physicians, allied health professionals, and hospital administrators. These guidelines supersede the 2013 Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) Guidelines and are an update of the 2018 AIS Guidelines. Methods- Members of the writing group were appointed by the American Heart Association (AHA) Stroke Council's Scientific Statements Oversight Committee, representing various areas of medical expertise. Members were not allowed to participate in discussions or to vote on topics relevant to their relations with industry. An update of the 2013 AIS Guidelines was originally published in January 2018. This guideline was approved by the AHA Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee and the AHA Executive Committee. In April 2018, a revision to these guidelines, deleting some recommendations, was published online by the AHA. The writing group was asked review the original document and revise if appropriate. In June 2018, the writing group submitted a document with minor changes and with inclusion of important newly published randomized controlled trials with >100 participants and clinical outcomes at least 90 days after AIS. The document was sent to 14 peer reviewers. The writing group evaluated the peer reviewers' comments and revised when appropriate. The current final document was approved by all members of the writing group except when relationships with industry precluded members from voting and by the governing bodies of the AHA. These guidelines use the American College of Cardiology/AHA 2015 Class of Recommendations and Level of Evidence and the new AHA guidelines format. Results- These guidelines detail prehospital care, urgent and emergency evaluation and treatment with intravenous and intra-arterial therapies, and in-hospital management, including secondary prevention measures that are appropriately instituted within the first 2 weeks. The guidelines support the overarching concept of stroke systems of care in both the prehospital and hospital settings. Conclusions- These guidelines provide general recommendations based on the currently available evidence to guide clinicians caring for adult patients with acute arterial ischemic stroke. In many instances, however, only limited data exist demonstrating the urgent need for continued research on treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
|
C194828623
|
Emergency medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0000000000000158
|
medical specialty concerned with care for patients who require immediate medical attention
|
2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.96531796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Guideline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780182762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75528955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279"
},
{
"display_name": "Stroke (engine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780645631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7168981,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554"
},
{
"display_name": "Association (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142853389",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6077773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778"
},
{
"display_name": "Ischemic stroke",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020199598",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56038326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12202"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51120096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Health professionals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019806175",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44905782,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43800896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38639665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3735593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.363795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3572587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712"
}
] |
Correction This article has two related Corrections: (10.1161/STR.0000000000000163) (10.1161/STR.0000000000000172)
|
C194828623
|
Emergency medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq433
|
medical specialty concerned with care for patients who require immediate medical attention
|
Updating and Validating the Charlson Comorbidity Index and Score for Risk Adjustment in Hospital Discharge Abstracts Using Data From 6 Countries
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.91613305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Charlson comorbidity index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019063607",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.82054096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874"
},
{
"display_name": "Comorbidity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779159551",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7912564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874"
},
{
"display_name": "Index (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5810201,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5010226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Hospital discharge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017624810",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48621073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259564"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43828177,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
With advances in the effectiveness of treatment and disease management, the contribution of chronic comorbid diseases (comorbidities) found within the Charlson comorbidity index to mortality is likely to have changed since development of the index in 1984. The authors reevaluated the Charlson index and reassigned weights to each condition by identifying and following patients to observe mortality within 1 year after hospital discharge. They applied the updated index and weights to hospital discharge data from 6 countries and tested for their ability to predict in-hospital mortality. Compared with the original Charlson weights, weights generated from the Calgary, Alberta, Canada, data (2004) were 0 for 5 comorbidities, decreased for 3 comorbidities, increased for 4 comorbidities, and did not change for 5 comorbidities. The C statistics for discriminating in-hospital mortality between the new score generated from the 12 comorbidities and the Charlson score were 0.825 (new) and 0.808 (old), respectively, in Australian data (2008), 0.828 and 0.825 in Canadian data (2008), 0.878 and 0.882 in French data (2004), 0.727 and 0.723 in Japanese data (2008), 0.831 and 0.836 in New Zealand data (2008), and 0.869 and 0.876 in Swiss data (2008). The updated index of 12 comorbidities showed good-to-excellent discrimination in predicting in-hospital mortality in data from 6 countries and may be more appropriate for use with more recent administrative data.
|
C126894567
|
Urology
|
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006
|
subspecialty of surgery
|
A New Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate
|
[
{
"display_name": "Renal function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159641895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8239548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108377937"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8041012,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779874844",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6696845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967281"
},
{
"display_name": "Kidney disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778653478",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.648994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718"
},
{
"display_name": "Interquartile range",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119060515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61402833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916617"
},
{
"display_name": "Urology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126894567",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5647198,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650"
},
{
"display_name": "Creatinine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780306776",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5193392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426660"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Cystatin C",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779548226",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46656764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413243"
},
{
"display_name": "Estimating equations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204016326",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44486058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5401384"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48921125",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42584422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4224253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3875966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3505877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
}
] |
Background: Equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are routinely used to assess kidney function. Current equations have limited precision and systematically underestimate measured GFR at higher values. Objective: To develop a new estimating equation for GFR: the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Design: Cross-sectional analysis with separate pooled data sets for equation development and validation and a representative sample of the U.S. population for prevalence estimates. Setting: Research studies and clinical populations (“studies”) with measured GFR and NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), 1999 to 2006. Participants: 8254 participants in 10 studies (equation development data set) and 3896 participants in 16 studies (validation data set). Prevalence estimates were based on 16 032 participants in NHANES. Measurements: GFR, measured as the clearance of exogenous filtration markers (iothalamate in the development data set; iothalamate and other markers in the validation data set), and linear regression to estimate the logarithm of measured GFR from standardized creatinine levels, sex, race, and age. Results: In the validation data set, the CKD-EPI equation performed better than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation, especially at higher GFR (P < 0.001 for all subsequent comparisons), with less bias (median difference between measured and estimated GFR, 2.5 vs. 5.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2), improved precision (interquartile range [IQR] of the differences, 16.6 vs. 18.3 mL/min per 1.73 m2), and greater accuracy (percentage of estimated GFR within 30% of measured GFR, 84.1% vs. 80.6%). In NHANES, the median estimated GFR was 94.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (IQR, 79.7 to 108.1) vs. 85.0 (IQR, 72.9 to 98.5) mL/min per 1.73 m2, and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 11.5% (95% CI, 10.6% to 12.4%) versus 13.1% (CI, 12.1% to 14.0%). Limitation: The sample contained a limited number of elderly people and racial and ethnic minorities with measured GFR. Conclusion: The CKD-EPI creatinine equation is more accurate than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation and could replace it for routine clinical use. Primary Funding Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
|
C126894567
|
Urology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa011161
|
subspecialty of surgery
|
Effects of Losartan on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9416216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Losartan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780288358",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8696486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410074"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60330707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetic nephropathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779922275",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5611481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129105"
},
{
"display_name": "Nephropathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781184683",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55900466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5520806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Type 2 diabetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777180221",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53864175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883"
},
{
"display_name": "Creatinine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780306776",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47602016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426660"
},
{
"display_name": "Kidney disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778653478",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4734504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84393581",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46198162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642"
},
{
"display_name": "Proteinuria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779561371",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45687854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570197"
},
{
"display_name": "Urology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126894567",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44657367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650"
},
{
"display_name": "Renal function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159641895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42805734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108377937"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41251975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Angiotensin II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908929049",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.36817163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65963433"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33647308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
}
] |
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Interruption of the renin–angiotensin system slows the progression of renal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes, but similar data are not available for patients with type 2, the most common form of diabetes. We assessed the role of the angiotensin-II–receptor antagonist losartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.
|
C126894567
|
Urology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa011303
|
subspecialty of surgery
|
Renoprotective Effect of the Angiotensin-Receptor Antagonist Irbesartan in Patients with Nephropathy Due to Type 2 Diabetes
|
[
{
"display_name": "Irbesartan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780259554",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.99186707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947266"
},
{
"display_name": "Amlodipine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779646130",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9016112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411347"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.89988524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63368285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetic nephropathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779922275",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6006542,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129105"
},
{
"display_name": "Creatinine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780306776",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5879551,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426660"
},
{
"display_name": "Type 2 diabetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777180221",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5298486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84393581",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5030226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49854016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Angiotensin II receptor antagonist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780708007",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.49734023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285044"
},
{
"display_name": "Urology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126894567",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48364723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4529251,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Kidney disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778653478",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45094657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4506361,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Nephropathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781184683",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42789698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718"
},
{
"display_name": "Angiotensin II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908929049",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.38772225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65963433"
},
{
"display_name": "Angiotensin receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104849204",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.32539243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24778533"
}
] |
It is unknown whether either the angiotensin-II–receptor blocker irbesartan or the calcium-channel blocker amlodipine slows the progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes independently of its capacity to lower the systemic blood pressure.
|
C126894567
|
Urology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199311113292004
|
subspecialty of surgery
|
The Effect of Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition on Diabetic Nephropathy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.94622517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Captopril",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779479957",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.90061235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421119"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetic nephropathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779922275",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8299967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129105"
},
{
"display_name": "Nephropathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781184683",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68465906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718"
},
{
"display_name": "Renal function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159641895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65383995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108377937"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84393581",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6190267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642"
},
{
"display_name": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27016395",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53445303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128861"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51091164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48518854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Hypertensive Nephropathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910852105",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44197524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434446"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42005146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Kidney",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780091579",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4082696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9377"
},
{
"display_name": "Urology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126894567",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.405146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650"
}
] |
Renal function declines progressively in patients who have diabetic nephropathy, and the decline may be slowed by antihypertensive drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether captopril has kidney-protecting properties independent of its effect on blood pressure in diabetic nephropathy.
|
C126894567
|
Urology
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000351405
|
subspecialty of surgery
|
Efficacy and Safety of Tadalafil Monotherapy for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Secondary to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Meta-Analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tadalafil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780816001",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9784447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424156"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.92783844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "International Prostate Symptom Score",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776547966",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.8200769,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283551"
},
{
"display_name": "Lower urinary tract symptoms",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779478474",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7901126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446372"
},
{
"display_name": "Urology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126894567",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7218577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650"
},
{
"display_name": "Erectile dysfunction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779929075",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6486057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184674"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.598932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Adverse effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197934379",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53572184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938"
},
{
"display_name": "Concomitant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779384505",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5020869,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007513"
},
{
"display_name": "Urinary system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77411442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41593778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181100"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35016638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Prostate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776235491",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.3277303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625"
}
] |
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tadalafil monotherapy for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH). Methods: A comprehensive search was done to identify randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy and safety of tadalafil for LUTS/BPH with placebos. Meta-analytical techniques were applied to evaluate the differences in the study results. Results: Eight studies were identified and analyzed. Compared with placebo, tadalafil was associated with significant improvements in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) (mean difference = -2.19, p < 0.00001) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score (mean difference = +4.66, p < 0.00001), despite the concomitant presence of erectile dysfunction. Significant differences were also observed in the IPSS irritative and obstructive subscores, IPSS quality of life index and BPH impact index. After pooling four doses (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg), tadalafil failed to produce a significant outcome in maximal urinary flow rate (Qmax) (mean difference = +0.26 ml/s, p = 0.14), but 5 mg of tadalafil significantly improved Qmax (mean difference = +0.63 ml/s, p = 0.04). No significant difference was detected in the incidence of serious adverse events (risk ratio = 1.00, p = 1.00) after tadalafil treatment. Conclusions: Tadalafil showed good efficacy and safety for improving LUTS and erectile dysfunction in men with BPH, and 5 mg of tadalafil significantly improved Qmax.
|
C126894567
|
Urology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200105103441904
|
subspecialty of surgery
|
Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) on Fractures and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.924631,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71216476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Femoral neck",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775854910",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69630206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4844892"
},
{
"display_name": "Bone mineral",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776886416",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6873689,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4941567"
},
{
"display_name": "Parathyroid hormone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781208988",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6645681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202476"
},
{
"display_name": "Osteoporosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776541429",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6277402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165328"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48019993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
},
{
"display_name": "Relative risk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82789193",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47810262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611"
},
{
"display_name": "Urology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126894567",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44868952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650"
},
{
"display_name": "Bone density",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779329777",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42494977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304401"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40450263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37049007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
}
] |
Once-daily injections of parathyroid hormone or its amino-terminal fragments increase bone formation and bone mass without causing hypercalcemia, but their effects on fractures are unknown.
|
C126894567
|
Urology
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.11.969
|
subspecialty of surgery
|
Biochemical Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy, External Beam Radiation Therapy, or Interstitial Radiation Therapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9498055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Prostate cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780192828",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7855251,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257"
},
{
"display_name": "Androgen deprivation therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777899217",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7408167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4759439"
},
{
"display_name": "Prostatectomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779466945",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.72525907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1765251"
},
{
"display_name": "Urology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126894567",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64639133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiation therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509974204",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6203132,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormonal therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778311097",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5467391,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5903784"
},
{
"display_name": "Implant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781411149",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486975"
},
{
"display_name": "Prostate-specific antigen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781406297",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4467627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409450"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3882544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35302818,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34571812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
}
] |
Context.-Interstitial radiation (implant) therapy is used to treat clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate, but how it compares with other treatments is not known.Objective.-Toestimate control of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after radical prostatectomy (RP), external beam radiation (RT), or implant with or without neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.Design.-Retrospective cohort study of outcome data compared using Cox regression multivariable analyses.Setting and Patients.-Atotal of 1872 men treated between January 1989 and October 1997 with an RP (n = 888) or implant with or without neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (n = 218) at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, or RT (n = 766) at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Boston, Mass, were enrolled.Main Outcome Measure.-Actuarialfreedom from PSA failure (defined as PSA outcome).Results.-The relative risk (RR) of PSA failure in low-risk patients (stage T1c, T2a and PSA level Յ10 ng/mL and Gleason score Յ6) treated using RT, implant plus androgen deprivation therapy, or implant therapy was 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-2.7),0.5 (95% CI, 0.1-1.9),and 1.1 (95% CI, 0.3-3.6),respectively, compared with those patients treated with RP.The RRs of PSA failure in the intermediate-risk patients (stage T2b or Gleason score of 7 or PSA level Ͼ10 and Յ20 ng/mL) and high-risk patients (stage T2c or PSA level Ͼ20 ng/mL or Gleason score Ն8) treated with implant compared with RP were 3.1 (95% CI, 1.5-6.1)and 3.0 (95% CI, 1.8-5.0),respectively.The addition of androgen deprivation to implant therapy did not improve PSA outcome in high-risk patients but resulted in a PSA outcome that was not statistically different compared with the results obtained using RP or RT in intermediate-risk patients.These results were unchanged when patients were stratified using the traditional rankings of biopsy Gleason scores of 2 through 4 vs 5 through 6 vs 7 vs 8 through 10.Conclusions.-Low-riskpatients had estimates of 5-year PSA outcome after treatment with RP, RT, or implant with or without neoadjuvant androgen deprivation that were not statistically different, whereas intermediate-and high-risk patients treated with RP or RT did better then those treated by implant.Prospective randomized trials are needed to verify these findings.
|
C126894567
|
Urology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1014618
|
subspecialty of surgery
|
Abiraterone and Increased Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Abiraterone acetate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775832370",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.92694485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27888393"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.92661047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Prednisone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778720950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7545999,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424972"
},
{
"display_name": "Prostate cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780192828",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7109622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257"
},
{
"display_name": "Hazard ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207103383",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67180264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.604276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Urology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126894567",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54847556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical endpoint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203092338",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.479165,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340863"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4520762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Antiandrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779322244",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4383252,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574820"
},
{
"display_name": "Interim analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61943457",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.436023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6046661"
},
{
"display_name": "Adverse effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197934379",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4202464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938"
},
{
"display_name": "Androgen deprivation therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777899217",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.39306077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4759439"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37257743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Randomized controlled trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168563851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3066562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30327904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
}
] |
Biosynthesis of extragonadal androgen may contribute to the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. We evaluated whether abiraterone acetate, an inhibitor of androgen biosynthesis, prolongs overall survival among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who have received chemotherapy.We randomly assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, 1195 patients who had previously received docetaxel to receive 5 mg of prednisone twice daily with either 1000 mg of abiraterone acetate (797 patients) or placebo (398 patients). The primary end point was overall survival. The secondary end points included time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression (elevation in the PSA level according to prespecified criteria), progression-free survival according to radiologic findings based on prespecified criteria, and the PSA response rate.After a median follow-up of 12.8 months, overall survival was longer in the abiraterone acetate-prednisone group than in the placebo-prednisone group (14.8 months vs. 10.9 months; hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.77; P<0.001). Data were unblinded at the interim analysis, since these results exceeded the preplanned criteria for study termination. All secondary end points, including time to PSA progression (10.2 vs. 6.6 months; P<0.001), progression-free survival (5.6 months vs. 3.6 months; P<0.001), and PSA response rate (29% vs. 6%, P<0.001), favored the treatment group. Mineralocorticoid-related adverse events, including fluid retention, hypertension, and hypokalemia, were more frequently reported in the abiraterone acetate-prednisone group than in the placebo-prednisone group.The inhibition of androgen biosynthesis by abiraterone acetate prolonged overall survival among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who previously received chemotherapy. (Funded by Cougar Biotechnology; COU-AA-301 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00638690.).
|
C19527891
|
Medical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22366
|
application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or healthcare
|
Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria
|
[
{
"display_name": "Multiple sclerosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780640218",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83766526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277"
},
{
"display_name": "McDonald criteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187382586",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5774486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208166"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.519184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4232946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933"
},
{
"display_name": "Diagnostic test",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82157600",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4132778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41170046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35366338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33250087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
}
] |
Abstract New evidence and consensus has led to further revision of the McDonald Criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The use of imaging for demonstration of dissemination of central nervous system lesions in space and time has been simplified, and in some circumstances dissemination in space and time can be established by a single scan. These revisions simplify the Criteria, preserve their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, address their applicability across populations, and may allow earlier diagnosis and more uniform and widespread use. Ann Neurol 2011
|
C19527891
|
Medical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.09.2403
|
application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or healthcare
|
Revised Response Criteria for Malignant Lymphoma
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.90433645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Harmonization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779962950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5776645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5659376"
},
{
"display_name": "Lymphoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779338263",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5707253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208414"
},
{
"display_name": "Positron emission tomography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775842073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4941142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208376"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C535046627",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4745646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37871152,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33313447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3223462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
}
] |
Purpose Standardized response criteria are needed to interpret and compare clinical trials and for approval of new therapeutic agents by regulatory agencies. Methods The International Working Group response criteria (Cheson et al, J Clin Oncol 17:1244, 1999) were widely adopted, but required reassessment because of identified limitations and the increased use of [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and flow cytometry. The International Harmonization Project was convened to provide updated recommendations. Results New guidelines are presented incorporating PET, IHC, and flow cytometry for definitions of response in non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Standardized definitions of end points are provided. Conclusion We hope that these guidelines will be adopted widely by study groups, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and regulatory agencies to facilitate the development of new and more effective therapies to improve the outcome of patients with lymphoma.
|
C19527891
|
Medical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.141
|
application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or healthcare
|
Guidelines for assessment of bone microstructure in rodents using micro–computed tomography
|
[
{
"display_name": "Terminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547195049",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70818734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.594571,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Segmentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89600930",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5774397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946"
},
{
"display_name": "Voxel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54170458",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5554258,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554"
},
{
"display_name": "Consistency (knowledge bases)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776436953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49540412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215"
},
{
"display_name": "Image processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9417928",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4825427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45886844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45873228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43905905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36144465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
}
] |
Abstract Use of high-resolution micro–computed tomography (µCT) imaging to assess trabecular and cortical bone morphology has grown immensely. There are several commercially available µCT systems, each with different approaches to image acquisition, evaluation, and reporting of outcomes. This lack of consistency makes it difficult to interpret reported results and to compare findings across different studies. This article addresses this critical need for standardized terminology and consistent reporting of parameters related to image acquisition and analysis, and key outcome assessments, particularly with respect to ex vivo analysis of rodent specimens. Thus the guidelines herein provide recommendations regarding (1) standardized terminology and units, (2) information to be included in describing the methods for a given experiment, and (3) a minimal set of outcome variables that should be reported. Whereas the specific research objective will determine the experimental design, these guidelines are intended to ensure accurate and consistent reporting of µCT-derived bone morphometry and density measurements. In particular, the methods section for papers that present µCT-based outcomes must include details of the following scan aspects: (1) image acquisition, including the scanning medium, X-ray tube potential, and voxel size, as well as clear descriptions of the size and location of the volume of interest and the method used to delineate trabecular and cortical bone regions, and (2) image processing, including the algorithms used for image filtration and the approach used for image segmentation. Morphometric analyses should be based on 3D algorithms that do not rely on assumptions about the underlying structure whenever possible. When reporting µCT results, the minimal set of variables that should be used to describe trabecular bone morphometry includes bone volume fraction and trabecular number, thickness, and separation. The minimal set of variables that should be used to describe cortical bone morphometry includes total cross-sectional area, cortical bone area, cortical bone area fraction, and cortical thickness. Other variables also may be appropriate depending on the research question and technical quality of the scan. Standard nomenclature, outlined in this article, should be followed for reporting of results. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|
C19527891
|
Medical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-3-25
|
application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or healthcare
|
The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews
|
[
{
"display_name": "Delphi method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60641444",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7595624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841602"
},
{
"display_name": "Delphi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779495148",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58959866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487378"
},
{
"display_name": "Systematic review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189708586",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5763552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54122484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Evidence-based medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19648533",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48168907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48059106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48038274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "MEDLINE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.390108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38286904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
In the era of evidence based medicine, with systematic reviews as its cornerstone, adequate quality assessment tools should be available. There is currently a lack of a systematically developed and evaluated tool for the assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. The aim of this project was to combine empirical evidence and expert opinion in a formal consensus method to develop a tool to be used in systematic reviews to assess the quality of primary studies of diagnostic accuracy. We conducted a Delphi procedure to develop the quality assessment tool by refining an initial list of items. Members of the Delphi panel were experts in the area of diagnostic research. The results of three previously conducted reviews of the diagnostic literature were used to generate a list of potential items for inclusion in the tool and to provide an evidence base upon which to develop the tool. A total of nine experts in the field of diagnostics took part in the Delphi procedure. The Delphi procedure consisted of four rounds, after which agreement was reached on the items to be included in the tool which we have called QUADAS. The initial list of 28 items was reduced to fourteen items in the final tool. Items included covered patient spectrum, reference standard, disease progression bias, verification bias, review bias, clinical review bias, incorporation bias, test execution, study withdrawals, and indeterminate results. The QUADAS tool is presented together with guidelines for scoring each of the items included in the tool. This project has produced an evidence based quality assessment tool to be used in systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies. Further work to determine the usability and validity of the tool continues.
|
C19527891
|
Medical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euje.2005.12.014
|
application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or healthcare
|
Recommendations for chamber quantification☆
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.90720385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Second-harmonic imaging microscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164323173",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5539773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092959"
},
{
"display_name": "Standardization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188087704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5446749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577"
},
{
"display_name": "Software portability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63000827",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47626302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4161461,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41279596,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36953548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604"
}
] |
Quantification of cardiac chamber size, ventricular mass and function ranks among the most clinically important and most frequently requested tasks of echocardiography. Over the last decades, echocardiographic methods and techniques have improved and expanded dramatically, due to the introduction of higher frequency transducers, harmonic imaging, fully digital machines, left-sided contrast agents, and other technological advancements. Furthermore, echocardiography due to its portability and versatility is now used in emergency rooms, operating rooms, and intensive care units. Standardization of measurements in echocardiography has been inconsistent and less successful, compared to other imaging techniques and consequently, echocardiographic measurements are sometimes perceived as less reliable. Therefore, the American Society of Echocardiography, working together with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology, has critically reviewed the literature and updated the recommendations for quantifying cardiac chambers using echocardiography. This document reviews the technical aspects on how to perform quantitative chamber measurements of morphology and function, which is a component of every complete echocardiographic examination.
|
C19527891
|
Medical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.11607/jop.1151
|
application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or healthcare
|
Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group†
|
[
{
"display_name": "Research Diagnostic Criteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778990124",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.962265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16488559"
},
{
"display_name": "Orofacial pain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781463296",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79878616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17149257"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53070563,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48583075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Temporomandibular disorder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992553539",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4790617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068323"
},
{
"display_name": "Temporomandibular joint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780202543",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41482198,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827134"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3346128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
}
] |
The original Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) Axis I diagnostic algorithms have been demonstrated to be reliable. However, the Validation Project determined that the RDC/TMD Axis I validity was below the target sensitivity of ≥ 0.70 and specificity of ≥ 0.95. Consequently, these empirical results supported the development of revised RDC/TMD Axis I diagnostic algorithms that were subsequently demonstrated to be valid for the most common pain-related TMD and for one temporomandibular joint (TMJ) intra-articular disorder. The original RDC/TMD Axis II instruments were shown to be both reliable and valid. Working from these findings and revisions, two international consensus workshops were convened, from which recommendations were obtained for the finalization of new Axis I diagnostic algorithms and new Axis II instruments.Through a series of workshops and symposia, a panel of clinical and basic science pain experts modified the revised RDC/TMD Axis I algorithms by using comprehensive searches of published TMD diagnostic literature followed by review and consensus via a formal structured process. The panel's recommendations for further revision of the Axis I diagnostic algorithms were assessed for validity by using the Validation Project's data set, and for reliability by using newly collected data from the ongoing TMJ Impact Project-the follow-up study to the Validation Project. New Axis II instruments were identified through a comprehensive search of the literature providing valid instruments that, relative to the RDC/TMD, are shorter in length, are available in the public domain, and currently are being used in medical settings.The newly recommended Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) Axis I protocol includes both a valid screener for detecting any pain-related TMD as well as valid diagnostic criteria for differentiating the most common pain-related TMD (sensitivity ≥ 0.86, specificity ≥ 0.98) and for one intra-articular disorder (sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.97). Diagnostic criteria for other common intra-articular disorders lack adequate validity for clinical diagnoses but can be used for screening purposes. Inter-examiner reliability for the clinical assessment associated with the validated DC/TMD criteria for pain-related TMD is excellent (kappa ≥ 0.85). Finally, a comprehensive classification system that includes both the common and less common TMD is also presented. The Axis II protocol retains selected original RDC/TMD screening instruments augmented with new instruments to assess jaw function as well as behavioral and additional psychosocial factors. The Axis II protocol is divided into screening and comprehensive self report instrument sets. The screening instruments' 41 questions assess pain intensity, pain-related disability, psychological distress, jaw functional limitations, and parafunctional behaviors, and a pain drawing is used to assess locations of pain. The comprehensive instruments, composed of 81 questions, assess in further detail jaw functional limitations and psychological distress as well as additional constructs of anxiety and presence of comorbid pain conditions.The recommended evidence-based new DC/TMD protocol is appropriate for use in both clinical and research settings. More comprehensive instruments augment short and simple screening instruments for Axis I and Axis II. These validated instruments allow for identification of patients with a range of simple to complex TMD presentations.
|
C19527891
|
Medical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511527104
|
application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or healthcare
|
Cowan and Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria
|
[
{
"display_name": "Identification (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116834253",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6270268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteriology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53162352",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52389705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243748"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992965680",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5085293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598976"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical laboratory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44519122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49504724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2296168"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46051112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3721912,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3510849,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34559795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31836367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Cowan and Steel's Manual has for many years had an essential role in every laboratory of microbiology and bacteriology. This substantially revised new edition, which is modelled on the successful pattern established in the previous two editions, has been fully updated and is suitable for all bacteriological laboratories using traditional diagnostic methods. It is essentially a practical manual with up-to-date contributions and key references by experts to the diagnostic characteristics of the bacteria likely to be encountered in public health and hospital microbiology laboratories, as well as in medical and veterinary practice. This edition contains new sections on rapid and mechanised test methods, and on the laboratory applications of computer theory and practice to the identification of bacteria. As in previous editions, the importance of laboratory quality control and proficiency procedures are emphasised. The Appendices give details of the laboratory methods and media for all the recommended diagnostic tests and, in addition, provide abstracts of the official guidelines for bacterial nomenclature.
|
C19527891
|
Medical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-014-2961-x
|
application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or healthcare
|
FDG PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging: version 2.0
|
[
{
"display_name": "Reproducibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9893847",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7779124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625"
},
{
"display_name": "Repeatability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154020017",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7421898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520171"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7149154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63619924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality assurance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106436119",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5788202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44243395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Consistency (knowledge bases)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776436953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43663096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4286902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604"
}
] |
The purpose of these guidelines is to assist physicians in recommending, performing, interpreting and reporting the results of FDG PET/CT for oncological imaging of adult patients. PET is a quantitative imaging technique and therefore requires a common quality control (QC)/quality assurance (QA) procedure to maintain the accuracy and precision of quantitation. Repeatability and reproducibility are two essential requirements for any quantitative measurement and/or imaging biomarker. Repeatability relates to the uncertainty in obtaining the same result in the same patient when he or she is examined more than once on the same system. However, imaging biomarkers should also have adequate reproducibility, i.e. the ability to yield the same result in the same patient when that patient is examined on different systems and at different imaging sites. Adequate repeatability and reproducibility are essential for the clinical management of patients and the use of FDG PET/CT within multicentre trials. A common standardised imaging procedure will help promote the appropriate use of FDG PET/CT imaging and increase the value of publications and, therefore, their contribution to evidence-based medicine. Moreover, consistency in numerical values between platforms and institutes that acquire the data will potentially enhance the role of semiquantitative and quantitative image interpretation. Precision and accuracy are additionally important as FDG PET/CT is used to evaluate tumour response as well as for diagnosis, prognosis and staging. Therefore both the previous and these new guidelines specifically aim to achieve standardised uptake value harmonisation in multicentre settings.
|
C528095902
|
Pulp and paper industry
|
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9091621
|
an industry that belongs to the secondary sector (industry) and is involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard
|
Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Improve Ethanol and Biogas Production: A Review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Steam explosion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138875322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83061427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2378317"
},
{
"display_name": "Organosolv",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780761721",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.83015966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7102099"
},
{
"display_name": "Biogas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75212476",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69975597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171076"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulp and paper industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528095902",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6940433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886"
},
{
"display_name": "Lignin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781052789",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6570606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184817"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6050657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Hemicellulose",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776073808",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5966319,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407490"
},
{
"display_name": "Anaerobic digestion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C499616599",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5596372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555853"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzymatic hydrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53270655",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5527578,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381536"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethanol fuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65183824",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52552104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194361"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94412978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51001394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103135"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4946141,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Biofuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53991642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48508158,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991"
},
{
"display_name": "Fermentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100544194",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48032847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41760"
},
{
"display_name": "Cellulose",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779251873",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4343957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294"
},
{
"display_name": "Methane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C516920438",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33397317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129"
}
] |
Lignocelluloses are often a major or sometimes the sole components of different waste streams from various industries, forestry, agriculture and municipalities. Hydrolysis of these materials is the first step for either digestion to biogas (methane) or fermentation to ethanol. However, enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses with no pretreatment is usually not so effective because of high stability of the materials to enzymatic or bacterial attacks. The present work is dedicated to reviewing the methods that have been studied for pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for conversion to ethanol or biogas. Effective parameters in pretreatment of lignocelluloses, such as crystallinity, accessible surface area, and protection by lignin and hemicellulose are described first. Then, several pretreatment methods are discussed and their effects on improvement in ethanol and/or biogas production are described. They include milling, irradiation, microwave, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX), supercritical CO(2) and its explosion, alkaline hydrolysis, liquid hot-water pretreatment, organosolv processes, wet oxidation, ozonolysis, dilute-and concentrated-acid hydrolyses, and biological pretreatments.
|
C528095902
|
Pulp and paper industry
|
https://doi.org/10.1039/c5py00263j
|
an industry that belongs to the secondary sector (industry) and is involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard
|
Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Lignocellulosic biomass",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778234585",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.87110674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508355"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomass (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115540264",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81041574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6228705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5980247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5942689,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable resource",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143517461",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57829094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12404463",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5372431,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207652"
},
{
"display_name": "Biofuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53991642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5058717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5027816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulp and paper industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528095902",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47563195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886"
},
{
"display_name": "Fossil fuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68189081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46886188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748"
},
{
"display_name": "Scope (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778012447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4414736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39189357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32101274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
}
] |
The demand for petroleum dependent chemicals and materials has been increasing despite the dwindling of their fossil resources. As the dead-end of petroleum based industry has started to appear, today's modern society has to implement alternative energy and valuable chemical resources immediately. Owing to the importance of lignocellulosic biomass being the most abundant and bio-renewable biomass on earth, this critical review provides insights into the potential of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative platform to fossil resources. In this context, over 200 value-added compounds, which can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass by various treatment methods, are presented with their references. Lignocellulosic biomass based polymers and their commercial importance are also reported mainly in the frame of these compounds. This review article aims to draw the map of lignocellulosic biomass derived chemicals and their synthetic polymers, and to reveal the scope of this map in today's modern chemical and polymer industry.
|
C528095902
|
Pulp and paper industry
|
https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00566k
|
an industry that belongs to the secondary sector (industry) and is involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard
|
Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading
|
[
{
"display_name": "Lignin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781052789",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9234482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184817"
},
{
"display_name": "Biorefinery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780301381",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8682076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864683"
},
{
"display_name": "Valorisation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779972723",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.713172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65311735"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5759593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5020497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Fractionation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97428945",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4597926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305109"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulp and paper industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528095902",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42775947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36707664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
}
] |
In pursuit of more sustainable and competitive biorefineries, the effective valorisation of lignin is key. An alluring opportunity is the exploitation of lignin as a resource for chemicals. Three technological biorefinery aspects will determine the realisation of a successful lignin-to-chemicals valorisation chain, namely (i) lignocellulose fractionation, (ii) lignin depolymerisation, and (iii) upgrading towards targeted chemicals. This review provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that has been devoted to each of these three interconnected biorefinery aspects, ranging from industrially well-established techniques to the latest cutting edge innovations. To navigate the reader through the overwhelming collection of literature on each topic, distinct strategies/topics were delineated and summarised in comprehensive overview figures. Upon closer inspection, conceptual principles arise that rationalise the success of certain methodologies, and more importantly, can guide future research to further expand the portfolio of promising technologies. When targeting chemicals, a key objective during the fractionation and depolymerisation stage is to minimise lignin condensation (i.e. formation of resistive carbon–carbon linkages). During fractionation, this can be achieved by either (i) preserving the (native) lignin structure or (ii) by tolerating depolymerisation of the lignin polymer but preventing condensation through chemical quenching or physical removal of reactive intermediates. The latter strategy is also commonly applied in the lignin depolymerisation stage, while an alternative approach is to augment the relative rate of depolymerisation vs. condensation by enhancing the reactivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerisation. Finally, because depolymerised lignins often consist of a complex mixture of various compounds, upgrading of the raw product mixture through convergent transformations embodies a promising approach to decrease the complexity. This particular upgrading approach is termed funneling, and includes both chemocatalytic and biological strategies.
|
C528095902
|
Pulp and paper industry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.009
|
an industry that belongs to the secondary sector (industry) and is involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard
|
Pretreatment of lignocellulose: Formation of inhibitory by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biorefining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776608655",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.93562686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915235"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64363146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Biofuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53991642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6395703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.544273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Lignocellulosic biomass",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778234585",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52941734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508355"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzymatic hydrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53270655",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47392234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381536"
},
{
"display_name": "Cellulose",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779251873",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45041084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulp and paper industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528095902",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44278708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44023496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioprocess",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4916135",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42571014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4119055"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94412978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31307018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103135"
}
] |
Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to advanced biofuels and other commodities through a sugar-platform process involves a pretreatment step enhancing the susceptibility of the cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. A side effect of pretreatment is formation of lignocellulose-derived by-products that inhibit microbial and enzymatic biocatalysts. This review provides an overview of the formation of inhibitory by-products from lignocellulosic feedstocks as a consequence of using different pretreatment methods and feedstocks as well as an overview of different strategies used to alleviate problems with inhibitors. As technologies for biorefining of lignocellulose become mature and are transferred from laboratory environments to industrial contexts, the importance of management of inhibition problems is envisaged to increase as issues that become increasingly relevant will include the possibility to use recalcitrant feedstocks, obtaining high product yields and high productivity, minimizing the charges of enzymes and microorganisms, and using high solids loadings to obtain high product titers.
|
C528095902
|
Pulp and paper industry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/es7032718
|
an industry that belongs to the secondary sector (industry) and is involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard
|
Nanoparticle Silver Released into Water from Commercially Available Sock Fabrics
|
[
{
"display_name": "SOCKS",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777718900",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8100035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061918"
},
{
"display_name": "Leaching (pedology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90982505",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6197907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886"
},
{
"display_name": "Wastewater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94061648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54949427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191"
},
{
"display_name": "Silver nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31499863",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5477438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905762"
},
{
"display_name": "Distilled water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779429693",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49566424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274959"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulp and paper industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528095902",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49169713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44021428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Adsorption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150394285",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4227092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41929495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40924639,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3856774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33197638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
}
] |
Manufacturers of clothing articles employ nanosilver (n-Ag) as an antimicrobial agent, but the environmental impacts of n-Ag release from commercial products are unknown. The quantity and form of the nanomaterials released from consumer products should be determined to assess the environmental risks of nanotechnology. This paper investigates silver released from commercial clothing (socks) into water, and its fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Six types of socks contained up to a maximum of 1360 µg-Ag/g-sock and leached as much as 650 µg of silver in 500 mL of distilled water. Microscopy conducted on sock material and wash water revealed the presence of silver particles from 10 to 500 nm in diameter. Physical separation and ion selective electrode (ISE) analyses suggest that both colloidal and ionic silver leach from the socks. Variable leaching rates among sock types suggests that the sock manufacturing process may control the release of silver. The adsorption of the leached silver to WWTP biomass was used to develop a model which predicts that a typical wastewater treatment facility could treat a high concentration of influent silver. However, the high silver concentration may limit the disposal of the biosolids as agricultural fertilizer.
|
C528095902
|
Pulp and paper industry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05416
|
an industry that belongs to the secondary sector (industry) and is involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard
|
Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) as a Source of Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microplastics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780401329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9888536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839919"
},
{
"display_name": "Effluent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147455438",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.93301845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706"
},
{
"display_name": "Wastewater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94061648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7046028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191"
},
{
"display_name": "Sewage treatment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57442070",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6338256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62729144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Aquatic environment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991714712",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5129966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3289906"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulp and paper industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528095902",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46936443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886"
},
{
"display_name": "Grease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777811205",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4676556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629823"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44214457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42495352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42057335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35602543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
}
] |
Municipal effluent discharged from wastewater treatment works (WwTW) is suspected to be a significant contributor of microplastics (MP) to the environment as many personal care products contain plastic microbeads. A secondary WwTW (population equivalent 650 000) was sampled for microplastics at different stages of the treatment process to ascertain at what stage in the treatment process the MP are being removed. The influent contained on average 15.70 (±5.23) MP·L–1. This was reduced to 0.25 (±0.04) MP·L–1 in the final effluent, a decrease of 98.41%. Despite this large reduction we calculate that this WwTW is releasing 65 million microplastics into the receiving water every day. A significant proportion of the microplastic accumulated in and was removed during the grease removal stage (19.67 (±4.51) MP/2.5 g), it was only in the grease that the much publicised microbeads were found. This study shows that despite the efficient removal rates of MP achieved by this modern treatment plant when dealing with such a large volume of effluent even a modest amount of microplastics being released per liter of effluent could result in significant amounts of microplastics entering the environment. This is the first study to describe in detail the fate of microplastics during the wastewater treatment process.
|
C528095902
|
Pulp and paper industry
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2130-z
|
an industry that belongs to the secondary sector (industry) and is involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard
|
Textile dye wastewater characteristics and constituents of synthetic effluents: a critical review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Effluent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147455438",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.90336454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706"
},
{
"display_name": "Textile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164767435",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8680637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28823"
},
{
"display_name": "Wastewater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94061648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83824056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64062643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Textile industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518936366",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6310063,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q607081"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54090774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Sewage treatment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57442070",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49378404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275"
},
{
"display_name": "Factory (object-oriented programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40149104",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48560017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5620977"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulp and paper industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528095902",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40305394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886"
}
] |
Textile industries are responsible for one of the major environmental pollution problems in the world, because they release undesirable dye effluents. Textile wastewater contains dyes mixed with various contaminants at a variety of ranges. Therefore, environmental legislation commonly obligates textile factories to treat these effluents before discharge into the receiving watercourses. The treatment efficiency of any pilot-scale study can be examined by feeding the system either with real textile effluents or with artificial wastewater having characteristics, which match typical textile factory discharges. This paper presents a critical review of the currently available literature regarding typical and real characteristics of the textile effluents, and also constituents including chemicals used for preparing simulated textile wastewater containing dye, as well as the treatments applied for treating the prepared effluents. This review collects the scattered information relating to artificial textile wastewater constituents and organises it to help researchers who are required to prepare synthetic wastewater. These ingredients are also evaluated based on the typical characteristics of textile wastewater, and special constituents to simulate these characteristics are recommended. The processes carried out during textile manufacturing and the chemicals corresponding to each process are also discussed.
|
C528095902
|
Pulp and paper industry
|
https://doi.org/10.2172/1013269
|
an industry that belongs to the secondary sector (industry) and is involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard
|
Process Design and Economics for Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol: Dilute-Acid Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stover
|
[
{
"display_name": "Corn stover",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776726243",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8953564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12208391"
},
{
"display_name": "Biorefinery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780301381",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8754089,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864683"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethanol fuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65183824",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6795385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194361"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomass (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115540264",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6239644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560"
},
{
"display_name": "Fermentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100544194",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5931801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41760"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulp and paper industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528095902",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58369935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886"
},
{
"display_name": "Lignocellulosic biomass",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778234585",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.557647,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508355"
},
{
"display_name": "Biofuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53991642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5557948,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzymatic hydrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53270655",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51217175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381536"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94412978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5109109,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103135"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45729032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethanol fermentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98861065",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45003176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851986"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethanol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780161600",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42731947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3948696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38371414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34463254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30082822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
This report describes one potential biochemical ethanol conversion process, conceptually based upon core conversion and process integration research at NREL. The overarching process design converts corn stover to ethanol by dilute-acid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and co-fermentation. Building on design reports published in 2002 and 1999, NREL, together with the subcontractor HarrisGroup Inc., performed a complete review of the process design and economic model for the biomass-to-ethanol process. This update reflects NREL's current vision of the biochemical ethanol process and includes the latest research in the conversion areas (pretreatment, conditioning, saccharification, and fermentation), optimizations in product recovery, and our latest understanding of the ethanolplant's back end (wastewater and utilities). The conceptual design presented here reports ethanol production economics as determined by 2012 conversion targets and 'nth-plant' project costs and financing. For the biorefinery described here, processing 2,205 dry ton/day at 76% theoretical ethanol yield (79 gal/dry ton), the ethanol selling price is $2.15/gal in 2007$.
|
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